APWH SEMESTER 1 EXAM STUDY GUIDE*please do not give this study guide out to anyone else Geographical Regions Red:East Asia Yellow: Southeast Asia Green:South Asia Pink:Central Asia Light Blue: Middle East Purple: Europe Orange: North America Black: Mesoamerica Indigo: Africa (since we dont have much) Guys this may also help -->http://www.mspugh.net/apwh.htm

UNIT 1: UP UNTIL 600 BCEMesopotamia (Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Hittites, Assyrians) 1. Geography/Agriculture a. land between the rivers - Tigris and the Euphrates b. the plain between the rivers gains fertility from the silt deposits c. Sudden and irregular flooding due to the melting of ice in the Northern Mountains i. Such flooding inconvenient for living, killed many ii. This contrasts with Egypt which had regular floods d. First domestication began in 8000 B.C.E; Agriculture reached Mesopotamia from 5000 B.C.E e. At first channeled flood water into the fields; Later used canals 2. Government a. centralized government arose because of need for leadership in building irrigation systems *PATTERN: same as in Egypt and the Harappan civ. b. Sumer - first civilization, cuneiform (first writing system) c. Babylon i. Hammurabis Code - first codified law, biased based on social class, legitimacy established because Hammurabi claimed it was from a divine source; consistent set of regulations (important innovation) 3. Social Structure a. King priests nobles/govt. officials traders/artisans farmers slaves 4. Religion a. Polytheistic b. Gods considered indifferent/cruel -- punish the people with harsh floods, no afterlife, pessimistic view caused by floods i. Contrasts from Egypt as they had a more optimistic religion, gods more forgiving c. Epic of Gilgamesh - first novel of life and death

d. Ziggurats - temples, thought to be for worship, similar to pyramids Egypt 1. Government/ Politics a. Egypt was first divided into local kingships and governed i. Menes, a ruler in the south, unified North and South into one single state ii. Unlike Mesopotamia, unified earlier iii. Egyptian history is divided into three dynasty: Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms b. Egyptian State centered around Pharaoh i. Considered the Pharaoh as the son of the sun god ii. He maintained the maat, the order of the universe iii. Did not have a code of law because what the pharaoh said was law iv. Pyramids- tomb, equipped to help them into the afterlife 1. huge workforce (probably during the flood season because they cant work on their fields) c. The Capital City i. In the Old Kingdom it was in Memphis, however as the Middle and New Kingdom emerged it moved to Thebes d. Bureaucrats kept records of land, labor, products, resources, etc. e. Bureaucrats wanted decentralized government while the monarchs wanted a centralized government i. Late Old Age and Intermediate Period was decentralized ii. Early monarchs of the Middle Kingdom made things more centralized 1. by reducing power of the old Elites and creating a new middle class of administrators 2. Economy a. Nile River- flooded in the best time for grain agriculture (silt) i. Floods provided water to irrigation channels that carried the water out to the valley ii. Travel and communication centered through the Nile iii. worshiped the nile and also felt that nature as an orderly and beneficent place iv. CONTRAST: different from Mesopotamia - the Niles floods were predictable, while the Tigris/Euphrates had devastating unpredictable floods b. Papyrus i. Used as sails, ropes, and paper c. Fishing d. Self-sufficient economy e. Farming villages depended on domesticated plants and animals f. The government maintained a monopoly over the economy and long-distance trade, very controlled 3. Religion a. Religion was based on nature b. Gods such as Horus, Osiris, Isis, Seth etc. c. Polytheistic

4. Social Structure a. Pharaoh Viziers high priests & nobles officials, scribes craftsman peasants, slaves, laborers b. Slaves were present but the people were not as dependent on them c. Egyptian women i. Can own property, inherit property, and will their property to whomever ii. Divorce was allowed iii. Received greater respect and freedom than women of Mesopotamia, and basically any ancient civilization 5. Culture a. Writing system: Hieroglyphics (translated b/c of Rosetta Stone) i. Wrote on Papyrus and carved into stone b. Other than record keeping, Egyptian Literature included tales of adventure, love poetry, religious hymn, and instructional manual on technical subjects c. Officials were appointed by monarchs based on their accomplishments and merit i. give land for dependant peasants to work on d. More isolated during the Old and Middle Kingdoms i. foreigners were regarded as enemies e. The king limited contact with the outside world i. Main purpose of contact outside was for natural resources and trade f. Frequent trade with the South g. The People of Egypt i. The population was diverse ranging from dark skinned people related to the sub Saharan Africa to lighter skinned people related to the North Africans who spoke Berber ii. Peasants lived in the rural villages 1. Plowing, sowing, tending emerging shoots, reaping, threshing etc. 2. Maintained irrigation channels 3. The people put more emphasis on public property and helped each other, shows unification 4. Ceremonies and celebrations toward gods, included feasts Israelites & Judaism 1. Intro & Geography a. 2000~500 BCE b. location linked Anatolia, Egypt, Arabia, Mesopotamia c. bordered Mediterranean Sea 2. Government/Politics a. Philistines = at war with Israelites b. Saw need for organized system = Saul is 1st king c. David = successor to Saul, most important Jewish king (peak of Israel monarchy) i. Made Jerusalem the capital ii. Created a census (population count) to help collect taxes iii. Created army that got paid which made it better d. Solomon (Davids son) = successor to David

i. Built First Temple in Jerusalem e. After Solomons death = N - Israel, S - Judah f. Began to be conquered by other groups Assyrians, Neo-Bablyon i. Diaspora = dispersion/scattering of Israelites 3. Social Structure a. Before monarchy: i. Divided into 12 tribes ii. Tribal rivalry = leaders had to mediate disputes b. During Davids reign: huge class discrepancy i. Higher class: priests, royalty ii. Lower class: merchants, peasants c. Lived with extended families i. Authority to eldest male 1. Male heirs = very very important ii. Arranged marriages = important economic and social institution d. Israel Women i. Respected and treated with relative equality as men 1. Helped sustain the family ii. Cant inherit property or divorce iii. Working class women = farm, herding, cared for house/children e. Status of women declined as society urbanized/specialized 4. Economics a. Relied on trade b. Alliance and trade networks with Phoenicians 5. Religion a. Fundamental source of Israels history = Hebrew Bible/Torah (Old Testament by Christians) i. Founding of Israel = Abraham 1. Born in Ur (Mesopotamia) and travelled to Israel 2. Created covenant (pact) with Yahweh (God) = Israel is holy land 3. Sons of Abraham (Joseph and Isaac) = part of biblical stories b. Ten commandments = given from God to Moses c. After death of Solomon, formulation of monotheism absolute belief in one God (Yahweh) i. Rigid laws that had to be followed by all Jews

Indus Valley Civilization - Not much known because of undecipherable written records 1. Government/Politics a. Urban centers: Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro b. Urban planning = evidence of centralization 2. Economy a. Seemed to have depended heavily on trade, with a trade system that extended to Persia, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, Iran, and even possibly Egypt or Crete i. Most likely traveled by small boats

b. Agriculture: staple crop was mostly wheat and barley, grew own food 3. Culture a. Artifacts and the ruins of cities left behind show a very sophisticated and developed culture b. Evidence of a complex math system, scientific developments, religion from several artifacts, including multiple sculptures, seals, jewelry, pottery, and etc. and a lot of writing carved into stone which is still mostly undecipherable Shang 1. Government/Politics a. Led by a warrior aristocracy i. expanded its boundaries by conquest ii. ruled core area directly b. Members of royal family + high-ranking nobility rule outlying provinces c. Most distant regions: native rulers who swore allegiance to Shang king 2. Economy a. traded extensively i. economic trade network could have expanded all the way to the Middle East ii. May have traded with Mesopotamia 1. evidence: horse-drawn chariot iii. principal commodities: jade, ivory, silk, mother of pearl (jewelry), carved figurines, decorative inlays 3. Religion a. Fortune-telling, divination (oracle bones) b. Male ancestors worship i. reinforced a strong sense of patriarchal c. Bronze vessels used in rituals seeking support of ancestors + gods d. Human sacrifice i. For Gods and ancestors ii. Burials of kings iii. Used noble officials of court, women, servants, soldiers, prisoners of war e. Considered themselves to be at the center of the world i. sense of superiority ii. view of the Middle Kingdom 4. Social Structure a. Possession of bronze objects = sign of authority & nobility 5. Culture a. system of writing: pictograms + phonetic symbols (originated with Chinese) continued to be used b. Shang artisans: weapons, chariot fittings, musical instruments, ritual vessels c. Value copper, tin, bronze to make weapons and decorated objects Zhou (1027 - 221BCE) 1. Government/Politics a. King Wu rebelled against the Shang b. overthrew the Shang in 1027 B.C.E. i. Priestly power fades away c. continue direct control over core territory, peripheral areas: indirect control (started from Shang dynasty)

