apex world history grade 6 learning packet · 2020-04-10 · social studies ancient world history...

SOCIALSTUDIESAncientWorldHistory–Grade6

Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4

CHARLES COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS

APEX World History Grade 6

Learning Packet



Student:__________________________________________School:_________________________________Teacher:___________________________________________Block/Period:___________________________

PacketDirectionsforStudentsStudentsshouldcompletethefollowingsectionsoftheAPEXMSWorldHistorycourse.Week39.2LessonOverview:TheByzantineEmpire9.2.1Study:TheByzantineEmpireTheByzantineEmpireenduredfornearly1,000yearsafterthefallofRome.9.2.5QuizTakeaquiztoassessyourunderstandingofthematerial.Week49.3LessonOverview:FeudalEurope9.3.1Study:FeudalEuropeFarmersplayedanimportantroleinMedievalEurope.9.3.5Quiz:FeudalEuropeTakeaquiztoassessyourunderstandingofthematerial.



WEEK3

9.2–TheByzantineEmpire

Objectives • Identify the factors that led to the rise of the Byzantine Empire. • Describe the Byzantine Empire's cultural and economic influence. • Describe how the Byzantine Empire declined and fell to the Turks.



9.2.1 The Byzantine Empire Usethisstudyguidetoanswerquestionsaboutimportantconceptscoveredinthisactivity.Definethefollowingterms.Ifyoucomeacrossadditionalwordsyoudon’tknow,writethemintheextrablankspaces.Trytofigureoutwhatthewordmeansbylookingatitscontext.

Terms Definition

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman Empire

Great Schism

Justinian

Orthodox Christianity

Theodora

Western Roman Empire



Mainidea:AfterthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpire,theByzantineEmpiregrewinwealthandpower.1.TheByzantineEmpirewascreatedwhentheRomanEmpirewassplitinhalfin285.AnswerthefollowingquestionsabouttheWesternandEasternRomanempires.

a.WhywastheRomanEmpiresplitintotwoempires?b.WhathappenedtotheWesternRomanEmpire?c.WhathappenedtotheEasternRomanEmpire?Whatfactorsallowedittofaresomuchbetterthanthewesternhalf?

2.EmperorJustinianandEmpressTheodorabecamerulersoftheByzantineEmpirein527.AnswerthefollowingquestionsabouttheruleofJustinianandTheodora.

a.WhatwasJustinianandTheodora'sgoalaftertheybecamerulersoftheByzantineEmpire?Didtheyachievethisgoal?b.JustinianworkedtoimproveByzantinelaws.Howdidhedothis?c.HowdidTheodoraimprovethelivesofwomenintheempire?



Mainidea:TheByzantineEmpirebecameapowerfulmilitary,economic,andculturalforceinEurope.3.TheByzantineEmpirewasapowerfulforceinEasternEuropeforhundredsofyears.PuttheeventssurroundingByzantinehistoryinorderbynumberingthem1through4.

Order Events

EmperorBasilIIexpandedByzantineterritory,andtheMacedonianRenaissancebegan.

ReligiousargumentsledtotheGreatSchismandcreatedtwoseparatebranchesofChristianity:EasternOrthodoxandRomanCatholic.

TheByzantineEmpiredefeatedtheSassanidEmpirebutlostlandtotheMuslimEmpire.

TheByzantineEmpirelostpowerandlandinEuropeandfacedrenewedinvasionsfromMuslimsintheeast.

4.DuringtheMacedonianRenaissance,theByzantineEmpireexperiencedagoldenage.UsethetabletotakenotesonhowByzantineculture,trade,religion,andartinfluencedbothEuropeandtheMiddleEast.

Culture

Trade

Religion

Art



Mainidea:TheByzantineEmpiredeclinedandfelltotheOttomanTurks.5.Inthe1000s,theByzantineEmpirebegantodecline.AnswerthefollowingquestionsaboutthecausesoftheByzantinedecline.

a.WhichtwoTurkishempiresposedthegreatestthreattotheByzantineEmpire?b.Byzantineleadersoftenpaidforeignsoldierstofightinwarsforthem.Whatwastheproblemwiththispractice?c.ThethreatofMusliminvaderssometimesbroughtEuropeanChristianstogether.Whydidn'totherEuropeankingdomshelptheByzantineEmpirefightoffMusliminvaders?

6.IttookalongtimefortheByzantineEmpiretofall.PuttheeventssurroundingtheendoftheByzantineEmpireinorderbynumberingthem1through5.

Order Events

InsteadofhelpingtheByzantineEmpire,theCatholicpopesentcrusaderstocapturelandintheMiddleEast.

TheOttomansclaimedConstantinople,bringingtheByzantineEmpiretoanend.

CrusaderstookcontrolofConstantinopleanddestroyedthecity,whileByzantineleaderswereforcedtoflee.

EmperorMichaelVIIIledanarmythatthrewthecrusadersoutofConstantinopleandrestoredtheByzantineEmpire.

TheSeljukTurksdefeatedtheByzantinesandtookcontrolofmostofAnatolia.

7.WhattwofactorsmostcontributedtothedeclineandfalloftheByzantineEmpire?



9.2.1 The Byzantine Empire TheByzantineEmpireAfterthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpire,theByzantineEmpiregrewinwealthandpower.TheByzantineEmpirebeganastheEasternRomanEmpire.ItwascreatedwhentheRomanEmpirewassplitinhalfin285.CenteredinGreeceandpartoftheMiddleEast,theByzantineEmpirelastedmuchlongerthantherestofRomancivilization,whichcollapsedinthe400s.

JustinianandTheodoraInthe500s,EmperorJustinianandEmpressTheodorashowedtheworldthatthenewByzantineEmpirewasnearlyaspowerfulastheoldRomanEmpirehadbeen.JustinianandTheodorarosetobecometheempire'sgreatestrulers,althoughbothhadbeenbornascommoners.WhenJustinianandTheodorabecamerulersoftheByzantineEmpirein527,theyhadanambitiousdream:torestorethegloryoftheRomanEmpire.Butthiswasnoeasytask.SomepeopleinConstantinoplewereunhappythatthetwocommonershadrisentopower.In532CE,riotsbrokeout,andJustinianwasnearlyforcedtofleethecity.Inthatmoment,Theodoraarguedagainstretreat.Sheconvincedherhusbandandhisgeneralstostayandfight.JustinianandTheodorasenttroopstostoptheriotandsecuretheirrule.



