apa style rehabilitation research rcs 6740 may 18, 2005

APA Style

Rehabilitation ResearchRCS 6740May 18, 2005

Why Use APA Style?

Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easily

Provides consistent format within a discipline

Gives you credibility as a writer

Protects you from plagiarism

Cross-Referencing Your Sources

Cross-referencing allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects.

“Because one purpose of listing references is to enable readers to retrieve and use the sources, reference data must be correct and complete. …” (APA, 2001, p. 216).

Using a Consistent Format

Using a consistent format helps your reader understand your arguments and the sources they’re built on.

It also helps you keep track of your sources as you build arguments.

32 APA primary journals; as many as 1000 more in social sciences and psychology use APA as their style guide.

Establishing Credibility

The proper use of APA style shows the credibility of writers; such writers show accountability to their source material.

“[Because] authors are responsible for all information in their reference lists. Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a careful researcher” (APA, 2001, p. 216).

Avoiding Plagiarism

Academic honesty and integrity!– Proper citation of your sources in APA style can help you avoid

plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It may result in anything from failure of the assignment to expulsion from school.

You are academically dishonest if:– Someone writes your paper for you– You purchase a paper– You copy a paper from online– You fail to cite your sources– Your present someone else’s ideas as your own

Quick Background of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association1928: Meeting of editors of anthropological and psychological journals.February 1929: 7 page article in Psychological Bulletin.– Just recommended a standard procedure – did not dictate the

style to authors.1952: 1st edition – 60 page supplement to Psychological Bulletin. 1974: 2nd edition – 136 pages2001: 5th edition - 439 pages

APA Style

Content & Organization of a ManuscriptExpressing Ideas & Reducing Bias in LanguageEditorial StyleReference List

Content & Organization

Parts of a Manuscript– Title Page– Abstract– Introduction– Method– Results– Discussion– Multiple Experiments– References– Appendix– Author Note

Title Page

Title (centered, upper ½ of page, ds)Author’s name (1 ds below title)Institutional affiliation or course identification (ds below author’s name)Manuscript page header (upper right corner, 1st 2 or 3 words of title, 5 spaces, then page #)Running head

Life Skills 1

Running head: LIFE SKILLS

Empirically Derived Life Skill Factors for

Program Evaluation in Rehabilitation

Fong Chan

Running Head

Abbreviated titleMaximum 50 characters including letters, punctuation, and spacesLeft-justified below manuscript page headerExample:

Running head: GENERATION X

Abstract

Brief comprehensive summary75-120 wordsConciseSelf-containedNon-evaluativeCoherentReadable

Note: Manual has specific guidelines for empirical studies, reviewsand theoretical pieces, methodological works, and case studies.

First Page of Text

Includes manuscript page headerFull title is centered on the top line of the page DS, only, between title and first line of text

Note. Double space, only, throughout the entire document.

Headings

The levels of heading are established by format or appearanceThe hierarchy of sections help orient the reader to the structure of the manuscript – they function as an outlineTopics of equal importance have the same level of heading throughout the manuscript.Start each section with the highest level of heading, even if one section may have fewer levels of subheading than another section

Headings - Continued

CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING(Level 5)

Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading(Level 1)

Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading(Level 2)

Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading(Level 3)

Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

(Level 4)

One Level Heading


EngagementAssessment

PlanningImplementation

Evaluation

Two levels (use level 1 & 3)



Engagement

Techniques

Orientation of Client

Three levels (Use level 1, 3 and 4)



Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. (Level 4)

Assessment

Development

Early childhood.

Adolescent.

Handling Quotes in Your Text

If directly quoted from another author’s work should be reproduced word for wordShort quotations (fewer than 40 words) are incorporated into the text, enclosed with double quotation marks. Must be accompanied by a reference citation with a page number

Example of a Short Quotation

Matkin (1985) stated “the compensation principle and accident prevention form an intertwined relationship whereby one enhances the other” (p. 29).At end of sentence – close quoted passage with quotation marks, cite the source in parentheses after marks, and end with the period or other punctuation outside the final parenthesis.

Example of Mid-Sentence Quote

He found “Assessment or decision-making interviews are generally more focused” (Zastrow, 1998, p. 86) than other types of interview formats.In midsentence - End the passage with quotation marks, cite source in parentheses immediately after the quotation marks, and continue the sentence. Use no other punctuation unless meaning of sentence requires it.

Example of Long Quote

Wang, Thomas, Chan, and Cheing (2003) stated the following: Conjoint analysis has the potential to augment the study of attitudes toward

disabilities in rehabilitation psychology research. Specifically, as an indirect measurement, conjoint analysis is less prone to social desirability effects. The trade-off method used in conjoint analysis to study people’s attitudes toward disability closely approximates human decision making in real life. Hence both conjoint measurements and conjoint analysis could increase the ability of rehabilitation psychology researchers to understand factors contributing to the formation of attitudes/preferences in multiple social contexts. (p. 200-201)At end of block quote – Cite the quoted source in parentheses after the final punctuation markDo not single space long quotes. Indent 5-7 spaces from the left margin without the usual paragraph indent.

Numbers

General rule is to use figures to express numbers 10 and above

The client is 25 years oldMr. Roberts has had 12 arrests

Use words to express numbers below 10 Nora Edwards has had three previous

marriages.

Exceptions

Always as numerals: Dates, Ages, Exact sums of money, scores and points on a scale, numbers and precise measurements– Each item on the Beck Depression Index is scored on a 5-

point scale– The client receives $8 per completed hour.