d. Invent concept of Mandate of Heaven to justify seizure of power from Shang 1. idea that as long as a leader governed wisely and fairly, he had the right to claim a divine right to rule 2. he would lose this divine right to rule in case of any sort of corruption, etc. e. Spring and Autumn Period (771 - 480 BCE) i. Zhou government gives fiefdom to local rulers to spread control throughout 1. Later become separate states (see g.) f. Warring States Period (480 - 221 BCE) *Justified with Legalism i. Write codes of law ii. Collect taxes from peasants directly iii. Standardize money iv. Manage large-scale public works projects g. Decline: decentralization i. Local rulers independently operate and war with each other ii. Nomadic people from North attack 2. Economy a. learned to make iron tools and weapons (Warring States Period) 3. Culture a. Hundred Schools of Thought (aka, Golden Age of Chinese philosophy) i. Daoism 1. Stop fighting, follow path 2. Accept world as it is ii. Confucianism 1. Doctrine of duty & public service 2. Drew parallel between family and the state a. Universal ideal of benevolence toward humanity = foundation of moral government iii. Legalism 1. Human nature: wicked, only behave in orderly fashion with strict laws and harsh punishments b. Stop practicing divination, bloody sacrifices and burials Silk Road--100 BCE 1. eagerness for western products 2. creation of sasanid empire (224-600CE) pushed conflict between parthians and greeks but also fueled trade along silk road 3. also a source of religious ideas 4. Impact of silk road a. trading cities & surrounding farm villages began growing in population. b. integration of cultures displayed in artworks c. spread of ideas & culture d. military campaigns and weapons spread as well e. stirrups were passed along i. allowed more support on the horse & room for more equipment. Olmec 1. Government/Politics a. Ruled by religious elite

b. City-states (war with each other frequently) 2. Economy a. Interact with other city-states 3. Religion a. Worship feathered-serpent (La Venta), Olmec Dragon, Maize deity, Jaguar b. Religious activities performed by shamans c. Rulers = religious figure i. Link to gods and supernatural: provide legitimacy d. Human sacrifice 4. Social Structure a. Gender roles for women i. Upper-class: gain noble/priestess status; exert informal influence b. 5. Culture (continuity-foundation for later Mesoamerican cultures) a. Art i. expert carvers, large stone head sculptures, pyramids, writing, number system, calendar b. Ball-courts Phoenicians 1. Government/Politics a. The Phoenicians at first was in control of the NOrthern coasts of the Mediteranean Sea i. Many settlements were distroyed by nomadic pastoralists and due to the violent upheaval and mass migration in the Eastern Mediteranean b. The people then dependended on seaborne commerce for survival c. the geography of lebanon divided the civilization into small city-states i. These city states became really wealthy due to trade 1. gained some role in international politics ii. Created the alphebet d. By 1000 b.c.e Byblos was the most important city state of all i. Tons of trade went on e. After 1000 B.C.E Tyre came into power i. due to King Hiram ii. close alliance with king Solomon 1. trade iii. control and monopolized Medditerranean trade (coastal) iv. Tyre was impregnable 1. really rich but depended on the main land for water and food f. After 900 BCE tyre began to move westward establishing colonies i. took control of the med sea trade g. Carthage i. Northern Africa ii. Well defended 1. watchtowers high walls etc. iii. Large population 1. diverse people iv. Politics 1. Two judges and senate v. Strong Navy power

vi. monopoly of trade in the Med Sea 2. Economy a. Economy was all centered around trade b. basically took over med sea trade routes c. Through expansion they were able to get more resources i. However also brought conflicts with the Greeks 3. Religion a. Polytheistic b. Hammon (storm god) Tanit (female fertility figure) c. Child sacrifice i. Tophets- walled enclosures where thousands of small sealed urns containing burned bones of babies 4. Social Structure a. political arena dominated by leading merchant families b. People were not required to serve in the army i. more focused on trade c. Carthage controlled its empire i. the other city states relied to Carthage for saftey and support but was mostly self ruled

UNIT 2: 600 BCE TO 600 CEGreece 1. Government a. decentralized, divided into city states (polis) b. divided because of geography (mountains, islands) c. Athens i. direct democracy ii. ruled by landowning aristocrats (oligarchy) iii. Cleisthenes created Council of 500 1. all free male citizens of Greece iv. center of culture, philosophy, art, etc. d. Sparta i. militaristic state b/c Spartans were outnumbered by helots (slaves) and feared rebellion ii. no arts/science/philosophy iii. importance of state over individual iv. women had more freedom b/c they worked while the men were in the military e. Persian Wars - Athens, Sparta, and other city states united in the Delian League to fight against Persian invaders f. Peloponnesian Wars - Sparta creates Peloponnesian League to rival the Delian League, because Athens had exploited the Delian Leagues treasury to advance their own culture 2. Economy a. sea traders b. Athens had colonies surrounding the Mediterranean for resources

c. Sparta was purely agricultural, no trade 3. Religion a. Olympian gods (polytheistic) - childish imperfect beings b. Animal sacrifices/monuments to please the gods 4. Culture/Social Structure a. Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle b. Playwrights: Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes (satire) c. Architecture: Pantheon dedicated to Athena d. Art & sculpture: showed perfect human beings e. Patriarchal, women were inferior Rome 1. Government/Politics a. 753 - 507 BCE 7 kings with Romulus being the first and the last being the tyrannical Tarquinius Superbus. i. heads of wealthy families were members of the senate AKA Council of Elders that played dominant role in politics of Roman senate b. Monarchy foreign overlords (Etruscans) Roman REPUBLIC (included Senate; conflict between plebeians and patricians) Roman EMPIRE (roman republic collapsed due to crises including the bankruptcy of farmers due to falling grain prices and the increased use of slave labor) c. 507-31 BCE The Roman Republic (WAS NOT A DEMOCRACY) i. All male citizens allowed to attend assemblies but votes of the wealthy counted for more ii. The peak of power = one of the two consuls control all meetings of Senate, assemblies, command army on military campaign iii. Roman Senate most powerful (first advisory council for king but gained power to make policies and govern (Senators nominate their sons to fill up empty spots) 1. members served for life brought states wealth, influence, political and military experience 2. Patricians = elite Plebians = majority of population (normal citizens) 3. Patricians had most of power, Plebians did not like this fought for their part in govern and got the creation of tribunes (new official position) a. elected by lower class, allowed vetoing or block any action of Assembly or Patrician that they thought went against interest of the Plebians d. 31 BCE - 330 CE Octavian take out all rivals he wanted to be called princeps (first among equals) for this reason this period called Roman Principate. 2. Economy a. Master builders and engineers b. roads, aqueducts, fortifications, cities, buildings

i. water transport, trade, interaction with different societies/communities c. Agriculture: mostly self-sufficient, large use of aqueducts d. Trade: i. SILK ROAD, which connected Roman empire to Han China during Classical Era, exported a lot of silver and gold for Chinese products such as silk, tea, and porcelain 1. This was one of the large causes of the fall of Rome because they lost a lot of their silver & gold, and had to keep conquering other lands for more, which overstretched their army 3. Religion a. Early Romans believed in invisible shapeless forces called Numina i. many different gods *Vesta, Janus, Penates* some had larger spheres of operation *Jupiter - sky Mars - agriculture and war 1. small offerings of cakes and liquids to win favor 2. tried to maintain pax deorum (peace of the gods) ii. Contact with Greeks made them equated their gods to the Greek gods like Zeus, Ares, Athena, Aphrodite 1. Gave them different names, Aphrodite = Venus, etc. b. Christianity was born during the first century C.E. in the eastern edge of the Roman empire c. Although Rome was relatively religiously tolerant, Christians were heavily persecuted because they refused to also worship the Roman emperor and were a large threat to the empire d. Later adopted, tolerated, and made into an official religion - Constantines Edict of Milan in 313 CE 4. Social Structure a. depended heavily on slave labor (occasional slave revolts - eg. Spartacus) b. republican period - strictly patriarchal (family head was always male called paterfamilias; male head had absolute power/authority over family) c. late republican period/early Roman empire - males remained dominant; women could still not vote i. women gained more freedom: 1. right/freedom to divorce 2. more economic rights 3. greater influence over family financial affairs Persia 1. Government/Politics a. Persian Rulers= Achaemenids i. trace their lineage back to an ancestor named Achaemenes b. Cemented their relationship with the Median courts through marriage i. Sometime around 550 B.C.E Cyrus and the Median Princess united the Persian tribes and overthrew the Median Monarch ii. Still put both Medes and Persians in position of responsibility