Theirdecisionpaidoff.WiththeByzantineEmpirenowfirmlyundertheircontrol,theyturnedtheirattentiontoreclaimingterritoryinthewest.JustinianfirstsenttroopstoNorthAfricatoreclaimRomanlandsthere.Buthismaingoalwastowinbacktheheartoftheoldempire:thecityofRome.In535CE,ByzantinetroopscrossedfromNorthAfricaintosouthernItaly.Afteryearsoffighting,Byzantinetroopswoncontroloftheregion.BytheendofJustinian'srule,theByzantineEmpirecontrolledmanyoftheoldRomanEmpire'slands,includingthecityofRomeitself.JustinianandTheodoradidmorethanjustexpandtheirempire.JustinianalsoworkedtoimproveByzantinelaws.Hegatheredateamoflawyerstowriteasetofnew,fairerlaws,whichbecameknownastheCodeofJustinian.Unlikeearlierlegalcodes,theCodeofJustinianwasconsistentandeasytounderstand.IteventuallybecamethestandardforlegalsystemsalloverEurope.Anditstillhasahugeinfluenceonthefieldoflawtoday.Meanwhile,Theodoraimprovedtheconditionofwomenintheempire.Shecreatedsafehousesforpoorwomentoescapeabuse,gavewomenmoresayindivorcecourts,andgotridofalawthatallowedexecutionsforwomenwhocheatedontheirhusbands.AfterJustinianandTheodoradied,muchofwhattheyaccomplishedcameapart.Butduringtheirlifetime,thedreamofarenewedRomanEmpireinspiredthemandtheirpeople.TheByzantineEmpireontheRiseTheByzantineEmpirewasapowerfulforceinEasternEuropeforhundredsofyears.Duringthattime,however,theempirewasrarelyatpeace.SmallerkingdomsandnewempiresfoughttotakeByzantinelandsinItaly,Spain,andtheMiddleEast.TheriseofIslamandtheGreatSchismledtoconflictintheempire.AfterthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpire,theByzantinesfoughttheSassanidEmpirefromPersiaforcontroloftheMiddleEast.In629,EmperorHeracliusdefeatedtheSassanidsandregainedcontrolofterritoriestheSassanidshadconquered.However,thewargreatlyweakenedbothempires.In632,anArabtradernamedMuhammadunitedlocaltribesaroundhisnewreligion,Islam.TheArabMuslimsformedtheMuslimEmpireandstrucknorth.TheyconqueredtheweakenedSassanidEmpireandtookcontrolofhugestretchesofByzantineterritory,includingEgypt.Foryears,theByzantineEmpirestruggledtodefenditslandsfromMuslimsintheMiddleEast.TheByzantinesalsolostlandsinEurope,includingthecityofRomein800.However,whenBasilIofMacedoniatookthethrone,theempire'sluckbegantochange.TheMacedonianemperorsecuredByzantinelandsintheMiddleEastandevenbegantoexpandhisterritory.Later,in1014,theemperorBasilIIdefeatedtheBulgarianEmpiretothenorthwestandbroughtitunderByzantinecontrol.UndertheMacedonians,thestudyofGreekandRomantextsmadeConstantinopleacenteroflearning.Thecitywelcomedpeoplefromallbackgroundsandreligions—andtaxedthemequally.Atthesametime,tradeintheempirethrived.ThisperiodbecameknownastheMacedonianRenaissance.



TheByzantineEmpirehadalwaysbeenChristian.However,churchleadersintheempireandchurchleadersinEuropeweredividedovercertainbeliefs.OneoftheirmaindisagreementswaswhetherallChristiansshouldfollowthepope,whowastheheadoftheCatholicChurchinRome.TheseargumentsledtoasplitinChristianitycalledtheGreatSchism.TheByzantinebranchofChristianitywascalledEasternOrthodox.TheChristianswhofollowedthepopewerecalledRomanCatholic.Afterthesplit,theByzantineEmpire'srelationshipwiththekingdomsofEuropeneverfullyrecovered.TheByzantineslostpowerandlandinEuropeandfacedrenewedinvasionsfromMuslimsintheeast.TheMacedonianRenaissanceendedin1056withthedeathofthelastMacedonianleader,EmpressTheodoraPorphyrogenita.ByzantineAchievementsDuringtheMacedonianRenaissance,theByzantineEmpiremadeadvancementsthatlefttheirmarkontheworld.Byzantineculture,trade,religion,andartinfluencedbothEuropeandtheMiddleEast.Thisperiodhasbeencalledagoldenage.TheByzantinessawtheirempireasthenextstageofRomancivilization,andtheycalledthemselvesRomans.However,themainlanguageoftheByzantineEmpirewasGreek,nottheLatinoftheRomans.ThislanguagegavetheByzantinesaculturalconnectiontoancientGreece.TheByzantinesstudiedandpreservedGreekliterature,mythology,andphilosophy.TheycopiedancientworksandwrotenewworksoftheirowninGreek.TheyalsospreadGreekculturethroughouttheirempireandfurtherintobothEuropeandtheMiddleEast.ThecenteroftheByzantineEmpirewastheBosporusStrait:anarrowchannelofwaterthatconnectedtheBlackSeatotheMediterraneanSea.CivilizationslocatedalongtheBlackSeahadtosendtheirshipsthroughthestraittotradewithMediterraneancivilizations,andviceversa.Constantinoplesatdirectlyonthestraitandcontrolledallthetradethatwentthroughit.Asaresult,theByzantinecapitalbecameoneofthemostimportanttradingcitiesintheworld.ConstantinopleconnectedmerchantsfromEuropewiththosefromtheMiddleEastandAsia.Jewelry,cloth,andespeciallysilkwerejustsomeofthegoodsthatmadetheempirewealthy.ReligionandgovernmentintheByzantineEmpirewerecloselylinked.AccordingtoByzantinelaw,theemperorwasGod'schosenone.HewasalsotheclosestpersontheByzantineshadtoapope;hehadinfluenceoverChristianpracticesandthepowertoappointpatriarchs,theleadersoftheOrthodoxChurch.OrthodoxChristianityquicklycaughtoninGreeceandeasternEurope,especiallyintheregionthatisnowUkraineandRussia.WhentheByzantineEmpireweakenedaftertheGreatSchism,easternEuropebecamethenewcenteroftheOrthodoxfaith.Orthodoxyisstillstrongtheretoday.TheByzantineEmpireencouragedgreatworksofart.Itspeopledesignedhugebuildingswithroundeddomes—astylethatcanstillbeseentoday.TheyalsopreservedRomanstylesofart—likemosaics,whicharedecorationsonfloors,walls,andceilingsthataremadewithtinypiecesofstoneorglass.AndByzantinepaintersdevelopednewstylesofrealisticpaintings.ArtistsintheByzantineEmpireoftenfocusedonreligioustopics,andthegovernmentoftenpaidartiststocreatedetailedworksforchurches.



