api fish care & technical reference guide

Aquarium Technical Reference Booklet Featuring the Professional Guide for the Fish Retailerfor Minimising Fish Loss

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Professional Guide for the Tropical Fish Retailerto Minimise Fish Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Tropical Fish Medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65MelaFix® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Liquid Fungus Cure™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66PimaFix™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 API® Aquarium Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

White Spot Cure™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Tap Water Filtration System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Tap Water Filter™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Water Chemistry Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Proper pH® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Tap Water Conditioner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

pH UP® and pH DOWN® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Stress-Zyme® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Ammo-Lock® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Stress Coat® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Water Softener Pillow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Accu-Clear® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Fish Feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77The 7-Day Pyramid Fish Feeder™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

The 3-Day Pyramid Fish Feeder™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Filtration Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Activated Filter Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Bio-Chem Zorb® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Ammo-Chips® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Phos-Zorb™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Bio-Chem Stars® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Nitra-Zorb™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Water Testing Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Freshwater pH Test Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Freshwater/Saltwater KH Test Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Freshwater/Saltwater High Range pH Test Kit . . . . . . . . 84 Freshwater Master Test Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

pH Test Kit & Adjuster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Saltwater Master Test Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Freshwater/Saltwater Ammonia Test Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Freshwater/Saltwater Professional Liquid Test Kit . . . . . . . 85

Freshwater/Saltwater Nitrite Test Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Saltwater Calcium Test Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Freshwater/Saltwater Nitrate Test Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Freshwater/Saltwater Copper Test Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Freshwater Gh & KH Test Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Freshwater/Saltwater Phosphate Test Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Aquarium Plant Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87First Layer® Pure Laterite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Root Tabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Leaf Zone® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Table of contents

IntroductionNothing is more important to thesuccess of the tropical fish retailbusiness than providing healthy fish to customers. Fish health in a storestrongly depends on how they arehandled and prepared for sales,although disease in new shipments offish is sometimes unavoidable. The following guide outlines ways topractice preventive maintenance inorder to minimise fish illness and loss.The techniques that are discussed arethe result of years of research intropical fish handling, stress reductionand disease prevention.

Receiving Tropical Fish – The “All In/All Out” TechniqueResearch has shown that all aquariumfish carry a variety of pathogenicorganisms (e.g. bacteria, fungi andparasites). The aquarium itself alsoharbours these disease-causingorganisms, particularly in the gravelbed. If aquarium fish are in goodhealth, are well-fed and are providedwith the appropriate water conditions,their immune system will resistattack from disease organisms.However, newly arrived tropical fishexperience stress due to handling andless-than-ideal water quality in theirshipping containers, leaving themvulnerable to disease. That is why,when possible, new fish should not bemixed with fish already in the storeaquariums. Consolidating existing fishstock into a few aquariums andkeeping them isolated from newarrivals will prevent the spread ofdisease. This is called the ALL IN/ALLOUT technique. If new fish are foundto be diseased, it is far moreeconomical to treat one or twoaquariums than every aquarium in the store.

Preparing for New FishHere are some additional preventivemeasures:• Consolidate your existing stock of

fish according to compatibility asmuch as possible.

• Perform a large water change andsiphon the gravel bed.

• When possible, adjust the pH levelof aquarium water for the needs of the particular tropical fish being received.

• Add aquarium salt to help reducestress of newly arrived fish (exceptfor salt-intolerant species).Aquarium salt aids fish inosmoregulation, and the exchangeof oxygen, carbon dioxide andammonia across gill membranes.

[Add 3/4 cup (220 g) of API®AQUARIUM SALT for every 50gallons (190 L) of aquarium water.]

• Check the water temperature.Most tropical freshwater fishrequire a temperature range of 23-26°C (74-78°F). Goldfish prefercooler water, ideally between 20-22°C (68-72°F).

• Draw on your prior experience withnew shipments of fish to anticipateproblems. Some species may showvulnerability to a particular disease,so be prepared to treat these fishwhen they arrive.

Added Disease ProtectionAdding STRESS COAT® and MELAFIX®to aquarium water will reduce stressand assist in maintaining fish health.STRESS COAT® provides fish with asynthetic slime coat to reduceelectrolyte loss and vulnerability topathogens. It contains an extract ofAloe Vera that has been shownthrough an independent study to aid in healing of damaged fish tissue, (see page 74).

MELAFIX® has powerful antibacterialproperties to treat wounds andpromote rapid tissue healing, as provenby independent study. MELAFIX® alsopromotes rapid repair of damaged fishtissue and fins. New growth has beenseen in as little as four days oftreatment. MELAFIX® is an all-naturalmedication derived from the leaves ofMelaleuca, the scientific name for thetea tree. The extensive evidence forboth STRESS COAT® and MELAFIX® hasled to the granting of both Internationaland United States patents. Additionally,using STRESS COAT® will neutralize anychlorine, chloramines and heavy metalsin aquarium water. Add 1/4 cup (50 ml)of STRESS COAT® and 1 teaspoonful ofProfessional Strength MELAFIX® toeach 50 U.S. gallons (190 L) of aquariumwater to protect fish. RepeatMELAFIX® treatment each day for 3 consecutive days.

ADDITIONAL TIPSNever add fish to an aquariumalong with the shipping water.The shipping water may containdisease organisms, ammonia andorganic pollutants and should bediscarded. Instead, pour new fish outof shipping bags into a net and thenadd the fish to prepared aquariums. It is not necessary to add aquariumwater to shipping bags. Fish adjustquickly to well-oxygenated, ammonia-free aquarium water and do not needto be acclimated to it.

Immediately inspect the new fishand remove dead ordying fish. In most cases, dying fish will notrespond to treatment. If they are leftin the aquarium to die, they couldinfect other fish. Never allow healthyfish to eat dead fish; directtransmission of disease organismscould result.

Continue to observe new fishclosely for 48 hours after arrival.Look for the disease symptomsdescribed in this guide. Begin treatmentwith appropriate medication as soon assymptoms are observed.

Using Medications:Treatment for Parasites• New stock may be harbouring

external parasites, such as theprotozoans Ichthyophthirius(whitespot parasite) and Trichodina.Most of these parasites are invisibleto the naked eye. A routinetreatment with a general protozoalremedy such as WHITE SPOTCURE™ will control many of theseexternal parasites.

• Secondary bacterial and fungalinfections can arise from skinabrasions or fighting damageincurred during shipment, or fromdamage caused by certain parasiticinfections. An antibacterialtreatment like MELAFIX® can beused in conjunction with an anti-fungal, such as PIMAFIX™, to helpprevent and combat bacterial andfungal infections in fish.

A professional guide for the tropical fish retailer to minimise fish loss:

Fish possess a natural slimecoating which helps preventthe loss of electrolytes fromtheir gills and skin andprovides a protective barrierfrom disease. Unfortunately,this protective slime coatingis disturbed every time fishare netted, significantlyincreasing the risk of disease.

Protect the Slime Coat

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Bacterial and Fungal Infectionsin Aquarium FishDisease-causing organisms arepresent in all aquariums. Any time aphysical abrasion damages fish tissue,bacterial and fungal pathogens seizethe opportunity to infect the fish.Shipping, netting, and poor waterquality also weaken the fish’s immunesystem, permitting disease problemsto occur. Skin and fin abrasions are anunavoidable part of fishkeeping.Therefore, the potential for diseaseproblems occurs with every new fisharrival, whether it is at the hatchery,fish wholesaler, aquarium shop, or inthe home aquarium.

External bacterial infections cause avariety of symptoms including splitand ragged fins. In extreme cases thefins erode back to the body. Eyes maybecome coated with a whitish slimeor protrude from the head. Bacterialinfections cause hazy, slimy patchesto form on the body. These patchesmay develop into red ulcers. “MouthFungus,” caused by Flavobacterium(formerly Flexibacter), causes mouthtissue to deteriorate and may appearas tufts of cotton.

Fungal infections usually occur as asecondary infection, invading tissuealready damaged by bacterial andparasitic diseases. Fungi also attackfish that have been weakened byrough handling, shipping, exposure toammonia and nitrite, improper netting,and malnutrition. Fungal pathogensuse digestive enzymes to feed on thefish tissue. These enzymes damagenearby healthy tissue, allowing thedisease to spread. Commonsymptoms include white cottonygrowths on fins, skin, and mouth offish. Healing of the damaged tissuewill speed the elimination of thefungal disease.

Treatment for BacterialInfections• Always complete a regimen of

treatment with a generalantibacterial (such as MELAFIX®).Stubborn or severe bacterialinfections (e.g. internal bacterialinfections) may require a course ofantibiotic treatment, available onprescription from a vet (antibioticsshould not be used in aquariumswith live plants).

• MELAFIX® is a natural antibacterialmedication and can be used inplanted aquariums.

• With some bacterial infections, atreatment may be ineffective due todrug resistance. Bacterial resistanceto certain antibiotics is particularlycommon. In such cases, anotherantibiotic or natural antibacterialmedication must then be chosen andapplied. MELAFIX® can be used withany API® medication, if necessary.

Disease Treatment GuideUse the following guide to detect themost common symptoms of parasitic,fungal and bacterial diseases, andthen follow the recommendedtreatments. In some cases, severalmedication choices are listed to treat aparticular disease. Make yourtreatment selection in the order thatthese medications are recommended.Bacterial pathogens are sometimesresistant to one of the medications;thus, if the first medication does notcure the disease, it will be necessaryto use the next medication listed.

I. ParasitesICH (WHITESPOT)

Causative Agent: Ich, also known aswhite spot disease,is caused by the skinparasiteIchthyophthiriusmulti-filiis. The life-cycle involves aparasitic stage within the fish’s skinfollowed by free-living stages in thegravel or water. The infective stage(known as a theront) occurs in thewater and is invisible to the nakedeye. When an actively swimmingtheront contacts a fish it burrows intoits skin or gill tissue. It thentransforms into the parasitic“trophont” stage that feeds andgrows until it reaches the size of asugar grain. Once mature, thetrophont exits the fish and falls to thebottom of the aquarium or pondwhere it rounds up to form thereproductive “cyst”. Each cysteventually releases up to 2000infective theronts, so completing onegeneration. Ich causes damage bybreaching the protective skin and gilllayers, rendering these tissuesvulnerable to secondary bacterial orfungal infections. Damage to the skinand gills also results in loss ofelectrolytes and respiratory stress.

Appearance:• Early symptoms of this infection in

fish include darting in the aquariumand scratching against the graveland ornaments.

• Fish exhibit laboured breathing andmay remain at the water’s surface,near filters and aeration devices.

• White spots may or may not bevisible on fish.

Treatment:1. Quarantine the aquarium. Do not

remove fish from or add fish to theinfected aquarium; parasites can bespread to other aquariums by nets,algae scrapers and wet hands.

2. Optional: raise water temperature to29°C (85°F) (assuming the fishspecies in question will tolerate thishigh temperature). Parasites can be

killed only while they are in the free-swimming theront stage beforethey attach to fish. Raising thetemperature speeds up the lifecycle of the parasite, bringing it tothe treatable, theront stage.

3. To aid osmoregulation and easestress of infected fish, add 1tablespoonful (18 g) of API®AQUARIUM SALT for each 5 gallons(19 L) of aquarium water. (exceptfor salt-intolerant species)

4. Remove activated carbon andcontinue aeration. Add one dose of WHITE SPOT CURE™ to theaquarium as directed. Wait 48 hoursand repeat the dose.

5. Wait another 48 hours, then change25% of the aquarium water. Add fresh activated carbon toremove residual medication fromthe aquarium.

6. This treatment process may berepeated if necessary.

7. Deal with any secondary infectionsusing MELAFIX® or PIMAFIX™, asappropriate. Bear in mind that, evenif the Ich itself is eliminated, somefish may die as a result of anuntreated secondary infection.

Attention:• Some scaleless fish are sensitive to

WHITE SPOT CURE™. Treatmentwith 1/2 the normal dose of WHITESPOT CURE™ is thereforerecommended for aquariumscontaining scaleless fish.

VELVET

Causative Agent: Velvet is caused byparasites, most oftenAmyloodiniumocellatum in marineaquariums andPiscinoodinium species in freshwateraquariums. (Note: Velvet was formerlycalled Oodinium by aquarium hobbyistsand in some older texts.)

Appearance:• Heavy infestations on the skin cause

a golden, velvety appearance on thesides of the fish.

• Gills are also infested, causing fish tobreathe in a laboured manner and toscratch on objects in the aquarium.

Treatment:1. Quarantine the aquarium. Remove

any dead fish immediately. Do notremove fish from or add new fish tothe infected aquarium; parasites canbe spread to other aquariums bynets, algae scrapers and wet hands.

2. Optional: Raise water temperatureto 29°C (85°F) (assuming the fishspecies in question will tolerate thishigh temperature). Parasites can bekilled only while they are in the free-swimming dinospore stage before

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they attach to fish. Raising thetemperature speeds up the lifecycle of the parasite bringing it tothe treatable dinospore stage. In thecase of freshwater velvet(Piscinoodinium) it can also bebeneficial to keep the aquarium indarkness during an outbreak. This prevents the parasites fromacquiring energy throughphotosynthesis. The light-reductionstrategy has no effect on marinevelvet (Amyloodinium) as theseparasites do not photosynthesise.

3. To aid osmoregulation and easestress of infected fish, add 1tablespoonful (18 g) of API®AQUARIUM SALT for each 5 gallons(19 L) of aquarium water (exceptfor salt-intolerant species).

4. Remove activated carbon andcontinue aeration. Add one dose ofWHITE SPOT CURE™ to theaquarium as directed. Wait 48 hoursand repeat the dose.

5. Wait another 48 hours, then change25% of the aquarium water. Add fresh activated carbon toremove residual medication from the aquarium.


Attention:• WHITE SPOT CURE™ can be used

in conjunction with API®antibacterial medications.

• Some scaleless fish are sensitive toWHITE SPOT CURE™. Treatmentwith 1/2 the normal dose of WHITESPOT CURE™ is thereforerecommended for aquariumscontaining scaleless fish.

FLUKES/PARASITIC WORMS

Causative Agent: Dactylogyrus andGyrodactylus areparasitic worms,commonly calledflukes, that attackfins, skin and especially gills of tropicalfish, goldfish and koi. Parasitic wormsare frequently found on newlyimported fish. The worms attach tothe skin or gills of fish via hooks,where they can feed on blood andbody fluids. Secondary bacterial orfungal infections may occur followinginfestation by these parasites.

Appearance:• Most parasitic worms are not visible

without the aid of a microscope.

• Fish that are suffering from skin-parasitic flukes will scratch againstsubmerged objects (e.g. rocks; plantstems) and may appear listless. A greyish film may appear on affectedareas of the body.

• Parasite damage to the gills canresult in respiratory stress,

manifesting as gasping at the watersurface and rapid gill movements.Badly affected fish may sit on thebottom of the aquarium. Whereparasite damage to the gills issevere, this will result in suffocationand death.



2. Optional: Raise water temperature to 29°C (85°F) (assuming the fishspecies in question will tolerate thishigh temperature). This will eitherspeed up the life cycle of theparasites or create unfavourableconditions for them which willenhance the effectiveness of the treatment.

3. To aid osmoregulation and easestress of infected fish, add 1tablespoonful (18 g) of API®AQUARIUM SALT for each 5 gallons(19 L) of aquarium water.

4. Ensure the aquarium is well aerated– this may help alleviate anyrespiratory stress

5. To combat flukes and otherparasitic worms it may benecessary to use special drugs(known as anthelmintics). Some ofthese “wormer” treatments areprescription-only, from a vet.

6. MELAFIX® and/or PIMAFIX™can be used to deal with anysecondary bacterial or fungalinfections that may arisefollowing parasite damage.

ANCHOR WORMS

Causative Agent: Anchor worms(Lernaea) arecopepod parasitesthat attach to thebodies of tropicalfish, goldfish andkoi. Fertilized female Lernaeapenetrate the skin and embed ananchor-like attachment into the fish,then begin to develop visible egg sacs.Secondary bacterial or fungalinfections may occur followinginfestation by these parasites.Appearance:• Lernaea can be easily identified as a

grayish worm attached to a fish.These parasites may reach 5 - 10mm in length. Fish tissue is oftenred at the point of the worm’sattachment; the worm developstwo egg sacs at its opposite end.




3. Lernaea can be carefully removedfrom the fish using tweezers.

4. Medicate the water with MELAFIX®to help prevent secondary infectionsof the parasite-damaged skin.

5. Treat the fish using a special anti-crustacean remedy (from a vet orspecialist veterinary medicinessupplier). It is important to treat theentire aquarium in order toeliminate the parasite’s microscopiclarval stages that may be present inthe water.

FISH LICE

Causative Agent: The parasiticcrustacean,Argulus, movesover the externalsurfaces oftropical fish and goldfish, piercing theskin and sucking blood and tissuefluids. The piercing mouthpartsdamage fish skin, leading to secondarybacterial and/or fungal infections.

Appearance:• The adult Argulus is visible to the

naked eye, appearing as a disc-shaped creature that may reach 1cm in diameter. It may be seen tooccasionally move about on thefish’s body surface.

• Heavy Argulus infestations, whichare uncommon, may cause patchesof opaque skin to develop.

• The parasite’s feeding woundsappear as small red spots on the skin.

• Badly affected fish may appearlistless and lose their appetite.



2. Optional: Raise water temperature to 29°C (85°F ) (assuming the fishspecies in question will tolerate thishigh temperature). This will eitherspeed up the life cycle of theparasites or create unfavourableconditions for them which willenhance the effectiveness of the treatment.

3. To aid osmoregulation and easestress of infected fish, add 1tablespoonful (18 g) of API®AQUARIUM SALT for each 5 gallons(19 L) of aquarium water.

4. Argulus can be carefully removedfrom the fish using tweezers.

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5. Medicate the water with MELAFIX®to help prevent secondary infectionsof the parasite-damaged skin.