1. Retained the framework of Median Rule c. Cyrus redrew the map i. Greek city states on the western coast came under persian control d. 539 B.C.E invaded Mesopotamia i. Babylon went down without a struggle e. After Cyrus died in 530 B.C.E hist son Cambyses took over i. conquered Egypt and set out to Nubia and to Libya from there ii. Documents state that he was like his father 1. cultivating local priests and notables and respecting native traditions f. Cambyses died in 522 B.C.E ; Darius I took over the throne i. From here on forward in Persia. the Medeians played a smaller role and the most important posts went to the Persians g. Darius I i. expanded Persian Control eastward as far as the Indus River valley and westward into Europe ii. His empire was one of the largest of all 1. Europe to Pakistan 2. Diverse groups of people iii. Divided the empire into 20 provinces 1. Each was ruled under the supervision of a Satrap (governor) a. The Satrap court was similar to that of the Royal courts b. Satraps were hereditary i. lived in the provinces gaining knowledge of the region and people c. They had to collect and send tribute to t the king i. Prescribed by the King d. However as more and more precious metals was taken out of circulation, prices rose e. Led to Economic Decline 2. The King held land of his own which he gave away as donations to different people iv. He was considered to be the laws of the King 1. he promoted the codification of laws 2. judges operated throughtout the empire 3. and the empire was quite decentralized a. the King promoted free practicing of religion 2. Economy a. Darius I focused on maritime routes b. well maintained and patrolled royal roads connected the provinces to the capital c. According to records it is said that the government d. workers were divided in groups of men women and children i. women recieved less than men of equivalent status 1. but pregnant or women with babies recieved more

3. Religion - official religion is Zoroastrianism a. founded by Zoroaster in Persia b. dualtheistic (one good god Ahuramazda and one bad god) c. precursor to Judaism, Christianity and Islam; similarities to those religions made people more open to accepting them d. Similarities to above religions include: i. Good vs Bad (God vs Satan) ii. Heaven and Hell iii. Judgement Day iv. coming of the Messiah 4. Social Structure a. Patriarchal family organization b. Society was divided into four social and occupational classes i. Warriors 1. dominant 2. Landowning aristocracy ii. Priests 1. ritual specialists 2. supervised proper performance of sacrifice iii. Peasants 1. primarily village based farmers and shepherds c. King was the most illustrious of all Alexander the Great - Hellenistic Era (356~30 BCE) 1. Government/Politics a. Alexander the Great (356~323 BCE) - son of King Philip II i. defeated Darius IIIs Persian forces and reached all the way to Pakistan 1. maintained framework of Persian administration 2. created Greek-style city states 3. replaced Persian officials with Macedonian/Greek comrades ii. died at age of 32 = empire was in total chaos b. Kingdom eventually split into 3 major kingdoms = at odds with each other i. Seleucid, Ptolemaic, Antigonid c. time period of Alexanders conquests = Hellenistic Age (323~30 BCE) i. powerfully influenced by Greek culture d. Seleucid = Mesopotamia, Syria, and parts of Anatolia e. Ptolemies dynasty - ruled Egypt, Syria-Palestine i. ruled in Alexandria = city laid out in Egypt by Alexander 1. greatest city during Hellenistic Age 2. had Council, Assembly, officials = dealt with local affairs ii. encouraged immigration of Greeks iii. didnt encourage learning the Greek language or ways to conquered people = huge class distinction f. Antigonid dynasty = Macedonia, N. Greece and parts of S. Greece

i. ii.

Sparta = tried to fight against Macedonian army = failed Athens due to heart of artistic/literary accomplishments = policy of neutrality

2. Economy a. cosmopolitan age = long distance trade and communications b. manufacturing and banking c. agriculture still there but most economic activities happened in big cities 3. Religion a. different types of religions existed in various regions i. Greek gods ii. Egyptian gods 1. Ptolemies established themselves as god-kings like pharaohs iii. Syrian gods, etc. 4. Social Structure a. Alexander encouraged interracial marriage (he married an Iranian woman) b. Vast difference in wealth between classes c. learned Greek way of life = could be part of higher classes 5. Culture a. great multi-cultural age = mixing and intertwining of different cultures b. new institutions (libraries, universities), sciences, art, literature c. Athens = large museum of relics and memories of Greek past i. University that attracted elite class d. City of Alexandria = million people (population) i. Mausoleum of Alexander = stole Alexanders body for legitamacy ii. great lighthouse = ancient wonder of the world iii. famous library and research institution 1. allowed great advances in sciences a. Euclid = geometry b. Claudius Ptolemy = astronomy c. Archimedes = invented mechanical devices, volume d. Galen = medical knowledge iv. adopted Greek-style of life 1. e.g. public bath houses, Greek theater, e. people adopted Greek way of life (language, culture) Gupta Empire (320~550 CE) 1. Geography & Technology a. Mostly in northern India, central India, west - Punjab, East - Bengal, North Kashmir, South - Deccan Plateau i. capital = Pataliputra b. Mathematics = supported by Gupta empire i. invented concept of zero ii. Arabic numeral system iii. system of place-value notation 2. Government/Politics a. Grew from Magadha kingdom

b. less centralized than Mauryan empire i. smaller bureaucracy and intelligence network ii. strong army held core of empire together iii. governors = freehand in organizing outside areas - led to corruption iv. asked for tributes from outside kingdoms/kinship groups c. tried to persuade other kingdoms to follow i. Theater-state - trying to appeal to other kingdoms by showing them the beauties and splendors of capital/royal court 1. constant dramatic ceremonies, solemn rituals, exciting cultural events, etc. 2. economic base = trade of luxurious goods d. 5th Century CE = under pressure/threat of Huns i. eventually fell in 550 3. Economy a. agricultural productivity of the Ganges Plain b. iron/salt deposits = monopoly c. coined money = medium of exchange d. artisan guilds e. decline in trade on Arabian Sea ports = decline of Roman empire i. trade with SE and East Asia rose ii. Malay/Indonesia trade rose 4. Religion a. Gupta monarchs = mostly Hindu i. revived importance of Brahmin priests ii. importance of caste system iii. classic form of Hindu temples developed b. religiously tolerant = patrons for Hindu, Buddhist, Jain endeavors c. North = destination for Buddhist pilgrimages 5. Social Structure a. Patriarchal society = men had complete power b. Women - higher the status = more freedom i. Decline of status of women = urbanization, formation of complex political/social structures, non-agricultural middle class 1. increase of male control over womens behavior ii. lost right to inherit property over time iii. barred from studying sacred texts and participating in sacred rituals iv. wed at increasingly early age = complete devotion to husband v. could escape from treatment = join Jainist/Buddhist community Mauryan Empire (326~184) 1. Government a. (first)Centralized government b. Divided empire into provinces- for tax assessment and law enforcement c. Standard coinage 2. Economy a. Network of trade expanded- traded silk goods and textiles, spices and exotic foods b. Guilds developed into small scale industries- steady employments 3. Religion (Hinduism-> Buddhism) a. Ashoka i. Battle of Kalinga- converts to Buddhism

ii. Religious toleration- Hindus and Buddhist in government iii. Rock pillar edicts, missionaries iv. Repealed harsh laws 4. Culture/Social Structure a. Buddhism- improved women's lives- Buddhist nuns Han (200BCE - 200CE) 1. Government/Politics a. Capital: Changan i. flourished when Silk Road trade was booming ii. linked with Yangzi (most agricultural region) w. canals b. Continue to use Mandate of Heaven c. Centralized, bureaucracy i. Most people: no contact with the central gov. ii. Practice civil service exams (meritocracy) d. Under Wu Ti (around 140 BCE) i. Han expands: Inner + Outer China, parts of S.E. Asia, parts of KOR & Manchuria, inner Mongolia e. Use tributary states f. Military used to keep borders g. Method of political control: Confucian philosophy + Legalist techniques h. Decline: nomadic tribes in the north (esp. Xiongnu), agricultural production downfall, economic slump i. Become decentralized 1. Split into the Three Kingdoms (Wei, Shu, Wu) 2. Economy a. Silk Road trade i. most important export: silk ii. Han & Rome (trade partners) 1. Persia - middlemen (a person who buys stuff and resells it) 3. Religion a. Buddhism introduced through trade i. People readily accepted because Confucianism didnt provide spiritual stuff + Buddhism offered salvation from suffering b. Daoism 4. Social Structure a. Family: basic unit of society; patrilineal b. Confucianism i. Hierarchy: natural ii. FIVE RELATIONSHIPS: 1. Ruler to Subject 2. Father to Son 3. Husband to Wife 4. Elder brother to younger brother 5. Older friend to younger friend

