AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. HistoryUnit 1 Part 2Unit 1 Part 2

1300-16071300-1607

The Age of DiscoveryThe Age of Discovery PortugalPortugal 1450’s Prince Henry the 1450’s Prince Henry the

NavigatorNavigator Diaz (Dias) 1488 and the Cape of Diaz (Dias) 1488 and the Cape of

Good HopeGood Hope De GamaDe Gama 1498 and India 1498 and India CabralCabral and Brazil (1500) and Brazil (1500)

AfricaAfrica GoldGold SlavesSlaves

Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci

Claimed to be the first to Brazil Claimed to be the first to Brazil (1501)(1501)

So a German Map-maker called the So a German Map-maker called the New World AmericaNew World America

PortugalPortugal

Portugal had trading stations in Portugal had trading stations in Africa, India, China and the East Africa, India, China and the East Indies Indies

SpainSpain

Columbus Columbus ItalianItalian ““Indians”Indians” The Conquistadors: The Conquistadors: Cortez Cortez and and

PizarroPizarro The Missionaries: Las CasasThe Missionaries: Las Casas SlaverySlavery New SpainNew Spain St. Augustine, Fla. 1565St. Augustine, Fla. 1565

The Treaty of Tordesilles The Treaty of Tordesilles 14941494

In an effort to prevent the two Catholic In an effort to prevent the two Catholic countries, Spain and Portugal from countries, Spain and Portugal from going to war over the New World, the going to war over the New World, the Pope drew a boundary line (which was Pope drew a boundary line (which was later adjusted to accommodate later adjusted to accommodate Portugal’s claim to Brazil)Portugal’s claim to Brazil)

Portugal maintained control of the W. Portugal maintained control of the W. African slave trade …African slave trade …The AsientoThe Asiento

Other Spanish ExplorersOther Spanish Explorers

1513 1513 BalboaBalboa The first European to The first European to see the Pacific from the New Worldsee the Pacific from the New World

1519 1519 MagellanMagellan The first European to The first European to circumnavigate the globecircumnavigate the globe

1513 1513 Ponce de LeonPonce de Leon Discovered Discovered Florida while searching for the Florida while searching for the fountain of youthfountain of youth

More Spanish ExplorersMore Spanish Explorers

CoronadoCoronado sought “Golden Cities” in sought “Golden Cities” in the American Southwestthe American Southwest

CabrilloCabrillo sailed as far north to Oregon sailed as far north to Oregon (justified Spain’s claims here to 1819)(justified Spain’s claims here to 1819)

Spain will not realize true wealth from Spain will not realize true wealth from exploration until after 1540exploration until after 1540

The ConquistadoresThe Conquistadores de Sotode Soto sought gold in the American sought gold in the American

Southeast and crossed the Mississippi. Southeast and crossed the Mississippi. Brutalized the Natives. (1530’s, 40’s)Brutalized the Natives. (1530’s, 40’s)

Cortez Cortez (Cortes) 1519-21 conquered (Cortes) 1519-21 conquered the Aztecs led by Montezuma. Thought the Aztecs led by Montezuma. Thought Cortez was the god, QuetzalcoatlCortez was the god, Quetzalcoatl

PizarroPizarro 1532 defeated the Incas 1532 defeated the Incas

Impact of the Spanish Impact of the Spanish Conquest and subjugation Conquest and subjugation The The Encomienda System:Encomienda System: forced labor forced labor

(mining)(mining) The The Hacienda System:Hacienda System: forced agricultural forced agricultural

laborlabor Mestizos: Mestizos: Amerindian and Spanish Amerindian and Spanish St. Augustine established to protect St. Augustine established to protect

Spanish holdings in the SE and Caribbean Spanish holdings in the SE and Caribbean from the Frenchfrom the French

Is the oldest European settlement in what Is the oldest European settlement in what is now the United Statesis now the United States

By 1609 The Mission By 1609 The Mission SystemSystem

Forced ConversionForced Conversion Santa Fe (NM) FirstSanta Fe (NM) First

Pope’s Rebellion:Pope’s Rebellion: Natives rebelled Natives rebelled against Spanish rule. Was Crushed.against Spanish rule. Was Crushed.

