ap psych dma 1.why are children of abusive parents more likely to be aggressive? what causes this?...
TRANSCRIPT
AP Psych DMA
1. Why are children of abusive parents more likely to be aggressive? What causes this?
2. The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated in studies of _____________.
Today’s Agenda
• DMA• Turn in FRQ # 1 & 2• Chap. 8• Finish Pavlov• Skinner
Homework:• Chap. 8 notes due Thursday, Oct. 27th
• Chap. 8 test – Thursday, Oct. 27th• FRQ #3 due Monday, Oct. 24th
Pavlov didn’t use a bell
Step 1 UCS (food) UCR (salivation)
Step 2 NS (metronome) +UCS (food) U CR (salivation)
Step 3 Repeat step 2 several times
Step 4 CS (metronome) CR (salivation)
Why the heck do we care?
Think about how we explain the following:• Phobias• Why you dislike certain foods• How advertising works• What arouses you sexually• The source of your emotions• Why you feel anxiety before a test
Extinction…
• When the pairing of NS and UCS no longer happens• eventually the CR goes away.
“Pavlov” & Powder
What was the:• UCS• UCR• NS• CS• CR
“Pavlov” & Powder
What was the:• UCS – powder• UCR - drooling• NS - “Pavlov”
• CS - “Pavlov”• CR- drooling
Superstitious Pigeon
B. F. Skinner
Discuss with a neighbor…
What is the behaviorist approach to Psychology?
Radical Behaviorist
Skinner believed that EVERYTHING psychological is essentially behavioral.
This belief includes both..• public, or external• private, or internal (events such as feelings and
thoughts)
What are some behaviors that you were punished for as a child?
In simple terms:
In any given situation, your behavior is likely to be followed by consequences. • Some will make behavior more likely to be
repeated in the future. Reinforced.• Some will tend to make the behavior less
likely to be repeated in the future. Punished.
What does it mean when something goes “extinct”?
And of course, extinction
When a behavior has been reinforced in the past • and then the reinforcement is
withdrawn• the likelihood of the behavior
reoccurring will slowly decrease until the behavior is effectively suppressed.
People are o.k. when this applies to Fido
• You use operant conditioning and positive reinforcement to train Fido to fetch.
• You can quit reinforcing Fido’s habit of begging at the table by not reinforcing him with food• thus triggering extinction of the begging
behavior.
But, of course, apply it Fred and people get antsy.
• Skinner maintained that all human behavior is created and maintained in precisely the same way.
• It is just that the exact behaviors and consequences are not always so easy to identify.• According to Skinner - just because you can’t
identify the reinforcer, doesn’t mean it’s not there.
What are some superstitions?
Which brings us to superstition
• Skinner believed that superstition occurs when people’s behavior is accidentally reinforced once• Twice• or even several times.
• Skinner called this noncontingent reinforcement• A reward that is not contingent on any particular
behavior.
Pigeons & superstitions
• Skinner boxes• You saw one in the video clip
• Skinner’s operant chamber (box) was used, but with an important distinction• the food pellet chamber was rigged to drop food at 15 second
intervals• regardless of what the pigeon was doing at the time.
• Each pigeon was placed in the cage for a few minutes each day and left alone. • After several days of conditioning in this way, two independent
observers recorded the birds’ behavior.
Note:
• None of the behaviors were observed in the pigeons before the experiment.
Results
• One bird turned counterclockwise in the cage, making 2 turns before the reinforcement.
• One repeatedly thrust its head into one of the upper corners of the cage.
• One developed a tossing response as if placing it head beneath an invisible bar and lifting it repeatedly. (Bobbing motion.)
• Two developed a pendulum motion of the head and body.
Messing with the birds
• Skinner increased the time interval between reinforcements for one of the head bobbing birds • which actually increased the behaviors• the pigeon’s bob became a full on food dance.
• Extinction did work on all of the birds, but the one above kept the hopping dance up for over 10,000 hops.
So what does this tell us?
• Superstitions are resistant to extinction. • Expectations stay high that the behavior
might work to produce the reinforcing consequences.
Please take out a piece of paper…
I need a volunteer…
You will get wet
Please answer these questions on your paper…
Was Wheeler using classical conditioning (Pavlov) or operant conditioning (Skinner)?
Please identify each of these for the squirt bottle experiment.• NS, UCS, UCR, CS and CR
More questions to answer on your paper…
• What is reinforcement?
• What is the difference between positive & negative reinforcement? Please give examples
What is reinforcement?• Any event that increases the frequency of a preceding
action.
What is the difference between positive & negative reinforcement?• Positive – strengthens a response by presenting a
(typically) pleasurable stimulus.• Food, attention, approval, money…
• Negative – strengthens a response by reducing or removing an averse stimulus.• Taking an Aspirin for a headache, smoking a cigarette
to calm down, hitting the snooze button…
On your paper, please answer
• Identify the NS, UCS, UCR, CS and CR from The Office clip.