UNIT 3: 600 CE TO 1450 CEIslam Arose in the Arabian Peninsula in the 600s C.E. Founder - Muhammad merchant from Mecca experienced a vision from the angel Gabriel (delivered the word of Allah - Arabic for God) started to preach with the help of Ali (son-in-law and cousin), Abu Bakr (father-inlaw), and his favorite wife, Aisha 622 - Hajira (the flight to Medina to escape prosecutors in Mecca or conservatives who thought Muhammad was a threat to Meccas economic/social/etc structures) marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar Five Pillars of Islam there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet pray 5 times daily facing Mecca fast during Ramadan give alms to the poor go on the hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca at least once in ones lifetime Other Islamic traditions abstinence from alcohol and pork avoid the portrayal of human/animal figures in art polygamy (up to 4 wives for men) Quran or Koran - word of Allah (transmitted directly by Muhammad; every word is sacred) Hadith - a collection of the proverbs of Muhammad Sharia - a codification of traditional Islamic law Muhammad died in 632 C.E. umma was to be governed by a caliph (successor - both a religious and political leader) Abu Bakr, Umar (Omar), Uthman establishment of the Umayyad caliphate SUNNI under Muawiyah Sunnis accepted Muawiyah and his successors as legitimate Sunni - people of tradition and community; anyone capable could become the caliph Shiite did not accept Muawiyah and his successors as legitimate; supported Ali and Alis descendants Ali was killed in the war Sufism - mystical tradition (focused on fasting, prayer and meditation) CONTINUITY universal appeal: anyone was welcome to convert (Islam was able to spread quickly as a result) succession issues - Sunni vs. Shiite

important poetry and oral traditions CHANGE tribal system - iconoclasm (icons destroyed by Muhammad in Mecca)

Umayyad Caliphate (661~750) 1. Government/Politics a. Muawiya (governor of Syria) i. ruled from Damascus, Syria ii. became caliph in 661 after assassination of Muhammad Ali iii. chose son (Yazid) to inherit clan = start of Umayyad Caliphate b. adopted/adapted Byzantine and Sasanid administrations c. introduced Arabic as language of govt d. Umayyad fell in 750 = political unrest i. Shiites and Kharijites (different religious sect) = rebelled against Umayyad 1. questioned legitimacy of rule e. 755 = one of family members from Umayyad caliph fled to Spain i. founded Spanish Umayyad Caliphate 2. Economy a. introduction of Muslim gold/silver coins = symbolized new order 3. Religion a. Shiism began to develop after Yazan killed Hasans (son of Ali) brothers family i. Shiites = from political movement to religious sect 4. Social Structure a. converts to Islam = unequal status as Arabs i. cause of political unrest = rebellions b. Women = though not as equal, had freedom i. pursued large range of occupations: scholarships, law, commerce Abbasid Caliphate (750~945) 1. Government/Politics a. One of Muhammads uncles controlled secret organization that coordinated revolt against Umayyad i. founded Abbasid Caliphate b. Theology and religious law = occupied courts c. some caliphs sponsored great Greek/Persian/Indian works to be translated into Arabic d. growing complex govt in Baghdad i. capital = Baghdad (on Tigris River) e. early Abbasid period = golden age f. Abbasid decline = evident from half of 9th century i. struggled with centralizing taxes 1. parts of caliphate weakened flow of tax revenues to Baghdad ii. news of frontier revolts and responses to them = took too long

began to purchase mamluks = Turkic slaves from Central Asia = create standing army 1. govt pay them = Mamluks saw that they should unseat caliphs iv. tried to build new capital, Samarra = north of Baghdad on Tigris River 1. financial difficulties and debt = further financial problems for Abbasids g. 945 = fell under control of mountain warriors from N. Iran 2. Economy a. Trade = gold, silver, copper, and iron b. spread use of cotton c. founded new breed of livestock d. had something similar to banking system e. postal system f. introduced uniform coinage system that made commerce easier 3. Religion a. Islam integrated in govt/politics b. spent lots of time interpreting Quran, collecting sayings of Prophet Muhammad, developing Arabic grammar c. more Sunni than Shiite 4. Social Structure a. more non-Arabs converted to Islam = more cosmopolitan i. different ethnic groups (Greek, Iranian, Central Asia, etc) met in Baghdad ii. rise to abundance literary works - Arab poets b. social discrimination against non-Arab converts faded c. Arabs = lost previously strong attachments to ethnic identity and kinship Ottomans (not major group thus incomplete) 1. Government/Politics a. Osman Bey = founder of Ottoman Islamic Empire in mid 14th century i. Turkish nomads b. great influence in eastern Anatolia c. situated in NW (Sea of Marmara) = allowed them to cross Europe d. seized power with decay of Mongol power e. new power states created i. strong emphasis on religious and language for identity f. temporary setback when Timur defeated Ottomans in 1402 g. 1453 = Sultan Mehmet II = captured Constantinople, ended Byzantine empire i. changed name to Istanbul 2. Religion a. Empire attracted Muslim soldiers i. wanted to extend frontiers of battles with Christians Byzantine (600~1200) 1. Government/Politics a. A.K.A. Eastern Roman Empire b. continuation of Roman imperial rule and tradition

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absolute ruler = power over legal and religious authority 1. prevented breakup of empire 2. loss of territory by Arabs = loss of power a. Arab armies stole Byzantine Egypt, Syria, Tunisia c. long conflict with Islamic empire i. religious conflict = Crusades against Muslims ii. eventually succumbed to Muslim rule = 1453 d. later Byzantine emperors = enemies in N and S (Slavic people and Turks) Economy a. Barter replaced money transactions b. decline in economy during 6th Century = bubonic plague c. Much like Late Roman inclinations i. set prices, organized grain shipments to capital ii. monopolized luxury good trades (e.g. Tyrian purple cloth) d. govt intervention = slowed economic innovation e. other cities suffered from intense focus on Constantinople f. agriculture = used slow ox-carts and light scratch plows = efficient for only some soil types Religion a. established Christianity as official religion b. Relation b/w princes and pope worsened i. East-West Schism = 1054; break between Latin Church and Orthodox Church Social Structure a. with epidemics, elite class shrunk b. importance of high-ranking aristocrats and rural landowners increased c. End of 11th century = family-based military aristocracy emerged d. Women i. 1028~1056 = women ruled alongside emperor husbands ii. 7th century women = increasingly confined at home 1. had to wear a veil, could only socialize with men in family a. might be due to growing Islamic influence Culture a. Artistic creativity = shown through architecture/design of churches & monasteries i. e.g. Hagia Sophia (during reign of Justinian) b. Byzantine religious art = stiff characters on gold backgrounds i. strongly influenced painting in West Europe c. 9th century = Cyril and Methodius (brothers) = successful mission to Slavs i. created perfect writing system = Cyrillic ii. beginning of competition b/w Greek and Latin forms of Christianity

i.

Delhi Sultanate (1206 - 1526) *only in N. India 1. Government/Politics a. Describes 5 sultanates, shows how disunited India was throughout history b. First unification after 600 years, fall of Gupta Empire (change) c. Remain decentralized i. Hindu lords carry out policies

2. 3.

4.

5.

d. Many sultans killed Economy a. Trade with other Muslim states Religion a. Islam becomes official religion under Muslim rule i. but Hinduism continues b/c practice of religious toleration ii. Buddhism dies out (change) b. Many convert to Islam i. lower caste - convert caste status goes up ii. merchants - improve trade Social Structure a. continue with caste system b. Women rights (Muslim) i. More property rights, divorce & remarry (after husband died) Culture a. Urdu - new language, fusion of Persian, Arabic, Hindi

Indian Ocean Trade 1. Worlds richest maritime trading network a. Indian Ocean, Iran, Arabia, SE Asia, Europe, Africa, china b. decentralized = commercial interests tied different regional networks c. Strait of Malacca = meeting point for SE Asia, China, Indian Ocean d. could be divided into two groups: i. Middle East to Arabian Sea to India ii. India to Bay of Bengal to SE Asia 2. Dominated by Arab merchants until the 1400s 3. Technology of Indian Ocean Trade: a. Chinese Junks i. huge Chinese vessels ii. 1405-1433 Zheng He (Ming China) leads Chinese junk expeditions 1. Chinese Muslim 2. theory on his fleet finding the Americas = 1421 (some large holes in theory) b. Dhows = cargo/passenger ship in Arabian Sea 4. Many products traded through network a. precious metals, jewels, textiles, spices, cotton, pepper, grains, horses, etc. i. China - silk, porcelain ii. SE Asia - spices iii. Africa - spices, precious metals Early Middle Ages Europe 1. Government/Politics a. Carolinigan Dynasty (700-900s) i. Charles Martel stopped Muslims at the Battle of Tours

