AP AP Üro ReviewReview

2010 Scores

5 13,007 12.7%

4 18,854 18.4%

3 35,432 34.5%

2 11,543 11.2%

1 23,793 23.2%

Total 102,629 Ave. 2.863 or Higher 67,293 65.6%

Exam last 3 Hours and 5 Minutes 55 Minutes for 80 Multiple Choice

Questions 130 minutes for 3 essays

– 60 minute Document Based Question• Mandatory 15 minutes for Reading &

Evaluating Documents• 45 minutes for writing

– 35 Minutes for Free Response Essay Question• 5 minutes for planning• 30minutes for writing

– 35 Minutes for Free Response Essay Question• Same

Multiple-choice = 80 questions, measuring the student’s knowledge from High Renaissance-present.– ½ of the questions are from the period 1450 to

the French Revolutionary & Napoleonic era.– ½ are from the French Revolutionary &

Napoleonic era to the present.– Questions covering the 19th century & the 20th

century are divided evenly (approximately 25 percent of the total number of questions for each century)

1/3 of the questions focus on cultural & intellectual themes

1/3 focus on political & diplomatic themes 1/3 focus on social & economic themes.

Questions fall into 6 basic categories:

1. Identification (45% of the test) - facts2. NOT/EXCEPT (10% of the test)-choose

the answer that is incorrect3. Analytical (20-25% of the test) -

relationships, see connections, place in order

4. Quotation Based (10% or less of the test) - match the quote with the appropriate person

5. Image Interpretation (10% or less of the test) - determine images relevance, purpose, or meaning

6. Map/Graph/Chart Based (10% or less of the test) - identify what a map/data shows, or interpret it's purpose

Grading 80 Multiple Choice Questions = 1/2

Score– ¼ point penalty for guessing has been

eliminated Within the free-response section, the

DBQ essay is weighted 45 percent & the two FRQ essays together are weighted 55 percent

For the total exam score, the multiple-choice & the free-response sections are weighted equally

Testing Verbs

1.Analyze: determine the component parts; examine their nature and relationship.

“Analyze the major social and technological changes that took place in European warfare between 1789 and 1871.’’

2.Assess/Evaluate: judge the value or character of something; appraise; evaluate the positive points and the negative ones; give an opinion regarding the value of; discuss the advantages and disadvantages of. “‘Luther was both a revolutionary and a conservative.’ Evaluate this statement with respect to Luther’s responses to the political and social questions of his day.’’

3.Compare: examine for the purpose of noting similarities and differences.

“Compare the rise to power of fascism in Italy and in Germany.’’

4.Contrast: examine in order to show dissimilarities or points of difference.

“Contrast the ways in which European skilled artisans of the mid-eighteenth century and European factory workers of the late nineteenth century differed in their work behavior and in their attitudes toward work.”

5.Describe: give an account of; tell about; give a word picture of.

“Describe and analyze how overseas expansion by European states affected global trade and international relations from 1600 to 1715.”

6.Discuss: talk over; write about; consider or examine by argument or from various points of view; debate; present the different sides of.

“Discuss the extent to which nineteenth-century Romanticism was or was not a conservative cultural and intellectual movement.”

AP European M.C. Exam follows 3 major themes:

1. Intellectual & Cultural – 1/3 of questions2. Political & Diplomatic – 1/3 of questions3. Social & Economic – 1/3 of questionsClusters of questions: Key Terms, Key Treaties & Agreements,

Key, Intellectual Figures Russian History, Renaissance, Reformation,

French Revolution, women’s history, & Cold War– For example: Karl Marx, the Edict of Nantes, &

mercantilism have appear on almost every test Keep a general timeline – not specific dates

UNIT 1CHAPTERS 1-5

Late Middle Ages The Black Death The Hundred Years’ War

– Rise of nationalism in France & England Ecclesiastical power

– Unam Sanctum 1302 – Pope Boniface VIII– Avignon Papacy – Great Schism– John Wycliffe & Jan Hus

Kievan Rus

FRQ Discuss the pre-existing conditions

that contributed to the Black Death during the late Middle Ages.