ThestylesthatdevelopedduringtheMacedonianRenaissancehelpedpreservetheartistictraditionsoftheRomanEmpire.TheyalsoinspiredartistsintheEuropeanRenaissance,whichoccurredlaterinwesternEurope.TheDeclineoftheByzantineEmpireInthe1000s,theByzantineEmpirebegantodecline.ApeoplecalledtheTurksstartedtobuildrivalempiresintheeast,andtheirconstantwarfarewiththeByzantinesweakenedtheempire.ButtheByzantinescouldn'trelyontherestofEuropeforhelp.TheGreatSchismbetweentheEasternOrthodoxandRomanCatholicchurcheshaddrivenawedgebetweentheempireanditswesternneighbors.TheByzantineEmpirethrivedfromthe800stothe1000s.Butduringthistime,apeoplefromCentralAsiacalledtheTurksstartedtomoveintotheMiddleEast,wheretheyconvertedtoIslam.TwoimportantTurkishempiresroseovertheyears:theSeljuksandthentheOttomans.TheTurkswouldposethegreatestthreattheByzantineEmpirehadeverseen.TheByzantineEmpireneverhadthepopulationtosupportalargearmy,soByzantineleadersoftenpaidforeignsoldierstofightforthem.Thispracticemadewarexpensive.Bythe1000s,theempirewasalmostalwaysatwar,soithadtroublecoveringallthecosts.Inaddition,paidtroopswerenotloyaltotheempire.NearlyallofEuropewasChristianinthe1000s,sothethreatofMusliminvaderssometimesbroughtEuropeankingstogether.However,theByzantineEmpirepracticedabranchofChristianitythathadsplitfromtheCatholicChurchinthewest.ThisgaveEuropeanleadersmixedfeelingsabouttheByzantines,sotheydidn'talwayshelpthemfighttheMuslims.IttookalongtimefortheByzantineEmpiretofall.Itwashitwithaseriesofdisasters,includingtheCrusades,theBlackDeath,theTurkishinvasions,andfightingbetweenByzantinenobles.Eacheventweakenedtheonce-greatcivilizationevenfurther.In1071,anarmyofSeljukTurksinvadedtheByzantineEmpire.Inamajorbattle,theSeljukarmydefeatedtheByzantinesandforcedthemtoretreat.Intheyearsaftertheirdefeat,theByzantineswerealmostcompletelyforcedoutofAnatolia—thewesternpartofAsiabelowtheBlackSea.TheSeljukTurkstookcontrolofmostoftheregion.By1094,theByzantineEmpirecontrolledonlyafewareasalongthecoastofAnatolia.AfterlosinglandtotheSeljukTurksforyears,theByzantineemperor,AlexiusI,wasdesperatetoprotecthisempire.In1095,hesentamessagetotheCatholicpopeaskingforaidtodefendhislandsandreclaimpartsofAnatolia.Thepoperesponded—butnotinthewayAlexiusIhadhoped.InsteadofagreeingtodefendtheByzantineEmpire,thepopecalledforacrusade—orholywar—tocapturelandintheMiddleEastforChristians.ThepopebegantheFirstCrusadeandsentanarmy,makingtroublefortheByzantines.CrusaderssometimesevenlootedByzantinetowns.By1099,thesecrusadershadclaimedlandsforthemselves;theydidnotreturnanyterritorytotheByzantines.



AftertheFirstCrusade,theByzantineEmpireandtheCatholiccrusaderswereuneasyallies.WhilethecrusadersdidhelppushbacktheSeljukTurks,theydidnothelptheByzantinesreclaimanyland.SomecrusadersalsoattackedByzantinecitiesontheirwaytotheMiddleEast.In1204,aByzantinenoblepromisedthecrusadersmoneyiftheyhelpedhimtakethethrone.However,whenthecrusadersfailedtoreceivetheirpayment,theytookConstantinopleforthemselves.Byzantineleaderswereforcedtofleewhilethecrusaderslootedanddestroyedpartsofthecity.ThelossofConstantinoplecausedtheByzantineEmpiretocrumble,anditbegantoloselandinEurope.In1261,EmperorMichaelVIIIledanarmythatthrewthecrusadersoutofConstantinopleandrestoredtheByzantineEmpire.HeevenmanagedtoreclaimsomelandinAnatolia,buthisempirewasstillveryweak.TheByzantinescontinuedtostruggle.TherewereconstantconflictsbetweennobleByzantinefamiliesandwarswithnearbyEuropeankingdoms.Andthen,inthemid-1300s,adeadlydiseaseknownastheBlackDeathkilledmillionsofpeopleintheempire.TheconstantwarandthedeadlydiseaseputaheavytollontheweakenedByzantineEmpire.WhiletheByzantineEmpirecontinuedtoweaken,anewTurkishempire,theOttomans,grewmorepowerful.TheOttomanTurksformedtheirempireinwesternAsiaafterthepowerfulMongolEmpirehadforcedthemoutofCentralAsia.By1350,theOttomanTurkscontrolledmostofAnatolia.In1371,theOttomansattackedByzantinelandsinEurope,andovertime,theyclaimedalmostallByzantineterritoryastheirown.Eventually,theByzantineEmpirefounditselfsurroundedbytheOttomanTurks.In1453,theOttomansultanMehmedIIfinallyattackedConstantinople.Duringtheattack,thelastByzantineemperor,ConstantineXI,waskilledfightingtheTurksinthestreets.TheOttomanEmpireclaimedConstantinopleasitsown,bringingtheByzantineEmpiretoanend.



9.2.5QuizQuestion 1 of 5

Which statement best completes the diagram?

A. The pope called for a crusade against Muslim invaders.

B. The Roman Empire became too big for one leader to rule.

C. Citizens rioted out of anger at Emperor Justinian.

D. The Ottoman Empire captured the city of Constantinople.

Question 2 of 5

The Byzantine Empire came to power after:

A. the Mongol Empire gained territory.

B. the Roman Empire split in two.

C. powerful Muslim empires collapsed.

D. the Great Schism split Christianity.



Question 3 of 5

International trade with the Byzantine Empire led to which outcome?

