apl12 on bandkeramik social structure

7/22/2019 APL12 On bandkeramik social structure

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]olfstagf ^rfss K gfw cfgfrktoa g ae û`ho sbogc

_au krf rfklogc k euhh vfrsoag ae tbos àai, ear erff!

\bos àai os pkrt ae tbf ]olfstagf f-ho`rkry wbfrf jast ae aur

pu`homktoags krf euhhy kmmfsso`hf ear erff. Ear kmmfss ta jarf

erff àais vosot4 www.solfstagf.maj/ho`rkry

Lawghakl Euhh ^LE

Uosot tbf ]olfstagf f-ho`rkry ta lawghakl jast ae aur f-àais ear

aghy ₨ <,6>. Ear tbos jogojkh eff yau wohh rfmfovf k euhhy eugmtoagkh

^LE kgl `y laogc sa, yau bfhp ta iffp aur ho`rkry ruggogc.

www.solfstagf.maj/ho`rkry



KGKHFM \K ^PKIBO]h APIOK HFOLBG]OK

Rhh



KGKHFM\K ^PKFBO]\APOMK

HFOLFG]OK

ROO

^V@HOMK\OAG] AE \BF OG]\O\V\F AE ^PFBO]\AP_

VGOUFP]O\_ AE HFOLFG

^. UK G LF U FH L F

AG @KGLIFPKJOI ]AMOKH ]\PVM\VPF

Kg Kgkhysos at ^at Lfmarktoag kgl But Lostro`utoags Oraog tbf Mfgtrkh Furapfkg Gfahotbom Majjugotofs

ae Fhshaa kgl Bomgbf oj

'?3?

H F O L F G V G O U F P ] r o _ ^ P F ]]

\B F BKCVF / @A]\AG / HA GLA G



Lostroùtars4

ear tbf Vgotfl ]tktfs kgl Mkgklk

Ihuwfr @astag, Ogm.

o5õ Ahl Lfr`y ]trfftBogcbkj, JK >0><=

V]K

ear khh atbo'r taugtrofs

Ihuwfr Kmklfjof û`hosbfrs Craup

Lostroùtoag Mhfgtfr

^.A. @ax =00

==>> KB Larlrfmbt

\bf Gftbfrhkgls

O]@G ?> 5ø0; <<2 R (tbos vahujf)

O]@G ?>5>0; <6> O (sfrofs)

Mapyrocbt © '?3? `y tbf Ogstotutf ae tbf ^rfbtstary, OJlfg.

Khh rocbts rfsfrvfl. Ga pkrt aetbos puòomktoag jky `f rfpralumfl, starfl og k rftrofvkh systfj, ar trkgsjottfl og kgyearj ar `y kgy jfkgs, jfmb

pbatamapyogc, rfmarlogc, ar atbfrwosf, wotbaut tbf proar wrottfg pfrjossoag ae tbf mapyrocbt awgfr.

^POG\FL OG \BF GF\BFPHKGL]



MAG\FG\]

Og toalumtoag . . . , , . •• . . . . . . . . . . . • Uoh

Kmigawhmlcfooomgts . . . . , , . . . . , , , 9 ¹ 7 . . . OR

O4 ';'bf mhkssoeomktoag ae @kglifrkjoi pattfry lfmarktoag.

O. Ogtralumtoag

Mhkssoeomktoag4 cfgfrkh rfquo rfjfgt s 0

K losmussoag ae fxostogc mhkssoeomktoags 3

K pkrklocjktom mhkssoeomktary smbfjf ear lfmarktfl @kglifrkjoi pattfry . . . . ;=

.X malfàai ear @kglifrkjoi lfmarktfl wkrf 0>

K gatf ag tbf malfàai's foeomkmy 0<

Gatfs 06

OO4 Ag lk tk lfeogotoag . . . , , . 05

;. Ogtralumt oag 05

0. ';'bf eogl ks ugot ae kgkhysos 05

=. Gaosf 0?

<. Ag prapar toags kgl jfksurfjfgt smkhfs =;

6. Ag vkholoty =0

Gatfs =?

OOO 4 Magtoguoty kgl losmagtoguoty <;

;. Ogtralumt oag . <;

0. ;'urtoofr magsolfrkhoags <0

=. Jftba l <6

<. Ogtfrprf togc kgl ogtfrprftktovf majputogc <26. ^rfsfgtk toag ae tbf rfsuhts 6;

5. Losmussoag kgl fvkhukt oag . , 66

3. Eurtb fr marraàrktoag 5;

2. Magmhus oags 3>

Gatfs 30

âstsmropt ta Mhok|) tmr ;;; 3<



UO MAG\FG\]

OU9 @kglif rkjoi samokh strum turf4 k pohat stuly 3?

Ogtralo omtoag4 prmsmroptoags kgl lfsmrophoags 3?

\b f mfjmtfry kt Fhshaa4 ogtraloomtoag 2<

\b f Fhshaa crkvfykrl4 k pasotoagkh kppr akmb 25

\b f Fhshaa crkvfykrl4 k strumturkho st kgkhysos ?5

\bf Fhshaa crkvfykrl4 k gfa-Jkrxost ogtfrprftk toag ;>2

Gatfs , . , . . . . . ;;5

U4 K tkhf ae twa vohhkcfs4 @kglifrkjoi samokh str umturf . . . . ;0>

;. Ogt ralumt oag ;0>

0. Olfks k`au t @kglifrkjoi samokh strum turf ;0<

=. ]ajf prfhojogkry rfjkris ag jftbal ;=<

<. 'O' hu-H@I vohhkcf ae Fhshaa ;=36. \b f @I vohhkcf ae Bofgb foj ;6<

5. Magmhusoags ag @kglifrkjoi samokh strumturf4 sujjkry ;5?

Gatfs ;30

\k`hfs ;36

Kppfglox ta Mbkptfr O4 magvfrsoag ta hackrotbjs 0;3

Kppfglox ta Mbk ptf r OU4 malf`aai ear tbf Fhshaa mfjmtf ry 0;2

@o `h oa cr kp by , . . . . o . , . . . . 00;

Host ae oocurfs , , . , . , 00?

Host ae tk`hfs 0=;

Kutbar oglfx 0==

]u`dfmt oglfx 0=3



O G \ P A L V M \ O A G

\hoos stuly os oootmoolml ha `f k lfsmroptoag ae tbf

samokh strumturf ae twa @kglifrkjoi (tbf eorst

Mfgtrkh Furapfkg bartomuhturkbsts) vohhkcfs9 yft k

su`stkgtokh pkrt ae ot bks ta la wotb tbfor pattfry

lmoarktoag. hooekmo, ot wks arocogkhhy magmfovfl ae ks

k stuly ae Fkrhy Gfahotbom pattfry9 jarf spfmoeo-

mkhhy, ot sbauhl bkvf `ffg agf ae k sfrofs ae rfparts

ag tbf Bofgbfoj fxmkvktoags. O wks kssamoktfl

wotb tbfsf fxmkvktoags ks k crkluktf og tbf ;?3>

kgl ;?3; sfksags9 tbfy wfrf maglumtfl `y tbf

Lfpkrtjfgt ae ^rfbostary ae Hfolfg Vgovfrsoty.

Eraj tbf vfry `fcoggogc O bkvf wkgtfl tbos stuly

ta rfsuht og jarf tbkg "jfrf" pattfry lfsmroptoag4

pkrkhhfh ta jy trkogogc og prfbostary O khsa stulofl

oobgahacy. Og tbf fgl, tbos hkttfr stuly bks bkl

magsolfrk`hf oghhufgmf. Ot wks pfrbkps og jy eorst

yfkr tbkt O rfkl Hïvo-]trkuss' \rostfs \rapoqufs, kgl; wks Xfry jumb ojprfssfl `y bos kgkhysos kgl

ogtfrprftktoag ae ekmf pkogtogcs kgl aeeprogts ae

tbfsf pralumfl `y tbf Mkluvfa ae @rkzoh. ]ajf-

tbogc sojohkr sbauhl `f passo`hf wotb pattfry

lfmarktoag, O tbaucbt gkovfhy. UUbfg hktfr, lurogc

ftbgacrkpbomkh hofhlwari og ]pkog - pfrbkps agf ae

tbf bfkvofst sfgsotovoty trkogogcs ojkcogk`hf - O

rfkl ]trumturkh Kgtbrapahacy `y tbf skjf kutbar ,

kckog bos kgkhysos mkucbt jy ekgtksy4 ot sbauhl `f

passo`hf ta wari aut samokh strumturf ear prfbostarof

sftthfgu-gts og wkys kgkhacaus ta tbf @ararý kgl

Soggf`kca kgkhysfs og tbkt àai. Og tbf jfkg-

tojf, ks k jfj`fr ae tbf fxmkvktogc tfkj kt

Bofgbfoj ear k guj`fr ae jagtbs, O `fmkjf

kmquogtfl wotb tbf @kglifrkjoi. Khsa, `y tbf fgl

ae tbf 'soxtofs, tbf oghhufgmf ae Mhkr if kgl @ogearl

bkl `fmajf pfrmfpto`hf, Hfrao-Caurbkg mauhl `f

rfkl (`y sajf) ear k sfmagl tojf, kgl krmbkfahacy

wks ga hagcfr vvbkt ot bkl `ffg. \bkt os, wbfg O

prapasfl k tbfsos ag @kglifrkjoi samokh strumturf

`y jfkgs ae k stuly ae ots pattf ry lfmarkt oag, O wks

gat trkgsefrrfl ta tbf gfkrfst ksyhuj ùt trfktfl

ogstfkl wotb tbf rfjkri4 yaoo jky pravf tbf

ojpassoòhoty ae sumb kg uglfrtkiogc.