6. Treat the fish using a special anti-crustacean remedy (from a vet orspecialist veterinary medicinessupplier). It is important to treat theentire aquarium in order toeliminate the parasite’s microscopiclarval stages that may be present inthe water.

HOLE-IN-THE-HEAD DISEASE

Causative Agent: Hole-in-the-headis a symptomrather than aspecific diseaseand may havemultiple causes. This condition affectsmostly cichlids, particularly SouthAmerican species such as discus. Inmany cases an internal parasiteproblem (caused by Spironucleus orHexamita protozoa) has beenimplicated. These parasites normallydwell in the intestinal tract of the fish.Stress, poor nutrition, bacterialinfection, or adverse water conditionshave also been suggested to cause, oraggravate, Hole-in-the–Head.

Appearance:• The most obvious symptom is the

pitting and erosion of skin andmuscle tissue around the face ofthe fish. This erosion appears to bea symptom of the parasite’spresence in the intestinal tract, noton the surface of the fish.

• Affected fish may pass white,stringy faeces.

• Many fish exhibit poor appetite,weight loss and nervousness; deathultimately results.


any dead fish immediately. Do not -remove fish from or add new fish tothe infected aquarium; parasites canbe spread to other aquariums bynets, algae scrapers and wet hands.


3. Many cases respond to a treatmentof Metronidazole (available onveterinary prescription) which isadded to the fish’s food or water. Acourse of antibiotics (on veterinaryprescription) may be required insome cases. Deal with any possiblecontributory factors, such as stressor poor nutrition.

4. Treat any secondary bacterialinfections using MELAFIX®

NEON TETRA DISEASE

Causative Agent: Neon tetra disease iscaused by amicroscopic spore-forming parasite,Pleistophora hyphessobryconis, thatinvades the fish’s muscles. The diseaseprimarily affects neon tetras, glowlighttetras and penguin tetras (and possiblyother fish such as barbs, angelfish, andzebra danios). It appears not to affectcardinal tetras. There is also “false neontetra disease” which gives rise tosimilar symptoms but is caused by abacterium (Flavobacterium species).

Appearance:• A Pleistophora infection is

characterised by fading of the fish’scolours, development of whitepatches on the skin, and damage tothe muscles (including localisedmuscle swelling), leading to bodilydistortion and abnormal swimming.Badly affected fish becomeemaciated and die. Fish loss can behigh and treatment is problematic.With “false neon disease” there isalso colour fading which may beaccompanied by tail rot.


any dead fish immediately. Do notremove fish from or add fish to theinfected aquarium; microsporidianinfection can be spread to otheraquariums by nets, algae scrapersand wet hands.


3. Remove activated carbon and continueaeration. For treating false neondisease, add one dose of MELAFIX® tothe aquarium as directed. Repeat dosedaily for 7 days.

4. After 7 days, change 25% of theaquarium water.

5. Add fresh activated carbon toremove residual medication fromthe aquarium.


Attention:• True neon disease (Pleistophora) is

very difficult to treat. Permanentlyisolate suspected cases to reduce therisk of spreading this disease to othervulnerable tetras.

• MELAFIX® can be used in conjunctionwith all API® medications.

SUBCLINICAL PARASITICINFESTATIONCausative Agents: Trichodina,Ichthyobodo, andChilodonella are protozoan parasitesthat infect the skin and gills of fish.

Appearance:• Fish may scratch on objects in

the aquarium.

• Slimy skin may develop on fish andfins may be clamped.

• Laboured breathing may be observed.




3. Remove activated carbon andcontinue aeration. Add one dose ofWHITE SPOT CURE™ to theaquarium as directed. Wait 48 hoursand repeat the dose.

4. Wait another 48 hours, then change25% of the aquarium water. Add fresh activated carbon toremove residual medication fromthe aquarium.


Attention:• WHITE SPOT CURE™ can be used in

conjunction with API® antibacterialmedications.


II. Fungus

FUNGAL INFECTION

Causative Agents: True fungalinfections arecaused bySaprolegnia andAchlya species.

Appearance: • Whitish cottony tufts or patches

appear on the mouth, skin and finsof tropical fish, goldfish and koi.


remove fish from or add fish to theinfected aquarium; fungi can bespread to other aquariums by nets,algae scrapers and wet hands.

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3. Remove activated carbon andcontinue aeration. Add one dose ofPIMAFIX™ to the aquarium asdirected. Repeat dose daily for 7 days.

4. After 7 days change 25% of theaquarium water. Add fresh activatedcarbon to remove residual medicationfrom the aquarium.

5. If treatment appears to beineffective, add one dose of FUNGUS CURE™. Wait 48 hours and repeat the dose. Wait another48 hours, then change 25% of theaquarium water.

6. Fungus rarely attacks uninjured,healthy fish, hence it is important toaddress any underlying causes (e.g.stress, physical injury, parasitedamage, poor water conditions) in addition to treatment.

Attention:• These medications can be used in

conjunction with API® antibacterialmedications.

• FUNGUS CURE will cause a harmlessgreen colour in the aquarium, which can be removed withactivated carbon.

III. Bacteria MOUTH FUNGUS/SADDLE BACK DISEASE

Causative Agents: Flavobacteriumcolumnare is acommon bacteriumfound on the slimecoating of bothhealthy and sick fish. Although diseasecaused by this organism is commonlycalled mouth fungus, it is actually abacterial infection.

Appearance:• Raised, gray patches are observed

on the fins and mouth areas of fish.

• Live bearers, such as guppies andmollies, develop grayish patches ontheir backs, giving rise to the name“saddle back disease.”

• Infected areas may develop into redulcers and infect the gills, causingrapid loss of fish.


remove fish from or add fish to theinfected aquarium; disease can bespread to other aquariums by nets,algae scrapers and wet hands.

2. To aid osmoregulation and easestress of infected fish, add 1tablespoonful (18 g) of API®

AQUARIUM SALT for each 5 gallons(19 L) of aquarium water (exceptfor salt-intolerant species).

3. Add 1 teaspoonful (5 ml) ofProfessional Strength MELAFIX®for every 50 U.S. gallons (190 L) ofaquarium water or 1 teaspoonful (5ml) of regular strength MELAFIX®for every 10 gallons (38 L) ofaquarium water. Repeat dose dailyfor 7 days. After 7 days, make a 25%water change. Treatment can becontinued if necessary.

4. If treatment appears to beineffective use PIMAFIX™.

5. For best results, remove activatedcarbon during all treatments.

6. Make a final 25% water change whentreatment is complete. Add freshactivated carbon to remove residualmedication from the aquarium.

FIN AND TAIL ROT

Causative Agent: Several bacterialinfections cancause degradationof the fins and tailsof tropical fish,goldfish and koi. These pathogensinclude Flexibacter columnare,Nocardia, Mycobacterium andPseudomonas species.

Appearance:• Fins appear ragged and split.

Disease can progress until fins andtail are completely eroded.

• Secondary fungal infectionscommonly occur.





4. If treatment appears to beineffective PIMAFIX™ and MELAFIX®can be combined to treat a broaderrange of infections.




conjunction with API® antiparasiticand antifungal medications.

DROPSY AND MALAWI BLOAT

Causative Agent: Internal Aeromonasbacterial infectionsmost commonlycause this disease.Viral and internalparasitic pathogens (Myxoboluscerebralis) have also been indicated,but are untreatable.

Appearance:• Fish develop a bloated appearance due to

accumulation of fluid in the body cavity.

• Scales may appear to stick out fromthe sides of fish.

• In advanced cases, some fish lose theability to swim and float upside down.




3. Remove activated carbon, andcontinue aeration. Add one dose ofMELAFIX® to the aquarium asdirected. Repeat the dose for 7 days.After 7 days, change 25% of theaquarium water.


5. The treatment process may berepeated if necessary.

Attention:• MELAFIX® can be used in conjunction

with all API® medications.

CLOUDY EYE, POP EYE, AND BODY SLIMECausative Agent: Bacterialpathogens includePseudomonas,Mycobacterium orStreptococcus.Parasiticpathogens include Ichthyobodo,Trichodina and Chilodonella. See alsoSubclinical Parasitic Infestation, page 62.Appearance:• Eyes develop a whitish haze and/or

protrude from the head.

63

• Hazy or slimy patches appear on thebodies of fish.

• If infested with parasites, fish mayscratch on objects in the aquariumand exhibit rapid breathing.




3. Add 1 teaspoonful (5 ml) ofProfessional Strength MELAFIX®for every 50 U.S. gallons (190 L) ofaquarium water or 1 teaspoonful (5 ml) of regular strength MELAFIX®for every 10 gallons (38 L) of aquariumwater. Repeat dose daily for 7 days.After 7 days, make a 25% waterchange. Treatment can be continuedif necessary.

4. If fish repeatedly scratch, treat for skinparasites by adding one dose ofWHITE SPOT CURE™ to the aquarium,as directed. Wait 48 hours and repeatthe dose.







ULCERS AND OPEN SORES

Causative Agent: Several types ofbacteria, includingAeromonas species,may cause skinulcers and open soresin fish. Adverse water conditions,notably high ammonia levels, can alsocause ulceration.

Appearance:• Fish exhibit open red sores on the body.


remove fish from or add fish to theinfected aquarium; bacteria can be

spread to other aquariums by nets,algae scrapers and wet hands.


3. Add 1 teaspoonful (5 ml) ofProfessional Strength MELAFIX®for every 50 U.S. gallons (190 L) ofaquarium water or 1 teaspoonful (5 ml) of regular strength MELAFIX®for every 10 gallons (38 L) of aquarium water. Repeatdose daily for 7 days. After 7 days,make a 25% water change.Treatment can be continued if necessary.


5. The treatment process may berepeated if necessary.

Attention:• MELAFIX® can be used in conjunction

with all API® medications.

BACTERIAL GILL DISEASE

Causative Agent: Various types ofbacteria, includingFlavobacteriumspecies.

Appearance:• Visual diagnosis is often difficult.

• Fish may breathe heavily and showbright red gills.

• Fish may sit on the bottom of theaquarium or near filter return at thewater’s surface.


remove fish from or add fish to theinfected aquarium; bacteria can bespread to other aquariums by nets,algae scrapers and wet hands.


3. Add 1 teaspoonful (5 ml) ofProfessional Strength MELAFIX® forevery 50 U.S. gallons (190 L) ofaquarium water or 1 teaspoonful (5ml) of regular strength MELAFIX® forevery 10 gallons (38 L) of aquariumwater. Repeat dose daily for 7 days.After 7 days, make a 25% waterchange. Treatment can be continuedif necessary.



6. Make a final 25% water change whentreatment is complete. Add freshactvated carbon to remove residualmedication from the aquarium.



BLOOD STREAKS IN FINS,BACTERIAL HAEMORRHAGICSEPTICAEMIA

Causative Agent: Pseudomonas, Aeromonas orStreptococcus bacterial species caninfect the bloodstream of fish.

Appearance:• Fish show blood streaks in the fins

and body.


remove fish from or add fish to theinfected aquarium; bacteria can bespread to other aquariums by nets,algae scrapers and wet hands.







conjunction with API® antiparasiticand antifungal medications

64

ALL-NATURAL BOTANICALSMaintaining fish health is a vitalconcern to aquarists and pondenthusiasts. Bacterial and fungalinfections in particular havechallenged fish health professionalsand hobbyists alike. Many of today’scurrent medications have becomeless effective due to resistant strainsof pathogenic bacteria. API® iscommitted to the development of newand innovative botanical medications.

MELAFIX®

MELAFIX® is the result of over six years ofresearch anddevelopment by API®.MELAFIX® is an all-natural medicationderived from the leaves of Melaleucathe scientific name for the tea tree.The healing properties of tea treeextract have been known forcenturies. University studies andextensive laboratory tests showedthat MELAFIX® is an effectiveantibacterial remedy for freshwaterand marine fish. MELAFIX® alsorapidly repairs damaged fish tissueand fins and promotes regrowth.Healing and tissue regeneration canusually be seen in the first four daysof treatment. In laboratory tests,MELAFIX® was so effective thatdamaged fin rays and tissue werecompletely restored to their originalcondition, a result rarely seen withconventional medications. Thisproven ability to heal wounds andrestore damaged tissue has led tothe granting of United States andInternational patents for MELAFIX®.

RAPID REPAIR AND HEALING OFDAMAGED TISSUE USING MELAFIX®

DIRECTIONS FOR USE:Shake well before using. For bestresults, remove activated carbonduring treatment.

As a Disease or Wound Treatment:Add 1 teaspoonful (5 ml) of regularstrength MELAFIX® for every 10 U.S.gallons (40 L) of aquarium water or 1teaspoon (5ml) of ProfessionalStrength MELAFIX® for every 50 U.S.gallons (190 L) of aquarium water.Repeat dose daily for 7 days. After 7days, make a 25% water change.Treatment can be continued ifnecessary.

When Adding New Fish to theAquarium or when Netting andHandling Fish:Add 1 teaspoonful (5 ml) ofProfessional Strength MELAFIX® forevery 50 U.S. gallons (190 L) ofaquarium water or 1 teaspoonful (5ml) of regular strength MELAFIX® forevery 10 gallons (38 L) of aquariumwater. Repeat dose daily for 3 days.

MELAFIX® Sizes Available:

PIMAFIX™

PIMAFIX™ is an all-natural medication madefrom Pimenta racemosa(West Indian Bay Tree).PIMAFIX™ is an effectiveantifungal remedy forfreshwater and marinefish. PIMAFIX™ also treats internal andexternal bacterial infections.PIMAFIX™ contains multiplesynergistic compounds to effectivelyand efficiently treat fungal infections.The many active compounds found inPimenta racemosa not only providebroad spectrum treatment, but alsoeliminate the possibility of thedevelopment of resistant strains ofdisease-causing organisms. Until now,most antifungal medications resultedin unsightly water discolourationthroughout the course of therapy.PIMAFIX™ will not discolour the wateror aquarium sealant. The proven abilityto treat both fungal and bacterialinfections has led to a United Statespatent and many foreign patentspending for PIMAFIX™.

Directions for UseShake well before using. For bestresults, remove activated carbonduring treatment.

Add 1 teaspoonful (5 ml) of PIMAFIX™for every 10 U.S. gallons (40 L) ofaquarium water. Repeat dose dailyfor 7 days. After 7 days, make a 25%water change. Treatment can becontinued if necessary.

PERSISTENT INFECTIONSIn cases of persistent infections,PIMAFIX™ and MELAFIX® can beused together to treat a broaderrange of infections. This is due to thefact that these botanical remediesprovide many active compoundswhich work synergistically to curefish diseases.

SAFE FOR ALL AQUARIUMS AND PONDSMELAFIX® and PIMAFIX™ are safeand effective medications for allfreshwater and marine fish.Laboratory studies showed that bothare safe for even the most delicatefish species including tetras, discusfry, and scaleless fish, like the clownloach. MELAFIX® and PIMAFIX™ havebeen tested and found to be safe foruse in reef aquariums containinginvertebrates, such as live coral and anemones.

Treating with MELAFIX® andPIMAFIX™, together or separately,will not harm the biological filter infreshwater or saltwater aquariumsor ponds. They will not colour thewater and will not stain ornamentsor silicone sealer. MELAFIX® andPIMAFIX™ have no effect on pH andare harmless to live aquarium plants.

PRODUCT COMPATIBILITYBoth MELAFIX® and PIMAFIX™ can beused with any API® water-conditioningproducts, including STRESS COAT®,AMMO-LOCK®, and TAP WATERCONDITIONER™. MELAFIX® andPIMAFIX™ do not interfere with watertest kits and can be used inconjunction with all API® medications.

PIMAFIX™ Sizes Available:APIUK10G 118ml - Treats up to 893 L

APIUK10H 237ml - Treats up to 1,794 L

APIUK11G 118ml - Treats up to 893 L

APIUK11H 237ml - Treats up to 1,794 L

APIUK11J 473ml - Treats up to 3,581 L

APIUK11P Melafix® Pro Strength 1.9ml- Treats up to 72,010 L

Tropical fish medications

DAY 1

DAY 9

COMPLETELYHEALED

65

WHITE SPOT CURE

An effective treatmentfor Ich (White Spot)diseased fish, WHITESPOT CURE kills the Ich(White Spot) parasiteand helps replace thefish’s natural slime layer which isdestroyed by the disease. Thesynthetic slime replacement providedby WHITE SPOT CURE helps controlsecondary infection. For use infreshwater aquariums. Can also beused in saltwater aquariums that donot contain invertebrates. Thismedication will cause a harmlessblue colour in the aquarium.Active Ingredients: 1.9 mgbenzaldehyde green and povidone/colloid mixture per teaspoonful.

DIRECTIONS FOR USEAdd one (1) teaspoonful (5 ml) foreach 5 U.S. gallons (19 L) of aquariumwater. Repeat dose after 48 hours.Caution: Some scaleless fish aresensitive to this medication.Therefore treat at half the dose.

WHITE SPOT CURESizes Available:

LIQUID FUNGUSCURE™

Developed for thecomplete treatment ofSaprolegnia fungusinfections, LIQUIDFUNGUS CURE™ containsa proven fungicide, plus medicationwhich aids in the repair of the fish’snatural, protective slime coating. Thissynthetic slime replacement combatssecondary infection. For use infreshwater aquariums. Thismedication will cause a harmlessgreen colour in the aquarium.Active Ingredients: 22 mgneutroflavine and povidone/colloidmixture per teaspoonful.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE:Add one (1) teaspoonful (5 ml) for each5 U.S. gallons (19 L) of aquarium water.Repeat dose after 48 hours.

