apes review. what to expect 35 multiple choice 1 free response
TRANSCRIPT
Important People• John Muir- responsible for Yosemite NP and
founded the Sierra Club• Rachel Carson- author of Silent Spring which
documented the pollution of air and water from pesticides (DDT). Marks the beginning of the environmental movement
• Aldo Leopold- writer and conservationist- Land Ethic- defines the role of humans as protectors of nature
• Teddy Roosevelt- first political figure to bring conservation to the attention of US public. Started the Forest Service
Events
• Love Cannel• Cuyahoga River in Ohio caught fire• Chernobyl• Three Mile Island• Exxon Valdez• Earth day• 1999 Human population 6 million people• Yellowstone 1st NP
Acts and Laws• InternationalKyoto, Montreal, Copenhagen, CITES• Domestic National Environmental Policy Act(NEPA): Environmental
Impact Statements must be done before any project on federal lands can be started
Water Quality Act: attempts to reduce non-point source pollutants
Safe Drinking Water Act(SWA): Sets levels for pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health
Others: ESA, Lacey, RCRA, CERCLA, CAA, CWA,, FIFRA, SMCRA, FQA
2.Which of the following federal laws specifically deals with the cleanup of abandoned hazardous waste sites?
A- Clean Air Act
B- Clean water Act
C- Safe drinking water act
D- Resource conservation Act
E- Comprehensive Environmental Responsibility Compensation and Liability Act
• EPA- Environmental Protection Agency
Protect human and environmental health
Regulates all of the pollution laws
4._____ is considered by many the number one environmental problem because it aggravates or adds to other problems
a. Air pollution
b. Global warming
c. Water pollution
d. Human population growth
e. Ozone depletion
Earth Systems and Resources
• Earth Science: plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanism, seasons, solar intensity
• The atmosphere: composition, structure
• Soil: formation, composition, physical and chemical properties
Soil is rock
Weathering=breaking down of rock
• Physical/ Mechanical= wind and water
• Chemical weathering= water and temperature causing oxidation and carbonation
• Biological= plant roots
Igneous RockGranite, Pumice,
Basalt
Sedimentary RockShale, Sandstone,
Limestone
Metamorphic RockSlate, Quartzite,
Marble
Magma(Molten Rock)
WeatheringWeathering
ErosionErosion
TransportTransportDepositionDeposition
Heat,PressureHeat,Pressure
Heat,
Pressure
Heat,
Pressure
Rock Cycle
Land and Water
• Agriculture: pest control, GMO’s , types of agriculture, irrigation, crop production
• Forestry: fires, tree plantations, old growth
• Mining: techniques and impact
• Fishing: over fishing, techniques, aquaculture
• Tragedy of the commons
15.Which of the following is a commercially used method for harvesting trees and is most likely to lead to a fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity?
A- selective cutting
B- Clear cutting
C- shelter-wood cutting
D- slash and burn clearing
C- Gleaning
Fishing
• By catch
• Drift nets, long lining, bottom trawling
• Aquaculture raising of fish and other aquatic species in captivity for harvest
• 47-50 % of major fish stocks are fully exploited
Spotter airplane
Fish farmingin cage
#1 Trawlerfishing #4Purse-seine
fishingsonartrawl flap
trawllines
trawl bag
#2Long line fishinglines withhooks
#3Drift-net fishing
fish caughtby gills
float buoy
fish school
Energy
• Energy concepts: law of thermodynamics, units
• Fossil fuel resources: coal, oil, natural gas: extraction, world reserves, + and –
• Hydroelectric
• Conservation: CAFÉ standards
• Renewable Energy: solar, biomass, wind, tidal, geothermal, + and – of each
16. The separation of various components of crude oil in refineries is accomplished primarily by taking advantage of differences in which of the following?
