a&p urinary system instructor terry wiseth. 2 urinary anatomy kidney ureter bladder urethra
TRANSCRIPT
A&P
URINARYSYSTEM
Instructor Terry Wiseth
2
Urinary Anatomy
Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
3
Functions of Urinary System
Clears blood of waste products of metabolismUremia
accumulation of toxic levels of wastes in blood
maintain normal
H2O and electrolyte balance
fluid volumesblood pressurebody pH
4
Kidneys
Excretory OrganIntestine, Skin, Lungs
Excretes
N2 wastes
Toxins
H20
Electrolytes
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Microscopic Structure
Nephronunit of function1.25 million /
kidneyHighly
vascular20% of blood
pumped / min
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Functions
1) maintain fluid balance2) maintain electrolyte
balance3) maintain acid-base balance
4) remove N2 wastes
urea5) synthesize prostaglandin's6) influence rate of secretion
of hormonesADH / Aldosterone
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Kidney Failure
blood constituents cannot be held in normal concentrations
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Nephron Anatomy
1) Glomerulus1) GlomerulusArteriolesBowman’s Capsule
2) Tubule2) TubuleProximalLoop of Henle
AscendingDescending
DistalCollecting
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Urine Formation
Actions in forming urine1) filtration2) reabsorption3) secretion
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Glomerular Filtration
blood flows through glomerular capillaries
H2O and solutes filter out into Bowman’s Capsule
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Glomerular Filtration
blood flows through glomerular capillaries
H2O and solutes filter out into Bowman’s Capsule
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Glomerular Filtration
pressure gradient causes filtrationsome kidney diseases
permeability of glomerulus increasesallows blood proteins to filter out into
the capsule
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Glomerular Filtration
High blood pressure in the glomerulus forces small molecules from blood into the Bowman’s capsule
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Glomerular Filtration
TEM of filtration slits from capillaries in Bowman’s Capsule
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Glomerular Filtration
Stress can lead to constriction of afferent arteriolescauses filtration rate to lower and renal suppression “kidney
shutdown”
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Glomerular Filtration
glomerular filtration ratedirectly related to systemicblood pressure
↓ BP = ↓ glomerular filtration
↑ BP = ↑ glomerular filtration (slight)
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Tubular Reabsorption
movement of substances from tubular fluid out to bloodreabsorption from proximal
convoluted tubules to blood
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Tubular Reabsorption
movement of substances from tubular fluid out to bloodreabsorption from proximal
convoluted tubules to blood
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Tubular Reabsorption
Glucose, amino acids, ions and other useful substances are actively transported from the tubule into blood
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Proximal Tubules
Water follows passively by osmosis
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Glucose Reabsorption
if blood glucose levels exceed threshold amount (150mg/100ml)not all glucose is reabsorbed
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Renal Diabetes
congenitalsometimes maximum transfer capacity
is reduced and excess glucose appears in urine even though blood glucose level is normal
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Reabsorption from Loop of Henle
Descending LoopWater diffuses out of the tubule by
osmosis
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Reabsorption from Loop of Henle
Ascending LoopSalts are actively transported out of
the tubule, but water cannot follow because the walls of the tubule are impermeable to water
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Reabsorption from Loop of Henle
NaCl is trapped in interstitial fluid of kidney medulla
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Reabsorption from Distal Tubules
proximal tubules reabsorb 2/3 of Na+
distal tubules reabsorb 1/10 of Na+
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Reabsorption from Distal Tubules
distal tubules reabsorb H2O if antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present
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Distal Tubule
K+, H+ and other ions, and certain large molecules are actively transported from the blood into the tubule, regulating the pH and ionic concentration of the blood
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Collecting Duct
As the urine passes down the duct, water moves by osmosis from the duct into the blood
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Collecting Duct
As the urine passes down the duct, water moves by osmosis from the duct into the blood
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ADH
cause distal tubules to become permeable to H2O
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ADH
small concentrated volume of urine is excreted
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ADH
if no ADH in blood, then large volumes of urine produced (dilute concentration)
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Regulation of Urine Volume
1) ADH2) Aldosterone3) Extracellular fluid volume4) Urine solute concentration
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Regulation of Urine Volume
1) ADHPresence
decrease Urine VolumeAbsence
increase Urine Volume
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Regulation of Urine Volume
2) Aldosteroneincreases Na+ reabsorption in distal
tubule with H2O following
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Regulation of Urine Volume
3) urine volume relates directly to extracellular fluid volume (ECF)
ECF ↓ urine volume ↓ECF ↑ urine volume ↑rapid ingestion of large
amount of fluid and resultingincreased ECF leads toincreased urinary output
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Regulation of Urine Volume
4) high solute concentration in urine increases urine volume by osmotic pressureuntreated diabetes
void large amounts of urine because excess glucose in blood “spilling over”
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Influence of Kidney on Blood Pressure
Renal Hypertensiondecreased blood
flow to kidneyconstriction of
arteriolesincreased BP
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Ureters
Tubes leading from kidney to bladderUrine moves by
peristaltic movement
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Ureters
Renal Calculistones develop in kidney, washed out
by urine into ureterdistend ureter walls
pain
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Bladder
collapsible, elastic bagUreters
2BladderUrethra
1
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Functions of Bladder
1) reservoir for urine2) expels urinedistended causes sensation and desire
to void
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Urethra
passageway for eliminating urine
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Urethra
passageway for eliminating urine
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Urine
H2O
95%
N2 wastes
ElectrolytesToxinsPigmentsHormones
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Artificial Kidney
Dialysis
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Artificial Kidney
Dialysis
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Artificial Kidney
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)dialysis fluid administered to
peritoneal cavity
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Kidney Transplant
ENDURINARY SYSTEM