APA at a GlanceAPA at a Glance

A guide to in-text and reference A guide to in-text and reference citation methods citation methods

By Laura Burrows, Tutor & By Laura Burrows, Tutor & Michael Frizell, DirectorMichael Frizell, Director

Empirical vs. Literature Empirical vs. Literature ReviewReview

Empirical Reports:Empirical Reports:– *Title Page*Title Page– *Abstract*Abstract– *Introduction*Introduction– MethodsMethods– ResultsResults– DiscussionDiscussion– *References*References– *Appendicies*Appendicies

Literature Reviews:Literature Reviews:– A literature review A literature review

follows APA citation follows APA citation style onlystyle only

– Most still use a Most still use a cover pagecover page

– Some professors Some professors may request an may request an abstractabstract

– They will include a They will include a reference pagereference page

*indicates section begins a new page. Each section listed requires a level-one heading.

Title PageTitle Page

Header: Right-hand corner, 1-Header: Right-hand corner, 1-3 words, capitalization rules 3 words, capitalization rules applyapply– Page number: five spaces Page number: five spaces

from text of headerfrom text of header Running head: Actually type Running head: Actually type

the words “Running head,” the words “Running head,” followed by a colon, then an followed by a colon, then an abbreviated version of the abbreviated version of the title in all capstitle in all caps– No more than 50 characters, No more than 50 characters,

spaces includedspaces included TitleTitle AuthorAuthor InstitutionInstitution

APA Page Setup - APA Page Setup - HeadersHeaders

HeadersHeaders appear at the top appear at the top right-hand side of every right-hand side of every page, including the title page, including the title page. page.

Example:Example:

Biology and Personality 12Biology and Personality 12

Order of PagesOrder of Pages::  

Title PageTitle Page AbstractAbstract BodyBody ReferencesReferences AppendixesAppendixes FootnotesFootnotes TablesTables Figure CaptionsFigure Captions FiguresFigures

LevelsLevels

LEVEL FIVE IS CENTERED AND CAPSLOCKEDLEVEL FIVE IS CENTERED AND CAPSLOCKED

Level One is Centered and CapitalizedLevel One is Centered and Capitalized

Level Two is Centered and CapitalizedLevel Two is Centered and Capitalized

Level Three is Left-Aligned and CapitalizedLevel Three is Left-Aligned and Capitalized

Level four is tabbed once from the left and Level four is tabbed once from the left and punctuated.punctuated.

Order of Level UseOrder of Level Use Despite their numbering, Levels are not used in order. Despite their numbering, Levels are not used in order.

Which levels are used depends on the total number in the Which levels are used depends on the total number in the section. Levels appear in this order:section. Levels appear in this order:

– For a paper with only one level, use Level 1.For a paper with only one level, use Level 1.– For a paper with two levels, use Level 1 and Level 3.For a paper with two levels, use Level 1 and Level 3.– For a paper with three levels, use Level 1, Level 3, and Level 4.For a paper with three levels, use Level 1, Level 3, and Level 4.– For a paper with four levels, use Level 1, Level 2, Level 3 and For a paper with four levels, use Level 1, Level 2, Level 3 and

Level 4, respectively.Level 4, respectively.– For a paper with all five levels, Level 5 appears first, followed For a paper with all five levels, Level 5 appears first, followed

by Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, and Level 4.by Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, and Level 4.

APA Page Setup - APA Page Setup - MarginsMargins 1” on every 1” on every

side of the side of the document.document.

Microsoft Microsoft Word default Word default is 1.25” for is 1.25” for left and right left and right margins.margins.

– Use Page Setup under Use Page Setup under the File menu to change the File menu to change margin settings.margin settings.

APA Page Setup - APA Page Setup - SpacingSpacing SpacingSpacing is double is double

from the beginning of from the beginning of the paper to the end, the paper to the end, including headings, including headings, quotations, and the quotations, and the References list.References list.