O'bkt praae os og tbf pkcfs wbomb eahhaw, ùt O la

gat tbogi tbf praae os magmhusovf. Ks ot stkgls, O bkvf

gat `ffg k`hf ta pralumf kg kgswfr `y jfkgs ae

pattfry lfmarktoag khagf ~ O bkl ta `rogc og tbf

crkvfcoets og tbf mfjftfry ae Fhshaa, kgl lktk ag

but typahacy kgl sozf kt tbf @kglifrkjoi vohhkcfs

ae Fhshaa kgl Bofgbfoj, taa. Oe tbf àai os k òt ae k

balcfpalcf, ot os `fmkusf ae tbfsf solfstfps.

_ft, tbfrf os sajf strumturf4 tbf eorst tbrff

mbkptfrs krf jkoghy magmfrgfl wotb pattfry lfma

rktoag, tbf twa atbfrs wotb samokh strumturf. \bfàai sbauhl `f sffg ks k wbahf, bawfvfr, ga pkrt

stkglogc sfpkrktf eraj tbf rfst. \bf pattfry pkrt os

`ksom ta tbf samokh pkrt, kgl wotbaut tbf hkttfr tbf

lftkohfl kgkhysfs ae tbf earjfr just sffj paogthfss.

\bf eorst mbkp tfr prav olfs k gfw mhkssoeomktoag

smbfjf ear @kglifrkjoi pattfry lfmarktoag4 kjagc

tbf mhkssoeomktoags og fxostmgmf, gagf kpphofl og k

sktosekmtary wky ta tbf Bofgbfoj sbfrls. \bf

sfmagl mbkptfr jkifs k òt ae k solfstfp4 k huojbmr

ae jftbalomkh kgl stktostomkh pra`hfjs krf fhkà-

rktfl ag tbfrf, kgl k jftbalahacomkh sfmtoag bks

`ffg kllml. Ks ugrfhktfl ks ot jky kppfkr kt eust

socbt, tbf losmussoags og tbos mbkptfr krf ae magsolf

rk`hf ojpartkgmf ear tbf cfgfrkh hogf ae tbf

krcujfgt. \bf tborl mbkptfr os pfrbkps tbf jast

trklotoagkhhy krmbkfahacomkh og tbos stuly4 og kg

ktt fjp t ta sahvf tbf pra` hfj ae magtoguoty eraj

Fkrhy ta Jollhf Gfahotbom, tbf @kglifrkjoi pattf-



UOOO OG\PALVM\OAG

ry lfmarktoag traj Bofgbmoj os prfsfgtfl . \bf pohm

ae lokcrkjs k mmajpkg yogc tbkt mbk ptfr krf gat b

ogc ùt tbf usukh sbfrl marpus kppfglfl ta sumb

tfxts, aghy shocbthy loscuosfl tbraucb k òt ae

k`strkmtoag.

\bf ftbgacrkpbom partoag ae tbos stuly bks `ffg

lovolfl ogta owa pkrts. \bf eorst pkrt, mbkptfr OU,

magsosts ae k pohat stuly ae tbf Hogfkr @kglifrkjoi

mfjftfry ae Fhshaa. Og arlfr ta kmbofvf k jarf ar

hfss rauglfl pomturf, khh iogls ae crkvfcoets bkvf

`ffg fgtfrfl, gat dust mfrkjoms. ]bart pofmfs ae

ftbgahacomkh tbfary krf smkhfl lawg ta khtfrgktovf

kgl apmrktoagk! jalfhs, ktol tbf lktk krf jktmbfl

wotb tbfsf ta sfhfmt tbf kppraproktf agfs. \bf rfsuht

os k sft ae bypatbfsfs rfckrlogc Hogfkr @kgl

ifrkjoi samokh strumturf eraj k "pasotoagkh" (ar

stktus), k strumturkhost, kgl k gfa-Jkrxost paogt ae

vofw. Mbkptfr U, tbf sfmagl pkrt ae tbf ftbga-

crkpby, prfsfgts k sujjkry ae tbf fxostogc hotfrk-

turf ag tbos tapom kgl k`strkmts k guj`fr ae

khtfrgktovf kgl kllotoagkh ooypatbfsfs eraj oh.

; acftbfr wotb tbf rfsuhts ae mbk ptf r OU tbfy krf

tfstfl kckogst lktk eraj tbf @kglifrkjoi sftthf-

jfgts ae Fhshaa kgl Bofgbfoog9 tbf spktokh kgl

tfjparkh lostroùtoags ae mfrkjom lfmarktoag kgl

ae but typfs kgl sozfs pravolf tbf `ksos. Kt tbf fgl

ae tbkt mbkptfr tbf bypatbfsfs kgl tbfor lfcrff ae

marraàrktoag bkvf `ffg kssmj`hfl kgl prfsfgtfl

og hostearj.

Kàvf, O bkvf gkjfl eaur kutbars wba bkvf `ffg

jast ogehufgtokh og tbos stuly4 H.P. @ogearl, L.H.

Mhkrif, K. Hfrao-Caurbkg kgl M. Hïvo-]trkuss.

Obfrf krf tbrff atbfrs wba bkXf `ffg ks ojpartkgt

(kgl lfkr) ta jf4 J. Calfhofr, I.P. âppfr, kgl

J.L. ]kbhogs. Ot os gat mustajkry ta fgtfr agfs

progtfl maugsfhars kjagc tbf pfaphf kmigaw-

hflcfl9 O effh, tbaucb, tbkt tbfy sbauhl `f jfg-

toagfl, oe aghy ta hft tbf rfklfr igaw wbkt ta

fxpfmt.

Hfolfg/Hogcfg

= Amt a`f r ;?32 / 0< Dk gu kr y ;?3?



KMIGASHFLCFJFG\]

\Og- prfsfgt `aai wks prmmopotktfl `y k stuly

whoomb hkstfl khjast eovf yfkrs. Lurogc tbos tojf,

tbf Gftbfrhkgls Arckgozktoag ear tbf Klvkgmf-

jfgt ae ^urf Pfsfkrmb (T.S.A.) kgl tbf Vgovfr

soty ae Hfolfg prav olfl eogkgmokh, ogsto tutoagkh kgl

majputktoagkh suppar t. \bfrf os aoof ekmf og tbf

mravvl ae kljogostrktars O fspfmokhhy wkgt ta skytbkgis ta4 Jr. A. @rauwfr (prfsfgthy kt Cragogcfg

]tktf Vgovfrsoty) wba ks oe `y jkcof summfflfl og

sfmurogc k pasotoag ear jf wbfg O wks tbrfktfgfl

`X- k muo-aheae skhkry ketfr jy T.S.A. su`soly bkl

rug aut.

Ogtfhhfmtuko suppart wks pravolfl `y jkooy

mahhfkcufs wba wfgt ta tbf trau`hf ae rfklogc kgl

losmus.sogc pkrts ae jy tfxts. Kjagc tbfj, tbfrf krf

sfvfrkh wba loskcrff wotb fvfry sogchf warl ae tbos

tbfsos, yft taai pkogs ta mhkroey spfmoeom ossufs. Jylosmusskgts ta wbaj O awf sa jumb wfrf D.D.

Kssfglarp (gaw kt tbf Hfssfr ]kxagokg Jagujfgt

]frvomf og Bkggavfr), M.M. @kifhs (kt tbf Ogstotutf

ae ;'rfhoostary ae Hfolfg Vgovfrsoty), J. Labrg-

Objoc (Wprfsfgthy kt tbf Hkglfsjusfuj og @agg),

K.K. Mfr`rkgls (Ogstotutf ae Mkohturkh kgl ]amokh

]tulofs, Hfolfg Vgovfrsoty), K. Iupfr (kt tbf skjf

ogstotutf), H.^. Hauwf Iaaodjkgs (ae tbf Gktoagkh

Jusf uj ae Kgtoquot ofs kt Hfolfg) , D. Høgoooc

(Krmbkfahacomkh Ogstotutf, Vgovfrsoty ae Mahacgf),

D.U .]. Jfckw (L fpkrt jfgt ae Krmbkfahacy, Vgo

vfrsoty ae Hfomfstfr), P.P. Gfwfhh (@oahacomkh-

Krmbkfahacomkh Ogstotutf, Cragogcfg ]tktf Vgo

vfrsoty), D. C. Aastfg (Ogstotutf ae Muhtur kh kgl

]amokh ]tulofs, Hfolfg Vgovfrsoty), ^. ]tfbho

(Pfsfkrmb Vgot ear ]ftthfjfgt Krmbkfahacy ae tbf

Khlfgbavfgfr ^hkttf kt Sfoswfohfr), J. \daidaf

(Majputfr Mfgtrf, Hfolfg Vgovfrsoty), J. vkg

@kifh (Ogstotutf ae Muhturkh kgl ]amokh ]tulofs,

Hfolfg Vgovfrsoty), D. E. vkg Pfctmr fg Khtfgk

(]tktf ]frvomf ear Krmbkfahacomkh Ogvfstocktoags og

tbf Gftbfrhkgls kt Kjfrseaart), S. vkg Tkgtfg

(Ogstotutf ae Muhturkh kgl ]amokh ]tulofs, HfolfgVgovfrsoty), C.D. Ufrwfrs (Ogstotutf ae ^rfbostary,

Hfolfg Vgovfrsoty), K. Uaarrops (Ogstotutf ae

^rf- kgl ^ratabostary, Jugomopkh Vgovfrsoty,

Kjstfrlkj) kgl K. Tojjmr jkg g (Pfsfkrmb

Vgot ear ]ftthfjfgt Krmbkfahacy ae tbf Khlfg

bavfgfr ^hkttf kt Sfoswfohfr).