Texas Mission 1716Texas Mission 1716 California mission 1763 (Spain California mission 1763 (Spain

concerned with Brits and Russia in N. concerned with Brits and Russia in N. AmericaAmerica

The Black LegendThe Black Legend

Advanced by Protestant countries in Advanced by Protestant countries in Europe:Europe:

Claimed that Spain alone killed for Christ Claimed that Spain alone killed for Christ by enslaving the natives, forcing labor, by enslaving the natives, forcing labor, infecting with disease, stealing wealthinfecting with disease, stealing wealth

The Spanish had a HUGE impact on the The Spanish had a HUGE impact on the culture of central and South Americaculture of central and South America

Later…Later…

The English The English Jamestown 1607Jamestown 1607 The FrenchThe French Quebec 1608Quebec 1608 The DutchThe Dutch New Amsterdam 1609New Amsterdam 1609

The French in North The French in North AmericaAmerica

Verrazano Verrazano 1524 sailed along the east 1524 sailed along the east coast of N. America from Maine to the coast of N. America from Maine to the Carolinas was probably the first to see NY Carolinas was probably the first to see NY harborharbor

CartierCartier 1530’s explored along the St. 1530’s explored along the St. Lawrence River (causing Spain to establish Lawrence River (causing Spain to establish St. Augustine)St. Augustine)

ChamplainChamplain founded Quebec in 1608 founded Quebec in 1608

More French ExplorersMore French Explorers

Cadillac 1701 founded DetroitCadillac 1701 founded Detroit

La Salle 1682 sailed through La Salle 1682 sailed through Quebec, the Great Lakes and down Quebec, the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi with Native guidesthe Mississippi with Native guides Wanted to hamper the Spanish in the Wanted to hamper the Spanish in the

Gulf of MexicoGulf of Mexico Named “Louisiana (for Louis XIV)Named “Louisiana (for Louis XIV)

The FrenchThe French

Trading posts established along the Trading posts established along the MississippiMississippi

New Orleans was the most New Orleans was the most important in 1718important in 1718

The French and the The French and the AmerindiansAmerindians

Had harmonious relations with nativesHad harmonious relations with natives Due to trade, necessity (intermarriage)Due to trade, necessity (intermarriage) Beaver pelts in demand in EuropeBeaver pelts in demand in Europe Trade was a “process” to natives = Trade was a “process” to natives =

relationshiprelationship Coureurs de boisCoureurs de bois: runners of the woods : runners of the woods

were French frontiersmen after peltswere French frontiersmen after pelts Voyageurs:Voyageurs: French seamen who French seamen who

recruited natives for fur traderecruited natives for fur trade

The French and the The French and the NativesNatives

The French gifted the natives which The French gifted the natives which was an important intertribal custom …was an important intertribal custom …so much better than the Spanish so much better than the Spanish methods or the English policy of methods or the English policy of exterminationextermination

The The Jesuits Jesuits tried to convert the natives tried to convert the natives and even save them from the French and even save them from the French trappers.trappers.

Were respected by natives for holding Were respected by natives for holding up well under tortureup well under torture

The FrenchThe French

Were allied with the Huron and Algonquin Were allied with the Huron and Algonquin tribes and armed them against the tribes and armed them against the IroquoisIroquois

When the Iroquois and the English allied, When the Iroquois and the English allied, the Iroquois were no longer at a the Iroquois were no longer at a disadvantagedisadvantage

Native population suffered due to warfare, Native population suffered due to warfare, disease, alcoholismdisease, alcoholism

The FrenchThe French

By the 1760’s (the end of the French By the 1760’s (the end of the French and Indian War) the natives made an and Indian War) the natives made an effort not to kill each other and stay effort not to kill each other and stay out of European affairsout of European affairs

In the end…by 1600 the native In the end…by 1600 the native population fell by 90% population fell by 90%

Smallpox was the biggest factorSmallpox was the biggest factor

British explorersBritish explorers

The The Cabot BrothersCabot Brothers (Italian) explored (Italian) explored Newfoundland to Va. For England (1497)Newfoundland to Va. For England (1497)

FrobisherFrobisher (1576) explored the coast of (1576) explored the coast of LabradorLabrador

Elizabeth’s Sea Dogs (like Drake) inspired Elizabeth’s Sea Dogs (like Drake) inspired England by looting Spanish ships on their England by looting Spanish ships on their way to Spain from the New Worldway to Spain from the New World

The War of the Spanish The War of the Spanish Armada 1588Armada 1588

The Spanish fleet was destroyed in The Spanish fleet was destroyed in the English Channel establishing the English Channel establishing England as a great naval power.England as a great naval power.