One space One space follows all follows all punctuation, do not punctuation, do not space after internal space after internal periods in periods in abbreviations (i.e., abbreviations (i.e., a.m.) or after a colon a.m.) or after a colon in a ration (i.e., 2:1)in a ration (i.e., 2:1)

12 point font12 point font

As a General Rule…As a General Rule…

Active voiceActive voice:: As As a general rule, use a general rule, use the active voice the active voice rather than the rather than the passive voice. For passive voice. For example, use "We example, use "We predicted that ..." predicted that ..." rather than "It was rather than "It was predicted that ..."predicted that ..."

APA Style – APA Style – In-Text CitationsIn-Text Citations Ideally, no more than Ideally, no more than

25 percent of your 25 percent of your paper should be paper should be direct quotations.direct quotations.

ParaphraseParaphrase as much as much as you can.as you can.

Use direct quotations Use direct quotations when citing a when citing a statistic or original statistic or original theorytheory

Use author's words if Use author's words if they capture a point they capture a point exactlyexactly..

In-Text Citation MethodsIn-Text Citation Methods

APA citations require the following:APA citations require the following:

– Author(s) surname (excluding titles, Jr., Author(s) surname (excluding titles, Jr., or II)or II)

– Year of PublicationsYear of Publications

– Page number (for direct quotes)Page number (for direct quotes)

Types of CitationsTypes of Citations

Direct QuotesDirect Quotes– Participants had Participants had

demonstrated “words can demonstrated “words can be successfully ignored if be successfully ignored if the task conditions are the task conditions are right” (Strafford & Gurney, right” (Strafford & Gurney, 2004, p. 977).2004, p. 977).

– Stroop (1935) noted there Stroop (1935) noted there commonly occurred a “sex commonly occurred a “sex difference in naming difference in naming colors” (p. 21).colors” (p. 21).

ParaphrasingParaphrasing– Some studies have Some studies have

suggested reading may suggested reading may not be an automatic not be an automatic process (Strafford & process (Strafford & Gurney, 2004).Gurney, 2004).

– Stroop (1935) examined Stroop (1935) examined potential factors for the potential factors for the different reaction times his different reaction times his participants exhibited.participants exhibited.

Number of AuthorsNumber of Authors

Parenthetical Citations:Parenthetical Citations: One author: One author:

– (Stroop, 1935)(Stroop, 1935) Two authors: Two authors:

– (Strafford & Gurney, 2004)(Strafford & Gurney, 2004) Three to five authors:Three to five authors:

– First citation: (Risko, Stolz, & First citation: (Risko, Stolz, & Besner, 2005)Besner, 2005)

– Subsequent citations: (Risko et Subsequent citations: (Risko et al., 2005)al., 2005)

Six or more authors: Six or more authors: – (Smith et al., 2004)*(Smith et al., 2004)*

* In the reference page, list up * In the reference page, list up to six authors, and use ‘et al.’ to six authors, and use ‘et al.’ after the sixth after the sixth

As part of narrative:As part of narrative: One author:One author:

– Stroop (1935)Stroop (1935) Two authors:Two authors:

– Strafford and Gurney (2004)Strafford and Gurney (2004) Three to five authors:Three to five authors:

– First citation: Risko, Stolz, and First citation: Risko, Stolz, and Besner (2005)Besner (2005)

– Subsequent citations: (Risko et al., Subsequent citations: (Risko et al., 2005)**2005)**

Six or more authors:Six or more authors:– Smith et al. (2004)Smith et al. (2004)

** It doesn’t matter if the first ** It doesn’t matter if the first citation is parenthetical or part of citation is parenthetical or part of the narrative; any subsequent the narrative; any subsequent citations, parenthetical or citations, parenthetical or otherwise, will be listed with the ‘et otherwise, will be listed with the ‘et al.’ abbreviation.al.’ abbreviation.