Compare the experiences of peasants and artisans in the aftermath of the Bubonic Plague.

Renaissance Treaty of Lodi: Defined Northern Italy’

borders Florence

– Cosimo de Medici, Lorenzo de Medici– Girolamo Savonarola

Humanism– Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio

Machiavelli’s The Prince is often asked– Quotations sometimes used– Machiavelli’s cynical view of human

nature & ruthless pragmatic advice

Renaissance & Discovery Art

– Chiaroscuro, linear perspective, triangles/ pyramid configuration, Classical forms combined with Christian subjects

Artists Focus on key masterpieces that

illustrate Renaissance ideals & the impact of humanism– Leonardo da Vinci – Mona Lisa– Raphael – School of Athens– Michelangelo - David

Northern Renaissance Low Countries, France, England, &

Germany Christian humanists

– Far more concerned with religious piety than Italian counter

Literature– Gutenberg, Erasmus, Thomas More

Impact of the printing press on European life & thought– Freedom of expression, spread of

information, challenged authorities

Northern Renaissance Art First to use & perfect oil painting More detail Artists

– Albrecht Dürer, Jan Van Eyck

FRQ Compare the northern Renaissance

with the Italian Renaissance in terms of scholarly, literary, and artistic production.

Discuss the importance of the printing press on the Northern Renaissance.

To what extent did the women of Europe experience the Renaissance ?

Age of Exploration Explorers

Henry the Navigator, Diaz, da Gama, Columbus, Vespucci, Magellan

Columbian Exchange: many questions– Agricultural products, animals, diseases,

& human populations involved in the exchange

– Effects of the exchange on European population & economy.

Economics: Putting-out system, Joint-stock Companies, & mercantilism

Protestant Reformation The Great Schism

– Resolved by Council of Constance 1414

Sale of indulgences, nepotism, simony, clerical immorality, absenteeism

German Peasants War Peace of Augsburg 1555 – “cuius regio, eius

religio” Protestant Leaders:

– Martin Luther– Ulrich Zwingli– John Calvin– Thomas Müntzer - Anabaptists

Protestant Reformation Focus on Luther’s 95 Theses & his

dramatic stand against indulgences Also, keep in mind Luther’s response

to the German Peasants War– Sometimes used as an essay topic

• Social & political consequences of the Protestant Reformation

English Reformation– Sir Thomas More– Henry VIII– Thomas Cranmer– Thomas Cromwell– Edward VI

Counter-Reformation– Charles V – HRE– Council of Trent 1545-1563– Jesuits – Ignatius Loyola

FRQ Consider what family life was like in

early modern Europe during the Reformation. Focus on marriage, family size, birth control, education, and childcare.

Defend or refute this statement: The Protestant Reformation was a unified movement of dissent against the Roman Catholic Church.

Compare & contrast the policies of the Catholic Church before and after the Council of Trent.

Philip II: rules Spain, & Spanish Netherlands

English Queen Elizabeth I: assists the Dutch with $ & troops

Spanish Armada set to invade England

Sir Francis Drake defeats the Armada Spanish influence declines, England

rises

French Religious Wars Huguenots St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572 The Politiques: moderates of both religious

faiths - Huguenots & Catholics Henry Navarre Edict of Nantes – Know the terms The Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648 Protestant League, Catholic League Peace of Westphalia 1648

– Consequences: Decline of HRE & the delay of German unification, independent Netherlands

FRQ Describe the experience of the

Huguenots in 17th century France. Analyze some of the existing

conditions that led to the Thirty Years’ War.

Analyze the achievements & disappointments of the Thirty Years’ War.