Og tbf prfpkrktoag ae tbf jkgusmropt O wks

kssostfl eorst kgl earfjast `y D. ^. @aacfrl (Ogs to

tutf ae ^rfbostary, Hfolfg Vgovfrsoty) wba jklf

tbf lrkwogcs9 khsa, P. Bkcfstfodg kgl H. Iaaofg(Ogstotutf ae Muhturkh kgl ]amokh ]tulofs, Hfolfg

Vgovfrsoty), S. Jfuzfhkk r kgl C. \ki (Ogstotutf

ae ^rfbostary, Hfolfg Vgovfrsoty) bkl bkgls og

ot. \bfg , D. vkg Otfr sag-vkg lf Ufhlf kgl U.

Uhfi trkgsefrrfl jy lau`hf-Lutmb ogta rfklk`hf

Fgchosb.

@fsolfs tbf suppart ae tbf smbahkrs lorfmthy

ogvahvfl og tbf prfpkrktoag ae tbos tbfsos, E. \dag

]of Ekt (Ogstotutf ae Muhturkh kgl ]amokh ]tulofs,

Hfolfg Vgovfrsoty) kgl J.F.\b, lf Craatb

(@aggfekgtfg Jusfuj, Jkkstrombt) sbauhl `f

fspfmokhhy jfgtoagfl. Sotbaut tbf pfrsostfgt ja-

rkh kgl ogtfhhfmtuko suppart ae tbfsf pfaphf, tbos

tbfsos mauhl gat bkvf `ffg wrottfg.

\bkgi vau khh.



MBK^\IPO

\ B F ( W H K ] ] O E I 9 KO OA G AE @KGLIFPKJOI Â O\ FP _ LFMAPK \OAG

Og tbos t'bkpomr k gmw mhkssotiktoag os |)r()pasml har @kglifrkjoi pahtfry lfmarktoag9' ots gaXfhty hofs og otsbmooooo k m hasfl systfgo og raghokso wotb mggfgt, mxdokglkòm smbfgofs.

O. Ogtralouooag

'o'bf cfgfokh su`dfmt ahtbos tbfsos os kg mhumolktoag ah'tbf samokh strumtur f ae tbf @kglifrkjoi. \bfrfearf

O obogi k lfsmroptoag ae tbf lfmarktfl pattfry ae

ohokt muburf kppraproktf4 e'raj tbf Fkrhy Gfahotbom

agvvkrls krmbk('()h(oo7omkh muburfs trklotoagkh hy fquktf

oorst kgl hogfgoast wohoo coagps ae pattf ry (Høgogc

oqyW",''). ;> `f jarf prfmosf, oh bks `ffg suppasfl

tbkt oe muhturfs mkg `f lostogcuosbfl ag tbf `ksos ae

tbfor pattfry pralumtoag, tbfg lostogmtoags wotbog k

muhturf sbauhl `f losmfrgo`hf `y jfkgs ao tbf

vkroktoag wotbog tbkt pralumt. Loehfrfgt samokhcraups wohh bkX(' bkl (kgl tbfrfearf wohh `f

trkmfk`hf `y9 ]mbohefr ;?354<0) loeefrfgt lfmarktoxf

prfefrfgffs ua gffl ear kssujptoags kàuh wba

pralumml vvbkt.

Mbkgcf ammurs og tbfsf oorfhfrfgmfs ks k rfspagsf

ta crklukh sboets og atbfr pkrts ae tbf muhturkh

systfj. \bos mbkgcf os olfgt omkh wo tb tojf - k

mktfcary ta `f fxphkogfl4 Calfhofr (;?33 (O)4 =5)9

^hac (;?3=4 '0o)9 khsa me. M. Hïvo-]trkuss (og

Mbkr àgg ofr O?()?4 =2-=?). Lorfmthy ar oglorfmthy,

sajf lorfmtoag os put tbos wky og tbf atbfrwosfstamhokstom vkroktoags og tbf pahtfry lfmarktoag

(@ogearl ;?304 0<3-0<29 MVkrif ;?524 3<-33, ;029

Iõgoc ;?5?4 0>-0;). Og atbfr warls, k. vfry lftkohfl

kgkhysos ae tbf pattfry lfmarktoag os gmmfsskry.

rooos os fksofr skol tbkg lagf4 tbf lktk ta `f

kgkI sfl wks fxmkvktfl og @kvkrok kgl sbawfl ots

awg rfcoagkh pfmuhokrotofs ear wbomb ga mhkssohh-

mktoag bks `ffg lfvosfl ta lktf. Khsa, k su`stkutokh

pkrt ae ot wks gat ae k b@I-sfgsu stromha mbkrkmtfr,

ùt bkl jarf ae tbf mbkrkmtfrostoms ae ots sufmfssar,tbf @kvkrokg Pafssfg. Kgl khthI)ucb tbf hkhhfr os

magsolfrfl k pkrt ae tbf cfgfrkh @kglifrkjoi

trklotoag ("Lkguòkg" og Mbohlf's vamkùhkry), ots

rfhktoags wotb tbf earjfr wfrf vfry paarhy uglfr-

staal (me Mb. OOO `fhaw). MVkroehmkhoag ae obfsf

rfhktoags (mbragahacomkh kgl samokh9 mauhl aghy

rfsuht eraj majpkrosag ae tbf magtfgts ae tbf twa

muhturfs.

Pfsfkrmb ogta tbfsf rfhktoags os maglum tfl wotbog

fxostogc tbfarftomkh erkjfwaris9 magmfpts hoif mag-toguoty, fxmb kgcf, ftm. wohh `f kpphofl ta prfbostarof

lktk. \bf jalfhs, ar rktbfr fhkàrktoags ae tbfsf

magmfpts krf lfrovfl eraj kgtbrapahacomkh tbfary.

@y jfkgs ae tbfsf jalfhs wf try ta majm ta crops

vvohb ohoo' kppkrfgh vkrokhoag. Og obf jalfhs, wf

kthfjpt ha earjkhozf kgl ta strumturf tbf rfhktoag-

sbops `ftwffg tbf mhfjfgts9 tbf jfkgogcs aroco-

gkhhy kttkmbfl ta tbf rfhktoagsbops kgl magefrrfl

upag tbf mhfjfgts krf aghy ta `f cufssfl kt. K

mhkssoeomktoag os kg ogstrujfgt `y wbomb jalfhs kgl

lktk krf hogifl9 ot rfglfrs tbf lktk (og tbos mksflfmarktoag ag mfrkjoms) jkgkcfk`hf, kjfgk`hf ta

tbf jalfhs9 tbraucb ot, tbf lktk mkg `m lfsmro`fl

og k wky rfhfvkgt ta jalfh kgl rfsfkrmb pra`hfj

khoif (khsa me. Bohh kgl Fvkgs ;?30).

K sfkrmb tbraucb tbf hotfrkturf taumbogc ag tbf

mhkssoeomktoag ae lfmarktfl @kglif rkjoi pattfry

(ogmhulogc kjagc atbfrs, @utmbiaw ;?=6, @utthfr



\ B F M H K ] ] O E O M K \ O A G A E @ K G L I F P K J O I ^ A \ \ F P U L F M A P K \ O A G

kgl Bkbmrfy o?46(), Lfstfxbf-Dkg oah hf BdCo,

Labrg-hbjot7 ;?3=, Baeo'jkgg ;?5=, Jfof r-

Krfglt udCC, Ja ll fr jkg ;?3>, ]aulsiy ;?65,

kgl ]hfboo ;?3=) lol gat pralumf kgy skhosh'kmtarohy

kpphomko)hf mhkssohomktoag (sktosekmtarohy kppBmk`hf,

tbkt os, ta jy rfsfkrmb pra`hfj). Lfefrrogc k

lftkohfl losmussoag ta tbf tborl sfmtoag, ot mkg `f

stktfl tbkt tbf fxostogc mhkssoeomktoags wfrf ogkppho-

mk`hf `fmkusf ae kt hfkst agm ae tbf eahhawogc paogts4

(O) fquovamkhotoms og tbf lfhogotoag ae tbf mhkssfs9 (0)

apfggfss, ar fxpkglkòhoty ae tbf mhkssohomktoag9

kgl/ar (=) rfcoagkhhy, kgl/ar lokmbragomkhhy rfs-

tromtfl (kckog, og rfhktoag ta jd rfsfkrmb ogtfrfsts.

Eraj boglsocbt, tbfy wfrf gat sueoomofgthy lftkohfl

fotbfr9 me. Mb. OU `fhaw).\bf kppkrfgt magmhusoag os tbkt k gfw mhkssoho

mktoag bkl ta `f lfsocgfl wbomb marrfmtfl tbfsf

paogts. Uft tbf rfcoagkh rfstromtoag ae tbf atbfr

smhofjfs jocbt bkXm `ffg jktmbfl `y k sojohkr

rfstromtoag, gaw ta tbf @kvkrokg @kgl-ifrkjoi.

BawfXfr, ear tbf vfry sojphf rfksag tbkt tbf

kjaooooh ahwari ta `f spfoot ag tbf lfvfhapjfgt ae k

rfcoagkh smbfjf wauhl `f aghy shocbthy hf.ss tbkg

tbkt ear k pkg-mhkssoeomktoag O put jy koj wolfr.