Exceptions and Special Exceptions and Special CasesCases

When two works with three or When two works with three or more authors shorten to the more authors shorten to the same abbreviation, use same abbreviation, use enough authors to distinguish enough authors to distinguish between them:between them:– (Smith, Jones, & Madson, 2004) (Smith, Jones, & Madson, 2004)

and (Smith, Johnson, & Jones, and (Smith, Johnson, & Jones, 2004)2004)

Shorten to: (Smith, Jones, et Shorten to: (Smith, Jones, et al., 2004) and (Smith, Johnson, al., 2004) and (Smith, Johnson, et al., 2004)et al., 2004)

DO NOT change the DO NOT change the order of the authors! order of the authors! They must be They must be represented as they are represented as they are credited in the study.credited in the study.

When two different works When two different works have the same author and the have the same author and the same year:same year:– (Smith, 2005a) and (Smith, (Smith, 2005a) and (Smith,

2005b) 2005b) Works will be listed as they Works will be listed as they

appear in the reference pagesappear in the reference pages

When two different authors When two different authors have the same surname:have the same surname:– (A. Smith, 2005) and (C. D. (A. Smith, 2005) and (C. D.

Smith, 1995)Smith, 1995) Even if the date of publication Even if the date of publication

differs, distinguish between differs, distinguish between the two authors by including the two authors by including first initialsfirst initials

More Citation RulesMore Citation Rules

Multiple Studies in Multiple Studies in one Citation:one Citation:

By the same author:By the same author:– Order by year of Order by year of

publication: publication: (Skinner, 1966, 1981)(Skinner, 1966, 1981)

By multiple authors:By multiple authors:– Order as references Order as references

appear in Reference* appear in Reference* page:page: (Branch, 1980; Carlson, (Branch, 1980; Carlson,

2001; Todd & Morris, 2001; Todd & Morris, 2005)2005)

One author cited One author cited multiple times in multiple times in one paragraph:one paragraph:

If there is no If there is no possibility of possibility of confusion, only cite confusion, only cite the year in the first the year in the first citation* citation*

*Once a new paragraph *Once a new paragraph begins, the study must be begins, the study must be fully cited againfully cited again

*If one citation is more significant, it may be listed first, with a phrase such as “see also” inserted to separate the others: (Zimmerman, 1993; see also Branch, 1980; Smith, 2001)

Citation Rules, cont’d…Citation Rules, cont’d… Anonymous authors:Anonymous authors:

– Cite with ‘anonymous’ as Cite with ‘anonymous’ as author:author:

(Anonymous, 1994)(Anonymous, 1994)

Unknown authors: Unknown authors: – Cite the first few words of Cite the first few words of

the title, along with the the title, along with the year:year:

For articles or chapters, For articles or chapters, use quotes: (“Cognitive use quotes: (“Cognitive dissonance,” 2004)dissonance,” 2004)

For titles of periodicals, For titles of periodicals, books, brochures or books, brochures or reports, use italics: reports, use italics: ((PsychologyPsychology, 2005), 2005)

Personal communications Personal communications (i.e. letters, interviews, (i.e. letters, interviews, memos, emails, telephone memos, emails, telephone conversations, etc.):conversations, etc.):– (A. F. Butan, personal (A. F. Butan, personal

communication, October communication, October 25, 2005)25, 2005)

Note: do not include Note: do not include personal communications personal communications in the reference listin the reference list

Citation Rules, cont’d…Citation Rules, cont’d…

Groups as Authors:Groups as Authors:– When a group or When a group or

corporation has a corporation has a long name and a long name and a common or easily common or easily understood understood abbreviation:abbreviation: First citation: First citation:

(National Institute of (National Institute of Mental Health Mental Health [NIMH], 2000)[NIMH], 2000)

Subsequent citations: Subsequent citations: (NIMH, 2000)(NIMH, 2000)

Unknown date:Unknown date:

– Cite with Cite with abbreviation “n.d.” abbreviation “n.d.” for works with no for works with no known publication known publication date:date:

(Samson, n.d.)(Samson, n.d.)

Citing Web PagesCiting Web Pages The in-text citation of web-The in-text citation of web-

based material follows the based material follows the same rules of citation of same rules of citation of other materials:other materials:

– If no author, use the first If no author, use the first few words of title: few words of title: (“Chimps,” 2005).(“Chimps,” 2005).

– If no date, use the If no date, use the abbreviation “n.d.” : abbreviation “n.d.” : (Johnson, n.d.)(Johnson, n.d.)

Direct quotes of web-based Direct quotes of web-based documents:documents:– Since websites do not Since websites do not

include page numbers, cite include page numbers, cite the paragraph number if the paragraph number if possible:possible:

(Kirby, 2004, para. 5)(Kirby, 2004, para. 5)– Cite the sub-section and Cite the sub-section and

paragraph number if paragraph number if possible: possible:

(“Snakes,” n.d., Care and (“Snakes,” n.d., Care and Feeding section, para. 4)Feeding section, para. 4)

Note: when a web-based source Note: when a web-based source is printed, the top of the page is printed, the top of the page will include a number for the will include a number for the purpose of printing, i.e. “1 of 3.” purpose of printing, i.e. “1 of 3.” These are NOT the page These are NOT the page numbers of the document and numbers of the document and should not be cited as such.should not be cited as such.

Reference ListReference List Reference lists should Reference lists should

be alphabetized by the be alphabetized by the last name of the first last name of the first authors listed. authors listed. Remember, you can Remember, you can not change the order of not change the order of authors within the authors within the study!study!– Nothing precedes Nothing precedes

something: something: Green, E. C. (2000). Green, E. C. (2000). Greene, B. A. (1994).Greene, B. A. (1994). Harrison, M. R. (2004).Harrison, M. R. (2004). Harrison, M. R., & Blake, Harrison, M. R., & Blake,

C. D. (2001)C. D. (2001)

Multiple works by Multiple works by same author:same author:– One author: arrange One author: arrange

chronologicallychronologically Blake, B. R. (1990)Blake, B. R. (1990) Blake, B. R. (1993)Blake, B. R. (1993)

– One author, same year: One author, same year: order by titleorder by title Blair, S. M. (2000a). Blair, S. M. (2000a).

Care and feeding…Care and feeding… Blair, S. M. (2000b). Blair, S. M. (2000b).

Observations…Observations…

Samples of Common Types of Samples of Common Types of Reference Entries:Reference Entries:

Book:Book:Gravetter, F. J., & Forzano, L. B. (2005). Gravetter, F. J., & Forzano, L. B. (2005). Research methods for the Research methods for the

behavioral sciencesbehavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson.Wadsworth/Thomson.

Journal paginated by volume:Journal paginated by volume:Risko, E. F., Stolz, J. A., & Besner, D. (2005). Basic processes in Risko, E. F., Stolz, J. A., & Besner, D. (2005). Basic processes in

reading: Is visual word recognition obligatory? reading: Is visual word recognition obligatory? Psychonomic Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12Bulletin & Review, 12, 119-124. , 119-124.

Journal paginated by issue:Journal paginated by issue:Schmidt, J. R., & Cheesman, J. (2005). Dissociating stimulus-Schmidt, J. R., & Cheesman, J. (2005). Dissociating stimulus-

stimulus and response-response effects in the Stroop task. stimulus and response-response effects in the Stroop task. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology,Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 5959(2), 132-138. (2), 132-138.

Journal Pagination: Volume or Journal Pagination: Volume or Issue?Issue?