17th Century Economy: Dutch Republic

– Amsterdam – Europe’s leading commercial center during the 17th Century

English Civil War– Focus on causes & consequences of the

changing relationships between the monarchy & Parliament

Glorious Revolution Constitutional Monarchy – English Bill of

Rights

Age of Absolutism Henry Navarre Nobles of the Robe, Nobles of the Sword Louis XIII Cardinal Richelieu The Intendant system – weaken the nobility Louis XIV Cardinal Mazarin The Fronde uprising Intendant system & the Fronde generate

many questions

Age of Absolutism Louis XIV – the “Sun King” "L'État, c'est moi" ("I am the State") War of Spanish Succession Treaty of Utrecht 1713 Hapsburg Austria Rise of Prussia Pragmatic Sanction – Maria Theresa Rise of Russia – Romanov dynasty Peter the Great – modernization programs

generate numerous questions

UNIT 2CHAPTERS 6-10

Scientific Revolution Old assumptions – geocentric

– Aristotle & Ptolemy– Catholic Church

New – Heliocentric - Copernicus Tycho Brahe & Kepler – planetary motion Galileo Scientific Method - Sir Francis Bacon &

Descartes Physical Laws – Newton AP Euro exam expects you to discuss how pivotal

figures of the Scientific Revolution adopted a new view of nature that challenged long held views of the relationship between humanity & the universe.

The Enlightenment The Philosophes

– Dedicated to exposing social problems & proposing reforms based upon implementing natural laws.

Main ideas: Reason, Natural laws, Happiness, Progress, Liberty, Toleration.

Deism Voltaire, Diderot, Montesquieu, Rousseau Voltaire & Rousseau generate the most

questions.– Understand:

• Voltaire supported religious toleration & opposed superstition & ignorance.

• Rousseau: concept of the general will & views of education (Emile)

The Enlightenment Economic French Physiocrats: first to question

mercantilism Suggested laissez-faire policies of

government Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations

1. Laissez-faire2. Free markets3. Self interest = the “invisible guiding hand”

Students may be asked to compare the economic policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert & Adam Smith– Colbert supports mercantilism to strengthen

France.

FRQ Evaluate the political, social , &

cultural reforms Enlightenment thinkers sought in 18th century European society.

Discuss the attitudes of Enlightenment thinkers towards organized religion.

Rivalries 1740-1763 Great Britain prospers Colonization & trade, Robert Walpole: 1st

PM France - Louis XV, prosperity continues, but

debt continues to mount– 7 Years’ War 1756-1763 – Treaty of Paris 1763

Prussia – Hohenzollerns Austria – Hapsburgs

– War of Austrian Succession 1740-1748– Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

Enlightened Despots Divine-right monarchy evolved into

enlightened despotism Urged by the philosophes to use absolute

rule for the good of the people Combat ignorance & superstition Promote religious toleration George III – England Louis XV – France

– Both had little or no interest in either the philosophes or concept of enlightened despotism

Enlightened Despots Catherine the Great – 1762-1796 Reforms:1. Supported Russia’s first private printing

presses2. Restricted use of torture3. Permitted toleration to Jewish communities4. Commissioned new “enlightened” law code

– Nobles refused Pugachev’s Rebellion – 1773-1775 Territorial expansion into Ottoman & Polish

lands

Enlightened Despots Frederick the Great – 1740-1786 Reforms:1. Supported scientific agriculture2. Prepared a unified national code of law3. Abolished torture4. Encouraged immigration by Huguenots &

Jews into Prussia Strengthened Junkers

– Students are often asked to make comparisons between Peter the Great & Frederick the Great – goals & policies

Enlightened Despots Joseph II– 1780-1790 Reforms:1. Abolished serfdom & feudal dues2. Abolished forced labor3. Religious toleration for Christians & Jews4. Reduced influence of the church5. Reformed judicial system6. Abolished torture & ended the death

penalty Nobles bitterly opposed reforms

– Most policies repealed following death of Joseph

FRQ Enlightened despots have generated

MC & FRQs. Discuss the extent to which Catherine

the Great, Frederick the Great, & Joseph II succeeded & failed as Enlightened despots.

