ap euro 23 ppt
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 23
Mass Society in an “Age of Progress,”1871 - 1894
The Industrial Regions of Europe by 1914
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The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
New Products Substitution of steel for ironGrowth of chemical industryElectricity
• Thomas Edison (1847-1931) and Joseph Swan – light bulb• Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) – telephone, 1876• Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) – radio waves across the
Atlantic, 1901• Electric railway in Berlin, 1879
Internal combustion engine• Automobile and airplane
Henry Ford (1863-1947) – mass production Zeppelin airship, 1900 Wright brothers, 1903
New markets• National income growth
Real wages increase Spend more on consumer goods
• Competition for foreign markets• Cartels• Protective tariffs
New Patterns in an Industrial Economy• Depression, 1873-1895• Economic boom after 1895• La belle époque
German Industrial Leadership• Germany replaces Britain as the industrial leader of
Europe• Union of science and technology
European Economic Zones• Europe into two economic zones
Advance industrial core of Great Britain, Belgium France, the Netherlands, Germany, western part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and northern Italy
Little industrial development in southern Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the Balkan kingdoms, and Russia
• Agricultural growth Tariff barriers
A World Economy• Economic development in conjunction with growth
in marine and railroad transportation
Women and Work: New Job Opportunities• “Right to work”• Domesticity• Sweatshops
White-Collar Jobs• Increased white-collar jobs creates shortage of male workers
opening up opportunities for women• Secretaries and teachers• Freedom from “dirty work” of the lower-class world
Prostitution• Working-class girls flocked to the cities• Employment unstable and wages low• Licensed and regulated• Contagious Diseases Acts in Britain, 1870s and 1880s
Organizing the Working ClassSocialist Parties
• German Social Democratic Party (SPD) Marxist rhetoric, improve the condition of the working class
• German Social Democrats Socialist party
• Jean Jaurès (1859-1914) French socialism
• Social Democratic Labor Party Marxist, organized in Russia in 1898
• Second InternationalRevisionism and Nationalism
• Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932), Evolutionary Socialism, 1899 Demise of capitalism not near Bourgeoisie expanding Proletariat improving Discarded class struggle Evolution not revolution
Role of Trade Unions• Develop slowly• German trade unions attached to political parties
Anarchist Alternative• Support in less industrialized and less democratic countries• People inherently good but corrupted by state and society• Michael Bakunin, use of assassination and violence
Emergence of a Mass SocietyPopulation Growth and Emigration
Medical discoveries and environmental conditionsImproved public sanitationImproved dietIncreased emigration
• Between 1846 and 1932, 60 million Europeans left Europe, half to the United States, the other half to Canada and Latin America
Transformation of the Urban Environment• Growth of cities
Improving Living Conditions• Public Health Act of 1875 in Britain• Clean water into the city• Expulsion of sewage
Housing Needs• Reformer-philanthropists• Port Sunlight by Lord Leverhulme, 1887• Garden city movement in Britain, Ebenezer Howard• British Housing Act, 1890
Redesigning the cities• Redesign of Vienna and Paris• Defensive walls pulled down• Great boulevards• New buildings• Displaced population
Population Growth in Europe, 1820-1900
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The Social Structure of the Mass SocietyThe Elite
• 5% of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent of wealth• Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional aristocracy
The Middle Classes• Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class• Share common lifestyle and values• Professionals• White-collar workers
The Lower classes• 80 percent of the European population• Agriculture• Skilled, semiskilled, unskilled workers
The “Woman Question”: The Role of Women
• Marriage• Birth control
The Middle-class Family• Domesticity• Leisure time• Schooling of sons• Boy Scouts
Working-class Family• Daughters work until married• 1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the
husband’s wages Limit size of the family
Education and Leisure in an Age of Mass Society
Mass education in state-run systems• Personal and social development• Needs of industrialization• Need for an educated electorate• Differences in education of boys and girls• Teachers• Increased literacy• Newspapers
Mass Leisure• Amusement parks• Music and dance halls• Tourism
• Sports Recreation Professional sports
• Amusement parks Sundays
The National StateWestern Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy
Reform in Britain• William Gladstone
Suffrage Reform Ireland
Limited land reform Home Rule Act, 1914
The Third Republic in France• Paris Commune, 1871• Government troops break the commune• Republican constitution, 1875• General Georges Boulanger (1837-1891), 1889
Spain and Italy• Spanish constitution, 1875• Generation of 1898• Sectional differences in Italy
Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order
Germany• Prussian military tradition• Bismarck’s conservatism
Kulturkampf Social Democratic Party Social welfare programs
Austria-Hungary• Problem of minorities• Prime Minister Count Edward von Taaffee, 1879-93• Imperial emergency decrees• Parliamentary system in Hungary
Russia• Alexander III, 1881-1894
Reform had been a mistake
• Nicholas II, 1894-1917 Weak