Paginated by VolumePaginated by Volume Periodic journals which Periodic journals which

publish volumes per year publish volumes per year differ in the way they differ in the way they paginate the individual paginate the individual issues. Some journals begin issues. Some journals begin each issue where the last left each issue where the last left off:off:– Volume 1, issue 1: page 1-Volume 1, issue 1: page 1-

200200– Volume 1, issue 2: page 201-Volume 1, issue 2: page 201-

400400

These journals are paginated by These journals are paginated by volume, and do not require volume, and do not require the issue number in the the issue number in the reference citationsreference citations

Paginated by IssuePaginated by Issue Journals whose issues each Journals whose issues each

begin on page one require begin on page one require the issue number in the the issue number in the reference page to specify reference page to specify the issue in which an article the issue in which an article appears:appears:– Volume 23, issue 1: page 1-Volume 23, issue 1: page 1-

205205– Volume 23, issue 2: page 1-Volume 23, issue 2: page 1-

300300

[An article listed in volume [An article listed in volume 23, page 189, would not 23, page 189, would not tell a reader which issue tell a reader which issue contained the article]contained the article]

More common reference list More common reference list entries:entries:

Book with an editor:Book with an editor:Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals (K. V. Kukil, Ed.). New York: Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals (K. V. Kukil, Ed.). New York:

Anchor.Anchor. Article from an online periodical:Article from an online periodical:

Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial visual reactions Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial visual reactions [Electronic version]. [Electronic version]. Journal of Experimental Psychology,Journal of Experimental Psychology, 121121(1), (1), 15-23.15-23.

(Note: if there is no print version available, include date of access and URL after the issue: (Note: if there is no print version available, include date of access and URL after the issue: Retrieved July 5, 2005, from http://www... Use the exact URL of the article if possible, Retrieved July 5, 2005, from http://www... Use the exact URL of the article if possible, unless you have retrieved an article from a newspaper’s site (i.e., unless you have retrieved an article from a newspaper’s site (i.e., www.newyorktimes.com)www.newyorktimes.com)

Article from a database:Article from a database:Holliday, R. E., & Hayes, B. K. (2001, January). Dissociating automatic Holliday, R. E., & Hayes, B. K. (2001, January). Dissociating automatic

and intentional processes in children’s eyewitness memory. and intentional processes in children’s eyewitness memory. Journal Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,of Experimental Child Psychology, 7575(1), 1-5. Retrieved February (1), 1-5. Retrieved February 21, 2001, from Expanded Academic ASAP database (A59317927). 21, 2001, from Expanded Academic ASAP database (A59317927).

Reference Entries, cont’d…Reference Entries, cont’d… Non-periodical web document Non-periodical web document

– List as many as possible of the following, in this order:List as many as possible of the following, in this order: Author’s nameAuthor’s name Date of publication (use “n.d.” if no date is known or available)Date of publication (use “n.d.” if no date is known or available) Title of the document in italicsTitle of the document in italics Date of accessDate of access URL directly to the sourceURL directly to the source

Chovil, I. (n.d.). Chovil, I. (n.d.). What is schizophrenia?What is schizophrenia? Retrieved November 6, 2005, Retrieved November 6, 2005, from http://www.from http://www.chovil.com/first.htmlchovil.com/first.html

If there is no author, use the title as the author, followed by If there is no author, use the title as the author, followed by the date in parenthesis.the date in parenthesis.

Reference Entries, cont’d…Reference Entries, cont’d… Encyclopedia Entries:Encyclopedia Entries:

– Glickman, H. (1994). Occupational safety and health Glickman, H. (1994). Occupational safety and health administration administration (OSHA). In (OSHA). In World book encyclopediaWorld book encyclopedia (Vol. 14, (Vol. 14, pp. 647-648). Chicago: pp. 647-648). Chicago: World Book. World Book.

– Occupational therapy. (1994). In Occupational therapy. (1994). In World book encyclopediaWorld book encyclopedia (Vol. (Vol. 14, p. 648). Chicago: World Book.14, p. 648). Chicago: World Book.

Newspaper articles:Newspaper articles:– Schwartz, J. (1993), September 30). Obesity affects economic, Schwartz, J. (1993), September 30). Obesity affects economic,

social status. social status. The Washington PostThe Washington Post, pp. A1, A4., pp. A1, A4.

A complete list of types of sources, cross-referenced to examples, A complete list of types of sources, cross-referenced to examples, can be found in the APA publication manual on pages 232-239.can be found in the APA publication manual on pages 232-239.