At the same time, attempts were At the same time, attempts were made by the English to colonize in made by the English to colonize in the New World.the New World.

The EnglishThe English Motives: Wealth, religion, beggars, convicts, Motives: Wealth, religion, beggars, convicts,

idle women, land, primogeniture, entailidle women, land, primogeniture, entail Economic problems made people move outEconomic problems made people move out War created taxesWar created taxes Population explosion but fewer farms and Population explosion but fewer farms and

higher food prices (enclosure)higher food prices (enclosure) Highwaymen: large force of unemployed Highwaymen: large force of unemployed

farm workers were wandering the farm workers were wandering the countrysidecountryside

1601 Queen Elizabeth’s Poor Laws were 1601 Queen Elizabeth’s Poor Laws were draining the treasurydraining the treasury

The EnglishThe English

Cabot brothers explored for the English Cabot brothers explored for the English (1497)(1497)

Henry VIII not much interestHenry VIII not much interest Elizabeth I encouraged private Elizabeth I encouraged private

enterpriseenterprise

English colonies were founded with little English colonies were founded with little help or interference from the crownhelp or interference from the crown

Different for Spain and FranceDifferent for Spain and France

English Advantages in English Advantages in ColonizationColonization

More capital for investment by private More capital for investment by private co’s like merchant companies (Dutch co’s like merchant companies (Dutch too) due to larger middle classtoo) due to larger middle class

Greater social mobilityGreater social mobility Relative freedom for womenRelative freedom for women Lust for landLust for land Government let religious dissenters goGovernment let religious dissenters go Government encouraged permanent Government encouraged permanent

settlementsettlement

The EnglishThe English

Self government allowed: Self government allowed: Mayflower Compact, Virginia House Mayflower Compact, Virginia House of Burgesses, growing religious of Burgesses, growing religious tolerance especially after William tolerance especially after William and Mary signed the English Bill of and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights during the Glorious Rights during the Glorious RevolutionRevolution

Early English AttemptsEarly English Attempts

Queen Elizabeth 1 and Sir Walter Raleigh Queen Elizabeth 1 and Sir Walter Raleigh (and Sir Francis Drake and others)(and Sir Francis Drake and others)

1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert ( partnered 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert ( partnered with ½ brother-Raleigh) took an with ½ brother-Raleigh) took an expedition to Newfoundland and traveled expedition to Newfoundland and traveled down the coast but was lost at sea.down the coast but was lost at sea.

Raleigh failed to get $ from Elizabeth but Raleigh failed to get $ from Elizabeth but claimed the land as Virginia anyway.claimed the land as Virginia anyway.

RaleighRaleigh

1585 Raleigh’s cousin and new 1585 Raleigh’s cousin and new partner…Sir Grenville settled a small partner…Sir Grenville settled a small group at Roanoke in N. Carolina.group at Roanoke in N. Carolina.

They terrorized the Indians before they They terrorized the Indians before they left for more supplies.left for more supplies.

Drake arrived some months later with Drake arrived some months later with supplies but the settlers decided not to supplies but the settlers decided not to stay and went back to Englandstay and went back to England

RoanokeRoanoke Raleigh made one more attempt (on his Raleigh made one more attempt (on his

coin) It will bankrupt himcoin) It will bankrupt him 1587 Raleigh brought 91 men 17 women 1587 Raleigh brought 91 men 17 women

and 9 children to Roanoke.and 9 children to Roanoke. Virginia Dare was born there…first Virginia Dare was born there…first

European child to be born in the New European child to be born in the New World.World.