Always as words: Any number that begins a sentence, common fractions– Twelve participants were involved in the focus groups

Parenthetical (Within-Text) Citations

Author’s(s’) last nameYear of publicationPage number (if quoting)Example:

(Chan, 2000, p. 17)

Parenthetical CitationsMultiple Authors

2 authors – cite both names separated by & Example: (Rubin & Roessler, 2002, p. 127)3-5 authors – cite all authors first time; after first time, use et al. Example: (Chan et al., 2000)6 or more authors – cite first author’s name and et al.Example: (Rosenthal et al., 1992)

Parenthetical Citations Multiple Citations

Multiple sources from same author – chronological order, separated by comma. Example: (Thomas, 1998, 1999, in press)Within same year: Example: (Chan, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, in press)

Parenthetical Citations Multiple Citations Continued

Multiple sources – separated by semicolon, alphabetical order Example: (Chan, 1998; Pruett, 2001; Thomas, 1992)

Handling Parenthetical Citations

If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title:Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers”Citation: (“California,” 1999)

Handling Parenthetical Citations

A reference to a personal communication:Source: email message from Hanoch LivnehCitation: (H. Livneh, personal communication, November 22, 2002)A general reference to a web siteSource: University of Wisconsin - Madison web siteCitation: (http://www.wisc.edu)

Reference Citations in Text

If author(s) name is part of narrative, cite only year of publication in parentheses

Hess, Marwitz and Kreutzer (2003) report treatment planning following a spinal cord injury should include methods for identifying cognitive deficits.

On rare occasions you may have the year and author with no parentheses.

In 2000 Walker compared reaction times

Keys to Parenthetical Citations

ReadabilityKeep references brief Give only information needed to identify the source on your reference pageDo not repeat unnecessary information

Handling Quotes in Your Text

There are many different combinations and variations within APA citation format.

If you run into something unusual, look it up!

Reference List – General GuidelinesOn a separate pageReferences (the title) is centered on top lineAlphabetical list of works citedIf same author cited more than once, chronologically listedDouble spacedHanging indentTitles of works and volume number in italics

Reference List – Journal Article

Garske, G. G. (2000). The significance of rehabilitation counselor job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 31(3), 10-13.Shaw, L. R., & Tarvydas, V. M. (2001). The use of professional disclosure in rehabilitation counseling. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 45, 40-47.Miller, L. J., & Donders, J. (in press). Prediction of

educational outcome after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology.

Reference List – Book

Smart, J. (2001). Disability, Society, and the Individual. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.Parker, R. M., & Szymanski, E. M. (Eds.). (1998). Rehabilitation Counseling: Basics and Beyond. Austin, TX: PRO-ED. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Reference List – Book Chapter

Jaet, D. N., & McMahon, B.T. (1999). Implications of disability legislation for case managers. In F. Chan & M. J. Leahy (Eds.), Health Care and Disability Case Management (pp. 213 – 238). Lake Zurich,

IL: Vocational Consultants Press.

Reference ListElectronic Media

Internet articles based on a print source (exact replicate – usually a pdf file)Smith, S., & Jones, T. (2001). The impact of authoritative supervisors on job retention {Electronic version}. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 12(2), 110-112.

Internet articles that are not exactly as the printed article (i.e., htlm, doc, or txt files)Smith, S., & Jones, T. (2001). The impact of authoritative supervisors on job retention. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 12(2), 110-112. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jarc.org/articles

Reference ListElectronic Media

Articles in an Internet only journal James, T. (2001, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to

optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 01a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/articles

Stand alone document, no author identified, no date.Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.ahrq.gov

APA Writing Style Rules:Abbreviations

Avoid abbreviations except for long familiar terms (MMPI).Explain what the abbreviation means at the first occurrence: American Psychological Association (APA).If an abbreviation is commonly used as a word, it does not require explanation (IQ, LSD, RAM).Use two-letter postal codes for U.S. state names.

Language Exerts a Powerful Influence

Avoiding Biased and Pejorative Language

Be more specific, not less– Use age ranges rather than broad categories– Use the phrase Men and women – rather than generic

“mankind”– Avoid the generic “he”– Specific ethnic or racial labeling

Mention differences only when relevant

Be Sensitive to Labels

Use person-first language when describing and individual or group of people with a disability. Example: people over the

age of 65, people with learning disabilities

Standards of Comparison

Be aware of hidden standards that compare the study group to an invisible (standard) group.Example: “culturally deprived” (by what standard?)Unparallel nouns

Example: man and wife - Instead: husband and wife

Acknowledge Participation

Replace the impersonal term “subjects” with- participants

- individuals - college students - children

Where Do I Find APA Style and Format?

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed.www.apastyle.orgSome other good links: http://www.docstyles.com/apacrib.htm

http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/amoebaweb/index.aspx?doc_id=2415

Software for APA Style

APA Style Helper 5– Walks you through a paper as you create it– Helps format references, headings etc– Includes a reference builder– Works with most word processors– From APA – costs $40

MS Word Template for APA format – Headings and Format in APA style (no help with references)– From Microsoft Office Web site, Free, only good with Microsoft

Word.

Software for APA Style

Citation Software – EndNote 8.0 (endnote.com)– ProCite 5.0 (procite.com)– Software Reference Manager 11.0 (refman.com)– Biblioscape 6.0 (biblioscape.com)

All have versions for Mac (OS X) as well as Windows (98 – XP) & support a variety of word processors (except Biblioscape – Windows only)Cost: $110 – $200 (Education prices)

apa style rehabilitation research rcs 6740 may 18, 2005

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