AP Psych DMA

1. Who was Hilgard? What did he/she study?

Don’t forget to write the question & to leave room for your answer.

• DMA• Chapter 7• Hypnosis• Drugs

Today’s Agenda

Homework:•DMAs are due Friday•FRQ # 1 & 2 due Thursday, Oct. 6th

•Chapter 7 notes – due Tuesday, Oct. 11th

•Chapter 7 test – Tuesday, Oct. 11th

•Chapter 7 test review session – Monday, Oct. 10th, 7:00 AM, Wheeler’s room

Hypnosis Hypnosis An interaction in which one person

(the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Clip

Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one

experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

Hypnosis Unhypnotize

d people can also do

this

Hypnosis Orne & Evans (1965)

control group instructed to “pretend” unhypnotized subjects performed the

same acts as the hypnotized ones

Posthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the

subject is no longer hypnotized used by some clinicians to control

undesired symptoms and behaviors

Acting as if you are Hypnotized

N. P. Spanos

Hildegard – Dissociation TheoryHildegard’s ice water experiment

◦Subjects under hypnosis exhibited ability to withstand the pain of the icy water longer than those not under.

Hildegard’s contention◦A part of the person’s consciousness

experiences the pain, but this part is hidden from awareness by what he called “amnesic barrier”

More Hildegard

Spanos’ issue with Hildegard:Subjects used for this research were

chosen based on their high susceptibility to hypnosis.

In other words they…◦ “have a strong investment in presenting

themselves in the experimental setting as good hypnotic subjects.”

◦ Therefore they know that a waking state is being compared to a hypnotic state and want to demonstrate the effectiveness of hypnosis

Spanos' view

Hypnosis is an increased state of motivation to perform certain behaviors◦and is not an altered state of consciousness

Spanos contended that hypnotized subjects are actually engaging in voluntary behavior designed to produce a desired consequence.

Spanos ran his own experiment:

Half the subjects were told they’d be tested using hypnosis.◦Half were not.

Guess what…◦The pain ratings under hypnosis of the subjects expecting hypnosis were drastically different in favor of hypnosis

◦Pain ratings under hypnosis for the subjects who weren’t expecting hypnosis were the same.

So how do we know we’re under?

According to Spanos:People define themselves as having

been hypnotized ◦when they interpret their own behavior under hypnosis in ways that are consistent with their expectations about being hypnotized.

An exampleIn one of Spanos' experiments, two groups of students were given lectures about hypnosis and then put under hypnosis. ◦The difference between experiment and control?

◦The experimental group was told that arm rigidity was a spontaneous event during hypnosis.

The result?

Not one student in the control group experienced spontaneous arm rigidity during the control group's hypnosis session.◦However, subjects in the experimental group did.

◦The expectation of behavior led to the experience of the behavior.

Do you daydream a lot? Do you lose track of time when reading, playing video games….?

Hypnotic suggestion?

A person's susceptibility to hypnosis correlates with his or general tendency to become absorbed in other activities ◦Such as reading or daydreaming.◦In other words, imagination is vital.

It's all in how you say it

Hypnotists often use tests to see how "under" a subject is.◦Spanos claimed that these tests are often carried out in such way as to invite the subjects to convince themselves that something out of the ordinary is happening. Put up your right arm, please…

You are relaxed, Your arm is growing heavy…and you can not hold it up.

The "suggestion" has two very interesting aspects:One request asks subject to do somethingThe other asks the subject to interpret the action

as having occurred involuntarily.Of course it helps if the suggestion makes sense.

(A heavy arm falling vs. light arm rising.)

Your hand is reaching into your wallet and you can't stop it from handing Ms. Wheeler a dollar. Just checking.

Explaining Hypnosis

What are some of the symptoms of addiction?

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters perceptions

and mood

Physical Dependence physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

Psychological Dependence a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions

Dependence and Addiction Tolerance

diminishing effect with regular use

Withdrawal discomfort

and distress that follow discontinued use Small Large

Drug dose

Littleeffect

Bigeffect

Drugeffect

Response tofirst exposure

After repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effect

Psychoactive Drugs

Depressants drugs that reduce neural activity slow body functions

alcohol, barbiturates, opiates

Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity speed up body functions

caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

Psychoactive Drugs

Hallucinogenspsychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD

Psychoactive Drugs

Barbituratesdrugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

Psychoactive Drugs

Opiatesopium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)

opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Psychoactive Drugs

Amphetaminesdrugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

Psychoactive Drugs

Ecstasy (MDMA) synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen both short-term and long-term health risks

LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid

THC the major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild

hallucinations

Trends in Drug Use

1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year

80%

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

High schoolseniors

reportingdrug use

Alcohol

Marijuana/hashish

Cocaine

Perceived Marijuana Risk

‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year

100%

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Percentof

twelfthgraders

Perceived “great risk ofharm” in marijuana use

Used marijuana

Create Your Own DARE

Please complete the handout with a partner.

Near-Death Experiences Near-Death

Experience an altered

state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death

often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

Near-Death Experiences

Dualismthe presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

Monismthe presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing