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A A P P C C A A The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310 Morgan Hall - Knoxville, TN 37996 www.agpolicy.org - phone: (865) 974-7407 - fax: (865) 974-7298 Daniel De La Torre- Ugarte Workshop on Mutually Supportive Agricultural and Trade Policies January 19-23, 2005 Chapecó, Brazil

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Page 1: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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The “NEW” U.S.Agricultural

PolicyHow Free Markets

Failed in Agriculture

Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310 Morgan Hall - Knoxville, TN 37996www.agpolicy.org - phone: (865) 974-7407 - fax: (865) 974-7298

Daniel De La Torre-Ugarte

Workshop on Mutually Supportive Agricultural and

Trade Policies

January 19-23, 2005Chapecó, Brazil

Page 2: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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La “Nueva” La “Nueva” Política Política

Agrícola de Agrícola de EEUU:EEUU:

Cómo el Libre Mercado Fracasó en la

Agricultura

Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310 Morgan Hall - Knoxville, TN 37996www.agpolicy.org - phone: (865) 974-7407 - fax: (865) 974-7298

Daniel De La Torre-Ugarte

Seminario Sobre Políticas Agrícolas y Comerciales

Solidarias

Enero 19-23, 2005Chapecó, Brasil

Page 3: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Agriculture: In a Policy-Caused Agriculture: In a Policy-Caused Economic CrisisEconomic Crisis

• US commodity prices have plummeted

• Lower US prices triggered low prices in international ag commodity markets

• Accusations of US dumping

• Countries in the South unable to neutralize impacts of low prices

Page 4: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Agricultura: En una Crisis Agricultura: En una Crisis Causada por Cambio de Causada por Cambio de

PolíticaPolítica• Precios agrícolas se desplomaron en

EEUU

• Bajos precios en EEUU resultaron en bajos precios a nivel mundial

• Acusaciones de dumping

• Países del Sur incapaces de neutralizar caída de precios

Page 5: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Background For Background For US Agricultural PolicyUS Agricultural Policy

• Longstanding publicly supported research and consequent expansion in productive capacity

• Implementation of policy mechanisms to manage productive capacity and compensate farmers as consumers accrued benefits of productivity gains

Page 6: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Antecedentes de la Política Antecedentes de la Política Agrícola de EEUUAgrícola de EEUU

• Apoyo público a la investigación, educación y extensión y consecuentemente al crecimiento de la capacidad productiva

• Utilización de programas para gestionar la capacidad productiva y compensar a agricultores por beneficios que consumidores obtuvieron del incremento en productividad

Page 7: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Premises and Expectations of Premises and Expectations of a Market Driven US AG Policya Market Driven US AG Policy

• Greater competitiveness in export markets Resulting In:– Increased exports– Greater market share

• Farmers would take planting signals from the market instead of farming government programs– Change mix of crops with planting flexibility – Adjust production in line with market demands

Page 8: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Premisas y Expectativas de Premisas y Expectativas de una Política Agrícola Basada una Política Agrícola Basada

en el Mercadoen el Mercado

• Mayor competitividad en mercado mundial– Resultará en incremento de exportaciones– Mayor participación en el mercado

• Agricultores responderán al mercado y no a los incentivos del gobierno– Flexibilidad en los cultivos a producir – Ajustaran producción de acuerdo a la

demanda

Page 9: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Critical Changes in U.S. Critical Changes in U.S. Agricultural Policy Since 1996Agricultural Policy Since 1996

– Elimination of supply control instruments: set aside program

– Elimination of support price mechanism

– Emphasis on decoupled payments– Full planting flexibility

Page 10: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Cambios en la Política Agrícola Cambios en la Política Agrícola de EEUU desde 1996de EEUU desde 1996

– Eliminación de los instrumentos para gestionar la oferta/producción: superficie en retiro

– Eliminación de los instrumentos de soporte de precios / precios piso

– Énfasis en subsidios desacoplados– Agricultores tienen la flexibilidad

para plantar los cultivos que deseen

Page 11: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Immediate ImpactsImmediate Impacts• Farmers planted an additional 15

millions acres that were in supply control programs

• Support price were eliminated in practice, so there is no limit on how low prices could fall

• Changes in crop mix did occur

Page 12: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Impactos InmediatosImpactos Inmediatos• Agricultores plantaron 15 millones de

acres adicionales que estaban en barbecho bajo programa de gestión de la producción

• Precios piso fueron eliminados

• Ocurrieron cambios en la combinación de cultivos plantados

Page 13: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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US Six Cereals and FAO US Six Cereals and FAO Cereals Price IndicesCereals Price Indices

After 1996• US prices plummeted• World prices followed

50

70

90

110

130

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

US Six Cereal Price Index

FAO Cereals Price Index

Adoption of 1996 Farm Bill

Page 14: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Índice de Precios de Seis Índice de Precios de Seis Cereales en EEUU y FAOCereales en EEUU y FAO

50

70

90

110

130

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Índice de Precios 6 Cereales EEUU

Índice de Precios Cereales

FAO

Adopción del Farm Bill de

1996

Después de 1996• Los precios de EEUU se desplomaron• Precios mundiales siguieron a los de EEUU• Maíz, sorgo, avena, cebada, trigo, arroz

Page 15: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Exports Did Not DeliverExports Did Not DeliverIndex of US Population, US Demand* for 8 Crops and US

Exports* of 8 Crops 1979=100

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

US Population

US Exports

US Domestic Demand

*Adjusted for grain exported in meat

• Exports down to flat for last two decades• Domestic demand increases steadily• Since 1979, exports have NOT been the driving force in US crop markets

Page 16: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Exportaciones No Exportaciones No RespondieronRespondieron

EEUU - Índice de Población, Demanda* 8 Cultivos y Exportación* 8 Cultivos 1979=100

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

Población

Exportaciones

Demanda Doméstica

*Ajustada por grano exportado en carne

• Exportaciones disminuidas o estancadas en las últimas 2 décadas• Demanda doméstica ha crecido en forma consistente• Maíz, sorgo, avena, cebada, trigo, soya, algodón, arroz.

Page 17: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Acreage Response toAcreage Response toLower Prices?Lower Prices?

40

60

80

100

120

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Ind

ex (

1996

=10

0)

Eight Crop Acreage

Eight Crop Price

Since 1996 US• Eight major crops maintain acreage• Eight-crop price drops by 36%

Page 18: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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¿¿Respuesta de la Superficie Respuesta de la Superficie Plantada a los Precios Bajos?Plantada a los Precios Bajos?

40

60

80

100

120

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Índ

ice

(199

6=10

0)

Área en 8 cultivos principales

Precio de los 8 cultivos

Desde 1996• Área plantada en los 8 cultivos principales se mantuvo• Precio de los cultivos cayeron en 36%

Page 19: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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40

60

80

100

120

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Acreage Response toAcreage Response toLower Prices?Lower Prices?In

dex

(19

96=

100)

Four Crop Acreage

Four Crop Price Adjusted for Coupled and Decoupled Payments

Four Crop Price Adjusted for Coupled Payments Four Crop Price

Since 1996• Aggregate US corn, wheat, soybean, and cotton acreage changed little• While “prices” (take your pick) dropped by 40, 30 or 22%

Page 20: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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40

60

80

100

120

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Respuesta de la Superficie Respuesta de la Superficie Plantada a los Precios Bajos?Plantada a los Precios Bajos?

Índ

ice

(199

6=10

0)

Área 4 Cultivos

Precio 4 cultivos ajustado por subsidios totales

Precio de 4 cultivos ajustado por subsidios ligados a la producción Precio 4 cultivos

Desde 1996• Área total sembrada en maíz, trigo, soja, y algodón cambió muy poco• Mientras tanto precios cayeron en 40, 30, 22%

Page 21: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Consequence of Low Prices: Consequence of Low Prices: High SubsidiesHigh Subsidies

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

mill

ion

dolla

rs

Deficiency Direct LDP & MLG

Emergency Conservation Other

Page 22: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Resultado de Precios Bajos: Resultado de Precios Bajos: Subsidios AltosSubsidios Altos

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

mill

ione

s do

lare

s

Deficiency Direct LDP & MLG

Emergency Conservation Other

Page 23: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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US Net Farm Income and Government US Net Farm Income and Government PaymentsPayments

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

Total Government Payments

Net Farm Income

Bill

ion

Dol

lars

Since 1996 US• Government payments are up over 100%• Net Farm Income declined anyway

Page 24: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Ingreso Agrícola Neto y Pagos del Ingreso Agrícola Neto y Pagos del Gobierno en EEUUGobierno en EEUU

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

Total de Pagos del Gobierno

Ingreso Agrícola Neto

Mile

s de

Mill

ones

US

$

Desde 1996• Pagos del Gobierno se incrementaron en 100%• A pesar de eso Ingreso Neto Agrícola cayó

Page 25: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Who Benefits from Who Benefits from Low Crop Prices?Low Crop Prices?

• Hurts all crop farmers: US and worldwide

• Users of agricultural commodities benefit by not paying full cost of production:– Large livestock producers

– Agribusinesses: input and machinery, processors, marketing and retailers

– Importers

– Consumers, if marketing system transmits lower prices

Page 26: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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¿Quién se Beneficia de los ¿Quién se Beneficia de los Precios Bajos?Precios Bajos?

• Perjudica a todos los agricultores: EEUU & mundo

• Beneficia a usuarios de productos agrícolas al no pagar costo de producción:

– Ganaderos grandes e integrados

– Agroindustria: insumos y maquinaria, procesadores, distribuidores y minoristas

– Importadores

– Consumidores, si es que el sistema de mercadeo interno transmitió los precios bajos

Page 27: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Canadá: Área Agrícola Canadá: Área Agrícola SembradaSembrada

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1981 1986 1991 1996 2001

Mil

lon

es d

e A

cres

Trigo

Cebada

Canola

Otros Granos

Otras Oleaginosas

• Canadá redujo subsidios en 1990s• Eliminó subsidios al transporte de granos en 1995• Cambió la combinación de cultivos; área total se mantuvo

Page 28: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Australia: Área Agrícola Australia: Área Agrícola SembradaSembrada

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1981-85 1986-90 1991-95 1996-00 2001-02

Mil

lon

es d

e A

cres

Trigo

Otros Granos

Oleaginosas

• Australia redujo dramáticamente subsidios a la lana en 1991• Área sembrada cambió de pasto a cultivo de granos

Page 29: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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México: Área CosechadaMéxico: Área Cosechada

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1981-85 1986-90 1991-95 1996-00 2001-02

Mil

lon

es

de

Acr

es

Maíz

Frijoles

TrigoSorgo

Café

Azúcar

• México eliminó o redujo apoyo en los 1990s• Eliminó cuotas a la importación por NAFTA• Incrementó área sembrada en cultivos• El área total cosechada también se incrementó – 256 millones de acres

en 1991; 265 millones de acres en el 2001

Page 30: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Nature of Crop MarketsNature of Crop Markets• Technology expands output faster than

population and exports expand demand

• Market failure: lower prices do not solve the problem

• Little self-correction on the demand side– People will pay almost anything when food is short

– Low prices do not induce people to eat more

• Little self-correction on the supply side– Farmers tend to produce on all their acreage

– Few alternate uses for most cropland

Page 31: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Naturaleza de los Mercados Naturaleza de los Mercados AgrícolasAgrícolas

No auto-corrección significativa en la demanda– Consumidor paga lo que sea cuando hay escasez

– Precios bajos no inducen a la gente a consumir más

• No auto-corrección significativa en la oferta

– Agricultores tienden a plantar campos al máximo

– Pocos usos alternativos para tierras de cultivo

• Tecnología aumenta la oferta a un ritmo más acelerado que la demanda

• Falla del Mercado: precios bajos no resuelven el problema de exceso de oferta/ingresos bajos

Page 32: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Impacts of Low Prices on Farmers Impacts of Low Prices on Farmers in Developing Countriesin Developing Countries

• No protection mechanisms:

– Pressure to deregulate economy

– Eliminated tariffs in compliance with trade agreements

– Unable to provide payments to farmers

– WTO color boxes irrelevant & biased

Page 33: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Impactos de Precios Bajos en Impactos de Precios Bajos en Agricultores de Países en Agricultores de Países en

DesarrolloDesarrollo• No existen instrumentos de protección:

– Presión para de-regular la economía– Eliminar aranceles según TLC– Imposibilidad de otorgar subsidios a

agricultores• Las “cajas” de la OMC para clasificar las

políticas de intervención estan sesgadas en favor de los paises ricos

Page 34: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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WORLD ARABLE LAND DISTRIBUTION, 2002

Hectares (Million Ha) No data CR4: 43% CR8: 61% CR12: 70% CR20: 80%<1 - 5 Total world land area 15,014 Million Ha. 100.00%

5 - 10 World total land area used 13,067 Million Ha. 87.00% 10 - 25 World agricultural land 5,020 Million Ha. 33.00% (100%)25 - 35 World total permanent pasture 3,485 Million Ha. 23.00% (70%)35 - 120 World total arable land 1,404 Million Ha. 9.30% (28%)

120 - 180 World total permanent crop land 130 Million Ha. 0.09% (2%)

13% (176)

12% (162)

10% (143)

9% (123)

4% (59)

7% (100)

3% (48)

3% (46)

(34)

(30)

(26)

(33)

(25)

(22)

(20)

(21)

(15)

(16)

(15)

(16)

Page 35: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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WORLD AGRICULTURAL POPULATION AS A SHARE OFTOTAL POPULATION

No data

1% to 10%

11% to 20%

21% to 30%

31% to 50%

51% to 70%

71% to 100%

Page 36: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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ConclusionsConclusions

• Low prices caused by policy changes

• Low prices triggered high subsidies

• Free market inability to correct supply and demand unbalances in agriculture

• Free trade by itself is a race to the bottom

• Free trade has little chance of benefiting farmers

Page 37: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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ConclusionesConclusiones

• Precios bajos resultado del cambio de política

• Precios bajos generaron altos subsidios

• Libre mercado es incapaz de corregir el desbalance entre oferta y demanda en la agricultura

• El Libre Comercio por sí mismo es una carrera hacia el fondo

• El Libre Comercio ofrece pocas posibilidades para beneficiar a los agricultores

Page 38: APCA The “NEW” U.S. Agricultural Policy How Free Markets Failed in Agriculture Agricultural Policy Analysis Center - The University of Tennessee - 310

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Agricultural Policy Analysis Center The University of Tennessee 310 Morgan Hall 2621 Morgan Circle Knoxville, TN 37996-4519

www.agpolicy.org