A. Islam became the main religion in eastern Europe.

B. Classical Greek culture spread through Europe and the Middle East.

C. Latin became the dominant language in Europe and North Africa.

D. The Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church in Europe were united.

Question 4 of 5

Trade with Europe and the Middle East affected the Byzantine Empire by:

A. forcing it to end its war with the Mongol Empire.

B. helping it grow extremely wealthy.

C. pressuring its citizens to become Muslims.

D. allowing it to become the center of Christianity.



Question 5 of 5

Which factor played the largest role in the decline of the Byzantine Empire?

A. The joining of the Catholic and Orthodox churches

B. The spread of trade in the Bosporus Strait

C. The division of the Roman Empire

D. The rise of powerful Turkish empires

WEEK4



9.3–FeudalEurope

s Objectives • Describe the European feudal system. • Explain the effects of the Black Death on Europe. • Explain the significance of Charlemagne. • Describe the importance of the Catholic Church in Europe during the Middle Ages.



9.3.1Study:FeudalEuropeUsethisstudyguidetoanswerquestionsaboutimportantconceptscoveredinthisactivity.Definethefollowingterms.Ifyoucomeacrossadditionalwordsyoudon’tknow,writethemintheextrablankspaces.Trytofigureoutwhatthewordmeansbylookingatitscontext.

Terms Definition

Black Death

Charlemagne

feudalism

guild

manor

manor system

Middle Ages

monastery



Mainidea:ThecollapseoftheWesternRomanEmpirebroughtmanychangestoEurope.1.TheRomanEmpirecollapsedin476CE,markingthestartoftheMiddleAges.RespondtothreepromptsabouthowtheendoftheRomanEmpirechangedEurope.

a.AttheheightoftheRomanEmpire,mostofwesternEuropewascontrolledbytheRomangovernment.WhathappenedtothegovernmentsofwesternEuropeafterthefallofRome?b.Completethesesentences:AfterthefallofRome,tradewithinEurope_____________________.AndtradefromAsia,Africa,andtheMiddleEastalmost_______________________.c.BrieflydescribedailylifeforthepeopleinwesternEuropeduringthisperiod.HowdiddailylifechangeafterthefallofRome?

2.AstheMiddleAgescontinued,thepoweroftheCatholicChurchgrew.UsethetabletotakenotesonthefourmainreasonstheChurchgrewinimportance.

Aunifyingforce Asourceofculture

Aneconomicpower Apoliticalpower

3.SeveralpowerfulkingdomsdevelopedduringtheMiddleAges.Nexttoeachstatementbelow,writethenameofthekingdomitdescribes.SelectfromAnglo-Saxonkingdoms,Frankishkingdom,Lombardkingdom,Umayyadcaliphate,orByzantineEmpire.



a.ThesekingdomswereformedbypeoplewhotraveledfromGermanytoBritainaroundthetimeRomefell.

b.ThiskingdomwasalsoknownastheEasternRomanEmpire;bythe700s,itwassurroundedandlosinglandtoenemies.

c.ClovisIunitedmanysmallkingdomsunderhisrule,andthiskingdombecameoneofthelargestandmostpowerfulinEurope.

d.By720,theMuslimEmpireunderthisrulingfamilyhadconqueredmostofwhatisnowSpainandPortugal.

e.ThiskingdomclaimedpartsofItalyfromtheByzantinesbutdidnotsupporttheCatholicChurch.

Mainidea:CharlemagneunitedEuropeandbuiltthegreatestempiresinceancientRome.4.Bythemid-700s,Europewasdivided.Lessthan100yearslater,CharlemagnehadunitedmostofEuropeintoasingleempire.PutsignificanteventsfromCharlemagne'sruleinorderbynumberingthem1through4.

Order Event

ThepopecrownedCharlemagneemperor,andheestablishedtheHolyRomanEmpire.

CharlemagnewoncontrolofwhatisnowGermanyandAustria,inadditiontootherlandsinCentralEurope.

CharlemagnebecamekingoftheFranks,conqueredtheLombardkingdom,andwonthesupportofthepope.

Charlemagnedied,andhisempirewasdividedbetweentheHolyRomanEmpire,thekingdomofFrance,andthekingdomofBurgundy.

5.UnderCharlemagne'srule,conditionsinEuropebegantoimprove.DeterminewhethereachstatementaboutCharlemagne'sachievementsistrueorfalse.

a.Hedesignednewlawsinconqueredterritoriesthatletlocalskeeptheirowntraditions.

b.HeallowedpeopletopracticereligionsbesidesCatholicism.

c.Hehadgreatrespectforeducationandlearningandencouragedthecreationofmanytextsandschools.

d.Herefusedtosupportthearts,literature,andothersocialandscholarlyefforts.

e.Hedecidedtomakecoinsofsilverinsteadofgoldbecausesilverwasmucheasiertofind.



Mainidea:ChaosinEuropeledtotheemergenceoffeudalismandthemanorsystem.6.AfterCharlemagne'sdeathin814,VikingsfromEuroperaidedtownsandcitiesacrossEurope.Inresponsetothischaos,Europeanleadersdevelopedasystemcalledfeudalismtoprotectpeople.

a.Whatisfeudalism?b.Therewerefourlevelsofsocietyinfeudalism.Labelthesectionsofthediagramtoshowthepeoplewhomadeupeachlevel.Selectfromknights,nobles,king,andpeasants/serfs.c.Describetwopositivefeaturesoffeudalism.d.Describetwonegativefeaturesoffeudalism.



7.FeudalismshapedtheeconomyofEuropeintheMiddleAges.Usethetabletotakenotesonhowthemanorsystem,guilds,andtradeshapedthefeudaleconomy.

Manorsystem Guilds Trade

Mainidea:TheBlackDeathkilledmanyEuropeansandbroughtanendtotheMiddleAges.8.Inthe1300s,theBlackDeathspreadacrossAsiaandintoEurope.PuttheeventsrelatedtothespreadoftheBlackDeathinorderbynumberingthem1through4.

Order Event

TheBlackDeathkilledoverhalfthepopulationofChinabeforespreadingalongtraderoutesliketheSilkRoad.

TheBlackDeathspreadacrossEurope,andsocietybegantobreakdownastownswereabandonedandcropslayrottinginthefields.