Charlemagne crowned the 1st Holy Roman Emperor after helping Pope Leo fight some rebellious nobles strengthened relationship between church&state, implied the Pope has the right to crown secular rulers (later cause of controversy)* iii. Fell after Treaty of Verdun (decentralization, nobles fighting for power) b. Feudalism i. England 1. William the Conqueror 1099 - centralized feudalism (like Tokugawa Japan) 2. Magna Carta 1215 - limited kings power ii. France - Estates General c. *Kings vs. Popes i. canon law - church had exclusive legal jurisdiction over all church/clergy land ii. bishops held lands as vassals iii. => conflict over lay investiture, secular rulers appointing bishops iv. Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Emperor Henry IV in 1076 v. 1122: Concordat of Worms, secular rulers gave lands while pope bestowed spiritual power vi. 1154 King Henry II of England wanted to try clergy in royal courts, Becket opposed him 1162 Thomas Becket (friend) became archbishop of Canterbury 1170 Becket was murdered, Canterbury became major pilgrimage center 2. Economy a. Manorialism - self sufficient with little to no trade 3. Religion a. once the Roman Empire falls, the Catholic Churchs power rose b. Catholic Church unified Europe c. St. Benedicts Benedictine Order- The Rule: poverty, chastity, meditation, obedience d. monasteries preserved Greco-Roman literature 4. Social a. PATTERN: noble (richer) women have more power than regular women i. i.e. Eleanor of Aquitaine Kievan Russia (900-1200) 1. Government/Politics a. 2. Economy 3. Religion 4. Social Structure 5. Culture

ii.

Crusades 1. series of military campaigns against Muslims in the eastern Mediterranean that dominated the politics of Europe from 1095 to 1204 2. 4 crusades in total 3. without rivalry between popes and kings without the desire of the church to demonstrate political authority over western Christendom Crusades might never have occurred 4. Holy war Muslim go for Jerusalem the sacred land take over it the Romans get angry and Pope Urban II (Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus asked pope and western European rulers to help confront Muslim threat) tell them to start the first Crusade 5. Crusades were a failure for the Roman empire. 6. First Crusade captured Jerusalem and established four crusader principalities *only successful Crusade* a. Muslim retook Jerusalem in 1187 b. fourth Crusade 1204 the original religious ardor had so diminished that the commanders agreed at the urging of the Venetians to sack Constantinople first to help pay the cost of transporting the army by ship c. second Crusade (1147-1149) Third Crusade (1189-1192) Late Middle Ages (1200-1500 in Europe) 1. Government/Politics a. Trading cities in N Italy, German cities = independent states b. Some had special royal charters exempt them from authority of local nobles (autonomy) c. Pope important d. Hundred Years War i. used religion was an excuse to fight for more land ii. knights became useless because of new weaponry (gunpowder, longbows, etc.) iii. Englands Parliament gained power of the purse and became more powerful, further limiting the monarchys power iv. elsewhere, particularly in France, kings gained more power eventually became absolutists 2. Economy a. Feudal system w/ serfs i. Serfs rarely rewards not motivated to be innovative ii. Rural poverty b/c of inefficient farming methods, social inequality, rapid growth of population b. Population growth led to more productive ways of farming i. Three-fields system w/ oats ii. Draining swamps, clearing forests iii. Some had to farm poor & vulnerable lands iv. ^ eventually, crop yields declined, more people vulnerable c. After Black Death i. Free agricultural laborers

Land to pasture sheep for wool Began to grow less labor-intensive crops or use draft animals/tools more Urban areas: higher wages for workers & guilds had to reduce apprenticeship v. Overall economy shrank BUT per capita production increased d. Mining & metalworking (iron/silver/lead/copper), use of mechanical energy expanded (water wheels, mills) e. Rapid industrial growth had affects on landscape i. Towns grew, dams & canals built ii. Pollution (ex. human waste, runoff from factories/slaughterhouses) iii. Quarry pits iv. Increased deforestation f. Continued growth in trade i. B/w cities and surrounding areas ii. Long-distance trade iii. Cities in N Italy, N Europe Venice, Florence, Flanders, Genoa, Champagne iv. Growth in textile industries b/c of wind & water energy v. W Europe became less dependent on E European goods g. Wealth merchant-bankers (15th century) Florence, supported rulers wars/lavish courts (ex. Medici) Jews = important, Christians technically not allowed 3. Religion a. Latin Christian b. Some people became more religious b/c of Black Death c. Jews suffered from periodic discrimination & persecution, esp. during times of crisis (ex. Black Death) many left, converted d. Gothic cathedrals (high spires, flying buttresses, large stain-glass windows) e. Reformation 4. Social Structure a. Originally: i. Divided by class & gender ii. Noble household depended on laborers iii. Womens status < mens status b. Black Death led to social change: i. People could demand higher wages ii. Peasants revolted against wealthy nobles, churchmen iii. Serfdom basically disappeared c. Womens life after Black Death i. Still under male dominance ii. Sometimes able to join guilds iii. Poor women nonguild jobs in urban textile industries, food/beverage trades iv. Lower wages than men

ii. iii. iv.

v.

Some advances socially by marriage

Renaissance - 1450s 1. Crusades brought Western Europe back into contact with the outside world increased trade with Arabs and Chinese by Venetian merchants more funding available for cultural purposes Renaissance 2. more secular, focus on humanism (individuality, great men are patrons of the arts) 3. Leonardo da Vinci, Michaelangelo 4. Scholasticism - reconciliation of reason and faith 5. Gothic architecture Sui Dynasty (604) - not much is known Reunified China first strong dynasty to emerge after fall of Han Government based on Confucianism, heavily influenced by Buddhism Expanded its borders in a burst of military conquest Created the Grand Canal (link the Yellow and Yangtze rivers) Decline: may be because it spent large amounts of resources on numerous ambitious construction of canals, irrigation, and military projects Tang Dynasty (618)- GOLDEN AGE 1. Government a. Monarchy, centralized power b. Adopted administrative system of Sui (three ministries and six departments) c.Civil service exam (based on confucianism) i. Decreasingly relied on aristocratic recommendations and more and more on promotion based on the results of written examinations d. First legal code in China e. Tributary system f. Equal-field system i. To make sure that residents owned houses and farmers owned land. ii. Land taxation system g. Method of political control: military--relied on to maintain peace h. Decline: Internal rebellions Fragmentation: military governors established own kingdoms 2. Economy a. Handicraft guilds and the use of paper money b. Advanced transportation- canals, roads c. Increased trade- population boom! and expansion d. Advanced farming tools i. Raised productivity e. Irrigation works f. Commerce

i. Two markets - Domestic trade center (eastern market) - International trade center (Western market) 3. Religion a. Buddhism- was popular during early Tang, but later declined due to many of the Tang officials that were of Confucian discipline i. Reason for decline: Buddhism seen as undermining family system, erode tax system, attract many people to become monks, nuns b. Confucianism 4. Social structure/Culture a. 1st Movable type (wood block printing) b. Buddhism allow women to participate in politics i. ex) Wu Zhao - made herself emperor with ideological and material support of Buddhism c. Crackdown on Buddhism destruction of many Buddhist cultural artifacts Song Dynasty (960) 1. Government/Politics a. Disliked foreign influences--past experience w/ enemies who heavily taxed their military capacities. b. Was constantly paying tribute. First to Liao, then to the Jurchens. 2. Economy/inventions a. cut off ties with inner & central asia--instead developed sea connections i. advanced seafaring & sailing technologies b. mathematicians--fractions c. astronomers--precise calendar based on lunar observations d. timekeeping & compass i. mechanical water powered celestial clock e. junk--main oceangoing ship f. fought over control of iron & steel in North i. became skilled in iron & steel metallurgy g. gunpowder h. 3. Religion a. Neo-Confucianism--main re b. ligion i. Zhu Xi--central conception that human nature is moral, rational, and good. ii. universal sagehood--state that can be achieved through proper study of neo-confucianism--state of mental stability & serenity while dealing with troubling problems. iii. issued civil service exam 1. printed preparation books c. Buddhism i.