LIQUID FUNGUS CURE Sizes Available:

API® AQUARIUM SALT

• Reduces fish stress

• Adds natural electrolytes

• Improves gill function

• Protects fish againstnitrite toxicity

• Can be used with most aquariumremedies to improve recoveryfrom disease

• All-natural-made from evaporatedsea water

Freshwater fish actively maintain anatural balance of electrolytes in theirbody fluids. Electrolytes such aspotassium, sodium, chloride, calciumand magnesium are removed fromthe water by chloride cells located inthe gills. These electrolytes areessential for the uptake of oxygenand the release of carbon dioxide andammonia or ammonium across gillmembranes. The lack of electrolytescan cause serious health problemsfor fish. API® AQUARIUM SALT is anall-natural salt, providing the essentialelectrolytes fish need to survive in anaquarium. API® AQUARIUM SALT isnot just a table salt or rock salt(sodium chloride). It is made fromevaporated sea water, whichcontains calcium, magnesium,potassium, sodium and chloride.

API® AQUARIUM SALT improvesgill function to reduce stressDuring periods of disease and stress,healthy gill function is disturbed. Thiscan lead to the loss of electrolytesthrough the gills, a condition calledosmotic shock. Osmotic shockreduces the intake of oxygen, as wellas the release of carbon dioxide andammonia or ammonium by the fish.API® AQUARIUM SALT reduces therisk of osmotic shock by replenishingnatural electrolytes fish need.

API® AQUARIUM SALT reducesnitrite toxicityOvercrowding and overfeeding can leadto elevated levels of nitrites, especiallyin newly established aquariums. The nitrite ion NO2- enters the gills

and prevents the blood from carryingoxygen, resulting in nitrite toxicity or“methemoglobinemia.” API®AQUARIUM SALT will reduce the toxiceffect of nitrites on fish by temporarilyblocking the entry of nitrites throughtheir gills.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE1. As a General Tonic and Stress

Reducer: Add one rounded table-spoonful (18 g) for every 5 U.S.gallons (19 L) of aquarium water or3/4 cupful (220 g) for each 50gallons (190 L) of aquarium water.

2. As a Tropical Fish Treatment orWith an Aquarium Remedy: Addone rounded tablespoonful (18 g)for every 5 U.S. gallons (19 L) ofaquarium water or 3/4 cupful (220g) for each 50 gallons (190 L) ofaquarium water. Maintain a watertemperature of 26°C (80°F) duringtreatment, as when treating forparasitic infections.

3. To Hatch Brine Shrimp Eggs: Add 8tablespoonfuls (144 g) for each U.S. gallon (3.8 L) of water in a shallow pan.

4. In Goldfish Bowls: Add 1/2 teaspoonfulfor each U.S. gallon (3.8 L) of water.

5. For Disease Treatment of ExternalParasites (Trichodina, Ichthyobodoor Epistylis) or Fungal Infection: Ashort-term salt bath is beneficial.Dissolve 2-1/2 cups (725 g) foreach 10 U.S. gallons (38 L) ofaquarium water in a separate container. Carefully place theinfected fish in the container for 5to 10 minutes, then place thetreated fish back in the aquarium. A short-term salt bath may berepeated in 24 hours if necessary.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Once added to anaquarium, salt does not evaporate andis not filtered out. API® AQUARIUMSALT should only be added as directedwith each water change

API® AQUARIUM SALT SizesAvailable:

API106 453 g carton

API106B 933 g carton

API106C 1.8 kg carton

APIUK13A 37 ml on card Treats up to 140 L

APIUK13B 118 ml - Treats up to 447 L

APIUK12A 37 ml on card Treats up to 140 L

APIUK12B 118 ml - Treats up to 447 L

66

TAP WATERFILTER™

API® TAP WATERFILTER™ removesimpurities from tapwater, creating ultra-perfect deionized waterthat is free of all minerals, andorganic and inorganic compounds. As the TAP WATER FILTER™ removesthese impurities, the cartridgegradually changes colour from lightgreen to blue-violet, giving visualconfirmation of impurity removal. For use with fresh and saltwateraquariums.• Works with a single cartridge

• Filters 10 U.S. gallons (38 L) ofwater per hour with no waste

• Comes fully assembled

• Easily attaches to most faucets

• Makes perfect water for:

- Discus, angelfish, tetras, and allsoft water tropical fish

- Freshwater community fish

- Saltwater fish and reefaquariums

- Planted aquariums

- African cichlid aquariums

- Multiple aquarium systems

- Breeding fish

API® TAP WATER FILTER™ is easilyand quickly connected to the faucet,and replacement filter cartridges aresimple to install; no tools are required.On average, 10 U.S. gallons (38 L) ofdeionized water are made by the TAPWATER FILTER™ in an hour. Theactual yield of deionized waterobtained per cartridge depends onthe level of minerals andcontaminants in the tap watersource. If a cartridge produces lessthan 50 U.S. gallons (190 L) ofdeionized water, the tap watersource being used contains higherthan average levels of minerals and contaminants.

Why use the TAP WATER FILTER™?Hobbyists, fish breeders and reefaquarists know that water quality isthe most important factor in successfulaquarium keeping. Television coverage,newspaper articles and scientificstudies report that many ground andtap water supplies throughout theworld are contaminated. 9,11,13,16,17,22 TheU.S. Environmental Protection Agencyreports that 40% of natural freshwaters are “unusable,” being toopolluted with fertilizers, industrial

waste and sewage.24 Various chemicaltreatments used to make water safefor drinking render it unhealthy foraquarium use. Common tap waterdisinfectants such as chlorine andchloramines are highly toxic toaquarium life. These samedisinfectants can react with naturalorganic matter commonly found inwater, forming cancer-causing by-products, (trihalomethanes) such aschloroform.4,20 Chemicals used in watertreatment also include aluminumsulfate, copper salts, lime, phosphateand silicate all undesirable in aquariumwater.2,3,14 Well water and municipal tapwater can also contain heavy metalssuch as copper, zinc, and lead.14

Harmful substances can also entertap water supplies unintentionally, asa result of human activities andnatural processes. Tap water maycontain nitrite and nitrate due toagricultural runoff. Insecticides,herbicides and fertilizers entergroundwater during snow melts andheavy rains.23 Old and leakingunderground fuel tanks present asignificant contamination problemthroughout the world.7 (Althoughharmless to fish, concentrations ofnatural minerals such as calcium andmagnesium carbonate can makewater so hard and alkaline thatadjusting and stabilizing the pH isnearly impossible). The TAP WATERFILTER™ removes all minerals andchemicals from tap water, creatingperfect deionized water.

The Hydromineral BalanceTropical rivers, lakes and streamscontain varying amounts of dissolvedions: calcium, sodium, magnesium,potassium, chloride and sulfate. Theseions originate from weathering rocks,sediments and rain water. Fish requirethese “hydrominerals” for theirmetabolic processes, including theexcretion of ammonia and theregulation of blood pH. The mineralcontent in tap water is quite differentfrom that found in the native habitatsof tropical fish. Additionally, in order toreach peak health and colouration,most aquatic plants require soft, acidicwater-conditions similar to those oftheir natural habitats. The TAP WATERFILTER™ removes all minerals andpollutants from tap water so thecorrect hydromineral balance can becreated. API® ELECTRO-RIGHT™solution will add just the right amountof ions to deionized water to createan appropriate hydromineral balance;

pH ADJUSTER can adjust the pH from5.5 to any desired level up to 8.0.

How the TAP WATER FILTER™WorksThe TAP WATER FILTER™ has a singlecartridge that removes all organic andinorganic contaminants, includingheavy metal, from tap water. Waterfirst passes through the prefilter padto remove larger particles of sediment.Next, chlorine and chloramines, as wellas organic chemicals, are removedfrom the water in the “dechlorinatingand organic removal chamber.” Then,all inorganic ions (calcium, sulfate,silicate, carbonates, magnesiumsodium, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate,phosphate, lead, copper, zinc) areremoved in the deionization chamber.The TAP WATER FILTER™ is the onlysingle-cartridge tap water filtrationsystem that makes perfect, organic-free deionized water.

Each TAP WATER FILTER™ comescomplete with a tap water faucetunit, one universal faucet adapter,one 118 ml bottle of pH ADJUSTER,one 118 ml- API® ELECTRO-RIGHT, 4’pieces of kink-free tubing. Theuniversal faucet adapter comes withan assortment of threaded adaptersand washers to fit most taps, as wellas a connection whereby thehobbyist, with a push of the finger,can use either the tap or the TAPWATER FILTER™. The ReplacementFilter Cartridge is a ready-to-usereplacement cartridge that quicklyand easily connects to the TAPWATER FILTER™ to provide acontinuous supply of perfectdeionized aquarium water.

Other Tap Water FiltrationMethods: Reverse OsmosisRO systems require three separatecomponents to be truly effectivefiltration devices: a sediment removal

Water contains a variety ofdissolved ions, such as calcium,sodium, chloride, iron andmagnesium. Some ions arepositively charged (cations)others have a negative charge(anions). The TAP WATERFILTER™ contains ion-exchangeresins that remove all ionsfrom tap water, thus makingdeionized water.

What is Deionized Water?

Tap water filtration systems

67

cartridge, an activated carboncartridge and the RO membrane.Sediments such as sand, clay, oil andferric iron must be completelyremoved, or else the membrane, flowrestrictors and check valves willbecome fouled.8,21 However, the 5-micron sediment cartridges that aretypically supplied with RO units maynot be adequate to thoroughlyremove these substances. Also, anactivated carbon cartridge is requiredto remove chlorine, chloramine andorganic compounds, but in lessexpensive RO systems activatedcarbon filtration is not included, thussacrificing total contaminant removal.RO membranes are subject to hardwater damage if tap water is high inminerals. In fact, tap water containinghigh levels of calcium carbonate,phosphates and sulfates can causeRO systems to fail in less than twoweeks, as evidenced by a two-foldincrease of minerals and heavymetals in filtered water.8 Fouling canalso decrease the amount of waterproduced each day by 20% or more,and so RO membranes may have tobe frequently replaced to maintainwater output and quality. Lessexpensive RO systems are sealed andmust be discarded when themembrane fails. RO filters producewater at a very slow rate. Filters aresold as “38-76L per day systems,”whereas the TAP WATER FILTER™makes 38L per hour. These ROratings are based on tap watertemperatures of 77°f/25°C,6 eventhough RO filters must be connectedto cold water lines with averagetemperatures of 55°F/12.7°C. Coldwater temperatures reduce theamount of water made each day. Andbecause of the design limitations ofreverse osmosis systems, they areoften inefficient. Every gallon offiltered water produced requires 11 to38L of water that is washed downthe drain and wasted.

Home Water SoftenersHome water softeners will removecalcium and magnesium, but willraise the sodium or potassiumcontent of water. These devices donot remove anions such as nitrateand phosphates.

Countertop and Faucet FiltersMany of the countertop and faucet-mounted filters that claim to remove“everything” are simply activatedcarbon filters. These filters improvethe taste of water by removingsediments, some organiccompounds, and chlorine.They do not deionize tap water.

Hobbyist Resin ColumnsSeparate cationic and anionic resincolumns have been used to filter tapwater for aquarium use. Although thesefilters are rechargeable, the aquaristmust obtain, measure, use and disposeof two hazardous chemicals,hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide,in order to regenerate the resincolumns. No activated carbon or particlefiltration is provided with these filtrationsystems. Resin columns do not removechlorine, chloramine or organicpollutants.

Electric DistillationElectric distillation systems willprovide purified water only in smallquantities and at a very high energycost.15 Certain organic chemicals arenot fully removed by householddistillation units.12

Bottled Spring WaterIn an attempt to obtain better water,aquarists have tried using bottledspring water. But even spring watercan have high levels of dissolvedminerals and may have beensubjected to the same treatmentprocesses as municipal waters.1,10,22

Carrying jugs of water home fromthe supermarket is expensive,tedious and time-consuming, and itrarely solves water quality problems.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE:1 Place the TAP WATER FILTER™

on a level surface, such as thekitchen counter.

2. Connect the faucet adapter ontothe faucet. The filtered water can be collected in any clear plastic container.

3. Slowly increase the water flow throughthe TAP WATER FILTER™ to 1 cupful (8fl. oz./240 ml) in 25-30 seconds. Thisflow rate is equal to about 10 U.S.gallons (38L) per hour. The TAP WATERFILTER™ has been designed to workefficiently at this rate.

4. When the filter cartridge iscompletely blue-violet, filteringcapacity has been exhausted; thecartridge must then be replaced.DO NOT use the filter once theentire cartridge turns blue-violet. It will no longer produce deionizedwater, and may begin to passminerals back into the water.

5. The filter cartridge contains amixture of gold and green-resins.Under certain filtering conditions,the gold resins sometimesseparate from the green resins inthe cartridge, forming a gold bandor bands. Such separation does notaffect the filtration capability of theTAP WATER FILTER™. However,THESE GOLD RESINS ARE NOT THE

COLOUR INDICATOR RESINS; THEIRCOLOUR DOES NOT CHANGE andthus should not be used to decidewhen cartridge replacement isnecessary. Cartridge replacementshould be based on the colourchange of the GREEN resin material,which will turn to dark blue violetwhen the cartridge’s filteringcapacity is exhausted.

6. The TAP WATER FILTER™ can beconnected to a reverse osmosisfilter system in order to completelypurify RO water. Connect the ROoutlett hose to the inlet hose onthe TAP WATER FILTER™ toaccomplish this.

TAP WATER FILTER™ Sizes Available:

References1. Anonymous. Bottle Water: eauverdose?

Economist 328 (9):55.2. ANSI/AWWA B202-93; AWWA Standard for

Quicklime and Hydrated Lime. 3. ANSI/AWWA B404-92; AWWA Standard for

Sodium Silicate.4. ANSI/AWWA C651-92; AWWA Standard for

Disinfecting Water Mains.5. Carney, M. European drinking water standards.

J. AWWA (1991) 83:48-55.6. Cartwright, P.S. A membrane system design

primer. Water Conditioning & Purification (1992) 7:28-34.

7. Christiansen, S. Toxic wastes in groundwater.Water Conditioning & Purification 5:32-34.

8. Dhwan, G.K. Solutions to membrane fouling.Water Conditioning & Purification (1989) 8:32-54.

9. Entz, R. How new drinking water regulationswill affect utilities. Water Engineering &Management. (1992) 139:10-13.

10 Geyer, A. Water on schedule...and on tap.Business Mexico (1993) 3:16-19.

11. Haarmeyer, D. Privatizing infrastructure: optionsfor municipal systems. J. AWWA (1994) 86:43-55.

12. Ingram, C. Drinking distilled water: a balancedview. Water Conditioning & Purification (1992)8:36-42.

13. Kinnersley, D. Environmental debate: waterquality. Environmental Management & Health(1992) 3:72-92.

14. Kyriss, K. Lead and copper rules complicatematter for water systems. Water Engineering& Management (1993) 140:28-30.

15. Letorney, A.J. Distilled water...and minerals.Water Conditioning and Purification (1992)5:44-47.

16. Luciano, L. What to do if you are afraid to sipyour water. Money (1993) 22:18.

17. Mason, J. Europe’s water bill. InternationalManagement (1993) 48:16-18.

18. Ositko, G. Nitrate dilemma...affecting the watersupply of humans and animals. WaterConditioning & Purification (1990) 2:84-90.

19. Palmer, D.G. Calcium enrichment of distilledwater. Water Conditioning & Purification (1991)6:70-73.

20. Richardson, S.D. Scoping the chemicals in yourdrinking water. Today’s Chemist at Work(1994) 3:29-32.

21. Sauders, K. Point-of-use reverse osmosissystems: maintenance and troubleshooting.Water Conditioning & Purification (1991) 7:54-58.

22. Squires, S. (Water) bottle concerns aboutsafety spur sales of HO. The WashingtonPostDec.1993, 14:6.

23. Stamer, J.K. and R.B. Zelt. Organionitrogenherbicides in the lower Kansas River basin. J. AWWA (1994) 85:93-104.

24. Tyson, R. 120 million get unsafe drinking water.USA Today, September 1993, 27:1A.

APIUK175 TAP WATER FILTER™, one unit per box

API175A Refill Cartridge, one cartridge in box

API175H pH ADJUSTER, 473ml bottle

API175J ELECTRO-RIGHT, 473ml bottle

68

PROPER PH®

• Sets and holds the pHof aquarium water

• neutralises chlorine intap water

• Detoxifies heavymetals and adds

needed electrolytes

• Contains Aloe Vera to help heal skinwounds and torn fins

• For use when:- Setting up a new aquarium

- Adjusting pH in an establishedaquarium

- Performing water changes

• Use PROPER pH® 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5for freshwater unplantedaquariums

• Use PROPER pH® 8.2 for saltwater,reef, brackish and African cichliaquariums

Appropriate testing and adjustingof aquarium pH is crucial for themaintenance of fish health—forgood colour, wholesome appetite,successful breeding, and diseaseresistance. PROPER pH® adjustsaquarium water to a selected pHand buffers it to remain stable atthat pH. In addition, chlorine in tapwater is neutralized by PROPERpH® 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5, and heavymetals are detoxified. PROPER pH®also provides essential electrolytesfor your fish, and supplies Aloe Verato the aquarium environment. AloeVera is a proven stress reducer andhealing agent of damaged fish tissue.

Aquarium Fish and pH®To keep tropical fish and goldfishhealthy and colourful, it is necessaryto maintain a stable pH in the correct

range. In general, egg-laying fish suchas discus, tetras, angelfish andrasboras prefer a pH of 6.5, while live-bearing species like goldfish, mollies,swordtails, and guppies thrive at pH7.5. When keeping a mixedcommunity of freshwater fish, aneutral pH of 7.0 is considered ideal.Marine fish and African cichlids preferaquarium pH levels of 8.2. Excessivelyacidic or alkaline pH levels in theaquarium, as well as pH fluctuations,can cause stress to aquariuminhabitants. A stressful environmentlowers resistance to disease, causespoor fish colour and poor appetite.PROPER pH® can provide the correctpH conditions for a variety ofaquarium needs. This product iscompletely safe and nontoxic whenused as directed; continued use ofPROPER pH® will help maintain astable aquarium environment.PROPER pH® is formulated for thesefour pH levels:

6.5- for acidic aquariums containingsoft water fish like discus,angelfish and tetras.