A- The densities of the components
B- The boiling points of the components
C- the solubility of the components
D- the sulfur contents of the components
C-The viscosities of the components
17 Which three sources supply the majority of commercial energy in the world today?
A- Coal, oil, and natural gas
B- Solar, wind, and biomass
C- Nuclear, hydropower, and photovoltaics
D- Wood, dung, and charcoal
E- Fuel cell, geothermal, and tidal
18 Which of the following is a true statement about passive solar heating?
A- it is effective only during the summer months
B- it is based in part on the principle of the greenhouse effect
C- It is not used to heat commercial buildings
D- it is not efficient because it cannot produce high quality energy
E- it produces more pollution than heating with an electric heat pump
Pollution
• Air pollution: sources, smog, acid deposition, indoor air pollution, Clean air act
• Water pollution: sources, eutrophication, sewage treatment/septic, Clean water Act
• Solid waste: types and impacts
• Impacts on human health: dose-response curves, toxicology, biomagnification
Atmospheric pressure (millibars)0 200 400 600 800 1,000
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0(Sea
Level)–80 –40 0 40 80 120
Pressure = 1,000millibars atground levelTemperature (˚C)
Alt
itu
de
(kilo
met
ers)
Alt
itu
de
(mile
s)
75
65
55
45
35
25
15
5
Thermosphere
Heating via ozone
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Ozone “layer”Heating from the earth
Troposphere
Temperature
Pressure
Mesopause
Stratopause
Tropopause
Primary Pollutants
Secondary Pollutants
Sources NaturalStationary
CO CO2
SO2 NO NO2
Most hydrocarbons
Most suspendedparticles
SO3
HNO3 H2SO4
H2O2 O3 PANs
Most and saltsNO3–
Mobile
SO42 –
Table 20-1Page 436
Table 20-1 Major Classes of Air Pollutants
Class
Carbon oxides
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Suspended particulate matter (SPM)
Photochemical oxidants
Radioactive substances
Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), which cause health effects such as cancer, birth defects, and nervous system problems
Examples
Carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3)
Nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) (NO and NO2 often are lumped together and labeled NOx)
Methane (CH4), propane (C3H8), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Solid particles (dust, soot, asbestos, lead, nitrate, and sulfate salts), liquid droplets (sulfuric acid, PCBs, dioxins, and pesticides)
Ozone (O3), peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs), hydrogen peroxide(H2O2), aldehydes
Radon-222, iodine-131, strontium-90, plutonium-239 (Table 3-1, p. 49)
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), methyl chloride (CH3Cl), chloroform (CHCl3), benzene (C6H6), ethylene dibromide (C2H2Br2), formaldehyde (CH2O2)
Power plant
Steam
Turbine GeneratorElectricity
Crane
Furnace
Boiler
Wetscrubber
Electrostaticprecipitator
Conveyor
Water Bottomash
Conven-tional
landfill
Wastetreatment
Hazardouswastelandfill
Dirtywater
Waste pit
Smokestack
Flyash
Point and Nonpoint Sources
NONPOINT SOURCES
Urban streets
Suburban development
Wastewater treatment plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT SOURCES
Fig. 22-4 p. 494
Global Change
• Global Warming: greenhouse gases, impacts, laws and treaties
• Loss of Biodiversity: HIPPO, conservation, laws and treaties
• Red line is change in CO2 levels overtime
• World CO2 are expected to increase 2% annually
• Increase occur in the developing world: China and India
• US produces 25% of global emissions and 85% of our energy needs are met with fossil fuels
• Cars currently represent 25% of the emissions
Results of Climate Change• Acidification of oceans- drop in pH• Changes in weather patterns 5-7o warmer than
the start of the Industrial Revolution. Higher temps more evaporation. Higher temps warmer oceans= hurricanes
• Displacement of people• Melting ice caps reduce albedo• Melting glaciers raise sea level Average .1 mm
per year. Since 1900 rising 3mm an year.• If all ice melts the sea could rise 69m• Results in costal erosion, higher storm surges,
property and habitat loss, intrusion of salt in water aquifers
Results cont.
• Move in ecosystems towards the northern or southern extremes. Those unable to move or adapt will die.