TheBlackDeathtraveledalongtraderoutesintoeasternEuropebeforereachingItaly,wheremostofthepopulationwaskilled.

Afterkillingasmanyas200millionEuropeans,theBlackDeathendedandleftsurvivorstopickupthepieces.

9.TheBlackDeathforeverchangedEurope.RespondtofivepromptsabouttheeffectoftheBlackDeathonEurope.

a.BrieflyexplainhowtheBlackDeathcontributedtotheendoffeudalisminEurope.



b.TheBlackDeathchangedhowpeoplethoughtaboutreligionandtheChurch.Completethesentences:TheBlackDeath______________________theCatholicChurch.Aftertheoutbreakended,manypeasantsfocusedlesson______________________andmoreontheir______________________.c.ManypeopleblamedtheBlackDeathonnon-Christians.DescribehowfearandangerledtothepersecutionofJewishpeopleaftertheBlackDeath.d.TheBlackDeathalsoledtoimprovementsformanyofthosewhosurvived.DescribehowthelivesofpeasantsimprovedaftertheBlackDeath.e.AftertheBlackDeath,thenationsthatformedledtoaperiodofpowerfulmonarchiesinEurope.Completethesentence:___________________gainedgreaterpowertodirectlymanagetheir_____________________,allowingthemto_____________________theirruleandcreatemorepowerful_____________________.



9.3.1FeudalEuropeThecollapseoftheWesternRomanEmpirebroughtmanychangestoEurope.Forhundredsofyears,muchofEurope,northernAfrica,andeasternAsiahadbeenunderthecontroloftheRomanEmpire.In476,theRomanEmpirecollapsedinwesternEurope,markingthestartofaperiodknownastheMiddleAges.

GovernmentAttheheightoftheRomanEmpire,mostofwesternEuropewascontrolledbytheRomangovernment.Thatgovernmenthelpedkeepthepeaceandunitepeoplewithinitsborders.ButafterthefallofRome,peopleinEuropebecamemoredivided.IndependentkingdomsformedinwhatwereonceRomanlands.Eachkingdomhaditsownrulers,laws,andcustoms.Andthedifferentkingdomsdidn'talwaysgetalong.Warsweremorecommonasrulersfoughtoverlandandresources.Inthedecadesafter476,manydifferentkingdomsroseandfellinwesternEurope.

EuropeankingdomsafterthefalloftheRomanEmpire

TradeDuringtheheightoftheRomanEmpire,merchantsfromaroundtheworldtraveledtotheempire'smanycities.GoodsfromtheMiddleEast,India,Africa,andChinaweretransportedtoEuropeonRomanshipsandalongRomanroads.

AfterthefallofRome,tradewithinEuropeslowed.AndtradefromAsia,Africa,andtheMiddleEastalmostdisappeared.Europeansnowhadaccesstoonlythegoodstheymadethemselves.



DailyLIfeAfterthefallofRome,dailylifechangedforpeopleinwesternEurope.TheroadsandaqueductsthattheRomanEmpirehadbuiltbegantocrumblebecauselocalleaderscouldnotaffordtomaintainthem.Ingeneral,Europeancitiesandtownsshrank.Morepeoplewereforcedtoleavecitiesandworkasfarmers.DuringtheMiddleAges,educationinEuropealsochanged.InRomantimes,schoolswerecommon,andboththerichandthepoorcouldgetaneducation.However,duringtheMiddleAges,schoolswerenolongermaintained,fewEuropeanslearnedtoreadandwrite,andtheachievementsoftheRomanEmpirewerelargelyforgotten.TheCatholicChurchTheRomanEmpirehadadoptedChristianityin313andspreadthereligionacrossEurope.AfterRomefell,theRomanCatholicChurchremained.AstheMiddleAgescontinued,thepoweroftheCatholicChurchgrew.Churchofficials—andespeciallythepope—becameimportantpoliticalleadersinEurope.Churchesbecamecentersforwealth,andmonasteriesbecamecentersforeducation.DuringtheMiddleAges,mostEuropeanswereChristians.Eventhoughtheyhaddifferentrulersandwaysoflife,theymostlyfollowedtheCatholicChurch.Intimesofwar,Christianswouldoftenuniteagainstoutsideinvaders.TheCatholicChurchplayedacentralroleinmostEuropeans'livesduringtheMiddleAges.Everytownhadachurchwherepeoplegatheredfordifferentevents.TheCatholicChurchwasalsoacenterofknowledgeinEuropeduringthisperiod.PriestsandmonkswereamongthefewEuropeanswholearnedtoreadandwrite,andtheCatholicChurchransomeoftheonlyschoolsinEurope.Catholicmonasteriesalsoservedasschools,andsomecollectedbooksandotherknowledge.TheCatholicChurchbecameapowerfuleconomicforceduringtheMiddleAges.AllEuropeanswereexpectedtopaytaxes—calledtithes—totheChurch.Often,thistaxwasabout10percentofeverythingapersonearnedinayear.Churchleadersmadesurepeoplepaidthesetaxesbyteachingthatanyonewhodidn'twouldsufferintheafterlife.Asaresult,theCatholicChurchbecamethesinglerichestorganizationinEurope.AlthoughtheCatholicChurchdidnotrungovernmentsorcontrolarmies,itsleadershadalotofpoweroverkingsinEurope.Churchleadersusedtheirinfluencetocontrolhowdifferentkingsbehaved.IfkingsdidnotdowhattheChurchwanted,religiousleaderscouldthreatentokickthemoutoftheCatholicChurch.BecausereligionwassoimportanttothepeopleofEurope,thisthreatwastakenseriously.EuropeanKingdomsandEmpiresAstheMiddleAgesprogressed,severalpowerfulkingdomsdeveloped.GroupsofpeopleknownastheFranks,theAnglo-Saxons,andtheLombardsallgainedpower,creatingChristiankingdomsinwesternEurope.OntheedgesofEurope,theByzantineEmpireandtheUmayyadcaliphatecontrolledlandaswell.