4. Social Structure/Culture a. civil man > military man b. didnt have to come from a noble, gentry, or elite background to join the bureaucracy--just needed to pass the exam c. access to books--expert advice on agriculture, etc. d. increased population due to disease--crowded streets and apartments e. land no longer source of wealth--credit, money, commerce, etc. boomed. f. women experienced sexism--social restrictions due to rise of confucianism. g. helped husbands and male family members with business, but didnt really have own property rights. h. foot binding--makes women unable to move comfortably, but was a sign of status. Yuan Dynasty (1368) - Mongols 1. Government/Politics a. Genghis Khan (Mongols) affected all of Eurasia Chinese were the first Mongol targets b. Genghis Khans grandsons quarreled had to divide the Mongol Empire i. Kublai Khan 1. gained control of Southeast Asia and China 2. Moved the capital to Beijing 3. Proclaimed the Yuan Empire (China) 4. can be considered the unifier of China as a single state. 5. unable to conquer Japan (kamikaze winds), Vietnam, Burma 2. Economy a. Kublai Khan rebuilt Chinas bureaucracy and economy i. repaired roads and canals ii. built new cities iii. restored trade with the west 1. Silk Road - emerged again as a vital trade route 3. Religion a. Kublai Khan adopted Buddhism 4. Population/Social a. appearance of bubonic plague decrease of population i. people began to rebel - civil wars led to overthrowing of Yuan empire in 1368 5. Culture a. Kublai Khan made Mandarin Chinese the official language Ming Dynasty (1368) 1. Government/Politics a. Hongwu i. rebel who took down the Yuan Empire ii. Established the Ming Dynasty

2.

3.

4. 5.

iii. Hongwus son Yongle was also a strong ruler b. Hongwu and Yongle recentralized the country and repaired the damage from the wars i. population grew ii. economy recovered iii. Yongle transformed Beijing into a magnificent capital by building the Forbidden City Economy a. Economy recovered as the population started to increase once again as Hongwu and Yongle started to repair damage and bring back order/peace b. maintained a tributary system c. allied with kingdoms in Vietnam and Korea d. large and effective army e. navy - an instrument of diplomacy and intimidation for some time f. expansion of Chinese trade in the Ming dynasty i. Zheng He - admiral and explorer 1. 7 long voyages to Southeast Asia, India, ME, and East Africa 2. expanded tributary systems 3. brought back more knowledge of the outside world 4. expanded trade with different foreign regions 5. after Yongles death, Chinese rulers lost interest in exploration and naval expansion (global turning point; if China had continued to maintain its power overseas, then China couldve been the main power/force of colonization and worldwide exploration) Religion a. Confucianism and Buddhism i. major guiding forces in Chinese philosophy and religion Social Structure Culture a. influence on Korea, Vietnam and Japan i. art, religion and literature b. Confucianism & Buddhism c. porcelain i. exquisite glassware and ceramics d. scroll painting i. major art form ii. depicted landscapes iii. long, vertical rolls of silk and paper

Heian Japan (794-1185) 1. Government/Politics a. unusual and complex form of govt i. emperor - descendant of Shinto gods (sacred) 1. lost political power

2. remained important as a symbolic figurehead ii. real power - noble family gained position of chancellor (duty of protecting the emperor) 1. chancellor kept the emperor in seclusion and ruled in his name b. Fujiwara clan i. ruling family from 858 onward c. new government - shogunate i. Heian regime was destroyed by the Tairo-Minamoto war 1. two warrior clans were rivals to the emperors throne (Tairo and Minamoto) 2. Tairo and Minamoto drove out the Fujiwara 3. Taira was defeated by the Minamoto a. Minamoto created the shogunate (different form of government) i. marked the transition from classical age to medieval period in Japan (Heian shogunate) 2. Religion a. influenced by China - importation of Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism 3. Social Structure 4. Culture a. golden age in premodern Japanese history b. peaceful, prosperous and culturally brilliant during Fujiwara clans reign i. Japanese painting - high level of skill ii. Lady Murasakis The Tale of Genji (epic about love and Japanese court life) 1. dates to this period c. early culture was influenced greatly by China i. religion - infliuenced by importation of Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism ii. Chinese ideograms influenced the Japanese alphabet iii. Tang Chinas poetry, painting and architecture impacted Japanese style d. cultural refinement and preoccupation with court life led the Fujiwara clan to neglect military affairs i. various warrior clans started to create conflicts with each other Feudal Japan/First Shogunates 1. Government/Politics a. Kamakura (1185-1333) i. Minamoto moved the capital from Heian to Kamakura ii. decentralized military government iii. real power belonged the shogun (great general) 1. emperor - symbolic power iv. kept order in Japan 1. repelled Kublai Khans two attempts to invade from China

b. Ashikaga (1336-1573) i. moved capital back to Kyoto (formerly Heian) ii. politically weaker than Kamakura iii. allowed greater decentralization than Kamakura iv. 1500s - Japan became very disunified - most daimyo ruled lands independently. 2. Economy a. Ashikaga shogunate i. trade and commerce flourished ii. important merchant class emerged 3. Religion a. new forms of Buddhism arrived i. Zen Buddhism (called Chan Buddhism in China) 1. popular among samurai class 2. philosophically simple ii. Pure Land (Jo Do) Buddhism 1. promised a heavenly afterlife 2. popular among lower classes 4. Social Structure a. shogunates were feudal systems i. shogun - great general ii. daimyo - landowning warlords 1. shoguns shared power with the daimyo iii. samurai - one who serves; warrior class 1. shogun and daimyo came from the samurai class 2. followed the Bushido (way of the warrior) a. Bushido - strict code of loyalty, honor and bravery b. women had a certain social and political influence Mali 1. Intro & Geography a. Western Sudan (succeeded Ghana) i. Kingdom of Ghana 1. few details remain about early years of kingdom 2. prospered until 1076 = conquered by desert nomads 3. first land outside of a caliphate to peacefully convert to Islam b. Islam was spreading rapidly around Africa c. To the East, Christian Nubian kingdoms collapsed, but Ethiopia survived. 2. Government a. Sundiata created Mali b. Rulers were Muslims c. Empire d. Ibn Battuta claimed complete & general safety prevailed in the vast territories. i. foreigners had no fears of being robbed.

e. expanded thanks to iron & horses. 3. Economy a. Empire was Islamic i. Opened up the international commercial world. b. depended on agriculture and regional & trans-saharan trade routes c. controlled upper Niger & gold field of Niger headwaters d. Trans-Saharan trade: Control over gold & copper trade & contact w/ N. African Muslim traders--> unprecedented prosperity e. had advanced technology-->iron & horses-->enhanced agriculture and trade. 4. Religion a. Islamic-->allowed profuse trade from the very start since its rulers were Muslim, and a lot of the wealthy traders in Africa were Muslim. Particularly North Africa. b. Mansa Musa-->made the Hajj to Mecca-->eager to promote Islam & its culture. i. Brought a huge entourage and was very lavish with his gold. So much gold, the value of gold remained depressed for years in placed like Cairo. 5. Social Structure/Culture a. Had slaves b. Heavily influenced by Islam (mansa musas hajj) i. Built mosques, opened Koranic schools, etc. c. was a very safe place d. griot-->storytellers i. Epic of Sunjata-->battle for the land Mali stood on. e. Inequality i. prisoners of war--male soldiers & female slaves ii. many more female slaves than male slaves f. Genders i. Male--hunters, farmers, merchants, specialists, soldiers, griots ii. Female--cloth & salt makers, concubines iii. women were excluded from oral tradition, and arent recognized for their important contributions to the empires expansion. iv. male dominant society Mongols 1. Government/Politics a. Military conquests i. sought trade partners + caravan routes ii. factors contributing to Mongols ability to conquer so much land: superior horsemanship, better bows, technique of following arrows with cavalry, include non-Mongol soldier into armies iii. Russia - only successful invasion during winter iv. Most westward point: Vienna b. Officials chosen through talent + loyalty c. Rule in Russia i. Indirect rule, RUS - tributary state

isolated Russia from other European countries (therefore Russia didnt fully experience the Renaissance or the Enlightenment d. Rule in Persia i. Only care about taxes and order (tributary state) ii. Ilkhanate (khanate established in Persia) 1. Ilkhan Ghazan converted to Islam, massacre Christians and Jews 2. Decline: Excessive spending, failing papery money, last ruler died without heir (succession issue) 2. Economy a. Secured trade routes; ensured safety of merchants, ambassadors, missionaries i. created relay stations (its like ) b. Silk Road trade revived b/c Mongols made good roads i. eventually spread Black Plague c. (Later) High inflation throughout entire empire 3. Religion a. practice religious tolerance because their only interest was trade b. Religions: shamans, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam 4. Social Structure a. Nomadic society Teotihuacan 1. Government/Politics a. Aristocracy--not 100% sure but there was a ruling elite. however, scholars confirmed that there was no single powerful figure. i. controlled state bureaucracy, tax collection, and commerce. b. Religious & Commercial center. c. NOT an imperialistic state controlled by military elite. 2. Economy a. Agriculture i. growth of city & labor resources-->brought marginal lands into production 1. drained swamps 2. installed irrigation systems 3. terraces built into hillsides 4. chinampas--artificial islands--lake muck and waste piled on top of beds of reeds--year round agriculture--subsurface irrigation & resistance to frost--sustained growing population. b. two largest craft groups--pottery & obsidian tools c. used military to expand trade relations. 3. Religion a. Polytheistic, animism b. human sacrifice--essential for the well being of the civilization & its people c. religious architecture reflected movement of the stars i. pyramids dedicated to sun & moon gods & lesser deities. d. Quetzalcoatl--feathered serpent--culture-god. 4. Social Structure/culture a. urban population boomed due to a volcanic eruption that disrupted agriculture b. city elite increased power--farming families forced to relocate to cities. c. population grew-->apartment-like stone buildings surfaced.