Agricultural Revolution Innovations in the Low Countries: Enclosed fields Use of manure as fertilizer Planting variety of crops Drainage to reclaim marshes for farmland England Charles Townshend: crop rotation Jethro Tull: seed drill Robert Blakewell: selective livestock

breeding Enclosure system: England & the Low

Countries– Successfully resisted in France & Germany

18th Century Population growth List factors Marriage & family life in the 18th century Rise & fall of Witchcraft

– AP Euro exam: important to remember that witchcraft trial & executions most often affected elderly widows & mid-wives. Know the reasons for the growth & decline of witchcraft.

Industrial Revolution England Textiles Spinning Jenny, the Water Frame, the

Steam Engine, increased iron production. The Growth of Cities Jewish populations: the age of the Ghetto in

Eastern Europe.

FRQ Consider how popular consumption

was affected by the Industrial Revolution & the shift of populations to urban centers.

Describe some of the ways in which the Industrial Revolution transformed the workplace for women.

Trans-Atlantic Economy & Revolution The Treaty of Utrecht 1713 Colonies Americas, West Indies, Indian subcontinent Spanish colonial system African Slavery, the Plantation System War of Jenkins Ear Seven Years’ War 1756-1763

– Treaty of Paris 1763 American Revolution 1775-1781

– Treaty of Paris 1783

FRQ Discuss how slavery was linked to the

economies of Europe, the Americas, & Africa.

To what extent was the War of the American Revolution a European conflict?

French Revolutions – 1789-1815 Ancien Regime 3 Estates Peasant distress Government debt Aristocratic resistance Royal weakness Estates General Tennis Court Oath The National Assembly Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen Rights of women

French Revolutions – 1789-1815 Women’s March on Versailles Civil Constitution of the Clergy The Legislative Assembly San-culottes, Jacobins & Girondists: goals Declaration of Pilnitz September Massacres The National Convention Execution of Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette European reaction Reign of Terror Termidorian Reaction

French Revolutions – 1789-1815 The Directory & the rise of Napoleon First Consul The Napoleonic Code The Concordant of 1801 Napoleonic Empire 1804 Submission of Europe – Battle of Austerlitz Battle of Trafalgar Confederation of the Rhine The Continental System & the Fall of

Napoleon– Focus on the impact Napoleon’s conquests had

on spreading nationalism & in dissolving the HRE.

FRQ To what extent was the Third Estate

responsible for altering the course of the French government?

Analyze the political, economic, & social factors that helped bring about the French Revolution as well as those that led to its downfall.

Restoration Forces of the Past:

– Traditional• Monarchy, Aristocracy, Church, Patriarchal family

– Conservatism-belief that tradition is essential & any change should be gradual

Forces of the Future:– Industrialization– Liberalism-belief in gov’t protection of citizen’s

natural rights– Nationalism-belief that a nation consists of

people sharing traditions, history, & language

Restoration Congress of Vienna

– Prince Klemens von Metternich– Principle of Legitimacy– Balance of Power– Territorial settlements– Evaluation

Concert of Europe Quadruple Alliance Reaction:

– Young Germans protest – Metternich issues Carlsbad Decrees

– Russia – Decembrist Revolt 1825

Romanticism Reaction to Enlightenment Reason Key: Primacy of Emotion Inspired by the power & majesty of nature Comparison: Enlightenment vs. Romanticism E: mechanical view of the universe & human nature Rejected faith, sought reason to explain

relationships R: belief in a loving, personal God, stressed

emotions, inner faith, & religious inspiration Writers: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor

Coleridge, Johan Wolfgang von Goethe, Victor Hugo, Brothers Grimm

Artists: Friedrich – Wanderer above the Mist, Francisco Goya – The Third of May 1808

Composers: Beethoven, Wagner

Romanticism Writers:

– William Wordsworth – Prelude– Samuel Taylor Coleridge – Rhime of the Ancient

Mariner– Johan Wolfgang von Goethe - Faust– Victor Hugo – The Hunchback of Notre Dame– Brothers Grimm - Grimm’s Fairy Tales

Artists:– Friedrich – Wanderer above the Mist– Francisco Goya – The Third of May 1808

Composers:– Beethoven – Ninth Symphony– Richard Wagner – The Ring of Nibelung

FRQ Analyze the differences between

nationalism, conservatism, & liberalism as these ideologies were expressed in the early 19th century.