7.0- for community aquariums.

7.5- for alkaline aquariums containinggoldfish, guppies and barbs.

8.2- for African cichlid, saltwater andreef aquariums

PROPER pH® and Aquarium PlantsAll true buffers below a pH of 7.8 arephosphate-based. Any aquarium pHproduct below 7.8 that is notphosphate-based is simply a pHadjuster, and will not stabilize the pH ofyour aquarium. While phosphate isnormally considered an algae-promoting nutrient, the phosphatelevel in PROPER pH® will not promotealgae growth. However, the phosphatebuffers in PROPER pH® will bind toessential trace elements, such as iron.Without essential trace elements,algae and aquatic plants grow verypoorly. Therefore, do not use PROPERpH® 6.5, 7.0 or 7.5 in plantedaquariums. PROPER pH® 8.2 containsno phosphate, and is completely safefor marine aquarium use.

Factors Affecting pH®Tap water with high levels of calciumand magnesium is called hard water.These minerals are responsible for theGH, or General Hardness, of water, andcan cause an unsightly white crust toaccumulate on aquarium hoods, lightsand filters. In addition to its high

mineral content, hard water typicallyhas a high pH level. If aquarium wateris extremely hard (above 200 ppm), itwill strongly resist adjustments usingPROPER pH®. When PROPER pH® isadded to such water, a haze mayform in the aquarium due to theprecipitation of some of the minerals.The haze is nontoxic and will befiltered out by most aquarium filters.However, this problem can be avoidedby softening the water with API®WATER SOFTENER PILLOW. GH shouldbe reduced to 100 ppm to preventmineral haze. API® GH & KH TEST KITis recommended for testing water hardness.

Tap Water TreatmentSome water treatments used bymunicipal water companies canproduce either very acidic or veryalkaline tap water. The pH level canvary on a daily or seasonal basis. Therefore, it is necessary to testmunicipal tap water pH levels beforeadding the tap water to youraquarium. Once water is tested, thepH can be adjusted.

Natural GasesTap water from municipal sourcesand wells will contain carbon dioxidegas. Carbon dioxide (CO2) cantemporarily lower the pH of tapwater. For example, tap water mightshow a pH of 7.0 initially, but afteraeration or addition of the water toan aquarium, pH may increase to 8.0.This is because dissolved carbondioxide is acidic and has caused theinitial 7.0 reading. When the water isaerated by an air pump or filter, C02diffuses out of the water and the pHrises to its true level of 8.0.

Fully Stocked AquariumsHeavily stocked aquariums,particularly those which have a lowKH (Carbonate Hardness), canexperience declining pH due to the

pH levels can fluctuate bothin the aquarium and in thetap water used to fill theaquarium. Thus, the pH levelof an aquarium and its tapwater source must be testedfrequently. API® pH TEST KITand HIGH RANGE pH TEST KITare recommended to monitorpH levels.

Testing pH Levels

The pH level refers to theacidity in water, using a scaleof 0 to 14. A pH of 0 is mostacidic, while a pH of 14 ismost alkaline. Water with apH of 7.0 is neither acidic noralkaline, and is considered“neutral.” Most freshwaterfish live in a pH range of 6.0 to8.0, depending on their naturalhabitat. Marine fish and mostAfrican cichlids come fromenvironments with pH levelsof 8.0 or higher.

What is pH?

Water chemistry products

69

accumulation of natural organic acidsand activity of the biological filter.

Controlling pH in the Aquarium Adjusting pH in aquariums can bedifficult and frustrating withconventional pH-adjusting products.The most common problem thehobbyist faces is rebound —when pHis adjusted to the desired level butthen drifts back to its original levelwithin 24 hours. Elevated levels of KHor Carbonate Hardness (the measureof bicarbonate and carbonate ions inwater) are responsible for pH rebound.PROPER pH® products are pH buffersformulated to counteract thisproblem. As PROPER pH® dissolves, itspre-set pH level of 6.5, 7.0, 7.5 or 8.2will gradually raise or lower theaquarium pH to the prescribed level,and will stabilize that level throughbuffering action. Whenever water KHis high (above 100 ppm), it may benecessary to add several doses ofPROPER pH® to achieve pHstabilization.API® KH (Carbonate Hardness) TESTKIT is recommended for measuringthe KH of aquarium water.

The Special Needs of AfricanCichlid and Marine AquariumsAfrican cichlids and marine aquariumsrequire the use of cichlid or marinesalts. These salts create theappropriate mineral content inaquarium water for marine fish andAfrican cichlids. PROPER pH® 8.2 ismade specifically for use in watercontaining these salts and minerals,and should never be applied withoutfirst adding appropriate salts to theaquarium. If this product is used inwater containing a low salt andmineral concentration, an unnaturallyhigh pH can result. PROPER pH® 8.2success-fully sets and stabilizes thepH of reef, saltwater fish and Africancichlid aquariums. While this productincreases the carbonate hardness ofaquarium water, it contributes noalgae-promoting phosphate. Itactually increases calcium utilization inreef tank hard corals. And, like itscompanion products, PROPER pH® 6.5,7.0, and 7.5, PROPER pH® 8.2 providesAloe Vera to improve fish health.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE:PROPER pH® 6.5, 7.0, and 7.51. Packets: Add the contents of one

PROPER pH® packet for every 10U.S. gallons (38 L) of aquariumwater. Jar: Using the enclosedmeasuring spoon, add one scoop ofPROPER pH® for every 10 U.S.gallons (38 L) of aquarium water.

2. Repeat treatment when pH testingindicates a change of more than 0.2 pH.

3. A partial water change (10-25%) isrecommended before applying a

third treatment. In very hard water,it may be necessary to first softenaquarium water to 100 ppm GH.

4. When using PROPER pH® withwater clarifiers, a temporary cloudmay form. This cloud is nontoxic,and will quickly be removed bymost aquarium filters.

5. Before adjusting pH, it is necessaryto test for ammonia. The toxicity ofammonia is greatly increased as pHbecomes more alkaline; if ammoniais present and the pH is increased,rapid fish loss may occur. API®AMMONIA TEST KIT isrecommended for accurateammonia testing. If ammonia ispresent, steps should be taken toremove it. API® AMMO-LOCK® isrecommended in detoxifyingammonia in aquarium water.NITRA-ZORB™, AMMO-CARB® orAMMO-CHIPS® by API® areproducts designed to removeammonia in freshwater aquariums.

6. Do not use PROPER pH® 6.5, 7.0 or7.5 in planted aquariums.

DIRECTIONS FOR USEPROPER pH® 8.21. Packets: Add the contents of one

PROPER pH® packet for every 20U.S. gallons (76 L) of aquariumwater. Jar: Using the enclosedmeasuring spoon, add one scoop ofPROPER pH® 8.2 for every 10 U.S.gallons (38L) of aquarium water.

2. Repeat treatment when pH testingindicates a change of more than 0.2 pH.

Using PROPER pH® 8.2 to reach apH level above 8.2Some African cichlids come fromlakes that have a pH level above thestandard 8.2 level. To raise pH higherthan 8.2, additional PROPER pH® 8.2can be added. Use API® HIGH RANGEpH TEST KIT to judge the actualamount needed. Begin adding onescoop of PROPER pH® 8.2 for every10 U.S. gallons (38 L) of aquariumwater until the elevated pH level isreached. Take a pH reading betweenadditions to determine if additionaldoses are required.

PROPER ph Sizes Available:

pH UP® andpH DOWN®

pH UP® is designedto raise the pH inaquariums wherethe pH has beenshown throughtesting to be lowerthan desired. pHUP® is a dilute base, and may notadjust the pH to the desired levelafter only one or two doses. Continueto apply once daily until the desiredchange has been effected. Inextremely soft water (KH less than 5degrees), frequent additions of pHUP® may be required to maintain thedesired level, and the aquarium mayeven experience dangerous pH"crashes" when organic acids build up in the aquarium. If this is the case, use one of the PROPER pH®products to adjust the aquariumwater to the desired pH and buffer it against changes.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE 1. Use API® pH TEST KIT to determine

the pH of aquarium water.

2. To raise pH, add four drops of pHUP® for each U.S. gallon (3.78 L) ofaquarium water, or 1/2 tsp (2.5 ml)of pH UP for every 10 U.S gallons.

3. Take another pH reading beforemaking the next addition of pH UP®.

4. If pH adjustments are still desired,repeat dose. Changing the pH morethan 0.2 in any 24-hour periodshould only be made with extremecare. Some fish may be sensitive topH adjustments greater than 0.2 inany 24-hour period.

pH DOWN® is designed to lower the pHin aquariums where the pH has beenshown through testing to be higherthan desired. Additions of pH DOWN®neutralize bases in aquarium water,providing a gradually lower pH. pHDOWN® is a dilute acid, and may notadjust the pH to the desired level afteronly one or two doses.

Continue to apply once daily until thedesired change has been effected. A pH that cannot be lowered withcontinued additions of pH DOWN® maybe the result of a high carbonatehardness (KH), which can be testedwith the KH (CARBONATE HARDNESS)TEST KIT. Shells, coral, or limestone inthe aquarium can contribute to this, orit may be a natural condition of thesource water. KH can be lowered bydiluting the source water withdeionized, distilled or reverse osmosiswater, all of which have a KH of zeroor near zero. Deionized water is easilymade in the home using API® TAPWATER FILTER™.

API35C PROPER pH 6.5 240 g Treats 757 L

API36 PROPER pH 7.0, 2 x 12 g packetsTreats 40 L

API36C PROPER pH 7.0, 250 g Treats 757 L





70

DIRECTIONS FOR USE:1. Use API® pH TEST KIT to determine

the pH of aquarium water.

2. To lower pH, add two drops of pHDown for each U.S. gallon (3.78L) ofaquarium water, or 1/2 tsp. (2.5ml)for every 20 U.S. gallons.

3. Take another pH reading beforemaking the next addition of pH Down.

4. If pH adjustments are still desired,repeat dose. Changing the pH morethan 0.2 in any 24-hour periodshould only be made with extremecare. Some fish may be sensitive topH adjustments greater than 0.2 inany 24-hour period.

pH UP® and DOWN® Sizes Available:

AMMO-LOCK®

• Locks up ammonia ina non toxic form

• Removes chlorine &chloramine

• Works instantly

• Proven safe andeffective

• For fresh and saltwater aquariums

Dangers of Tap WaterTreated municipal water may containchlorine, chloramine, ammonia, or acombination of these disinfectants.Concentrations of these chemicalscan vary daily, depending ontreatment requirements. While theaddition of these chemicals isintended to assure safe drinkingwater for humans, all three of themare toxic to aquatic life.

Chlorine and Chloramine in theAquarium or PondWhen chlorinated water is added to

an aquarium or pond containing fish,the chlorine will dissipate after a fewdays. However, during those fewdays, if the water goes untreated,chlorine will damage the gill tissue offish. Damaged gill tissue negativelyaffects respiration, impairing theuptake of oxygen and the release ofammonia and carbon dioxide fromthe fish’s blood. This can lead tosuffocation and death. Though manymunicipal water treatment facilitiesuse chlorine as a disinfectant,research has shown that chlorinereacts with organic matter to form acancer-causing by-product known astrihalomethane (THM). To eliminatethe development of THM, manytreatment plants have switched fromusing chlorine to using chloramine.Chloramine is an inorganic compound,which is formed when chlorine andammonia are added to water. Unlikechlorine, chloramine is very stableand will not dissipate after a fewdays. In fact, chloramine can takeweeks to dissipate. Chloramine ishighly toxic to fish and other aquaticlife. It passes through the gills andenters the bloodstream, binding toiron in blood cells, thus preventing theblood cells from carrying oxygen. Fishexposed to chloramine becomelethargic, sitting on the bottom ornear the surface of the aquarium orpond. As with chlorine, exposure tochloramine may lead to suffocationand death.

Ammonia in the Aquarium or PondAmmonia can enter an aquarium orpond from many sources. Tap water,waste products from fish,decomposing plants, algae anduneaten fish food can all increase thelevel of toxic ammonia in the water.Regardless of the source, high levelsof ammonia in an aquarium or pondare toxic to living organisms. The lethal effects of exposure toammonia are: severe gill damageleading to suffocation, kidney andliver damage due to impairedosmoregulation, and the inability toexcrete ammonia from the body,resulting in metabolic andphysiological imbalance. Even at lowammonia levels, problems aredocumented as reduced growth rate,fin and tail rot, increased stress andinterference with respiration due todamaged gill tissue. While ammoniatoxicity varies widely among species,ammonia levels as low 0.04 ppmhave been shown to promote gilldisease in certain fish. Long-termexposure to low ammonia levels willgenerally result in die-off of a fewfish at first, and the mortality rate willincrease steadily with time. An associated consequence for fish

from chronic exposure to ammonia isa weakened immune system leadingto infestations from bacteria andparasites. Normally, ammonia isremoved by biological filtration, thatis, by the action of nitrifying bacteriathat convert ammonia into nitrite,and then into relatively harmlessnitrate. In new aquariums and ponds,the nitrifying bacteria are not yetestablished, so ammonia may buildup to highly toxic levels. Even inestablished aquariums and ponds, asudden ammonia surge can resultfrom overfeeding, overstocking,recent spawning, unnoticed fishdeath, overdose of antibiotics, filtermalfunction or decomposing plantsand algae.

Ammonia: Toxic vs. NontoxicAmmonia in water exists in twoforms: un-ionized or free ammonia(NH3), and ionized ammonium (NH4

+).(See Diagram 1.) Ammonia (NH3) is thetoxic compound that destroys fishtissue, and ammonium (NH4

+) isconsidered non-toxic. The exactproportion of ammonia toammonium depends on the pH andtemperature of the water.Ammonium (NH4

+) undergoes atransformation into toxic ammonia(NH3) at higher pH and highertemperature. So, as the pH andtemperature of the water increases,the toxic effects of ammonia alsoincrease. Toxic ammonia levels as lowas 0.01 ppm may cause reductions ingrowth and damage to gill, liver andkidney tissue in fish. Therefore, theonly safe total ammonia level is zero.

All test kits measure the sum of bothforms of ammonia: toxic ammonia(NH3) and ammonium (NH4

+). So, if aproduct converts the toxic ammoniato nontoxic ammonium, the test kitwould read both the toxic andnontoxic forms; therefore, thereading before and after a watertreatment would be the same. Thus, the only way to determine theability of a product to neutralize theeffects of ammonia is through celltissue culture studies.

In addition to its ammonia-detoxifying effects, AMMO-LOCK® instantly eliminateschlorine and chloramine aswell. The chlorine-neutralizingcompound in AMMO-LOCK®converts chlorine to aharmless salt. Chloramine, acombination of chlorine andammonia, is removed in atwo-step process. First,AMMO-LOCK® eliminates thechlorine and then AMMO-LOCK® immediately detoxifiesthe residual ammonia.

Effect of AMMO-LOCK onChlorine and Chloramine

API30C pH Down 118ml

API31C pH Up 118ml

DIAGRAM 1. AMMONIA IN WATER

Testing for Ammonia

NH3 + H20 NH4 +OH–

+

IONIZEDNON-TOXIC

FORM

UN-IONIZEDTOXIC FORM

71

EQUILIBRIUM ISPH AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT

Independent Tests ProveProtective Effect of AMMO-LOCK®A study was conducted at theUniversity of Georgia, School ofVeterinary Medicine, to determine theammonia-neutralizing capabilities ofwater conditioners. The studyfocused on water conditionersmarketed for their ammonia-detoxifying benefits. To establish thetesting criteria, the ammoniaconcentration that would destroy fishcell tissue cultures was firstdetermined. Then, fish cell tissuecultures were exposed to both thetoxic concentration of ammonia andthe recommended dosage of waterconditioner. The ability of the waterconditioner to protect the fish cellswas ranked on a scale of 1 to 4. A rank of 1 indicates completeprotection and a rank of 4 indicatescomplete destruction of the fish cellculture. Among the waterconditioners tested, Ammo-Lockachieved a rank of 1, indicating thehighest degree of protection. (SeePhotographs 1 - 2 and Table 1.)

Protecting Fish from Ammonia

It is important to remember thatchronic exposure to even relativelylow levels of ammonia causes stress,physiological imbalance and increasedsusceptibility to disease.

When ammonia is detected, itssource should be determined. Ifammonia is constantly present, evenin small amounts, it implies that thebiological filter is not large enough, oris not working properly, and shouldbe serviced. Whatever the source ofthe ammonia, AMMO-LOCK® willprotect fish from its toxic effects byinstantly neutralizing it. (See Diagram2. on page 72.)

AMMO-LOCK®: Triple EffectAMMO-LOCK® has a unique tripleeffect: it instantly removes chlorine,breaks down chloramine anddetoxifies ammonia. A single dose ofAMMO-LOCK® will remove 7.0 ppm ofchlorine and 5.0 ppm of chloramine,and will detoxify 3.0 ppm of ammonia.Even though AMMO-LOCK® detoxifiesammonia, it is still available tonitrifying bacteria. The addition ofAMMO-LOCK® to a new aquariumdoes not slow down thedevelopment of the biological filter.

AMMO-LOCK® is effective in bothfreshwater and saltwater aquariums, aswell as in water gardens and koi ponds.It is safe for all aquatic life, includingfresh and saltwater fish, sensitiveinvertebrates, such as shrimps,mollusks and corals, and live plants.

Directions For Use1. For fresh and saltwater aquariums

of 10 U.S. gallons (38 L) or more: Add 1 tea-spoonful (5 ml) of AMMO-LOCK® for each 10 U.S. gallons (38 L)of water. For desktop or mini-aquariums up to 5 U.S. gallons (19 L):Add 1/2 teaspoonful (2.4 ml) ofAMMO-LOCK® to the aquarIumwater. For fishbowls up to 1 U.S.gallon (3.8 L): Add 1/4 teaspoonful(1.2 ml) of AMMO-LOCK® to water.