ii.

d. evidence of social stratification--elite & working class. Maya 1. Geography & Technology a. Mayan civilization = present-day Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, Southern Mexico b. Developed calendar from Olmec tech = pretty accurate to current one i. based on astronomy c. Mathematics i. concept of zero (PARALLEL: Gupta) ii. place values d. Writing = hieroglyphs i. recorded on deer skin, bark-paper books, pottery, stone columns 2. Government/Politics a. Not unified politically i. Numerous city-states b. Rival kingdoms struggled for regional dominance c. power cities controlled smaller dependent cities i. built huge temples and pyramids = link with religion, kings and astronomy d. Wars = more to capture captives rather than territory 3. Economy a. strongly dependant on agriculture = slash and burn tactics i. later = more advanced agricultural tech (ex: irrigation systems, terraces) b. Not a lot of international trade due to isolation c. some trade with other Meso-american civilizations 4. Religion a. closely linked with astronomy b. members of elite and rulers = both political and religious functions i. king = could communicate with religious bodies c. Warfare closely related = lots of rituals to win wars i. sacrificed elite captives (practiced more human sacrifice) 5. Social Structure a. Mayan society = patrilineal b. Priests = high class = communicating with gods and interpreting signs c. Women i. ruling class = had political/religious roles ii. less known about working class women iii. Women = essential to household economy and religious rituals 6. EXTRA INFO: a. dont know reason for declination b. b/w 800~900 CE = people started to leave/abandon cities c. historians believe: maybe epidemic disease...? or after Teotihuacan fall = no more trade Toltec (little is known about the Toltecs) 1. Government/ Politics a. At first based their conquest stated on military power b. The city of Tula was constructed in a grand style (capital city) i. dominated central Mexico c. two fulers or chieftains ruled Toltec i. This division eventually weakened and led to the decline of Tula

2. Religion a. human sacrifices 3. Social Structure a. Said to be a satellite population that Teotihuacan placed on the northern frontier to protect against invasions from the north b. Borrowed the cultural legacy of Teotihuacan and created a civilization c. known to be a violent group of people and a huge importance to the rest of the mesoamerican civilizations in terms of inventions d. more warlike character Aztec 1. Government/ Politics a. Monarchy i. Dont have absolute power ii. Council of powerful aristocrats selected new rulers from male members of the ruling lineage iii. Once selected the ruler was force to renegotiate the submission of tribute dependencies and demonstrate his divine mandate by setting up a new round of military conquests 2. Economy a. Large population problem: feeding all the people b. They built a dike that divided Lake Texcoco from Fresh water to Salt water i. This created more options and were able to create more chinampas c. Tribute system on those of the conquered i. supported their supplies d. A special class of Merchants controlled long-distance trade i. special transportation methods were not developed so they took with them small items( gold, jewlery, feathered garments, etc.) e. The nobles was jealous of their power and did not give the privileges of a high class i. the merchants feared to publicly display their affluence f. No money system i. instead used cacao, gold, and cotton cloth g. diverse goods 3. Religion a. Religious rituals dominated public life b. polytheistic, animism i. Both male and female c. The cult of Huitzilopochtli(associated to war) had a major contribution to the religious life of the Aztecs i. as Aztec grew the importance of this cult grew ii. However they started to identify this god with the Sun 1. they believed the god required a diet of human hearts 2. led to human sacrifices

d. Two temples in tenochtitlan i. for Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc(rain-god) ii. symbolize two bases of the Aztec economy: War and agriculture e. Human sacrifice i. war captives were used as sacrificial victims ii. the level of human sacrifice: on a different scale for Aztecs compared to before peoples 4. Social Structure a. Used to serve their more powerful neighbors as serfs and mercenaries b. However as they gained power they moved to small islands near the shore of Lake Texcoco and began to build their twin capitals i. Tenochititlan ii. tlateloco c. Social hierarchy emerged as empire expanded i. Warrior elite: seized land ii. Lower class: no voice in government iii. Higher class: possess estates that cultivated by slaves and landless commoners iv. The highest jobs for Hereditary nobles d. Society divided in clans i. jobs together and fight together e. Kings: hold elaborate rituals to show off their wealth f. Big difference between classes g. Huge population Inca 1. Government/Politics a. imperial bureaucracy b. royal family claimed to be the descendants of the sun god. c. militarism d. Initially a chiefdom--reciprocal gift giving & redistribution of food and textiles. e. Cuzco--capital f. left local rulers of their territories in place, but requested their heirs to live at the royal court & to bring representations of important local gods--hostage system. 2. Economy a. conquered additional distant territories--increased scale of forced exchange & lands were environmentally diverse--diverse yields and products. b. vertical exchange system--economy varied based on latitude. i. ex. what they had by the sea was different than what they had halfway up the mountain. c. pastoralists--llamas & alpacas--military & prosperity--food, clothing, transportation. d. technology & commodities.

i. ii. iii.

khipus (quipus)--borrowed from earlier andean civilizations--series of knots recording information; lack of writing system. utilitarian tools and weapons of copper and bronze textiles of beauty from cotton & wool

3. Religion a. polytheistic b. sun god c. sacrifices of valuable commodities and some human sacrifices demonstrate the abundance of riches and splendor in the civilization--in attribution to the rulers claimed descent from the sun. 4. Social Structure/Culture a. men & women responsible for caring for the herds. i. women--weavers ii. men-drivers for long-distance trade b. Mita--mandatory public service i. built cuzco, provincial cities, the royal court, made up the imperial armies, etc. ii. soldiers, construction workers, craftsmen, messengers, etc. terraced mountains, maintained irrigation work, built storage facilities and roads, drained swamps, etc. iii. allowed material surplus that provided the bare necessities for the old, weak, and ill. c. reduced equality as civilization grew--gap between rich and poor increased. Global Trends (for essays) * rulers establish legitimacy by claiming their power comes from a divine source - i.e. Hammurabis Code, Mandate of Heaven, Egyptian pharaohs, Roman emperors, Hindu priests, (1600s) Louis XIV the Sun King * therefore: rulers who use the above technique are not usually religiously tolerant, because they use religion to unite their country and maintain control, and new religions would undermine that - i.e. Hindu brahmins disliking Ashokas conversion to Buddhism, Roman emperors persecuting Christians ** civilizations rise up around river valleys because - need for irrigation/structures to control flooding need for leadership to organize such large scale projects leadership turns into centralized government - irrigation/water fertile land population growth and urbanization labor specialization *** religions rise when supported by the rulers of the civ.

- i.e. Ashoka supporting Buddhism, Constantine making Christianity legal, Mansa Munsa becoming Muslim **** trade leads to prosperity - Venetian merchants become rich from Silk Road/Mediterranean trade able to finance the Renaissance - Dark Ages to Renaissance - Ghana/Mali rise from the trans-Saharan gold&salt trade - stateless societies in Africa to centralized kingdoms - Eastern Rome (aka Byzantine) prospers from Silk Road trade - when soldiers from the Fourth Crusade sack Constantinople, Venetian merchants gain control of the Bosporus Strait Constantinople eventually falls ***** effect of Islam on womens status depends on geographic location - initially egalitarian/improved womens status - veil came from when the Abbasids conquered Damascus (capital of Persia), where women already wore veils - status in West Africa and SE Asia remained relatively the same even after Islam, because those areas already had strong matrilineal traditions\

CONTINUITIES AND CHANGES OVER TIME INFORMATION DIVIDED BY UNITS UNIT 1 Continuities of Development Specialization of labor possible through surplus of food With specialization of labor, can develop civilization Changes in Middle East Mesopotamia Sumer first first time system, cuneiform, wheel, twelve month system polytheistic ziggurats Babylon code of hammurabi Hittite invasion Assyrian empire cruel assholes NeoBabylon Persian Empire Changes and continuities of Role of Women role in food production more limited

most civilizations were patriarchal, but depended usually on social status and class; upperclass were more restricted in public appearances, but slaves/lower class still did outside work public veiling of women appears early as the babylonian empire culture/religion impacts womens status buddhism and christianity, women are equal, but not in hinduism and confucianism hinduism, women not allowed to read vedas confucian societies usually were patriarchical