Using examples from the works of at least two English Romantics, describe the philosophy of the Romantic movement in literature.– Many AP Euro questions are generated

for Romanticism, & its comparison to Enlightenment ideals

Industrial Revolutions 1st - 1700-1800: textiles, iron, coal & steam,

railroads Creation of the factory system Division of labor Increased demand, lower wages Social changes: urbanization, pace of life,

standardization of work, & heightened class consciousness

2nd - 1820-1900: steel, electricity, oil, gasoline, chemicals

Communication

Industrial Revolutions Reactions: Thomas Malthus – population David Ricardo – wages Luddites Early labor unions Robert Owen – utopian socialism Marx & Engels – Communist Manifesto

– Marxism is one of the most frequently tested topics. Quotes & concepts are often posed.

• Ex. Class conflict, dictatorship of the proletariat, & classless society

Liberal Reform England

– The Reform Bill of 1832– Repeal of the Corn Laws– The Chartist Movement– Feminists– Suffragette Movement

• Emmeline Pankhurst

France– Revolution of 1830– Charles X overthrown– Louis Phillipe elected: “Citizen King”

Science & Art Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Joseph Lister Charles Darwin

– Theory of Evolution Social Darwinism Art Impressionism Cubism

Revolutions of 1848 Causes:

– Conservatives responding to industrialization & socialization

– Working class radicals & middle class liberals– Nationalists in France, Germany, Austria, & Italy– Widespread crop failures

Key points:– France: Louis Philippe's gov’t collapsed, Louis

Napoleon elected, Second Republic established– Revolutions of 1848 failed: internal divisions, a

lack of popular support outside the cities, and the continued strength of conservative order

– Peaceful reforms enabled England to avoid revolts

– Repressive policies stifled reform in Russia

FRQ Consider various forms of 19th century

prison reform. Discuss the continuities & changes in

societal roles for women during the Second Industrial Revolution.

Crimean War Causes:

– Weakness of the Ottoman Empire– Fighting for control over territories held by the

Ottomans– Austria threatened by Russian expansion– B & F opposed changes in regional balance of

power Consequences:

– Russia suffers humiliating defeat– Tsar Alexander II launches ambitious reforms

• Emancipation of the serfs

– Creation of zemstvos

Unification Italy:

– Revolutionaries: Mazzini, Cavour, Garibaldi– Victor Emmanuel rules conquered areas

• Problems: economic differences between rich north & poor south

• Heavy Debt

Germany:– Prussian leadership: William I, Otto von

Bismarck – realpolitik, Blood & iron– War with Denmark– War with Austria– War with France– Declaration of the German Empire– Reaction: Austria-Hungary unite – Dual

Monarchy

France:– The Paris Commune 1871– The Dreyfus Affair

• Emile Zola – J’Accuse!

England:– William Gladstone & Benjamin Disraeli– The Irish question

Russia: Nicholas II– Bloody Sunday– Revolution of 1905– October Manifesto– Bolsheviks & Mensheviks

Germany:– William II

FRQ Explain how anti-Semitism developed,

despite advancements made by Western European Jews following the French Revolution.

Describe the steps taken by feminists in the late 19th century & early 20th century. What issues did they tackle & what was the outcome? Were they successful in their causes?

UNIT 3CHAPTERS 11-15

Imperialism Old:

– 16th & 17th centuries– Dutch, Spanish, English, & French colonialism

• Coastal Africa, Indian, Indonesia, & the Americas

New:– Beginning in the 1870s– Direct economic & political control over Africa &

Asia• Scramble for Africa, Berlin Conference• British Raj in India

Only Liberia & Ethiopia remained independent

Imperialism Motives:

– New sources of raw materials & new markets– Power & prestige– Social Darwinism– Christian missionaries – “civilizing mission”

Consequences:– Damaged or destroyed native cultures– Created global economy– Intensified European rivalries

FRQ Analyze the causes & effects of the

European Imperialism of the 19th century.