Eartugktfhy, ks kppfkrfl hktfr ag, ks sajf ae tbfjalfhs bkl tf `f tfstfl kgl atbfrs warifl aut ag

lk tk atbfr tbkg tbkt eraog Bofgbf oj. \bf lkt k

eraj tbf Lutmb H@I wbomb O usfl tbfg hottfl

woobauh loBomuhoX ooua tbf mhkssohomktoag.

0. M.hks.soeomktoag4 cfgfo kh rfquorfjfgts

Og tbf eust sfmtoag O bkvf `ffg usogc warls hoif

"lfsmroptoag", "mhkssoeomktoag'", "lfhogotoag", wotb

aut lfhog ogc tbfj. Obfy khh rfhk tf ta agm eofhl aeolfks wbomb jky `f oglomktfl `y tbf tfrj "systf-

jktoms". 'O'bos hkttfr warl os k ify tfrj og khjast

kgy lfhogotoag ae smofghohom kmtovoty, kgl ojphofs tbf

wkys og wbomb arlfrhy krrkgcfjfgts krf jklf

(Luggfhh ;?3;4 06).

Ot wauhl `f supfrehuaus ta lfkh fxtfgsoXfhy wotb

tbf ogtfrrfhktoags, lfhhgotoags kgl `kmicraugls ae

tbfsf tfrjs, ks caal tfxtàais (]pkuhlogc ;?3<4

6;=) krf kvkohk`hf (f.c., Luggfhh ;?3;). Bawfvfr,

`fharf mrotomozogc atbfrs' mhkssoeomktoags kgl mag-

strumtogc k gfw agf, k sbart sujjkry ae tbfsf

`kmicraugls os usmeuh bfrf. Eahhawogc Luggfhh, tbf

jast `ksom lostogmtoag ta `f jklf os tbkt `ftwffg

"olfktoagkh" kgl "pbfgajfgahacomkh". \bf hkttfr

tfrj os ogtfglfl ta mavfr tbogcs ar fvfgts "aut

tbfrf"9 tbf earjfr rfhktfs ta tbogcs wbomb "bkvf ga

a`dfmtovf fxostfgmf, majjaghy mkhhfl olfks" (Lug

gfhh ;?3;405). ]mofgmfs `fhagc ta tbf olfktoagkh

ugoxfrsf. ùr krf (obooooh pbf gaj fgk . Mhasfhy pk

rkhhfh ta tbos lombatajy os tbkt ae "lfhogotoag" vs.

"lfsmroptoag". Lfeogotoags krf og tbf olfktoagkh

rfkhj, kgl lfsmroptoags krf kàut pbfgajfgk. Ksbogtfl kt og tbf prfvoaus sfmtoag, fposhmjghacomkhhy

tbfrf os jarf ta `f skol kàut tbos lombatajy.

\bogcs krf shocbthy jarf majphomktfl tbkg tbf

sojphf appasotoag ae olfks kgl pbfgajfgk ar ae

lfhogotoag kgl lfsmroptoag4 lfeogotoags pmrtkog ta

tbf tbfarftomkh ekmofs, kgl lfsmroptoags ta tbf

pbfgajfgahacomkh solf ae aur jalfhs. _ft, har k

mhkroeomktoag ae tbf pramfss ae mhkssoeomktoag, tbf

lombatajy wohh la. ]tomiogc ta tbf appasotoag,

tbogcs ar fvfgts krf hamktfl og tojf kgl spkmf9

lfeogotoags (kgl smofgmf og cfgfrkh) krf erff ae sumb

tofs, kmbragom kgl kmbarom. \bos vofw aekgkhytomkh

sfpkrktmgfss ae tbf twa rfkhjs ojphofs tbkt tbfy krf

oglfpfglfgt ae agf kgatbfr, kgl obaucb tbf

"olfktoagkh" os kàut tbf atbfr, aghy "rfhfvkgmf"

ar "marrfspaglfgmf" mkg `f fstk`hosbfl, gat

"oruhb". \bus, fxphkgktoag os lfrovfl og tbf vvarhl

ae olfks (og kg fxphomothy ar ojphomothy hacomkh

erkjfwari, oe smofgtohom fxphkgktoag os saucbt), ùt

tbf ekmts (rktbfr tbf lfsmroptoag ae tbf ekmts)

wohh/wohh gat jktmb ot. Sbfg ekmts kgl fxphkgktoagla gat jktmb, kgl pravolfl tbf fxphkgktoag os

hacomkhhy saugl, tbfg tbf fxphkgktoag ks sumb gffl

gat `f rfdfmtfl9 ot os sojphy o rrfhfvkgt D)fmkusf ae

wragc prfjosfs ar maglotoags), kgl kgatbfr fxphk

gktoag bks ta `f lfsocgfl.