2. Continue to add ammo-lock every 2days until ammonia is not detected.A teaspoonful of AMMO LOCK® willdetoxify 3.0 ppm ammonia, 7.0 ppmchlorine, or 5.0 ppm of chloramine in10 U.S. gallons (38 L) of water.

3. Positive ammonia test results after7 days indicate possibleoverfeeding, overstocking, orinadequate biological filtration.Perform a partial water changeand reduce feeding.

4. AMMO-LOCK® can be used withall medications.

AMMO-LOCK® Sizes Available:

API45A 30 ml Treats 227 L

API45C 118 ml Treats 893 L

API45D 237 ml Treats 1794 L

API45E 473 ml Treats 3581 L

PHOTOGRAPH 2.Fish cell culture exposed to 5.0ppm of ammonia, and dosedwith AMMO-LOCK. AMMO-LOCKneutralises the ammonia,protecting fish cells.

PHOTOGRAPH 1.Fish cell culture exposed to 5.0ppm of ammonia. Cell damageis clearly visible.

TABLE 1.CELL TISSUE ANALYSIS OF

PROTECTION FROM TOXIC AMMONIA

Product Ammonia–Neutralizing

Rank

Ammo-Lock 1

Competitor W 3

Competitor X 2

Competitor Y 2

Competitor Z 3

Control (No Product) 4

DIAGRAM 2. AMMO-LOCK Detoxifies Ammonia

DIAGRAM 3. AMMO-LOCK DETOXIFIES CHLORINE

72

WATERSOFTENERPILLOW

• Softens waterby removingcalcium,magnesium andheavy metals

• Eliminates white, crusty deposits

• Completely rechargeable

• For freshwater aquariums

Providing an aquarium with softerwater improves fish health and canprevent unsightly mineral deposits onaquarium surfaces. Many fish (suchas neons, angelfish and SouthAmerican cichlids) prefer softerwater. Additionally, buffers such asAPI® PROPER pH® 6.5, 7.0 and 7.5 willwork better and last longer whenused in soft water.The WATER SOFTENER PILLOWcontains ion-exchange resins whichremove calcium, magnesium, andheavy metal ions from water infresh-water aquariums. Thesewater-softening resins are containedin a “pillow” which is placed in thefilter, where aquarium water canpass through it. The resins work by exchanging sodium ions (located onthe resin beads) for minerals andheavy metals that cause hard water.Thus, the WATER SOFTENER PILLOWdoes not add “salt” to the aquarium,only harmless sodium ions.The WATER SOFTENER PILLOW canbe recharged for repeated use. Whenresin beads are full of minerals, re-charging is accomplished by placingthe pillow in a salt solution. Sodiumions in the recharging solutiondisplace the “water hardness”minerals on the resin beads; theWATER SOFTENER PILLOW is nowready to remove more minerals.Note: Heavy metals like copper andiron permanently bind to the resinbeads in the WATER SOFTENERPILLOW. High levels of organics can

also clog the resins, reducingefficiency. This process can graduallyreduce the product’s efficiency. Underideal conditions (low metallic ions andlow levels of dissolved organics) theWATER SOFTENER PILLOW may berecharged an indefinite number oftimes. If the WATER SOFTENERPILLOW ceases to function properlydue to bound resins, it should bereplaced; normally this occurs aftersix to eight recharges.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE1. Remove and flatten pillow to evenly

distribute the resins within.

2. Place the pillow in the aquariumfilter so that circulating waterpasses through it.

3. Activity of the pillow lasts for 48hours before recharging isnecessary.

4. Hardness removal for each 48hours of use:

Aquarium Size PPM Removal

95 L 220 ppm

205 L 110 ppm

415 L 55 ppm

5. To test general hardness, use API®GH & KH TEST KIT. (See page 23)

Directions for Recharging and Storage1. Remove pillow from filter and rinse

with tap water. Never let the pillowdry out.

2. Make a recharging solution bydissolving 3 tablespoonfuls (60 g)of API® AQUARIUM SALT in 7oz.(210 ml) of water. Place pillow insolution for 2 hours for fullrecharging. Discard rechargingsolution after 4 recharges.

WATER SOFTENER PILLOWSizes Available:

TAP WATERCONDITIONER

• Super-strengthformula instantlyremoves chlorine

• Breaks thechloramine bond

• Detoxifies heavymetal in tap water


Toxic heavy metals such as copper,lead and zinc can be found in mosttap water supplies, sometimesentering tap water from lead andcopper pipes, or from solder used to

join the pipes. Additionally, many tapwater supplies contain chlorine orchloramine to make water safe forhuman consumption. Chlorinedestroys gill tissue in fish and cancause suffocation. Chloramine (aninorganic complex formed whenammonia combines with chlorine inwater) passes through the gills andenters the bloodstream, binding toiron in blood cells and preventingthem from carrying oxygen. As withchlorine, the presence of chloraminescan suffocate fish. Chlorine,chloramines and heavy metals are alltoxic to aquatic life; therefore, tapwater which contains thesesubstances should be treated beforeadding to an aquarium. TAP WATERCONDITIONER instantly makes tapwater safe by detoxifying heavymetals, neutralising chlorine, andbreaking the chloramine bond.Ammonia released from the break-down of chloramines can bedetoxified by API® AMMO-LOCK®. TAPWATER CONDITIONER along withAMMO-LOCK® provides the mostcomplete way to condition tap waterby removing toxic compounds.

Directions for Use:1. To remove chlorine and detoxify

heavy metals: Add one drop toeach gallon (38 L) of tap waterbeing treated, or 1/4 teaspoonful(1.25 ml) to each 20 gallons (75.7L).

2. To detoxify chloramines (breakthe chloramine bond): Add 3 dropsto each gallon (38 L) of tap waterbeing treated, or 3/4 teaspoonful(3.75 mL) to each 20 gallons (76 L).To remove the ammonia releasedfrom chloramines or produced byfish waste use AMMO-LOCK®.

TAP WATER CONDITIONER Sizes Available:

STRESS ZYME®

• Concentrated livebacteria help establishthe biological filter innew aquariums

• Maintains an activebiological filter inestablished aquariums

• Works to eliminate toxic ammoniaand nitrite

• Helps keep aquariums clean byreducing sludge build-up

• For freshwater and saltwateraquariums

API52E 30 ml Treats 2,268 L

API52B 118 ml Treats 9,072 L

API52C 473 ml Treats 28,607 LAPI49A Large - for aquariums up to 95 L

API49B Extra large - for aquariums up to 208 L

Additional LiteratureBoyd, Claude E. 1990. Water quality in ponds foraquaculture. Alabama Agricultural ExperimentStation. Auburn University Birmingham Publishing.Birmingham, Alabama.Connell, Des W. and Darryl W. Hawker. 1992.Pollution in tropical aquatic systems. CRC Press, Inc.Boca Raton, Florida.Meade, J.W. 1985. Allowable ammonia for fishculture. Progressive Fish Culturist 47(3):135-145.Painter, H.A. 1970. A review of literature on inorganicnitrogen metabolism in micro-organisms. WaterResearch 4:450-493.Puckhaber, Birgit and Gerd-Uwe Meylahn. 1998.Intensive fish production in closed recirculationsystems: a future farming strategy for intensiveaquaculture. Recirculation Today 1(2):9-12.Rand, Gary M. and Sam R. Petrocelli. 1985.Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology: Methods andapplications. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.Washington District of Columbia.Wedemeyer, Gary A. 1996. Physiology of fish inintensive culture systems. Chapman and Hall. NewYork, New York.

73

Why use STRESS ZYME® in anew aquarium?All aquariums must have an activebiological filter to remove harmfulsubstances from the water. Biologicalfilters are comprised of many typesof bacteria that work together tomaintain healthy conditions inaquariums. Nitrifying bacteria, forexample, remove harmful ammoniaand nitrite. When fish are added to a newaquarium, they immediately begin torelease toxic ammonia. Because newaquariums have no active biologicalfilters, ammonia concentrations canquickly rise. High ammonia levelsplace stress on fish and lower theirimmunity, resulting in disease andfish death. In fact, the natural, gradualdevelopment of an active biologicalfilter in a new aquarium is actuallyinhibited by high concentrations ofammonia and other organiccompounds from fish waste anduneaten fish foods. STRESS ZYME®significantly shortens thedevelopment time of the biologicalfilter in new aquariums, thusreducing serious early stress in anew aquatic environment.

Why use STRESS ZYME® in anestablished aquarium?Established aquariums get dirty. That is, they collect organic matter(such as uneaten fish food and solidfish waste) in the gravel bed andfiltration system. Ideally, such organicmatter is consumed by bacteria inthe biological filter as quickly as it isgenerated, and a healthyenvironment is maintained. Mostoften, this organic sludge tends toaccumulate, however, inhibiting theactivity of the biological filter byconsuming oxygen and clogging thegravel bed. Because the biologicalfilter cannot function without oxygen,ammonia and nitrite concentrationsreach harmful levels under theseconditions, meanwhile disease-causing organisms thrive. Thesedisease-causing organisms oftengrow to very high numbers in theaquarium when such conditions exist,and ultimately lead to fish loss. Thebacteria in STRESS ZYME® keep theaquarium clean by reducing sludgebuild-up, thus boosting the biologicalfilter’s activity.

What is STRESS ZYME®?STRESS ZYME® is a highlyconcentrated solution of beneficialbacterial strains that have beenspecifically selected for thedevelopment of biological filters.These bacteria will be active in bothfresh and saltwater aquariums.

How STRESS ZYME® worksEach teaspoonful of STRESS ZYME®contains a minimum of 345 millionlive bacteria. These bacteria areactive and ready to enhance thegrowth of the biological filter and todigest compounds that will inhibit itsdevelopment. STRESS ZYME® isstabilized to provide a five-year shelflife, as shown by the expiration dateon the label. Some bacterial aquariumproducts have limited shelf life, yetmanufacturers often give noexpiration dates. Certain of theseliquid bacterial products are subjectto rapid degradation, evidenced bytheir characteristic “rotten egg”(hydrogen sulfide) odor. Formation oftoxic hydrogen sulfide indicatescomplete product breakdown;consequently, such products shouldnot be added to an aquarium.STRESS ZYME® has a sweet odor dueto its unique concentrated bacterialformulation. When used as directed,STRESS ZYME® assures a well-functioning biological filter, improvedwater quality, and healthy fish. Thisproduct contains bacteria which arenatural and beneficial for aquaticsettings; thus STRESS ZYME® isharmless to humans and pets, andcompletely safe for all fresh andsaltwater fish, invertebrates andplants. Unlike most other liquidbacterial products, STRESS ZYME®does not require refrigeration.

Directions for Use:New Fresh and Saltwater Aquariums1. Add 2 teaspoonfuls (10 ml) of

STRESS ZYME® for each 10 U.S.gallons (38 L) of aquarium water onthe 1st day of aquarium set-up, andon the 7th and 14th days thereafter.

2. Then, once a week add 1teaspoonful (5 ml) for each 10 U.S.gallons (38 L) of aquarium water.

Established Fresh and Saltwater Aquariums1. To maintain good water quality and

healthy biological filtration, once aweek add 1 teaspoonful (5ml) ofSTRESS ZYME® for each 10 U.S.gallons (38 L) of aquarium water.Important Note: SHAKE WELLBEFORE USING. To obtain maximumactivity, keep from freezing and donot store above 49°C (120°F ).

STRESS ZYME® Sizes Available:

STRESS COAT®

• Replaces the naturalslime coating fish canlose in times of stress

• Contains Aloe Vera—nature’s “liquidbandage” to promotethe healing of skin wounds

• Removes chlorine from tap water

• Removes ammonia from tap water

• neutralises chloramine

• Detoxifies heavy metals

• Benefits both freshwater andsaltwater fish

Every time a fish is netted or handled,its protective slime coating isdisturbed. Such damage can causefish to lose essential electrolytes(chloride and potassium) through theouter skin layers, further stressingthe fish. Suppression of the immunesystem and increased susceptibilityto disease can result. STRESSCOAT®’s special patented formulawas designed to replace damagedslime coats, to replenish essentialelectrolytes and to treat fish with thetissue-healing properties of AloeVera, nature’s own liquid bandage.This unique formula not only easesstress, but heals damaged tissue.

How STRESS COAT® heals woundsSTRESS COAT contains a specialnontoxic polymer that is attracted tothe skin of fish, forming a syntheticslime coat envelope. STRESS COAT®’sformula also includes electrolytessuch as sodium, magnesium andchloride, which helps reduceelectrolyte loss through the skin, gillsand damaged tissue. But it is the AloeVera in STRESS COAT® that makesthis product unique. Independentstudies have proven that STRESSCOAT® with Aloe Vera effectivelyheals damaged tissue and aids intissue regeneration. (See the resultsof a independent laboratory studyperformed by the University ofGeorgia, pg. 11.)

Added benefits of STRESS COAT®Treated municipal water may containchlorine or chloramine. Both aredisinfectants, and both are toxic toaquatic life. Chlorine destroys gill tissue,causing suffocation. Chloramine passesthrough the gills and enters thebloodstream, binding to iron in bloodcells and preventing them fromcarrying oxygen. As with chlorine, thepresence of chloramine suffocates fish.STRESS COAT® removes chlorine andchloramines, breaking the chloraminebond in tap water to be used in theaquarium. Heavy metals such ascopper, lead and zinc also can be found

API56A 30 ml Treats 2,268 L

API56C 118 ml Treats 907 L

API56D 237 ml Treats 1,814 L

API56E 473 ml Treats 3,628 L

API56F 3.8 L Treats 29,030 L

74

in most tap water supplies and evenwells, sometimes entering tap waterfrom ground water, as well as fromlead and copper pipes or from solderused to join the pipes. These heavymetals are highly toxic to all aquariuminhabitants and should be removedfrom tap water before use in anaquarium. STRESS COAT® effectivelydetoxifies heavy metals found in tapwater, making it safe for aquarium use.

RecommendationsSTRESS COAT®’s excellent reputationas a healing treatment is global andlongstanding. It is recommended foruse whenever actual tissue damagehas occurred in aquarium fish as aresult of disease or injury. Bothfreshwater and saltwater fish benefitfrom the use of STRESS COAT®.Professional ornamental fish farmersemploy STRESS COAT® as an effectivestress reducer. Fish breeders rely onSTRESS COAT® as a means to reducestress in their facilities, as well asduring fish transport, by adding theproduct to bags of fish for shipment.This product is recommended as abeneficial water conditioner whensetting up a new aquarium, whenmaking a water change or handlingfish, and when adding new fish to atank. STRESS COAT® can be used inconjunction with API® AMMO-LOCK®to condition aquarium water andneutralize toxic ammonia in tap water.

Directions For Use:1. To Replace Fish Slime Coating and

Promote Healing of Skin Woundsand Torn Fins: add twoteaspoonfuls (10 ml) of STRESSCOAT® for each 10 U.S. gallons (38 L) of aquarium water.

2. To Remove Chlorine and neutralizeChloramines: add one teaspoonful(5 ml) of STRESS COAT® for each 10 U.S. gallons (38 L) of tap water.

Using API® AMMO-LOCK® willinstantly lock up the ammonia fromchloramine, as well as ammoniaproduced by decomposing fish waste,overfeeding, etc.Note: STRESS COAT® is not amedication, nor is it intended to be asubstitute for any medication.

STRESS COAT® Sizes Available:

Independent Laboratory StudyProves the Effectiveness ofSTRESS COAT®In 1983, an independent studyperformed by the University ofGeorgia’s School of Veterinary Medicine,

set out to test STRESS COAT® for itseffectiveness in tissue healing. Theexperimental protocol was designed byDr. John Gratzek, Chairman of theMedical Microbiology Department at theUniversity of Georgia.

About the StudyTwelve 10-gallon aquariums were setup with established biological spongefilters. Water temperature was heldat 75°F/23.6°C with aquariumheaters, and the pH of the water wasbuffered at 7.5. Fifteen commongoldfish (Carassius auratus) were putin each aquarium. Fish were fed dailywith a commercial pellet food.Ammonia, nitrite, and pH weremonitored daily. In order to createuniform tissue damage on all 180fish, a special surgical woundinginstrument was created. The toolwas made from a steel cylinder, 3.93mm in diameter. Twelve razor pointsspaced 1 mm apart were machinedinto the tip. The fish wereanesthetized before surgery with thewounding tool. A few scales werefirst removed, then the instrumentwas used to make a single uniformwound. Over the next 40 days, 9 ofthe 12 aquariums were treated withSTRESS COAT®. Three aquariumswere left untreated as experimentalcontrols. After 40 days, the fish wereexamined by seven experts. This group was compromised of sixveterinarians on the University ofGeorgia faculty, four of whompossessed the added qualification ofPh.D. in biology, and one pet shop owner.All of the examiners workedindependently and were not aware ofwhich fish received the STRESS COATtreatment. They were asked toevaluate the wounds using thefollowing scale:

1 = no discernable wound,discolouration or redness

2 = just discernable wound,discolouration or redness

3 = wound readily discernable, less than grade 4.

4 = redness, open wound veryapparent, scale disrupting,fungus, frayed edges on wound.

Analysis of the rating data showed a significant difference between the treated fish and the untreatedcontrols. Examiners found thatSTRESS COAT® helped heal thewounds and reduce their size,compared to the wounds left untreated.

Interpreting the ResultsThe ability of Aloe Vera to promote cellregeneration in human tissue cellcultures has been well-established byscientific studies.1,2,3,4,8,9,10 Aloe Vera

extract is high in mucopolysaccharides,an essential component of manytissues that is believed to help in thehealing process. The glycoproteinsAloctin A and Aloctin B are also presentand have been identified as probable“tissue healers.” This study showedthat STRESS COAT® with Aloe Veraactually does promote the healing andregeneration of damaged fin tissue.