Habitations were built, some crops Habitations were built, some crops planted and Raleigh went back for planted and Raleigh went back for supplies promising to return within a few supplies promising to return within a few monthsmonths

RoanokeRoanoke

Before the ship left for England the settlers Before the ship left for England the settlers were told to carve a message on a certain were told to carve a message on a certain tree if they had to relocate. If they had to tree if they had to relocate. If they had to leave in a hurry, they were to carve a cross in leave in a hurry, they were to carve a cross in the tree…the tree…

When the ship returned to England, Elizabeth When the ship returned to England, Elizabeth would not allow it to return with supplies to would not allow it to return with supplies to America until 1590.America until 1590.

She needed all of her ships and men to fight She needed all of her ships and men to fight the Spanish in the War of the Spanish the Spanish in the War of the Spanish Armada (1588)Armada (1588)

RoanokeRoanoke In 1590, Virginia Dare’s grandfather hired In 1590, Virginia Dare’s grandfather hired

a ship going to the west Indies to stop at a ship going to the west Indies to stop at Roanoke.Roanoke.

No one was there! Carved on the tree was No one was there! Carved on the tree was CROACROA

There WAS a tribe nearby called the There WAS a tribe nearby called the CroatoansCroatoans

Did they join the tribe? Did the Croatoans Did they join the tribe? Did the Croatoans attack them?attack them?

RoanokeRoanoke

A true History Mystery…A true History Mystery… The ship captain refused to stay and The ship captain refused to stay and

help to look so grandpa got onto the help to look so grandpa got onto the ship and went to the West Indies and ship and went to the West Indies and no one else ever went back to lookno one else ever went back to look

BUT later… reports of Native BUT later… reports of Native Americans using certain English Americans using certain English words…reports of blond Indianswords…reports of blond Indians

In 1606 King James…In 1606 King James…

Issued charters to two merchant Issued charters to two merchant companies to settle in the New World.companies to settle in the New World.

Private investors could raise large sums of Private investors could raise large sums of $ to finance such ventures$ to finance such ventures

The London Company to settle in the Southern The London Company to settle in the Southern RegionRegion

The Plymouth Company to settle in the The Plymouth Company to settle in the Northern RegionNorthern Region

1607 Jamestown: the first 1607 Jamestown: the first permanent English colony permanent English colony

in the New Worldin the New World The London Co. (later will be called the The London Co. (later will be called the

Virginia Co.) sent 144 men on three ships to Virginia Co.) sent 144 men on three ships to VirginiaVirginia

The Godspeed, Susan Constant, The Godspeed, Susan Constant, and theand the DiscoveryDiscovery

These men were young and in good physical These men were young and in good physical shape and were indentured servantsshape and were indentured servants

Only 104 survived the tripOnly 104 survived the trip

New France, New Spain,New France, New Spain, the English Colonies the English Colonies

Reasons for Exploration Reasons for Exploration and Colonization:and Colonization:

GodGodGoldGoldGloryGlory

ReligionReligion

A true desire to convert new peoples A true desire to convert new peoples to Christianity = missionariesto Christianity = missionaries

Rivalry between Catholics (especially Rivalry between Catholics (especially the Jesuits) and Protestants for new the Jesuits) and Protestants for new soulssouls

Religious freedom (6 of the 13 Religious freedom (6 of the 13 English colonies were founded for English colonies were founded for religious reasons)religious reasons)

CompetitionCompetition

Between the new and growing nation-Between the new and growing nation-states of Europe for power and productsstates of Europe for power and products

Marco Polo and his memoirsMarco Polo and his memoirs

Goods from the East…The Spice IslandsGoods from the East…The Spice Islands A search for an all-water route to the Far A search for an all-water route to the Far

EastEast

The Renaissance The Renaissance

Encouraged new knowledge Encouraged new knowledge New inventions, technologyNew inventions, technology

MapsMaps The CaravelThe Caravel The Lateen SailThe Lateen Sail The AstrolabeThe Astrolabe

The Printing PressThe Printing Press

EconomicsEconomics

Desire for new products, Natural Desire for new products, Natural ResourcesResources

A Need for new MarketsA Need for new Markets

MercantilismMercantilism

The European Colonizing The European Colonizing AgentsAgents

SpainSpain (Monarchy) was the only country (Monarchy) was the only country to bring back real wealth.to bring back real wealth.