WWI March towards war:

– Germany & the new Balance of Power– Britain & France out produced by German

industry– Sharp increase in German population– Bismarck’s network of Alliances:

• Austria-Hungary & Italy (Triple Alliance) & 1887 treaty with Russia

– William II – “One master of the Reich” Reaction:

– 1894 Franco-Russian Alliance– Britain abandons “splendid isolation” policy– Formation of the Triple Entente

WWI Balkan Powder Keg:

– Ottoman’s power decreases– Nationalism rising– Pan-Slavism (with Russian support)– 1908 Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia &

Herzegovina Spark:

– June 28, 1914 Gavrilo Princip assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo

– Germany’s “Blank Check” to Austria-Hungary

WWI Aspects of war

– The Schlieffen Plan– Stalemate (Trench Warfare)– War Technologies– Total War– The role of Women– All Quiet On The Western Front

Russian Revolution– End of Romanov Rule– The Provisional Government– Lenin & the Bolshevik Revolution– The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk– Civil War

WWI The Peace Settlement

– American intervention– William II abdicates– 11-11-1918 Armistice – Wilson’s 14 Points

The Paris Peace Conference The Treaty of Versailles

– German War Guilt– Germany loses 13% of its land– German territories in Africa & the Pacific mandated to

Britain, France, & Japan– Poland gains independence– German army limited to 100K, no war industry allowed– Demilitarization of the Rhine

WWI New Map of Europe

– Austria-Hungary dissolved, Hapsburg monarchy eliminated

– Creation of Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia– Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania emerged– Elimination of Monarchies in Austria-Hungary,

Germany, & Russia The Paris Peace Conference

– Created the League of Nations– Created a legacy of bitterness between both the

victors & the defeated

FRQ The AP Euro test devotes few questions to

the extreme details of the events that led to the outbreak of WWI.– Spend the majority of time studying the

consequences of the war for the countries involved.

Lenin’s pivotal role in the Russian Revolution has generated a significant number of MC questions. Be sure to study Lenin’s key ideas.– Often, comparisons will be made between

Lenin’s power & leadership with the weakness of Tsar Nicholas II & Alexander Kerensky.

UNIT 4CHAPTERS 16 & 17

Impact of WWI Caused unprecedented death & destruction Overthrew established monarchies & social

orders Led many people to question the optimistic

belief in reason, progress, & individual rights

Uncertainties:– Widespread feeling of disillusionment,

uncertainty, & anxiety– New doubts about the ability of individuals to

control their lives– An intellectual crisis that affected every field of

thought

Modern Philosophy Friedrich Nietzsche – 1844-1900

– Expressed contempt for middle-class morality• Saying that it led to a false & shallow existence

– Argued that conventional notions of good & evil are only relevant for the ordinary person

– Rejected reason & embraced the irrational– Believed that the “will to power” of a few heroic “super

men” could successfully restructure the world

Existentialism:– Reason & science are incapable of providing insight into

the human condition– God, reason, & progress are myths; humans live in a

hostile world, alone & isolated– A person is the sum of their actions & choices

Modern Philosophy Albert Einstein – 1879-1955 Theory of Relativity: E = mc2

– Energy = mass x the square of the speed of light

Energy & mass are interchangeable– The foundation for the development of nuclear

power Implications:

– The universe has few certainties– Everything is “relevant” or dependent on the

observers frame of reference– Upsets the optimistic view that the universe was

predictable & orderly

Modern Philosophy Sigmund Freud – 1856-1939 Believed the human psyche includes three

distinct parts: id, superego, & the ego– Id: inborn sexual & aggressive urges– Superego: acts as a conscience seeking to

repress the id. Drives desires into the subconscious, which is irrational & recognizes no ethical restrictions