The product was patented in 1985and has developed a reputation as asuperior stress-reducer for fish. Fish farmers apply STRESS COAT®directly to fish during harvestingoperations; many professionals willnot ship exotic fish without STRESSCOAT® in the shipping bags. Oneuniversity professor reported thatthe use of STRESS COAT® significantlyimproved marine fish survival duringcollecting trips. These observationsconfirm the University of Georgia testresults, as summarized by Dr. JohnGratzek: “STRESS COAT® in no wayharms aquarium fish, alters pH, oraffects the biological filter. No ammonia or nitrite was detectedin aquariums. The results indicatedthat the Aloe Vera in the STRESSCOAT formula significantly reducedthe wound size compared tountreated tissue.”1

Since 1985, STRESS COAT® has beenNorth America’s top selling waterconditioner. Each year, STRESS COAT®is used to treat over one billiongallons of aquarium water.

ACCU-CLEAR®

• Clears cloudyaquarium water fast,usually within four hours

• Eliminates milky hazecaused by gravel innew aquariums

• Removes suspended dirt and hazethat may appear after cleaning theaquarium and gravel bed

• Unique, colourless, inorganic polymer


ACCU-CLEAR® is a fast-acting waterclarifier designed to eliminate murky,cloudy water in freshwater aquariumscaused by particulate materials. Suchtiny particles are too small for regularaquarium filters to remove. ACCU-CLEAR® causes these particles toclump together, forming largeparticles that are easily removed bythe aquarium filter. This enhances thefilter’s water-clearing efficiency.Whenever organic matter is removedby the filter, however, the oxygen levelin aquarium water may drop toharmful levels.

API85G 30 ml Treats 227 L

API85B 118 ml Treats 907 L

API85A 237 ml Treats 1,814 L

API85C 473 ml Treats 3,628 L

API85F 473 ml with pump Treats 3,628 L

75

This is because organic materialconsumes oxygen while decomposing.Thus, adequate aeration should beprovided in the aquarium when usingACCU-CLEAR®.

Causes of cloudy aquarium waterNewly established aquariums oftendevelop cloudy water within oneweek after the addition of fish. Suchcloudiness can also occur inestablished aquariums. Waterchanges, filter changes, and gravelcleaning can also stir up dirt anddebris, resulting in unsightly,persistent clouds in aquarium water.

Tips for Crystal Clear Water Many aquarium clouds are directlyrelated to the accumulation oforganic matter, such as uneaten fishfood and fish waste. The followingschedule for monthly maintenanceshould be performed to keep theaquarium clean and healthy:• Partial water changes of 15-35%

are recommended

• Aquarium filter cartridges shouldbe changed or cleaned frequently

• Aquarium gravel should bevacuumed to removeaccumulatingdirt or “sludge”

• Activated carbon and filter flossshould be replaced

• STRESS ZYME® should be added ona regular basis.

Directions for Use:1. Add 2 drops of ACCU-CLEAR® for

each U.S. gallon (3.8 L) of aquariumwater. For larger aquariums, add 1teaspoonful (5 ml) for each 50 U.S.gallons (190 L) of aquarium water.

2. Water will clear within several hours.If a second dose is necessary, wait24 hours before applying.

3. ACCU-CLEAR® can be used onceevery week to keep filtersperforming at maximum efficiency.

4. This product is completely safe for allfreshwater fish, invertebrates andplants when used as directed.Overdosing with ACCU-CLEAR® willslow down water clarification,however.

ACCU-CLEAR® Sizes Available: API111A 37ml treats 1,399L

API111B 118ml Treats 4,536L

76

THE 7-DAY PYRAMID FISH FEEDER™

• Provides asuperior nutritionalsource foraquarium fishwhen away from home

• Slowly releasesfood pellets,allowing fish to feed at will

• Patented inner chamber supplies anutritious mid-week treat

• One pyramid will feed the fish in anappropriately stocked 10 U.S. gallon(38 L) tank for 5 to 10 days.

THE 7-DAY PYRAMID FISH FEEDER™successfully supplies the dietary

needs of aquarium fish when thehobbyist isn’t available to manuallyfeed fish for approximately 7 days.Within a few hours of being placed inthe aquarium, fish will sense foodwithin the pyramid, and will begin toconsume nourishing food pelletsfrom the surface of THE 7-DAYPYRAMID FISH FEEDER™. Thesepellets contain a formulation ofenergy-rich foods, along withessential vitamins and minerals,which are continually provided duringthe feeding cycle of the pyramid. Fishfeed at will; the more they eat, themore food pellets are exposed.Approximately mid-way in thepyramid’s 7-day feeding cycle, acentrally located chamber within thepyramid will be exposed, supplying anutritious treat to add variety to thefish’s diet.

Directions for Use:1. Simply place THE 7-DAY PYRAMID

FISH FEEDER™ in the aquarium tobegin the feeding cycle. One pyramidwill normally feed the fish in anappropriately stocked 10 U.S. gallon(38 L) aquarium for 5 to 10 days.However, the dissolving time mayincrease in very hard water.

THE 7-DAY PYRAMID FISH FEEDER™Sizes Available:

THE 3-DAYPYRAMID FISHFEEDER™

• Patented feedingblock containspellets ofnutritious fish food

• Each pellet is a uniformly balanced meal

• Feeds fish for a whole weekend

• One pyramid will feed the fish in anappropriately stocked 10 U.S. gallon(38 L) tank for 2 to 4 days

THE 3-DAY PYRAMID FISH FEEDER™supplies superior nutrition forfreshwater aquarium fish when thehobbyist isn’t available to manuallyfeed fish for approximately 3 days.After being placed in the aquarium,THE 3-DAY PYRAMID FISH FEEDER™will give off a fine stream of bubbles;fish begin to sense the presence offood within the pyramid, and areattracted to it. Within a few hours,fish are feeding on the nourishingfood pellets from the surface of thepyramid. These pellets contain aformulation of energy-rich foods,along with essential vitamins andminerals, which are continuallyprovided during the feeding cycle ofthe pyramid. Fish feed at will; themore they eat, the more food pelletsare exposed.

Directions For Use:1. Simply place THE 3-DAY PYRAMID

FISH FEEDER™ in the aquarium tobegin the feeding cycle. Onepyramid will feed the fish in anappropriately stocked 10 U.S. gallon(37.8 L) aquaium for 2 to 4 days.

THE 3-DAY PYRAMID FISH FEEDER™Sizes Available:

APIUK78 four pyramid feeding blocks

APIUK71A one pyramid feeding block

� Make sure the aquariumwater contains nomeasurable ammonia ornitrite.

� Test the pH level andadjust if necessary.

� Clean the filter.� Make sure the aquarium

has adequate aeration.

Vacation Checklist

Fish feeders

77

Filtration products

ACTIVATED CARBON &FILTRATION PRODUCTS

• Provides excellent filtration forcrystal-clear aquarium water

• Removes toxic organic substances,odors and colours from water,promoting the health of aquariuminhabitants

• Not treated with phosphate or nitrate

What is activated carbon?Many natural substances are used asbase material to make activatedcarbon, such as wood, coal andcoconut shell. Lignite, a form of coal, is used to produce an activated carbonthat is suitable for removing aquariumpollutants. The base material issubjected to a heating process calledcarbonization, which produces acarbon mass full of tiny pores. A second heat-steam process is thenemployed which “activates” the carbonmass. Activation creates a vast internalpore network as well as a particularsurface chemistry in each carbonparticle, both of which impart uniquefiltering characteristics. Ash, aninorganic material left behind after theactivation process, is also produced.

How Does activated carbon Work?Activated carbon removes organiccompounds from an aquariumprimarily by adsorption, a process bywhich pollutants are transferred fromthe water to the carbon and held thereby electrostatic forces. Aquariumfiltration systems employ this propertyof activated carbon by filtering a smallportion of the total aquarium volumeon a continuous basis, so that pollution

can be removed faster than it canaccumulate. If the filter is too small orthe flow rate is too slow, pollutants willbuild up; thus, manufacturers makedifferent size filtration systems so thatthey can be appropriately matched tothe volume of any aquarium. Whenactivated carbon in the filter becomesexhausted, the adsorption rate goesdown; fresh activated carbon must besupplied to the filter to continue thepurification process. Activated carboncannot be reactivated by boiling inwater, heating in an oven, or by anyother method aquarists could apply athome. Reactivation requires high heatin a controlled environment to restoreadsorption sites. Ideally, aquariumwater should be pre-filtered beforecontact with activated carbon.Prefilters reduce the amount ofparticulate matter that can clog carbonparticles. The size of the activatedparticles is important in some filtrationsystems. Smaller carbon pieces packtogether and can reduce flow ratesthrough canister filters. If flow ratesare not too restrictive, however, theseconditions will increase contact timefor adsorption. Please note that thequality of an inferior activated carboncannot be improved by crushing it.Crushing into smaller pieces will notcreate more surface area, it will simplyexpose more of the existing surfacearea so that the rate of adsorptionmay increase, but not the amount ofpollution removed. Most aquariummedications are readily adsorbed byactivated carbon; therefore carbonproducts must be removed whiletreating with antibacterial andantiparasitic drugs. Fresh activatedcarbon will effectively removemedication from aquarium waterwhen a treatment is completed. And while activated carbon has thepotential to adsorb certain dissolvedmetals considered to be desirabletrace elements in the marineaquarium, it must be noted thatactivated carbon has a much higheraffinity for organic compounds than formetals. These metals are continuouslyremoved by other ongoing processes,as well as by the marine organismsthemselves. Given that there are manyadditives available that can replenishessential elements, it would seem thebenefits of activated carbon filtrationfor marine aquariums far outweighconcerns over trace element removal.

How much activated carbonshould I use?Follow product recommendationswhen they are provided. Carbon isused by volume not weight. In general, “more is better” whenusing activated carbon—a greaterquantity of carbon will work fasterand longer then a lesser amount.

How do different filtrationproducts compare?There are many activated carbon products on the market today, butthey are not equal in performance.Quality activated carbon, like thatmanufactured by API®, has not beensubjected to chemical activation orwashing with phosphoric acid, zinc orhydroxides. It also has amacroporous structure, that is, largepores in each particle.

ACTIVATED FILTERCARBONA high quality activatedcarbon with excellent poredistribution, ACTIVATEDFILTER CARBON offers completefiltration for maintaining healthy freshand saltwater aquariums. Thisproduct effectively removes organicpollutants, odors and colours, and isperfect for the needs of aquariumhobbyists who want healthy, activefish and crystal-clear water.

Directions For Use:1. Remove Activated Filter Carbon

pouch from plastic bag (do notopen the Activated Filter Carbonpouch). It is important to rinse thepouch thoroughly in tap water toremove any dust. (Rinse waterdoes not need to run completely clear).

2. Place filter pouch directly in RENAFILSTAR filtration basket.

3. Replace pouch every 1 to 3 months,depending on stocking density andwater quality.

ACTIVATED FILTER CARBON Sizes Available:

Activated carbon filtration isone of the most effective,economical and easiestmethods of removing organicpollutants from an aquarium.“Organic-laden” aquariumsoften experience a higher rateof disease and reduced fishgrowth, while invertebratesclose or cease reproduction.Reduction of organiccompounds ultimately leads toimproved water quality andhealthier aquarium specimens.

Why Use Activated Carbon for an Aquarium?

ADC840606 285g Pouch

ADC290603 Refill (Internal filter)

78

AMMO-CHIPS®

AMMO-CHIPS® is madeof the highest gradezeolite, a naturalammonia-removingmineral. Ammonia isproduced in aquariumsfrom decaying fish waste anduneaten fish food; increasedammonia levels create toxicconditions for fish. AMMO-CHIPS®contains only 100% zeolite, and ishighly effective for ammonia removalin freshwater aquariums and ponds.

Directions For Use:1. Before using, rinse thoroughly

under running water to removefine particles caused by shipping vibration.

2. Use 1/4 cup (4 tablespoonfuls) ofAMMO-CHIPS for each 10 U.S.gallons (38 L) of aquarium water.Place AMMO-CHIPS® in one of thefollowing locations:

a. In an external power filter(follow the directions of the filtermanufacturer).

b. In a canister or corner filter(layer AMMO-CHIPS® between twolayers of filter fiber or use filtermedia bag).

3. For goldfish bowls, use 2tablespoon-fuls of rinsed AMMOCHIPS for each goldfish bowl.

4. Recharging AMMO-CHIPS®: AMMO-CHIPS® can be recharged bysoaking them in a solution madewith API® AQUARIUM SALT. Add 1lb. (453 g) of salt to 3 gallons (11 L)of water to make a rechargingsolution. Ammo-Chips can normallybe recharged about four to eight times.

AMMO-CHIPS® Sizes Available:

BIO-CHEM STARS®

• Grows massivecolonies of nitrifyingbacteria

• Provides moregrowing area than plastic balls,blocks or undergravel filters

• Fits in any power filter, canisterfilter or wet/dry trickle filter

• Floats for better oxygen supply togrowing bacteria

• Unique black porous polymer haslarge pores for rapid transfer ofwater and oxygen


BIO-CHEM STARS® are a biologicalfiltration medium that provides theoptimal home for colonies of nitrifyingbacteria in the aquarium. Made ofporous polymer, this product providesexcellent growing conditions fornitrifying bacteria. Other biologicalfiltration media provide only limitedsurface growing area and little, if any,internal pore structure to support ahealthy biological filter. One BIO-CHEMSTAR® has 33 times more growingarea for bacteria than the leadingplastic ball. BIO-CHEM STARS are soeffective that they can be usedinstead of rotating filters, undergravelfilters and many other biologicalmedia, providing a more efficientsurface area for bacterial growth.

How BIO-CHEM STARS WorkThe stars are formed through apatented process that creates a 50-70micron internal pore network. Asbacteria multiply within this network,they colonize the internal porestructure. Because BIO-CHEM STARS®are completely porous, water andoxygen pass through, which keepsbacteria colonies healthy and active.BIO-CHEM STARS® float on the watersurface in external power filters,permitting oxygen to saturate the stars,and creating a wet/dry filter effect.

Internal Surface Area Makesthe DifferenceMany products have internal surface areabut cannot sustain live nitrifying bacterialcolonies. Activated Carbon, for example,has a vast internal pore network. Butthese pores “dead-end” inside carbonparticles, and are too small in diameter topermit bacterial growth. Thus, water andoxygen are unable to permeate, oncebacterial growth has filled up the pores. InBIO-CHEM STARS®, the open porestructure assures no “dead-ends.” Allpores are interconnected so that waterand oxygen can surround growingbacteria at all times.

The Benefits of InternalColonizationThe black colouration of BIO-CHEMSTARS® prevents light frompenetrating into the stars. Thus,bacterial colonies located therein areprotected from growth-inhibitingexposure to light. As oxygen andnutrients diffuse into the star,metabolic by-products (carbondioxide and nitrate) produced bycolonizing bacteria diffuse out. Inaddition, living bacterial cells arecontinuously being pushed out of thepores to make way for new cellswithin. This self-purging action keepsthe pores clean; stars remain activeindefinitely, supporting a vigorous,healthy biological filter.

In contrast, the smooth surfaces ofplastic balls promote “water shear,” a high-velocity water current thatwashes over the surface of smoothmaterials. Water shear keepsbacteria from permanently attachingto the plastic balls and thus preventsbacterial colonization. Exposure tolight also discourages the growth ofnitrifying bacteria on such surfaces.Scientific studies prove that fewcolonies can grow normally underthese conditions. Practical experiencereflects this finding, since only largeamounts of plastic materials canmaintain an active biological filter.

Using BIO-CHEM STARSBecause BIO-CHEM STARS® do notbreak down or clog, they may beutilized indefinitely. BIO-CHEM STARS®will provide superior biological filtrationeven in bare-bottom aquariums. UseBIO-CHEM STARS® in an establishedaquarium to improve biologicalfiltration or to start a new aquarium.

Directions For Use:1. Use 4 BIO-CHEM STARS® for each 20

U.S. gallons (76 L) of aquarium water.

2. Rinse stars before use to removefine dust from shipping.

3. For External Power Filters:BIO-CHEM STARS® can be used inany external power filter to createa wet/dry filtration system. Placestars anywhere in the power filter;the stars will float.

4. For Canister Filters:BIO-CHEM STARS® can be used asa biological filter medium incanister filters. Place starsanywhere in canistercompartment.

5. For Wet/Dry Trickle FiltrationSystems: BIO-CHEM STARS® can beused in new and establishedwet/dry systems. Simply layer, ormix the stars with the existingplastic medium.

6. If other filtration materials areused in addition to BIO-CHEMSTARS®, it will be necessary tochange or clean these materialsmonthly. Organic debris trapped infilter fiber or sponges can decreasethe level of dissolved oxygen in thefilter, thus affecting the biologicalfilter’s efficiency.

7. While anti-parasitic medicationsusually have no effect on nitrifyingbacteria, antibacterial medicationssometimes suppress the biologicalfilter. BIO-CHEM STARS® can easilybe removed from the filtrationsystem and placed in a container ofaerated water for the duration ofthe disease treatment. Becausenitrifying bacteria live inside thestars, they are not disturbed bythis practice.

API79A 340g

79

BIO-CHEM STARS® Sizes Available:

BIO-CHEMZORB®

• Superior filtrationmaterial.

• Effectivelyremoves organicpollutants

• Removes medications

• For freshwater and saltwateraquariums, including reef tanks

BIO-CHEM ZORB® represents abreak-through in water filtrationtechnology, featuring the world’sfinest resin/carbon filtration media:two research-grade organicscavenger resins; twopharmaceutical-grade ion exchangeresins; and high-porosity, activatedcarbon that will not leach phosphate.Working together, these componentsremove both synthetic and naturallyoccurring organic pollutants, as wellas stress-causing metabolic by-products in freshwater and marine aquariums.