The wealth from the Aztec and Inca The wealth from the Aztec and Inca empires inflated the European economy empires inflated the European economy ten times overten times over

The FrenchThe French (Monarchy) found wealth in (Monarchy) found wealth in the Fur Tradethe Fur Trade

The The EnglishEnglish and the Dutch and the Dutch (Constitutional Monarchies) made their (Constitutional Monarchies) made their money by trading with their coloniesmoney by trading with their colonies

ReligionReligion

The Huguenots were expelled from The Huguenots were expelled from France and came to the New WorldFrance and came to the New World

The Spanish (and French) sent The Spanish (and French) sent missionaries to convert the nativesmissionaries to convert the natives

Six of the thirteen English colonies Six of the thirteen English colonies were founded for religious reasonswere founded for religious reasons

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

Crops: the potato, cornCrops: the potato, corn Animals: Protein sourcesAnimals: Protein sources Disease…Smallpox, SyphilisDisease…Smallpox, Syphilis

The Europeans The Europeans and the Native Americansand the Native Americans

The SpanishThe Spanish ConquistadorsConquistadors The Encomienda, hacienda, and mission The Encomienda, hacienda, and mission

systemssystems Tried to enslave the nativesTried to enslave the natives The Missionaries: Las CasasThe Missionaries: Las Casas The Slave Trade: AsientoThe Slave Trade: Asiento Spanish SocietySpanish Society

The Europeans and the The Europeans and the NativesNatives

The FrenchThe French: How they colonized: How they colonized The Fur TradeThe Fur Trade Friendly relations with nativesFriendly relations with natives Married into the tribesMarried into the tribes Depended upon the natives for survivalDepended upon the natives for survival

The Europeans and the The Europeans and the NativesNatives

The English…and the PuritansThe English…and the Puritans The English and VirginiaThe English and Virginia The Iroquois were allied with the The Iroquois were allied with the

EnglishEnglish All others were allied with the French All others were allied with the French

so…English policy was exterminationso…English policy was extermination 1637 1637 The Pequot WarThe Pequot War (Conn) (Conn) 1675 1675 King Philip’s WarKing Philip’s War (Metacomet was (Metacomet was

the chief of the Wanpanoaga tribe) (Mass)the chief of the Wanpanoaga tribe) (Mass) The New England ConfederationThe New England Confederation

Religious FreedomReligious Freedom

Not an issue for Spain or Portugal…Not an issue for Spain or Portugal…everyone was Catholiceveryone was Catholic

Not an issue for the Netherlands…They Not an issue for the Netherlands…They tolerated all faithstolerated all faiths

France…When the Edict of Nantes was France…When the Edict of Nantes was revoked about 300,000 Huguenots revoked about 300,000 Huguenots (French Calvinists) to the New World (French Calvinists) to the New World (Carolina)(Carolina)

England: Puritans, Pilgrims, Quakers, England: Puritans, Pilgrims, Quakers, CatholicsCatholics

MercantilismMercantilism

Thomas Hobbes and Thomas Hobbes and The Leviathan The Leviathan defended mercantilismdefended mercantilism

Adam Smith andAdam Smith and The Wealth of The Wealth of Nations Nations defended free-market defended free-market capitalismcapitalism

What IS Mercantilism?What IS Mercantilism?

MercantilismMercantilism

and the Spanishand the Spanish and the French …Colbertand the French …Colbert and the English Navigation Actsand the English Navigation Acts

End of Unit IEnd of Unit I

Please take a good look at Unit I terms Please take a good look at Unit I terms and definitionsand definitions

Consider: The relationships that Consider: The relationships that developed between the Native developed between the Native Americans and the three main European Americans and the three main European colonizing agents differed markedly. colonizing agents differed markedly. Discuss the differences noting the role of Discuss the differences noting the role of religion, economics, and war.religion, economics, and war.