Chapter 25

AP WORLD HISTORYNEW WORLDS: THE AMERICAS AND OCEANIA

I. CONQUEST OF THE NEW WORLD

II. CONQUEST OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE• Hernan Cortez & 450 men conquer the Aztec empire, 1519-1521

• How were 450 Spanish able to conquer the mighty Aztecs?

1. Better Weapons ( Steel Swords, muskets, cannons, horses)

2. Other indigenous people hated the Aztecs ( Dona Marina)

3. Disease

Fernando Cortés

The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs

Montezuma II

vs.

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

aries

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

• Francisco Pizzaro (Conqueror of the Incas)

• Led a small band of men and toppled the Inca empire, 1532-1533

• Held Inca ruler Atahualpa for ransom, then strangled him & decapitated him

III. CONQUEST OF THE INCAS

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• Encomienda-

• land grants to Spanish settlers with total control over local people & land

IV LABOR SYSTEMS OF THE NEW WORLD

• Colonial Society in the Americas • Sugar and Slavery in

Portuguese Brazil• The Engenho

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Inc.

Chapter Twenty-Five:New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

Sugar mill in colonial Brazil

• Mita or repartmiento system- Spanish crown required 1/7 of male population to work for 4 months in Spanish mines or haciendas

• Debt Peonage- Spanish landowners advanced loans to native peoples to buy seed, tools, and supplies in exchange for labor

IV. LABOR SYSTEMS

V. SUGAR & SLAVERY IN BRAZIL• The Portuguese in Brazil depended on _Sugar_________.

• Engenho- term to describe the complex land, buildings, animals, , equipment, tools capital, & technical skills needed to make molasses& refined sugar from sugar cane

• Small pox devastated the indigenous population.

• Portuguese imported ___________________ for cane & sugar production

• Major resource of income for Spanish crown

• Manila Galleons take it to the Pacific rim for trading

• Very popular with Chinese markets• Also trade in the

Atlantic basin

SIGNIFICANCE OF SILVER

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic

Church

Guadalajara Cathedral

Our Lady of Guadalupe

Spanish Mission

15

THE VIRGIN OF GUADALUPE

Treasuresfrom the Americas!

The Colonial Class System

Peninsulares Creoles

Mestizos

Mulattos

Native Indians Black Slaves

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WAS MOST LETHAL FOR NATIVE AMERICANS DURING EARLY ENCOUNTERS WITH EUROPEANS?

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1. Firearms

2. Mounted troops

3. Smallpox

4. Steel swords

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Firearms Mounted troops Smallpox Steel swords

CONQUISTADORS WERE

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1. Entrepreneurs who financed Spain’s voyages of exploration

2. Spanish conquerors of New World territories, such as Cortes and Pizarro

3. Exporters of American food crops back to Europe

4. Native American slaves sent back to Europe

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Entreprene... Spanish co... Exporters ... Native Ame...

FROM HIGHEST TO LOWEST, THE RACIAL CASTE’S IN SPAIN’S COLONIES WERE:

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1. Creoles, mestizos, & natives

2. Peninsulares, mestizos, & creoles

3. Peninsulares, creoles, slaves, & mestizos

4. Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, natives, & slaves

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Creoles, mestizos... Peninsulares, mes... Peninsulares, cre... Peninsulares, cre...