Organic Pollutants in the AquariumFish, invertebrates, plants, algae anduneaten fish food release a variety oforganic pollutants in the aquarium.(see DIAGRAM 1).4,10,12,14,15 Bacterial de-composition of dead plants, aquaticanimals and aquarium foods alsoincrease the level of organicpollutants in the aquarium. In nature,these pollutants are carried away bywater currents and tides. Sinceaquarium water is only changedperiodically, between water changes,pollution increases to harmful levels.Additionally, some tap water containstrace quantities of man-made organicpollutants, originating from industrialwaste, agricultural fertilizers andinsecticides. These contaminants aretoxic to fish and invertebrates.6,8

Effects of Accumulated OrganicPollutantsWhen organic pollutants accumulate inan aquarium, a stressful environmentis created for all aquarium inhabitants.Naturally occurring bacteria in theaquarium will break down certain ofthese organic pollutants. In thisprocess, however, the bacteria useoxygen, thus increasing the BiologicalOxygen Demand (BOD).7 The oxygenavailable for fish, invertebrates and thebiological filter is thereby reduced.Oxygen reduction can also beinfluenced by organics which can bemeasured by Chemical OxygenDemand (COD). Poor water qualityultimately causes immune system

suppression of aquarium inhabitantsand increases the likelihood of diseaseoutbreak. Inhibited growth andreproduction of aquatic organisms isdirectly related to water quality.1,5,11,12

These and other negative effectscaused by accumulated organicpollutants are summarized below:

1. Lowers resistance to disease

2. Inhibits growth and reproduction

3. Reduced oxygen level (high BOD)

4. Declining pH

5. Declining redox potential (high COD)

6. Discoloured aquarium water

7. Reduced light transmittance

8. Foul odors

Continuous filtration with BIO-CHEMZORB® will restore a healthy aquaticenvironment. Each filtration media inBIO-CHEM ZORB® has been testedand proven to remove organicpollutants in fresh and saltwater.

How BIO-CHEM ZORB® Works in FreshwaterBIO-CHEM ZORB® cleans freshwateraquariums by ion exchange,adsorption and absorption processes.Organic pollutants are “sorbed” byboth research-grade organicscavenger resins and high-porosityactivated carbon. Thepharmaceutical-grade ion exchangeresins remove toxic heavy metals,antibacterial drugs, and aquariummedications such as malachite green,acriflavine, and formalin.

How BIO-CHEM ZORB®Works in SaltwaterIn marine environments, BIO-CHEMZORB® relies on the absorption/adsorption properties of research-grade organic scavenger resins, andhigh-porosity activated carbon. BIO-CHEM ZORB® is especially usefulin removing organics or “yellowwater,” which results from thepresence of organic pollutants thathave not bio- degraded. Theseorganic pollutants reduce thetransmittance of the blue light energy(actinic type-420 mm) necessary formany saltwater invertebrates,especially corals. High redox potentialwill be easier to maintain due toreduction in COD.

Directions For Use1. BIO-CHEM ZORB® may be used in

any filtration system such ascanister filters, power filters, andwet/dry trickle filtration systems.This product works most efficientlyif a prefiltration material is used tocapture debris.

2. Use BIO-CHEM ZORB® for fresh andsaltwater aquariums according tothe following recommendations:Up to 208L 1 pouch208L to 416L 2 pouches416L to 567L 3 pouches

3. BIO-CHEM ZORB® will continuouslyremove pollutants for 3 to 6 months,depending on stocking density andaquarium maintenance practices.

BIO-CHEM ZORB® Sizes Available:

References1. Anderson, D. D. Immunology: Diseases of Fishes.

T.F.H. Publications, New Jersey, 1974.2. Austin B. and D. A. Austin. Bacterial Fish

Pathogens: Disease In Farmed and Wild Fish.John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987.

3. Brown, E. E and J. B. Gratzek. Fish Farming Handbook. AVI Publishing Co., Inc., Connecticut, 1980.

4. Forsythe, J. W. and R. T. Hanlon. A Closed MarineCulture System for Rearing Octopus Joubini andOther Large-Egged Benthic Ocotopods. In Berg,C. J. Jr., (ed.) Culture of Marine Invertebrates.Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., Pennsylvania,1983.

5. de Guzman, E. and J. B. Gratzek. Fish MortalityStudy In Retail Pet Shops. Paper presented tothe Pet Joint Advisory Council, 1986.

6. Heath, A. C. Water Pollution and Fish Physiology,CRC Press, Inc. Florida, 1987.

7. Kennish, M. J. Ecology of Estuaries. Vol 1. CRCPress, Inc. Florida, 1986.

8. Lockwood, A. P. M. Effects of Pollutants onAquatic Organisms. Cambridge University Press,New York, 1976.

9. Luning, K. Seaweeds: Their Environment,Biogiography and Ecophysiology. John Wiley &Sons, New York, 1990.

10. Manham, D. T. Nutritional implications ofdissolved organic material for laboratoryculture of pelagic larvae. Berg, C. J. Jr. (ed.)Culture of Marine Invertebrates. HutchinsonRoss Publishing Co., Pennsylvania, 1983.

11. McVey, J. P. Hand Book of Mariculture. Vol.1.Crustacean Aquaculture, CRC Press, Florida,1986.

12. Shever, P. J. Some marine ecologicalphenomena: chemical basis and biochemicalpotential. Science (1990) 248:117-272.

13. Seki, H. Organic Materials In AquaticEcosystems. CRC Press, Florida 1982.

14. Sorenson, P. W., Stacey N. E. and K. J.Chamberlain. Differing behavior andendrocrinological effects of two female sexpheremones on male goldfish. Hormones andBehavior. (1989) 23:317-332.

15. Sorenson, P. W., Hara, T. J., Stacey, N. E. and F.W. Goetz. F Prostaglandins Function as PotentOlfactory Stimulants That Compromise thePastovulatory Female Sex Pheremone InGoldfish. Bio. Reproduction (1988) 39:1039-1050.

DIAGRAM 1.Sources of Organic Pollutants in the Aquarium

API108A 283g pouch in a jar, 250l

ADC840605 283g pouch

ADC840604 Box of 20 stars

ADC170600 Box of 4 stars

80

PHOS-ZORB™

• Removesphosphatesreleased by fishwaste, decayingorganic matter,and tap watersources

• Removes silicate, a natural mineralfound in tap water

• Maintains clear water and clean tanks

• Will not affect pH

• Will not remove trace elements

• Promotes growth of reef-buildingcorals by preventing calcium andmagnesium precipitation

• Safe for all fish, invertebrates and plants


PHOS-ZORB™ is a special filtrationmaterial that selectively removesphosphate and silicate ions to keepwater clear and tanks clean. Inmarine aquariums, excess phosphatealso lowers the available calcium andmagnesium necessary for thegrowth of hard corals and other reef-building organisms. Thus, PHOS-ZORB™ is ideal for use in reefaquariums, as well as plantedaquariums and fish-only aquariums.

Sources of Phosphate andSilicate in the Aquarium There are both natural and man-made sources of phosphate(PO4

3-)found in freshwater and marineaquariums. Many tap water sourcescontain phosphate due to the naturalweathering of phosphate-containingminerals such as apatite. Runoff fromfarmland also adds phosphate towater supplies. Both well water andmunicipal water supplies may containphosphate.3 Some municipal watertreatment plants even addphosphate-containing chemicals(polyphosphates) to preventcorrosion of water pipes and boilerequipment, as well as to reduce ironand manganese in drinking water. 2,5

Additionally, products that are addedto the aquarium (certain activatedcarbon products, pH adjusters andwater conditioners) can be a sourceof phosphate. The phosphate in fishfood is released into the aquarium viafish waste. And finally, decayingorganic matter, such as dead algaecells and uneaten fish food,contribute phosphate to fresh andsaltwater aquariums. Silicate entersground water naturally through theweathering of mineral deposits.When present in water, silicate ispresent in ionic form, SiO3

2-. Sodiumsilicate is added to tap water bysome municipal treatment plants toreduce iron and manganese levels.1,4,6

How PHOS-ZORB™ WorksPHOS-ZORB® is a synthetic adsorbentthat works by a mechanism similarto that of activated carbon. Thus,while PHOS-ZORB™ selectivelyremoves phosphate and silicate fromaquarium water, it does not removetrace elements, does not affect pH,and releases nothing into theaquarium. The level of phosphate andsilicate in any aquarium depends onstocking and density, feeding rate,aquarium maintenance schedule, andnutrient levels found in tap watersources. If tap water used in theaquarium contains significant levelsof phosphates or silicates, PHOS-ZORB™ will have to be usedcontinuously to keep aquarium waterclear and tanks clean.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE 1. Use PHOS-ZORB™ for fresh and salt

water aquariums according to thefollowing recommendations:Up to 208L 1 pouch208L to 416L 2 pouches416L to 567L 3 pouches

2. Rinse the pouch of PHOS-ZORB™ intap water to remove dust.

3. The PHOS-ZORB™ pouch should bepositioned in flowing water in theaquarium filter for best results.The pouch can be placed in anypower filter, canister filter, ortrickle filter. Alternatively, thepouch may be opened andcontents poured into a filtercartridge or “carbon contactor.” If possible, provide prefiltration toprevent debris from accumulatingon PHOS-ZORB™.

4. While PHOS-ZORB™ is highlyselective for the adsorption ofphosphates and silicates, it will alsoremove low molecular weightorganic compounds. Therefore,PHOS-ZORB™ pouches should bereplaced every 6 to 8 weeks,(depending on stocking density) toensure continuous nutrient removal.

5. PHOS-ZORB™ may be stored in itsjar when not in use, and is notaffected by drying.

PHOS-ZORB™ Sizes Available:

NITRA-ZORB™

• Selectively removes ammonia,nitrite and nitrate

• For use in new aquariums, inestablished aquariums duringtimes of stress, and to enhancegrowth of fry

• Can be used with activated carbon

• May be recharged for extended use

• Recommended by Jack Wattley,world-famous discus breeder


NITRA-ZORB™ is the first waterfiltration medium to be made ofnatural and synthetic ion-exchangeresins that selectively removeammonia, nitrites and nitrates infreshwater aquariums. This producthelps hobbyists establish newaquariums by controlling the levels ofammonia, nitrite and nitrate. NITRA-ZORB™ is also highly useful inestablished aquariums wheneverammonia or nitrite is detected.

Ammonia and Nitrites in the Aquarium Tropical fish continuously releaseammonia into aquarium water fromtheir gills, urine and solid waste.Decaying organic matter such asuneaten fish food also releasesammonia, a substance that is toxic toall fish. Left untreated, ammoniadamages delicate gill membranes and

Nitrogen Cycle in a biological filter

1. Fish release poisonous ammonia waste into theaquarium.

2. Nitrifying bacteria oxidize the ammonia andconvert it to nitrite, which is also toxic to fish.

3. Nitrifying bacteria oxidize nitrite and convert itto relatively non-toxic nitrate.

4. Nitrate is used by aquatic plants and algae as afood source.

References1. AWWA standard for liquid sodium silicate.

ANSI/AWWA B404-922. Dollar, F. Polyphosphates eliminate rust water

complaints. OpFlo (1992) 18:1, 4-5 AWWA,Colourado.

3. Ivo, W. Influence of water quality and watertreatment on corrosion and coatings in steeland galvanized steel tubes. AWWA ResearchFoundation News (1982) July, pp. 6-8.

4. Robinson, R. B., Reed, G. D. and B. Frazier. Ironand manganese sequestration facilities usingsodium silicate. Journal American WaterWorks Assoc. (1992) 84: 77-82.

5. Robinson, R. B., Reed G. D., Christodos, D.,Frazier, B. and Y. Chidambariah. SequesteringMethods of Iron and Manganese Treatment.AWWA Research Foundation, Colourado, 1990.

6. Robinson, B. R. and S. K. Ronk. The treatability ofmanganese by sodium silicate and chlorine.Journal American Water Works Assoc. (1987)79:64-70.

API109A one pouch in jar

ADC840607 150g

SOURCES OF PHOSPHATE AND SILICATE

81

prevents oxygen uptake.1 High levelsof ammonia quickly lead to fish death.Nitrites in the bloodstream combinewith hemoglobin and prevent bloodfrom carrying oxygen, resulting instress and suffocation.2 Even traceamounts of ammonia and nitritecause detrimental metabolic changesin fish, and increase theirsusceptibility to disease.2,3 Normally,ammonia in aquarium water isconsumed by an active biologicalfilter, comprised primarily of nitrifyingbacteria. Some species of nitrifyingbacteria convert ammonia to nitrite,which is also toxic to fish. Othernitrifying bacterial species convertnitrite to harmless nitrate (see theNitrogen Cycle diagram. pg. 30)Together, these bacteria create abiological filter which keeps theaquarium free of harmful ammoniaand nitrite. However, newlyestablished aquariums do not haveenough nitrifying bacteria to keepthese substances at safe levels; 4 to6 weeks are required for bacteria toform an efficient biological filter. It isduring those weeks that mostfreshwater aquarists experience fishloss due to high ammonia and nitritelevels. So-called “instant’ biologicalfilter products claim to add nitrifyingbacteria that will prevent highammonia or nitrite levels fromoccurring. Often these products donot work, and toxic concentrations ofammonia and nitrite result.Even in well-established aquariums,high ammonia or nitrite levels canoccur. Each time a new fish is addedto the aquarium, the biological filtermust “grow” to accommodate thehigher level of waste produced. Whilethis growth is occurring, ammoniaand nitrite can reach harmful levels.Fish breeders face an additionalchallenge. They must feed largeamounts of food, several times a day,to condition adult fish and grow-outfry. This practice often leads tochronic low-level ammonia and nitriteconcentrations which stress fish andincrease the likelihood of diseaseoutbreak.7 NITRA-ZORB™ willsuccessfully reduce ammonia andnitrite in each of these stress-producing instances to improve thequality of aquarium water.

Nitrates in the Aquarium In the opinion of many tropical fishbreeders, low nitrate levels aredesirable. Elevated nitrate levels havebeen shown to dramatically impairgrowth in aquarium fish. Many tapwater sources contain nitrate. So,water used for water changes maycontribute to high nitrate levels. It isthus recommended that any tapwater used in the aquarium betested for nitrate. NITRA-ZORB™ willeffectively reduce nitrate in theaquarium, promoting a more naturalaquatic environment.

Directions For Use:1. Use one 3.7 oz. (105 g) pouch of

NITRA-ZORB™ in 20 U.S. gallons (76L) of water to remove 5 ppmammonia, 1 ppm nitrite and 20 ppmnitrate in 24 to 48 hours. Use one7.4 oz. (210 g) pouch of NITRA-ZORBin 55 U.S. gallons (208 L) of waterto remove 4 ppm ammonia, 0.7ppm nitrite and 16 ppm nitrate in24-48 hours.

2. Remove pouch from jar and rinselightly with tap water.

3. Place pouch in any aquarium filter(such as external power andcanister filters).

4. For Soft Water AquariumsNITRA-ZORB™ is ideal for delicatespecies of fish and plants thatthrive in softwater aquariums. Thisproduct will not alter pH, hardnessor alkalinity levels, and will notremove trace elements such asiron fertilizers. Use as directed formaintenance of the highest waterquality possible.

5. For New AquariumsUse continuously as directed.Whenever ammonia and/or nitriteis detected by testing, this indicatesthat NITRA-ZORB™ is exhaustedand needs to be recharged. Followrecharging directions and rechargeevery 5 days for the first fewweeks while the biological filter is developing.

6. For Established AquariumsOnce the biological filter is matureand active, there should be nodetectable ammonia or nitrite inthe aquarium. If testing shows thepresence of ammonia or nitrite,continue using NITRA-ZORB™ andrecharge every 5 days. Look forpossible causes, such asoverfeeding, inadequate biologicalfiltration, or unnoticed fish death.

7. For Nitrate RemovalNITRA-ZORB™ can be usedcontinually to scavenge nitrates fromfreshwater aquariums. Whenaquariums contain a high level ofnitrate, it will take several rechargesto obtain the desired effect. RechargeNITRA-ZORB™ every 5 days untilnitrate is reduced to 20 ppm or less.Then recharge every two weeks forcontinued maintenance.

8. For Breeding AquariumsFish fry are particularly sensitive toany ammonia and nitrite levels intheir environment. To enhance thegrowth and development of fry, clipa NITRA-ZORB pouch on the insideof a tank to remove toxins andrecharge every 5 days.

9. Recharging and Storagea. Dissolve 4 tablespoonfuls (80 g)of API® AQUARIUM SALT in 8 oz.(240 ml) of warm tap water. Warmwater (120°F/48°C) is necessary tofully recharge NITRA-ZORB™.

b. Soak the pouch in the rechargingsolution for 2 hours and then rinselightly in tap water. The pouch isnow ready to re-use or be storedin an airtight bag or jar.

c. The NITRA-ZORB™ resins willgradually become fouled with organicmatter and metallic ions; thus,pouches should be replaced when thewhite resin beads turn dark brown orafter four to eight recharges.

“Discus require aquarium water ofthe highest quality for successfulspawning, health, growth andcolour development. Withoutwater free pollutants, discusnever reach their fullest potentialand beauty. NITRA-ZORB™ is theonly filtration material I have usedthat removes ammonia, nitrite,and nitrate all at the same timeand is completely safe in the dis-cus aquarium. NITRA-ZORB™ isperfect for keeping angelfish,tetras, rainbows and all softwater fish.”

-Jack WattleyWorld Famous Discus Breeder

For Fresh& Saltwater

For FreshwaterUse Only

RemovesAmmonia

Phosphate-FreeSteam Activation

RemovesDissolved

Organics, Odors,Colours

ACTIVATED FILTER CARBON

AMMO-CHIPS

��

� � �

82

Important Note:NITRA-ZORB™ will slowly removemany aquarium medications. Removethe pouch before adding medications.NITRA-ZORB™ is not a substitute fornormal aquarium maintenance, such as water changes and gravelbed vacuuming.