UNIT 2 and 3 (600 CE to 1450) continuities and changes of Europe roman empire unites Mediterranean for centuries, but this changes In 395 CE, empire split into west and east, forming byzantine, and in 800 CE, formed holy roman empire in the west both united by religion, but in 1054, christianity is split into catholicism and orthodox christianity bubonic plague first occurs in 1330s, spreading to Europe in 1347 kills of population many changes: status of feudal hierarchies, religious hatred intensified, and eventually loss of faith in the church led to shift toward commercial economy, more freedom for individuals, and development of new industries (guilds) urbanization due to increase of trade, led to creation of cities, since merchants need place to barter and shit usually developed along trade routes usually very wealthy, lots of power of rulers who controlled the routes most populous/powerful cities during this time period was near the biggest trade route: Silk Road ex) Baghdad, Merv, Changan later, after 1400s, Constantinople China civil service changes and continuities bureaucracies contribute to chinas stability key term: meritocracy what this shit means: even though family in power of empire changes, the people who worked in the civil service didnt change what you need to know: when mongols rape everyone, bureaucracy remains, just foreign administrators COMPARE N CONTRAST DIVIDED BY UNITS

UNIT 1 Nomadic vs Agricultural Societies food surplus job specialization complex civilizations/government view of land nomadic: the land belongs to everyone! less conflict sedentary: MY FUCKING SHIT conflict against nomads newcomers = warriors or rapists, not neighbors womens role nomadic: brings the fruits and veges, helps the children, pretty important sedentary: go make me a sandwich (less status, few exceptions) Olmec + Chavin vs other early civilizations didnt develop along river valleys isolated compared to to other civilizations no wheels, due to less trade, because of isolation everything else is pretty similar similar polytheistic belief, similar government structure Mesopotamia vs Egypt Mesopotamia had random, devastating floods while Egypt had regular, life-giving floods Pax Romana vs Golden Age of Greece/India when major empire expands land, becomes center of artistic and scientific knowledge due to lots of wealth flowing in its capital from conquered regions due to less worry of military involvement Golden Age of Pericles (Greece) democracy delian league, creation of alliance Rational Thought: socrates, plato, aristotle drama comedy and tragedy, other arts (sculptures), math and sciences, Illiad and Odyssey Gupta Empire decentralized enjoyed relative peace, significant advances in science and art development of pi and zero arabic numerals Reinforced caste system Fall of Han, Gupta, Rome

Rome, 476 CE tax revolts by upper class, church exempt from taxes

Gupta 550 CE not enough taxes for military

Han China 220 CE3 officials exempt from taxes, difficult to collect from peasants

decrease in trade 25 of 26 emperors die in 50 year span division of empire, weakens west unable to defend from invasions from huns and goths rise of Christianity

n/a n/a land division increase provincial official powers unable to defend from white huns

population increases, less land for people corruption of court official unable to control large estate owners conflict with the xiongnu, who invaded after collapse rise of buddhism

Internal and external struggles lead to all fall of empires; commonly taken out due to nomadic invasions Confucianism and Daoism Confucianism--focuses on human relations encouraged filling government positions with educated and capable people Daoism--focuses on self discouraged existence of government. Both advocate peace and harmony both focus on self-improvement both rose during Warring States Period when people were looking for peace Sample AP World Prompts 1. Analyze similarities and differences in techniques of imperial administration in TWO of the following empires. Han China (206 B.C.E.220 C.E.) - civil service exams (meritocracy); Confucianism; bureaucracy Mauryan/Gupta India (320 B.C.E.550 C.E.) - Maurya is highly centralized, legalistic strong leaders with ruthless policies (except for Ashoka); Gupta is decentralized, uses caste system to provide stability Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E.476 C.E.) - emperor, theres a Council of 300 but they dont really have power because its so large (no once can cooperate, like the US Congress); Bread and Circus - free grain and entertainment to keep the poor (majority of people in the city) happy; generals use military power 2. Analyze continuities and changes along the Silk Roads from 200 B.C.E. to 1450 C.E. CONTINUITY: goods that are traded, how culture/religion & diseases spread; CHANGE: who participates When Rome falls in the 5th C, western Europe is widely cut off Arab caliphates rise, Muslims become rich middlemen merchants

Tang reopens Silk Road trade in China, then Ming closes it in the 1430s Heading WEST (from China): silk, porcelain, luxury goods Heading EAST (from Europe, Africa, ME): silver (China is the black hole for silver), amber, ivory, carpets, furs Chinese goods are always in high demand, so Western countries continue to pay with silver for Chinese goods. This continues on until the trading unbalance is so high Western nations try to force China to import more goods (Opium War, Treaty of Nanking)

3. Analyze continuities and changes in the cultural and political life of ONE of the following societies. Chinese, 100 CE to 600 CE POLITICAL - centralized until 200s decentralized (change), 580s: rise of Sui dynasty [return to centralized gov.] (change), use of civil service exam except during 3 Kingdoms period (continue) CULTURAL - Confucianism (continue), Buddhism--introduced through trade (change), Golden Age--flourish of art (continue) Roman, 100 CE to 600 CE Indian, 300 CE to 600 C POLITICAL - Decentralized--less control over rural areas (change), Religious tolerance *REASON*: Buddhists beliefs: acceptance (continue), Cause of fall--weak leadership, nomadic invasions *GLOBAL CONTEXT*: all classical civilizations fell due to nomadic invasions CULTURAL - Hinduism (continue), Caste system (continue), Golden Age--math, sci. developments [concept of zero, Arabic #s] + art (change) The time periods cover the fall of the Han, Rome, and Gupta empires. SEE ABOVE CHART 4. Compare the process of state-building in TWO of the following in the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. Islamic states City-states Mongol khanate ISLAMIC STATES VS. MONGOL KHANATES -COMPARE: military conquest, religious tolerance (keep ppl from rebelling) -CONTRAST: Mongols - key interest: trade 5. Analyze the political changes and continuities in ONE of the following civilizations before the 600s CE. China Creation of the Mandate of Heavan (Shang to Zhou) Codes of law were written Change to Legalism Confucianism and Daoism Rome Roman Republic to the Roman Principate

The Republic Failed and people like Julius Ceasar took control Mesopotamia creation of hammurabis code--first written set of rules.

6. Analyze the changes and continuities in the status of women between the Stone Age and the emergence of the first civilizations Women were relatively equal to men during the Stone Age; males and females had different but equally important jobs - hunting vs gathering; CONTINUITY women important because they produced children, and big families were needed for survival Women were the first farmers (because they gathered and gradually began weeding/farming to make sure the useful plants flourished more) CHANGE: Women lose status with the emergence of civilizations (reduced to childbearing and housekeeping duties) 7. Compare and contrast the way religion justified social hierarchies and gender relations in TWO of the following regions before the 600s CE. India Hinduism This caused the caste system and justified it women--were obligated to remain loyal to their husbands Sati, when divorced forced to live as a widow, remarriage was very rare. although sons and daughters equally inherited mothers property when the father died, the daughters inherited of what the sons received. they regard mother figures as sacred though. China Confucianism the five relationships advocated hierarchy, such as rulers to subjects. less power to women ; more patriarchal also puts husbands over wives. Rome Christianity mostly places men in powers of position while placing women in submissive positions--excludes women from positions of power in church.

8. Compare and contrast how environmental factors affected the development of civilizations in TWO of the following areas before the 600s CE. Egypt Nile unified country, becomes powerful because of large population (labor force) from agriculture; dependence on Nile causes them to worship nature gods Sub-Saharan Africa Desert => isolated states connected by trade Mesoamerica Harsh geography (the isthmus of Panama is almost impossible to go through by foot)

caused not much contact between the civilizations in the region Inca had to develop new methods of agriculture and trade between different elevations

9. Analyze the changes and continuities in the cultural and intellectual outlook of ONE of the following regions between 600-1450. Europe Growing Renaissance, importance of Christianity Middle East Arrival of Islam, more unified, Golden Age (Abbasid) China Rise of Neoconfucianism (womens status drops); reopening of Silk Road during Tang and Zheng Hes expeditions (Mings) but then Ming isolates itself from the world because its so much better than everyone else 10. Analyze the economic and technological changes and continuities in ONE of the following regions between 600 and 1450. Central Asia FUCK CENTRAL ASIA DONT CHOOSE THAT SHIT East Africa Economic Growth of city-states along the East African coast as Indian Ocean trade began to increase, these city-states, such as Mogadishu, Sofala, and Kilwa became important areas of trade and interaction of ideas Merchants traded gold, slaves and ivory for pottery, glassware, and textiles from Persia, India and China Use of paper money, system brought in by Islams Large increase in the amount of maritime trade and long distance trade Better navigational technology such as magnetic compass South America chinampas--year round agriculture; helped to sustain growing population still focused on agriculture, but began to show versatility with the use of vertical agriculture.