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APG and Extraction
Workshop Progress in Linguistics
August 27th 2013
Andreas Pankau Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main & Universiteit Utrecht
A.Pankau@ {lingua.uni-frankfurt.de | uu.nl}
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Aim of the Talk • Arc Pair Grammar (APG) allows a simple analysis for a peculiar type of
extraction found in German Relevance
• no such simple analysis is available in other frameworks • APG’s empirical focus: non-extraction structure
Structure of the Talk
• Part I o wh-copying in German o two weird properties
• Part II o overview of APG o outline of the APG analysis
• Part III o APG analysis of extraction o APG analysis of wh-copying
Part I – Wh-Copying in German
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(1) Wen glaubst du dass sie liebt? who believe you that she loves Who do you think she loves? (2) Wen glaubst du liebt sie? who believe you loves she Who do you think she loves? (3) Wen glaubst du wen sie liebt? who believe you who she loves Who do you think she loves?
Part I – Wh-Copying in German
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Extracted Resuming Element Element ↓ ↓ (3) Wen glaubst du wen sie liebt? who believe you who she loves Who do you think she loves?
Part I – Wh-Copying in German
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• Unboundedness (4) Wen denkst du wen sie meint wen er liebt? who think you who she means who he loves Who do you think she believes he loves? • Island Sensitivity (5) * Wen hat [SUBJ wen sie liebt] alle überrascht? (Subject Island) who has who she loves all surprised Who did that she loves surprise everyone? (6) * Wen machte Peter [NP die Behauptung [S wen sie liebt]]? (Complex NP Island) who made Peter the claim who she loves Who did Peter make the claim that she loves? • Bridge Verb Restriction (7) * Wen fragst du wen sie liebt? who ask you who she loves Who did you ask she loves? • Connectivity (8) * Wem glaubst du wem sie liebt? who.DAT believe you who.DAT she loves[ACC] Who do you think she loves?
Part I – Wh-Copying in German
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Interim Summary The resuming element is an extraction path phenomenon/reflex of successive cyclicity
Task Analysis of the resuming element
Part I – Two Weird Properties
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(9) * Welchen Mann glaubst du welchen Mann sie eingeladen hat? which man believe you which man she invited has Which man do you think she has invited? (10) # Wen glaubst du den sie eingeladen hat? who believe you who she invited has Who do you think she has invited? (11) # Welchen Mann glaubst du wen sie eingeladen hat? which man believe you who she invited has Which man do you think she has invited? (12) # Welchen Mann glaubst du den sie eingeladen hat? which man believe you who she invited has Which man do you think she has invited? (13) a. * Welchen Mann glaubst du den Mann sie eingeladen hat? which man believe you the man she invited has b. * Welchen Mann glaubst du diesen Mann sie eingeladen hat? which man believe you this man she invited has Which man do you think she has invited?
Part I – Two Weird Properties
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The Pronominal Weirdness
Why does the resuming element surface as a pronominal?
Part I – Two Weird Properties
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(14) a. [DP D° [AgrP Agr° [NP N° ]]] → [DP D° [AgrP Agr° [NP NNN°°° ]]] welch- -en Mann w-/d- -en MMMaaannnnnn b. feature sharing of the respective head features (15) # Welchen Mann glaubst du wen/den sie eingeladen hat? which man believe you who she invited has Which man do you think she has invited? (16) # Mit welchem Mann glaubst du mit wem/dem sie getanzt hat? with which man believe you with whom she danced has Which man do you think she danced with? (17) a. [PP P° [DP D° [AgrP Agr° [NP N° ]]]] → [PP P° [DP D° [AgrP Agr° [NP NNN°°° ]]]] mit welch- -em Mann mit w-/d- -em MMMaaannnnnn b. feature sharing of head features of the respective mothers AND of the head features of the respective non-head daughters (18) Wo glaubst du wo sie sich getroffen haben? where believe you where they SELF met have Where do you think they met? (19) In welchem Haus glaubst du wo/ in dem er wohnt? in which house believe you where in that he lives In which house do you think he lives?
Part II – Overview of APG
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General Properties model-theoretic non-transformational relationally based multistratal Specific Properties GRs expressed via arcs 2 metarelations: Sponsor & Erase 1 = subject 2 = object P = predicate Cl = clause = Sponsor = Erase
300
dies John
Cl
P 2 1
400
200
100
Part II – Outline of the APG Analysis
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(20) The Resuming Element heads a Replacer Arc a) - replacer arcs can only be headed by pronominals
- extraction “creates” the context for the presence of a replacer arc → the presence of a pronominal Resuming Element is no longer surprising b) - Resuming Element and Extracted Element are relationally identical
- GRs influence the categorial status of an element → Resuming Element and Extracted Element are relationally identical, so their category will be identical
Part III – APG Analysis of Extraction
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300
2
100
WH
liebt sie wen
du glaubst
P
P
2
1
1
Cl
Cl
200
500 400
600
101 80 90
Part III – APG Analysis of Extraction
14
300
100
30
WH
liebt sie wen
du glaubst
P
P
2
2
1
1
Cl
Cl
200
500 400
600
101 80 90
Part III – APG Analysis of Extraction
15
300
100
2 30
WH
liebt sie wen
du glaubst
P
P
2
2
1
1
Cl
Cl
200
500 400
600
101 80 90
Part III – APG Analysis of Extraction
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(21) a. Qué querían esos dos? what wanted those two b. * Qué esos dos querían? what those two wanted What did those two want? (22) a. Qué pensaba Juan [S que le había dicho Pedro [S que había publicado la revista]]? what thought Juan that him had told Pedro that had published the journal b. * Qué pensaba Juan [S que Pedro le había dicho [S que la revista había publicado]]? what thought Juan that Pedro him had told that the journal had published What did John think that Peter had told him that the journal had published? (23) En qué medida la constitución ha contribuido a eso ? in what manner the constitution has contributed to that In what way has the constitution contributed to that? (24) En qué medida Juan había pensado [S que Pedro le había asegurado [S que la revista in what manner Juan had thought that Pedro him had assured that the journal se arriesgaría a publicar eso]]? SELF risk at publish that To what extent had Juan thought that Pedro assured him that the journal would risk publishing that?