NITRA-ZORB™ Sizes Available:

References1. Smart, G. R. 1981. Aspects of water quality

producing stress in intensive fish culture.Pickering, A. D. (Ed.), Stress and Fish. Academic Press, New York, NY 1981,pp. 281-287.

2. Bader, J. A. and J. M. Grizzle. Effects of ammoniaon growth and survival of recently hatchedchannel catfish. Journal of Aquatic AnimalHealth (1992) 4: 17-23.

3. Barton, B. A. and G. K. Iwama.Physiologicalchanges in fish from stress in aquaculture withemphasis on the response and effect ofcorticosteriods. Annual Review of Fish Diseases(1991) 1:3-26.

4. Conkling, D. Nitrate toxicity in Tanganyikancichlids: preliminary study. Cichlid News (1992)11:11-13.

5. Layton, J. R. 1992. Evaluating biological filtrationmaterials: a scientific approach. Marine FishMonthly 8 (1992) 6: 33-44.

6. Ositko, G. Nitrate dilemma: affecting the watersupply on humans and animals. WaterConditioning and Purification (1990) 2: 84-90.

7. Schaperclaus, W. Fish Diseases. Fifth edition.Oxonian Press Pvt. Ltd., New Dehli, India, 1991.pp. 976-1008.

8. Spotte, S. Fish and Invertebrate Culture: WaterManagement in Closed Systems. Secondedition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY 1979,pp. 115-117.

9. Stoskopf, M. K. Fish Medicine. W. B. Saunders,Philadelphia PA, 1992, pp. 184-186.

10. Untergasser, D. Discus Health: Selection, Care,Diet, Diseases & Treatments for Discus,Angelfish and Other Cichlids. T. F. H. Publications,Incorporated, Neptune NJ, 1991, pp. 18-19.

API110B 105g - Treats up to 75l

API110A 210g - Treats up to 208l

ADC840610 210g

83

API® provides a complete range ofwater testing, essential formonitoring the health of aquariums• Testing methods are fast, easy

and accurate

• Test kits include:

- large test solution bottles formultiple tests

- glass test tubes with caps

- accurate, easy-to-read colourcharts for interpreting testresults

• Child resistant caps

Every kit provides an informativebooklet explaining how to test, whyto test, what test results mean and,most importantly, how to correct any problems.

FRESHWATER pHTEST KIT

Overly alkaline oracidic water can haveharmful effects onaquarium life, so pHcontrol is importantto maintaining ahealthy aquarium. API® pH TEST KITmeasures pH levels from 6.0 to 7.6 byadding a single indicator solution to awater sample and comparing thewater colour to the chart provided. • Performs 250 tests.


FRESHWATER/SALTWATERHIGH RANGE pHTEST KIT

Testing of waterwithin the high rangeof pH 7.4 to 8.8 can beaccomplished by this kit. API® HIGHRANGE pH TEST KIT is ideal formeasuring pH changes in marineaquariums, freshwater aquariumswith African cichlids, and very alkalinetap water. The test is accomplished byadding a single indicator solution to awater sample and comparing thecolour result to the appropriate chartprovided, either for freshwater orsaltwater aquariums.• Performs 160 tests.


pH TEST KIT &ADJUSTER

Like the API® pHTEST KIT, this deluxekit tests the pH ofwater within therange 6.0 to 7.6, butalso includes both pHUP® and pH DOWN® for adjusting pHlevels as needed. • Performs 250 tests.


FRESHWATER/SALTWATERAMMONIA TEST KIT

Ammonia, the mostcommon killer oftropical fish, iscontinually produced inan aquarium from decomposing organicmatter and must be monitored tomaintain a healthy aquarium. This kitmeasures ammonia levels from 0 to 8ppm and is appropriate for use with allammonia-detoxifying products such asAMMO-LOCK®. Most salicylate testingkits take up to 20 minutes to acheiveresults; however, API® AMMONIA TESTKIT employs a method that yieldsresults in only 5 minutes. Each of twotest solutions are added to a measuredquantity of aquarium water; colourresults are compared to one of twocharts provided - one for freshwateraquariums and one for saltwateraquariums.• Performs 130 tests.


FRESHWATER/SALTWATERNITRITE TESTKIT

Nitrite can build up inaquarium water dueto the action ofnitrifying bacteria inthe biological filter. As these bacteriabreak down ammonia, toxic nitrite isreleased and can cause stress, illnessand death in aquarium fish. When thebiological filter is established andworking properly, other species of

nitrifying bacteria will use this nitriteas a food source and will convert it tonontoxic nitrate. In new aquariums,however, the biological filter is not fullydeveloped, and water should betested every other day to monitornitrite levels. Even in establishedaquariums, conditions can change andelevated levels of nitrite can occur;thus, nitrite levels should be testedweekly. API® NITRITE TEST KITmeasures nitrite levels from 0 to 5ppm by adding a single test solution toa water sample and comparing thecolour result with the appropriatechart, for either freshwateraquariums or saltwater aquariums.• Performs 250 tests.


FRESHWATER/SALTWATERNITRATE TEST KIT

Nitrate is produced inan aquarium by thebiological filter.Beneficial bacteria inthe biological filter convert toxicammonia, to nitrite, then into nitrate.A high nitrate level indicates thebuild-up of fish waste and organiccompounds, resulting in poor waterquality and contributing to thelikelihood of fish disease. Mostmarine aquarists agree that a lownitrate level significantly improves thehealth of fish and invertebrates. API®NITRATE TEST KIT measures totalnitrate levels in parts per million, 0 to160 ppm. Nitrate testing oftenrequires the use of two solutions anda powder, but the API® NITRATETEST KIT is simple and quick. Justadd each of two test solutions to ameasured quantity of aquariumwater, wait 5 minutes, then comparethe colour result to the appropriatechart. Charts for both freshwater andsaltwater aquariums are provided.The closest colour match indicatesthe parts per million of total nitrate inthe water sample. • Performs 90 tests.

• For freshwater and saltwater aquariums

APILR1800 37ml bottle

API26 37ml bottle

APILR8600 37ml bottle

API29A 37ml bottle

API27 37ml bottle

API28 37ml bottle

Water testing products

84

FRESHWATER GH & KH TEST KIT

This kit providescomplete testing forwater hardness—both generalhardness (GH) andcarbonate hardness (KH or alkalinity).Carbonate hardness is the measureof dissolved carbonate andbicarbonate in water. Concentrationsof these ions depend on the water’ssource and treatment processes.General hardness is the measure ofdissolved calcium and magnesium ionconcentrations in water. Hard waterhas high levels of these minerals andsoft water has low levels. Like KH,the GH of water depends on itssource and the water treatmentprocedures to which it has beenexposed. African cichlids and brackishwater fish require hard water (GHand KH of 150 to 300 ppm) with a pHof 8.2, whereas Amazonian fishprefer water with a pH of 6.5 andwater hardness of 50 to 70 ppm; theneeds of the community aquariumfall between these extremes.Because tap water rarely providesthe conditions necessary to satisfythe particular needs of tropical fish,testing a water source for hardnessand making appropriate adjustmentsis essential for a healthy aquarium.The API® GH & KH TEST KITdetermines results in parts permillion, and a conversion chart toGerman degrees (°dKH) is provided.Both tests are performed by addingdrops of indicator solution to a watersample until a colour end-point isachieved. Results are determined bythe number of drops added; eachdrop is equal to 10 ppm KH or GH.• For freshwater aquariums

FRESHWATER/SALTWATER KH TEST KIT

This kit will test forcarbonate hardness(also known as KH oralkalinity). KH is themeasure of dissolvedcarbonate and bicarbonate ionconcentrations in water. The level ofKH depends on the source of thewater and the treatment processesthat it has undergone. Knowing theKH of a water source and makingappropriate adjustments for low orhigh KH will provide aquarium fishwith an environment more like theirown in nature. Low KH can cause

rapid pH shifts; therefore, stress onfish can be prevented when low KHlevels are detected and corrected.Measuring the KH of water can helpto determine the proper dose of pHbuffers to be used in an aquarium.Monitoring KH is particularlyimportant in reef tanks wherecalcium uptake is vital for coralgrowth. The API® KH TEST KITmeasures carbonate hardness inparts per million, and a conversionchart to German degrees (°dKH) isprovided. The test is performed byadding drops of an indicator solutionto a water sample until a yellowcolour end-point is achieved. Resultsare determined by the number ofdrops added; each drop is equal to 10ppm KH.• For freshwater and saltwater

aquariums

FRESHWATER MASTER TEST KIT

This kit teststap water andaquariumwater for fivedifferentparameters that affect the health oftropical fish: freshwater pH, highrange pH, ammonia (Salicylate), nitriteand nitrate. Testing methodsemployed by this kit are the same asthose for individual test kitsdiscussed in this section. Four testtubes with caps, a moisture-resistantholding tray, a test tube rack, testsolution, water-resistant colourcharts and a complete instructionbooklet are included.

SALTWATER MASTER TEST KIT

Providing forthe needs ofmarineaquarists, thiskit containstesting materials for four majorparameters that affect the health ofsaltwater and reef aquariums: HighRange pH (7.4 to 8.8), Ammonia(Salicylate), Nitrite and Nitrate. Fourtest tubes with caps, a moisture-resistant holding tray, a test tuberack, test solution, water-resistantcolour charts and a completeinstruction booklet are included.

FRESHWATER/ SALTWATERPROF.LIQUIDTEST KIT

This kit wasdeveloped forthe professional aquarist and for in-store testing of tap water andaquarium water. Comes completewith reagents to test for low rangepH (6.0 to 7.6), high range pH (7.4 to8.8), ammonia (salicylate), nitrite,nitrate, general hardness (GH) andcarbonate hardness (KH). Included aresix glass test tubes and caps, colourcharts for each test, water analysispad for recording test results andlarge format wall chart. The chartincludes test instructions and chartsfor the essential water tests. Thischart assists professional aquaristsand store employees by instructingthem on what products they coulduse to correct any conditionsindicated by the test results. TheFRESHWATER/ SALTWATERPROFESSIONAL LIQUID TEST KITcomes in a durable, waterproof,plastic box with an interior tray thatcan withstand the wet conditionsassociated with water testing.

APIUK401M 4 x liquid tests

API32 Replacement test tubes withcaps bulkpack of 24

A replacement box of 24 test tubesand caps is available for use with allAPI® water testing kits where theoriginal tube has been lost or misplaced.

REPLACEMENT TEST TUBES

APIUK34 5 x liquid tests

API59 1 x 37ml bottle

API58 37ml bottle

85

API34P Includes tests for pH, High Range pH, Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate, GH and KH.Plus large, water resistant colour chart.

SALTWATERCALCIUM TEST KIT

Calcium is one of themost importantelements for reefbuilding invertebrates.Reef organisms usecalcium to build a calcium carbonateskeleton. In an established reefaquarium, the calcium level shouldalways be 400 to 500 mg/L (ppm).Over time, as the calcium is utilized,the calcium level will gradually drop.Regular testing is necessary to makesure the calcium level is adequate forcorals to grow. Even reefinvertebrates, such as crustaceans,mollusks and encrusting algae,require calcium to remain healthy andgrow. To assure that an adequatecalcium level is maintained, testingevery two weeks is advised. TheAPI® CALCIUM TEST KIT preciselymeasures calcium with a titrationcolour change method. The test isaccomplished by adding drops to awater sample until a colour endpointis achieved. Results are determinedby the number of drops added. Eachdrop is equal to 20 mg/L (ppm).

• For saltwater aquariums

FRESHWATER/SALTWATERCOPPER TEST KITCopper is used totreat many parasiticinfections infreshwater andsaltwater aquariums.Specific copper levels arerecommended for many remedies,thus continual testing and monitoringare required in order to achieveparasite control. This kit measuresthe levels of both free and chelatedcopper. Chelated copper compoundsare very stable and will remain insolution for long periods of time. Freecopper levels decline rapidly insaltwater aquariums and moreslowly in freshwater aquariums, dueto the formation of insoluble coppersalts. API® COPPER TEST KITdetermines TOTAL copper levelsfrom 0 to 4 mg/L (ppm) by adding asingle test solution to a watersample and then comparing thecolour result with the chart provided. • Performs 90 tests.


FRESHWATER/SALTWATERPHOSPHATETEST KIT

Phosphate can occurin aquarium water asa metabolicbyproduct of aquaticlife, as an additive to tap water bysome water treatment facilities, oras a result of natural organicmaterials put into the aquarium.Excessive phosphate is known topromote unsightly algae growth. In saltwater aquariums, phosphateprecipitates dissolved calcium andmagnesium ions, rendering themunavailable for the growth of coralsand other invertebrates. Monitoringphosphate in aquarium water allowsthe aquarist to detect elevated levels,and to take prompt steps to reducethem. This test kit determinesphosphate levels up to 10.0 mg/L(ppm) by adding two test solutions toa measured quantity of aquariumwater; colour results are comparedto a colour chart that is provided. • Performs 150 tests.


API63L 2 x 37ml bottle



86

Live aquatic plants have had thereputation of being difficult to grow—sometimes because aquarists usedhouse plants instead of true aquaticplants, and sometimes becauseimproper fertilization and poorgrowing conditions kept plants fromflourishing. Actually, only a few simplesteps are needed to convert anaquarium into a lush aquatic garden.Today, true aquatic plants are readilyavailable, and API® has developed an easy-to-use system forestablishing and maintaining abeautiful planted aquarium. Thefollowing suggestions will insuresuccess with aquatic plants.

Planted Aquariums and Water HardnessMost aquatic plants require waterwith a low to moderate hardnesslevel. The General Hardness (GH)should be between 2-7°dGH.Carbonate Hardness (KH) should bebetween 2-6°dKH. Tap water is oftenhigh in GH and KH, and may containexcess nutrients such as phosphateand nitrate. If your tap water is toohard or contains excess nutrients,use API® TAP WATER FILTER™. TheTAP WATER FILTER™ removes allhardness, minerals and nutrientsfrom tap water. You can then makepartial water changes on existingaquariums to reduce hardness andnutrients. When starting a newaquarium with the TAP WATERFILTER™, use API® ELECTRO-RIGHT™and pH ADJUSTER to add back justthe right amount of hardness to the water.

Benefits of a Planted Aquarium Taking the time to properly set up anaquarium with aquatic plants is wellworth the effort. Very littlemaintenance is required, and aplanted aquarium provides fish withconditions found only in nature.Follow the steps above and use thefollowing products, and you will enjoya lush, beautiful aquatic garden.

FIRST LAYER® PURE LATERITE

Using the right type of gravel in aplanted aquarium is important forsuccess. Aquatic plants grow best insmall-sized gravel, two to four inchesdeep. Do not use pebble gravel orgravel containing crushed coral. In thetropics, aquatic plants grow inlaterite—a natural mineral found in stream beds there.FIRST LAYER® PURE LATERITE is anexcellent planting medium developed

by API® for rooted aquatic plants. This product can be used whenpreparing a new aquarium or can beadded to an established aquarium.

Directions for use:New Aquariums1. Rinse FIRST LAYER® PURE

LATERITE before use.

2. Distribute FIRST LAYER® PURELATERITE evenly on the bottom ofthe aquarium, using 1 oz. (28 g) ofthe product for every U.S. gallon (38 L) of aquarium water. Forexample, use 20 oz. (567 g) in a 20 U.S. gallon aquarium (75 L).

3. Now, add approximately one inch(2.5 cm) of gravel on top of theFIRST LAYER® PURE LATERITE.

4. Mix the gravel evenly throughoutFIRST LAYER® PURE LATERITE.

5. Add the remaining gravel to theaquarium on top of the FIRSTLAYER® PURE LATERITE.

6. Gently fill the aquarium with water, being careful not to disturbthe gravel.

Established Aquariums1. Rinse FIRST LAYER® PURE

LATERITE before use.

2. Add 1 oz. (28 g) of FIRST LAYER®PURE LATERITE for each U.S. gallon(38 L) of aquarium water.Distribute the product evenly,throughout the aquarium gravel.

FIRST LAYER® PURE LATERITE Sizes Available:

LEAF ZONE®

Aquatic plants require sufficientamounts of iron and potassium toproduce lush green leaves. A lack ofiron results in decaying leaves andpoor growth; potassium is requiredby aquarium plants forphotosynthesis and maintaining cellpressure. LEAF ZONE® is a liquid plantfood containing a special formula ofchelated iron and potassium. Readilyabsorbed through plant leaves, LEAFZONE® is an excellent source of theseessential nutrients. Regular use ofLEAF ZONE® keeps aquarium plantslush and colourful by adding thecritical elements necessary tomaintain vigorous growth.

Directions For use:1. Add one teaspoonful (5 ml) of LEAF

ZONE® for every 10 U.S. gallons (38 L) of aquarium water.

2. Use one dose of LEAF ZONE®every week.

LEAF ZONE® Sizes Available:

ROOT TABS

Aquarium plantsrequire certainessentialnutrients forvibrant growth.ROOT TABS areformulated to supply key nutrients,including iron and potassium, to helpnew aquatic plants get off to avigorous start and keep establishedplants flourishing.

Directions For Use:Add 1 tablet for each 30 squareinches (194sq.cm) of gravel surface.Push midway into gravel bed. Astandard 10 gallon (38l) aquariumrequires 6 tablets. Add new tabletsmonthly for optimum plant growth.

API577C Pack of 10 tablets

API577D Pack of 40 tablets

API576B 118ml Treats up to 903l

API576G 237ml Treats up to 1814l

API576J 473ml Treats up to 3628l

API578C 567g

API578E 1.56kg

Aquarium plant products

87

9 Boeing Way, International Trading EstateBrent Road, Southall, Middlesex UB2 5LBTel: 0208 843 1766 Fax: 0208 843 0679

Catalogue 2008/9

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