• Spread of insect born diseases• Release of Methane in ocean sediment
and permafrost• Could be some positives: less sever
winters, increase in crop production, some species will benefit
Reduce Climate change• Decrease methane, nitrous oxide and carbon
dioxide emissions• Increase the efficiency of cars• Use renewable energy• Chemical substitutes that do not impact global
warming• Slow deforestation and encourage reforestation• Stop using inorganic fertilizers• Support treaties, protocols to require reductions• Reduce poverty and population
Table 21-2Page 467
Table 21-2 Major Characteristics of Global Warming and Ozone Depletion
Characteristic
Region ofatmosphere involved
Majorsubstances involved
Interaction with radiation
Nature of problem
Possible consequences
Possible responses
Ozone Depletion
Stratosphere.
O3, O2, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
About 95% of incoming ultraviolet (UV)radiation from the sun is absorbed by O3molecules in the stratosphere and does not reach the earth’s surface.
CFCs and other ozone-depleting chemicals released into the troposphere by human activities have made their way to the stratosphere, where they decrease O3 concentration. This can allow more harmful UV radiation to reach the earth’s surface.
Increased incidence of skin cancer, eyecataracts, and immune system suppression and damage to crops and phytoplankton.
Eliminate or find acceptable substitutes for CFCs and other ozone-depleting chemicals.
Global Warming
Troposphere.
CO2, CH4, N2O (greenhouse gases).
Molecules of greenhouse gases absorb infared (IR) radiation from the earth’s surface, vibrate, and release longer-wavelength IR radiation (heat) into the lower troposphere. This natural greenhouse effect helps warm the lower troposphere.
There is a high (90–99%) probability that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the troposphere from burning fossil fuels,deforestation, and agriculture are enhancing the natural greenhouse effect and raising the earth’s average surface temperature (Figure 21-2, bottom right, andFigure 21-11, p. 471).
Changes in climate, agricultural productivity,water supplies, and sea level.
Decrease fossil fuel use and deforestation;prepare for climate change.
Categories of water pollutants
• Infectious Agents: bacteria, virus, protozoa• Oxygen demanding waste: organic material that is
decomposed by oxygen requiring bacteria• Inorganic chemical: salts, acids, metals• Organic chemicals: oil , biocides,• Plant nutrients: nitrate, phosphate and ammonium• Sediment: soil, silt• Radioactive• Thermal: increased temperature lowers DO levels
Water quality test• Presence or absences of chemicals (inorganic
and organic) as well as insect larva or macroinveterbrates present (indicator species).
• Chemical tests: pH: normal 6-8
Hardness: concentrations of calcium and magnesium
Dissolved oxygen
Turbidity: density of suspended particles in the water
• Fecal coliform bacteria counts
Pollution of StreamsPollution of Streams Oxygen sag curve Oxygen sag curve Factors influencing recovery Factors influencing recovery
Fig. 22-5 p. 496
Gulf of Mexico
• Hypoxia means an absence of oxygen reaching living tissues. In coastal waters, it is characterized by low levels of dissolved oxygen, so that not enough oxygen is available to support fish and other aquatic species.
• Nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorous, are essential for healthy marine and freshwater environments.
• However, an over overabundance of nutrients can trigger excessive algal growth (or eutrophication) which results in reduced sunlight, loss of aquatic habitat, and a decrease in oxygen dissolved in the water.
Excess nutrients may come from a wide range of sources:
Runoff from developed land Atmospheric deposition
Soil erosion Agricultural fertilizers
Sewage and industrial discharges also contribute nutrients.
Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution
Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution
Nonpoint SourcesNonpoint Sources Point SourcesPoint Sources
Reduce runoffReduce runoff
Buffer zone vegetation
Buffer zone vegetation
Reduce soil erosionReduce soil erosion
Clean Water ActClean Water Act
Water Quality ActWater Quality Act
Technological Approach: Septic Systems
Require suitable soils and maintenanceRequire suitable soils and maintenance
Fig. 22-15 p. 510