TheAnglo-SaxonswereagroupofpeopleoriginallyfromGermanywhotraveledtoBritainaroundthetimeRomefell.InEngland,theyestablishedmanysmallkingdomsthateventuallyunitedintoseverallargerkingdoms.Bythemid-600s,theAnglo-SaxonshadbecomeChristiansandsupportersoftheCatholicChurch.In486,aFrankishleadernamedClovisIconqueredanareaknownasGaulandbroughtmanysmallkingdomsunderhisleadership.In496,Clovis'swifeconvincedhimtoconverttoChristianity,whichhemadetheofficialreligionofhiskingdom.By750,theFrankishkingdomwasoneofthelargestandmostpowerfulinEurope.ItspeoplewereloyalfollowersoftheCatholicChurchandstrongsupportersoftheChurch'sleader,thepope.InCentralEurope,manysmallgroupsfoughtforcontroloftheland.ThemostpowerfulgroupsweretheGermans,theSlavs,andtheBulgarians.Thesepeopleestablishedsmallkingdomsthatoftenfoughteachotherforpowerandland.Manypeopleinthisregionfollowedtraditionalreligions,althoughastimewenton,moreandmorebecameChristian.AfterthefallofRome,manydifferentgroupsfoughttowincontrolofwhatisnowItaly.Atfirst,theByzantineEmpireworkedtorestoreRomeandcontrolledmuchoftheregion.By605,however,theLombardshadclaimedpartsoftheregionfromtheByzantines.ButtheLombardsweren'ttheonlyonesinterestedintheselands.TheFranksalsofoughtforcontrolofterritoryinwhatisnownorthernItaly.TheLombardswereChristiansbutdidnotsupporttheCatholicChurch.Theyfoughtbitterlywiththepope—theleaderoftheCatholicChurch—whowasbasedinRome.TheMuslimEmpirewascreatedinthe600s,immediatelyfollowingthefoundingofthereligionofIslam.In661,theUmayyadfamilytookovertheempire,establishingtheUmayyadcaliphate.TheycontrolledahugeempirethatstretchedfromtheMiddleEastacrossnorthernAfrica.In711,theUmayyadcaliphateinvadedEurope.By720,mostofwhatisnowSpainandPortugalwasunderMuslimrule.In732,UmayyadarmiesmovedtoinvademoreofEurope,buttheywerestoppedbytheFrankishleaderCharlesMartelinamajorbattle.TheByzantineEmpire,alsoknownastheEasternRomanEmpire,wasapowerfulforceinEurope.AfterthefallofRome,ByzantineleadershadtriedtorestoretheoldempireandevenwonbackpartsofItaly.Bythe700s,however,theByzantineswerestrugglingtoholdontotheirempire.TheylostlandtotheLombardkingdom,theUmayyadcaliphate,andsmallerkingdomsfromCentralEurope.EventhoughtheByzantineEmpireremainedpowerful,itwassurroundedbyenemiesandlosingland.TheByzantinesbelongedtotheEasternOrthodoxChurch,nottheCatholicChurch.ReligiousdifferencesbetweenCatholicsandOrthodoxChristianscausedconflictduringtheMiddleAges.



CharlemagneCharlemagneunitedEuropeandbuiltthegreatestempiresinceancientRome.Inthemid-700s,Europewasdivided,withmanykingdomsfightingforpower.Bythe800s,however,muchofEuropewasunitedunderasingleempire.Thiswaslargelyduetotheworkofoneman—Charlemagne—themostpowerfulEuropeanrulersincethecollapseoftheRomanEmpire.

CharlemagnebecamekingoftheFranksin768afterthedeathofhisfather.Initially,hesharedthecrownwithhisbrother,butin771,hisbrotherdiedmysteriously,andCharlemagnebecamethesoleruleroftheFrankishkingdom.CharlemagnewantedtoexpandhiskingdomandunitethepeopleofEuropeunderhisruleandtheCatholicChurch.HeledapowerfularmysouthtowhatisnowItaly,whereheconqueredtheLombardkingdomandwonthesupportofthepope.



AfterheconquerednorthernItaly,CharlemagnequicklymovedtoexpandhiskingdomintoCentralEurope.HewoncontrolofwhatisnowGermanyandAustria,inadditiontootherlandsinCentralEurope.CharlemagnedemandedthatallpeopleinhislandsbecomefollowersofChristianity.Ifpeoplerefused,Charlemagneoftenorderedthemtobekilled.ThispolicyforcedallpeoplewithinCharlemagne'sgrowingkingdomtobecomefollowersoftheCatholicChurch.

Intheyear800,theleaderoftheCatholicChurch,PopeLeoIII,crownedCharlemagneemperor.ThiswasthefirsttimesincethecollapseoftheRomanEmpirethatthetitleofemperorhadbeenusedinwesternEurope.TheeventmarkedthebeginningofwhatbecameknownastheHolyRomanEmpire.Charlemagnedividedhisempireintomanydifferentcounties.Henamedacounttoruleeachcountyandreportdirectlytohim.ThissystemallowedCharlemagnetoeffectivelyrulehisempire.



In814,afterover40yearsasEurope'smostpowerfulruler,Charlemagnediedattheageof71.HelefthisempiretohissonLouisI.Louisearnedareputationasafairrulerbutcouldnotkeephisfather'sempiretogether.Membersofhisfamilyfoughteachotherforpower,andbeginninginthe830s,warsbrokeoutacrosstheHolyRomanEmpire.MattersgrewworseafterLouisI'sdeathin840.Europeonceagainbrokeapartintomanycompetingkingdoms.By900,mostofCharlemagne'sempirewasdividedbetweentheHolyRomanEmpire,thekingdomofFrance,andthekingdomofBurgundy.Charlemagne'sAchievementsUnderCharlemagne'srule,conditionsinEuropebegantoimprove.ForthefirsttimesincethefalloftheRomanEmpire,citiesbegantogrow,educationimproved,andartistsproducedgreatworksofart.AlthoughCharlemagne'sempirebrokeapartafterhisdeath,hisruleleftalastingmarkonEurope.