– Ego: the center of reason. Attempts to find balance between the id & superego

Freud’s theories:– Undermined the Enlightenment’s belief in human

rationalism– Had significant influence on modern art &

literature

Searching for International Order Problems:

– Germany resented the Versailles Treaty’s harsh terms

– The United States rejected the Versailles Treaty & followed a policy of isolation

– France was determined to enforce the Versailles Treaty & make Germany pay war reparations

– Communist Russia remained outside the international system

Germany: the Weimar Republic– Reparations: 30 billion dollars– Proposed a 3 year moratorium on

payments; France occupied the Ruhr Valley

– Inflation: Hyperinflation• Printed vast amounts of paper money

– By 1923, one dollar was worth 4 trillion German marks

Inflation destroyed savings & incomes of German middle class– Felt betrayed by their government, would

later be susceptible to Nazi propaganda

Hope for Peace: The Dawes Plan-1923

– American plan to reestablish a sound German currency & reduce reparations

The Locarno Pact-1925– France, Germany, England, Italy, &

Belgium sign; guarantees national borders

The Kellogg-Briand Pact-1928– 62 countries promised “to renounce war

as an instrument of national policy”

Conservative Authoritarianism– Committed to existing social order– Opposed popular participation in

government Totalitarianism

– Total control over the lives of citizens– Used modern technology &

communication to manipulate & censor information

– Used education to mold loyal citizens & demonize scapegoats & enemies

Forms of Totalitarianism Fascism: Led by one leader or party Condemned democracy

– Rival parties undermines national unity Supported state sponsored capitalism Glorified war & aggressive

nationalism Exercised control over the media

Forms of Totalitarianism Soviet Communism: Led by one party: the dictatorship of

the proletariat Condemned capitalism

– It exploits the workers Supported state ownership of the

means of production Glorified the working class Exercised control over the media

Soviet Union Lenin: The NEP (New Economic Policy)

revived Russia’s economy Lenin dies in 1924 Stalin vs Trotsky

– By 1928, Stalin was USSRs undisputed leader

Stalin: Five Year Plans The Great Terror (purges)

Fascist Italy Postwar Italy:

– Betrayal by Treaty of Versailles– Severe economic crisis: inflation,

unemployment, massive national debt– Fear of Bolshevik influence & revolt

Benito Mussolini– 1922 March on Rome– Fascist State– State Corporate Economy– The Lateran Accord: independence for

Vatican City

Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler

– Weakness of Weimer Republic helped prepare German public for a bold leader

– Nazis used political process to legally claim power

Hitler was a spellbinding demagogue Nazi ideology:

– Nationalism– German Master Race– Anticommunist, anti-Semitic

Spanish Civil War The Munich Conference 1938 Chamberlain: “Peace in our time” August 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact September 1, 1939 – German invasion

of Poland Holocaust - factors

– Jews were a small & vulnerable minority– Hitler’s propaganda convinced Germans

of Jewish inferiority– German secret police successful at

stifling dissent

Cold War Containment Truman Doctrine The Marshall Plan NATO Alliance The Warsaw Pact The Berlin Airlift Revival of Western Europe Treaty of Rome 1957

– The European Economic Community• Eliminated trade barriers

Cold War Stalin dies 1953 Khrushchev 1953-1964 De-Stalinization 1957 Sputnik 1961 The Berlin Wall 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis Brezhnev 1964-1982 Stagnation Richard Nixon & détente The Helsinki Accords 1975

End of the Cold War Gorbachev 1985-1991 Glasnost Perestroika Demokratizatsiya Poland & Solidarity Fall of the Berlin Wall 1989 Collapse of the Soviet Union The Maastricht Treaty

– Created the EU & European Central Bank

FRQ

Analyze the effects of glasnost & perestroika during Mikhail Gorbachev’s presidency in the Soviet Union.

To what extent did the Solidarity movement in Poland help bring about the fall of communism & the Soviet Union?