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
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100
400 300
2 30
WH
liebt sie wen
du glaubst
P
P
2
2
1
1
Cl
Cl
200
500
600
101 80 90
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
18
100
2
wen
580
400 300
2 30
WH
liebt sie wen
du glaubst
P
P
2
2
1
1
Cl
Cl
200
500
600
101 80 90
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
19
100
2
wen
580
400 300
2 30
WH
liebt sie wen
du glaubst
P
P
2
2
1
1
Cl
Cl
200
500
600
101 80 90
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
20
700 900
600
500
300
200
100
?
2
Marge loves Homer
that
says
1
1
2
P
P
Cl
Cl
400
510
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
21
700 900
600
500
800 300
200
100
?
2 2
Marge loves Homer
that
says
1
1
2
P
P
Cl
Cl
400
510
him
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
22
700 900
600
500
800 300
200
100
?
2 2
Marge loves Homer
that
says
1
1
2
P
P
Cl
Cl
400
510
him
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
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(25) Wh-Copying Rule German Rel-Marker (B) → ∃C (Replace (C,B)) (26) Mary is pretty to look at (*her). (27) I María íne ómorfi na *(tin ) kitás. the Maria is beautiful to her look.at Maria is beautiful to look at.
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
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700 900
600
500
800 300
200
100
?
2 2
O kitas i Maria
na
ine omorfi
1
1
2
P
P
Cl
Cl
400
510
tin
700 900
600
500
300
200
100
?
2
O look Mary
to
is pretty
1
1
2
P
P
Cl
Cl
400
510
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
25
100
2
wen
580
400 300
2 30
WH
liebt sie wen
du glaubst
P
P
2
2
1
1
Cl
Cl
200
500
600
101 80 90
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
26
100
2
wen
580
400 300
2 30
WH
liebt sie wen
du glaubst
P
P
2
2
1
1
Cl
Cl
200
500
600
101 80 90
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
27
100
Com
wem
580
400 300
Com 30
WH
tanzt sie wem
du glaubst
P
P
2
Com
1
1
Cl
Cl
200
500
600
101 80 90
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
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(28) * Ich tanze Maria (29) Ich tanze mit Maria
Com
Maria mit
300
60 F
Com
100
200
400
Maria
400
Com
100
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
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Com
103
sie mit
F 60
Com
102
101
90 80
wem
581
400 300
Com 30
WH
tanzt wem
du glaubst
P
P
2
Com 1
1
Cl
Cl
100
200
500
600
100
Com
wem
580
400 300
Com 30
WH
tanzt sie wem
du glaubst
P
P
2
Com
1
1
Cl
Cl
200
500
600
101 80 90
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
30
sie
Com
103
60 F
mit
580
mit
F 60
Com
102
101
90 80
Com
wem
582
400 300
Com 30
WH
tanzt wem
du glaubst
P
P
2
Com 1
1
Cl
Cl
100
200
500
600
581
100
Com
wem
580
400 300
Com 30
WH
tanzt sie wem
du glaubst
P
P
2
Com
1
1
Cl
Cl
200
500
600
101 80 90
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
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(30) a. In welchem Haus glaubst du in dem er wohnt? in which house believe you in that he lives b. In welchem Haus glaubst du wo er wohnt? in which house believe you where he lives In which house do you think he lives?
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
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sie
Loc
103
60 F
in
580
in
F 60
Loc
102
101
90 80
Loc
dem
582
400 300
Loc 30
WH
wohnt welchem Haus
du glaubst
P
P
2
Loc 1
1
Cl
Cl
100
200
500
600
581
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
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Loc
103
sie in
F 60
Loc
102
101
90 80
wo
581
400 300
Loc 30
WH
wohnt welchem Haus
du glaubst
P
P
2
Loc 1
1
Cl
Cl
100
200
500
600
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
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(31) Wo glaubst du wo sie wohnt? where believe you where she lives Where do you think they met?
Part III – APG Analysis of Wh-Copying
35
100
Loc
wo
580
400 300
Loc 30
WH
tanzt sie wo
du glaubst
P
P
2
Loc
1
1
Cl
Cl
200
500
600
101 80 90
Conclusion
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Conclusion • APG allows a simple analysis of the resuming element (32) The resuming element heads a replacer arc • with this analysis, the two weird properties are easily accounted for
o only pronominals are licensed as resuming elements because replacer arcs can generally only be headed by pronominals
o the different statements reflect differences in the surfacing of grammatical relations