AsCharlemagneconquereddifferentpeoplesaroundEurope,hecreatednewlawstokeeporder.Theselawsweredesignedinawaytoallowlocalleaderstokeeptheirowntraditions.ThispolicymadeitmucheasierforpeopleinEuropetoacceptCharlemagneastheirruler.Charlemagnealsomadesurealllawswerewrittendown.Havingacodeoflawhelpedpeopleacrosshisempirecarryoutthelawsfairly.CharlemagneworkedtospreadCatholicismacrossthelandsheruled.Whenheconquerednewlands,heforcedallpeopletheretobecomeCatholic.CharlemagnealsostronglysupportedtheleaderoftheCatholicChurch,PopeLeoIII.ThepoperewardedCharlemagne'ssupportbydeclaringhimthefirstHolyRomanEmperorin800.LikemanyEuropeansduringtheMiddleAges,Charlemagneneverlearnedtoreadorwrite.However,hehadgreatrespectforeducationandlearning.Charlemagnesurroundedhimselfwitheducatedpeoplefromdifferentculturesandencouragedthecreationofmanytextsandschools.CharlemagnepaidscholarstocopyancientRomanliterature,promotedthestudyofmathematics,andfoundedlibraries.Charlemagneencouragedcreativityandthought.Arts,literature,andothersocialandscholarlyeffortsmadesignificantprogressduringhisrule.Andnewstylesofpaintingdeveloped,mostlycenteredonreligiousimages.Charlemagnealsopaidformanybookstobewritten.HisreformshelpedreviveEuropeanculture,whichhadn'tmademanyadvancessincethefalloftheRomanEmpire.Charlemagneworkedtoimprovetheeconomyofhisempire.MostEuropeansusedgoldcoinsasmoney.However,goldwashardtofindinEurope.InRomantimes,EuropeanscouldtradeforgoldfromAfricaandtheMiddleEast,butthatwasmuchharderintheMiddleAges.Charlemagnedecidedtomakecoinsofsilverinsteadofgoldbecausesilverwasmucheasiertofind.Duringhisrule,peopleacrossEuropestartingusingsilvercoins,whichmadepayingforgoodsandserviceseasier.EuropeanFeudalismChaosinEuropeledtotheemergenceoffeudalismandthemanorsystem.AfterEmperorCharlemagne'sdeathin814,anotherperiodofunrestbeganinEurope.InvadersfromnorthernEuropeknownasVikingstookadvantageoftheweakenedregion.TheysentraidsthatstruckcitiesandtownsacrossEurope.Inthischaos,anewsocialordercalledfeudalismdeveloped.Fromthe800stothe1400s,thissystemdefinedmanypartsoflifeinEurope.Europebecameaviolentandfrighteningplaceinthe800s.InvadersfromthenorthknownasVikingsattackedpeopleacrossthecontinent.Usinglongships,theVikingslaunchedquickraids,attackingcitiesandtownsnearwaterways.Theykilledallwhogotintheirway,takingfood,gold,andothergoodstheycouldcarry.PeopleacrossEuropewerepowerlesstostoptheVikings.SomewealthiercitiesevenresortedtopayingtheVikingleaderstostayaway.Butwithoutastrongarmy,peopleinEuropelivedinfearoftheVikingsandotherinvaders.



Inresponsetoallthischaos,Europeanleadersdevelopedasystemcalledfeudalism,wherelocallordscontrolledtheirownlandsbutowedmilitaryserviceandothersupporttoadifferent,morepowerfullord.Thissystemofferedsecuritybycreatingastrongmilitarythatcouldprotectpeoplefromattacks.Therewerefourlevelsofsocietyinfeudalism.Atthetopwastheking,whowasinchargeofthewholekingdom.Underthekingwerenobles,whoweregivencontroloverlandsbythekinginexchangeforloyaltyandsupportduringtimesofwarBeneaththenobleswereknights.Knightswerewealthywarriorswhofoughtonhorseback.Theyfoughtinwarsandenforcedtheruleofthenobles.Finally,atthebottomoffeudalsocietywerethepeasants,alsoknownasserfs.Peasantsworkedtheland,growingfoodandprovidinglabor.FeudalismexistedinEuropebetweenthe800sandthe1400s,andithelpedkeeporderandsecurity.Kings,nobles,andknightsallgainedwealthandpower,whilepeasantsreceivedprotection.Butfeudalismwasn'tperfect.Noblesweren'talwaysloyaltotheirkingsorgoodmanagersoftheirownlands.Noblesandtheirknightsoftenfoughtamongstthemselvesformorelandandpower.Lifewasoftendifficultforpeasantsunderfeudalismaswell,andabout85percentofallEuropeansatthetimewerepeasants.Peasantsweretiedtothelandstheyworked,andnoblesmaderulesthatpreventedthemfromleaving.Theywerealsoforcedtogivemostoftheircropstonoblesandknights.Underfeudalism,fewpeoplehadtheopportunitytomoveuporchangetheirplaceinsociety.TheFeudalEconomyFeudalismshapedtheeconomyofEuropeintheMiddleAges.Noblesdirectlymanagedtheirlandsthroughthemanorsystem,andthepeasantslivingonthelandsproducedallthegoodsandfoodthepopulationneeded.Townsandcitiesalsobegantogrowafterthe800s.Craftspeoplelivingintheselocationsorganizedintoguildstoprotectthemselvesandimprovetheeconomy.Finally,Europeansbeganexpandingtrade,bothwithinEuropeandwiththerestoftheworld.

ManorsystemInthecountryside,landowningnoblesmanagedtheirlandsfromamanor—whichwassometimesafortressoracastle.Aroundthemanor,peasantsworkedonsmallstripsoflandgrowingcropsandtendinganimals.Mostmanorshadvillages,wherepeoplelivedandworked.Manorswerealmostentirelyself-sufficient.Theyproducedallofthegoodsandfoodtheyneededtosurvive.Noblesandtheirknightswouldcollecttaxesfromthepeasantswhoworkedthelandormadegoods.



GuildsInlargertownsandcities,somepeasantsbecamecraftspeople.Thisallowedthemtoworkoncertaintypesofgoodsorprovideskilledlabor.Aroundthe1100s,manyofthesecraftspeoplebegantoorganizeintoguilds.Membersofparticularcrafts,likebakers,metalsmiths,weavers,orstonemasons,createdtheirownguildstomanageprices,organizepractices,andprotecttheirmembers.Itcouldbedifficulttobecomeamemberofaguild,butcraftspeoplewhobelongedtooneoftenmademoremoneyandlivedbetterthanpeasantsworkingasfarmers.Trade

DuringthefeudalperiodinEurope,tradeslowlybegantogrow.MerchantstraveledfromtowntotownacrossEurope,tradingfoodandothergoodslikewood,cloth,andcoal.ForthefirsttimesincethefalloftheRomanEmpire,Europeansexpandedtradewiththerestoftheworldaswell.MerchantssailedonshipsortraveledonthetraderoutesoftheSilkRoadtoexchangegoodswithpeopleinAfrica,theMiddleEast,andAsia.TheregionthatisnowItalyespeciallybecameacenterforEuropeantrade,andmanyItaliancitiesgrewwealthyandpowerful.

TheBlackDeathTheBlackDeathkilledmanyEuropeansandbroughtanendtotheMiddleAges.

Inthe1300s,theworldsufferedoneofthedeadliestoutbreaksinhistory.AdiseaseknownastheBlackDeathspreadacrossAsiaandintoEurope,killingmillionsofpeople.Eventoday,theexactnatureoftheBlackDeathisamystery.Thediseasewaspassedbetweenpeople—andmostofthosewhocaughtitwerekilledwithindays.InEuropealone,anestimated30to60percentofthepopulationdiedoftheBlackDeathwithinonlyafewyears.



Inthe1330s,theBlackDeathbrokeoutinnorthwesternChina.Thediseasekilledmillionsofpeople.InsomepartsofChina,itwasreportedthatoverhalfthepopulationhaddied.FromChina,thediseasespreadalongtraderoutesliketheSilkRoad.ItsoonreachedotherpartsofAsiaandtheMiddleEast.

FromCentralAsia,theBlackDeathquicklytraveledalongtraderoutesoverlandandsea,leavingmillionsofdeadinitswake.EasternEuropesufferedfirst.TradingcitieslikeConstantinoplewereespeciallyhard-hit,andthousandsofpeoplewerekilled.ManyofEurope'slargesttradingcitieswereinItaly,wherethediseasekilledmuchofthepopulation.Italyfirstrecordedoutbreaksin1347.By1348,thediseasehadalreadykilledthousandsintheregion.Insomeplaces,morethanhalfthepopulationwaskilled.

FromItaly,theBlackDeathspreadacrossEurope,killinghundredsofthousandsinonlyafewyears.PeopleacrossEuropesuffereddeathonascaletheyhadneverknownbefore.LeaderswerepowerlesstostoptheBlackDeath.Itkilledboththerichandthepoor,anddoctorshadnoideahowtotreatit.Withsomanydeadordying,societybegantobreakdown.Wholetownswereabandoned,cropslefttorotinthefields,andcitieslockeddowntopreventtheBlackDeathfromspreading.



By1353,almostallofEuropehadbeenaffectedbytheplague.Thediseaseisestimatedtohavekilledbetween30and60percentofEurope'spopulation.Asmanyas200millionEuropeansdied.Thediseasespreadverylittleafter1353,andpeopleacrossthecontinentwerelefttopickupthepieces.Itwouldtakearound200yearsbeforethepopulationofEuropereturnedtothelevelithadbeenbeforetheBlackDeath.EffectsoftheBlackDeath

TheBlackDeathforeverchangedEurope.ThedeathanddestructionitbroughtaboutweakenedthesystemoffeudalismandreducedthepoweroftheRomanCatholicChurch.Inaddition,fearandangerledtopersecutionandkillingsinEurope.Surprisinglythough,theBlackDeathalsoledtoimprovementsformanyofthosewholived.IntheaftermathoftheBlackDeath,manyoftheEuropeannationsweknowtodaybegantotakeshape.

ThefeudalsysteminEuropedependedonpeasants,whoworkedtosupportknights,nobles,andkingsabovethem.ButtheBlackDeathhadkilledsomanypeasantsthattheentiresystemoffeudalismstartedtocollapse.Withoutpeasantstosupportthem,nobleslostpower.TheCatholicChurchwasoneofEurope'smostimportantorganizationsduringtheMiddleAges.TheChurchwascentraltomostpeople'slivesandbeliefs.ButtheBlackDeathchangedhowpeoplethoughtaboutreligionandtheChurch.ChurchleadershadnoanswersfortheBlackDeath.MostarguedthatitwasapunishmentfromGod,butreligiousleaderscouldnotsaywhyormakethesufferingstop.AftertheBlackDeathcametoanend,manypeoplefocusedlessonreligionandmoreontheirday-to-daylives.PeopleacrossEuropewereconfusedbytheBlackDeathandsearchedforanswersaboutwhatcausedit.ManypeopleblamedtheBlackDeathonnon-Christians.EuropewashometomanyJewishpeople,whosoontook



theblameforthedisease,eventhoughtheyhadsufferedjustasmuchaseveryoneelse.SomeEuropeansevenaccusedJewishpeopleofpoisoningwellstospreadthedisease.SometownsforcedJewishpeopletoleave,whileothershadthemkilled.TheBlackDeathhadkilledsomanypeoplethatfewwerelefttowork.Thepeoplethatdidsurvivecoulddemandhigherpayforthecropstheygrewandtheworktheyperformed.Whilerichlandownerslostmuchoftheirpowerandwealth,ordinarypeoplebegantomakemoremoneyandlivebetterlives.AftertheBlackDeath,noblesweremuchlesspowerfulthantheyhadbeenunderthesystemoffeudalism.Instead,Europe'skingsgainedgreaterpowertodirectlymanagetheirkingdoms.ThisshiftledtoaperiodofpowerfulmonarchiesinEurope.KingsinFrance,Spain,England,andelsewherestrengthenedtheirrule,creatingmorepowerfulgovernments.SomehistoriansviewthisasaturningpointinEurope,markingthebeginningofthedevelopmentofmodernnations.



9.3.5

Quiz:FeudalEuropeQuestion 1 of 5

What was the main role of peasants in the European feudal system in the Middle Ages?

A. To give away land in exchange for service

B. To grow food that would be given to nobles

C. To serve as professional military leaders

D. To protect a manor from attack

Question 2 of 5

One of the main effects of the Black Death in Europe was:

A. an increase in the number of wars.

B. a decline in pay for skilled workers.

C. growth in trade between manors.

D. a loss of faith in the Catholic Church.



Question 3 of 5

One of Charlemagne's most important achievements was:

A. stopping the spread of the Black Death in Europe.

B. reducing the power of the Catholic Church.

C. uniting much of Europe into a single empire.

D. giving peasants more rights under the feudal system.

Question 4 of 5

Which phrase best completes the diagram?

A. Set up the first guilds for workers

B. Strengthened the Catholic Church

C. Got rid of the feudal system

D. Stopped the spread of the Black Death



Question 5 of 5

How did the Catholic Church affect European society during the Middle Ages?

A. By making it illegal for kings to tax their subjects

B. By offering an education to some Europeans

C. By accepting all non-Christians in Europe

D. By starting a series of European religious wars

apex world history grade 6 learning packet · 2020-04-10 · social studies ancient world history...

Documents