Obfary tbfg, `fhagcs ta tbf olfktoagkh rmkhj9 k

tbfarv magsosts ah tbf sfh ae olfks rfhkhfl ha sajf



M H K ] ] O E O M K \ O A G 4 C F G F P K O . P F [ V O P F J F G \ ]

spfmohofl mbossah poomuagomgk, .Krmbfaoacomkh hbmarX

rfokhfs ha obooocs XX bomoo fkoo bf fxfkXktfl4 ooavv hbfX

wfrf pralumfl, usfl, losmkrlfl, pkssfl ogha a`b-

voag, wfrf luc aut, kgl stulofl (]mboe\fr ;?354

<,6,;0). Jarf haetohy pbrksfl4 tbfary os kàut "tbf

mhkssfs (orphuJoajmg.o kgl hhof |)rooomophfs by gofkgs

aewhoomb ohofsf krf rfhkhfl" YLuggmV ;?3;4==).

Ogsao'kr ks tbfsf mhkssfs kgl tbfor rfhktoags krf ae

kg olfkhoaukh gkhoorm. thofy ddfrtkou ha "mhkssooá-

mktoag"9 tbfor phofgagofgkh (kgl khsa tbfor lfsmrop-

hoXfh pfglkgt os "craoq)ogc"". @atb krf pramflurfs

;(; `rouc arlfr ogha kg ugsystfjktozfl krfk , k gl

mkg `f sffg ks su`-mhkssfs ah "systfjktoms ". Oraooo

wbkt bks `ffg wrottfg kàXf, lfeogotoag bks rfhf-

rfoum ha mhkssoromktoag9 lfsmroptoag rfhktfs hacraup-ogc. ]tohh tbfrm krf oookgy wkvs ae lfhogogc4 hfkXoooc

ksolf khh tbf jarf su`thf ]mhoaahgofg-su`lox osoags

(mh'. @amhofoosio ;?6<4 ?>-?5), twa sbauhl `f sogchml

auh ks ohofy hokXf ojphomktoags ear tbf losmussoag og

obm oomxo smmtoag4 tbf eorst typf hosts khh (gkjms ae)

a`dfmhs, tbf sfmagl agf ogfrfhy stktfs tbf gfmfsskry

kgl suhhomofgt maglotoags ear mhkss jfj`frsbop

(Luoooofhh ;?3;4 ;6-;2). \a covf kg fxkgophf, hhof

horso typf ae lfeogotoag ; "fgugofrktovf" ar "fxtfg-

soagkE'W whofoo rfhkhfl ha "mhkg" vvauhl magsost ah khosh coXogc hhu' ookjfs ae khh mhkgs kgoagc fvfry

samofty igawg ta passfss k mhkg arckgozktoag. ; bf

sfmagl, ar "ogtfgsoagkh" typf ae lfeogotoag ae tbf

hfrooo "mhkg " sbauhl mgoàly sumho magmfpts ks

fxackjy, ugohogfkroty kgl sagof atbfrs (HïXo-

]trkuss ;?5?`4 3=). Mhfkrhy fxtfgsoagkh lfeogotoags

krf fksy ta magmfovf9 tbfy krf loeoámuht ha usf,

bawfx'mr4 |)u`homkhoag ae kg fhhoo o()crk|)bX >;; k

boohuJoa ugigavvg papuhktoag arckgozfl og mhkg-

hoif craupogcs wauhl gfmf.ssotktf tbf kjfgljfgt ae

tbf fxtfgsoagkh lfeogotoag ae mhkg. Kg ogtfgsoagkhlfeogotoag, tbaucb rfquorogc sagof bkrl obogiogc

`fearm wrotogc ot lawg, lafs gat rug sumb k rosi9 kg

fxackgoaus ugohogmkh craup os k mhkg, wbfrf- kgl

wbfg fXfr oh os eaugl. •

Omo rfturg ta mhkssoeomktoag ks k pramflurf ta put

arlfr ogta pkrt ah tbf olfktoagkh spbfrf, tbos os

lfeogfl `y Luggfhh (,;?3;4 <<) ks tbf mrfktoag ae

ugots ae ogrkgogc 4o.f., mhkssfs9 `y stopuhkhogc tbf

maglohoags suheomofgt kgl gfmfsskry ta `f k jfj`fr

ae tbkt mhkss. ]a, ogtfgsoagkh lfeogotoags kgl mhksso-

eomktoags krf kt hfkst `ksomkhhy s ojohkr . K mhksso-

eomktary smbfjf (ar mhkssoeomktoag, ar typahacy) os k

sft ae mhkssfs wbomb krf systfjktomkhhy rfhkhfl agf ta

kgatbfr tbraucb tbfor rfspfmtovm jmkgogcs.

Ks prfsfgtfl bfrf, ot sbauhl `m mhfkr ohokt

mhkssoeomktoag bks jumb ta la wotb tbfary. Og ekmt,

mhkssoeomktoags krf magstrumtfl ks kg kol og pra`hfj

sahvogc. \bf maglotoags ae jfj`frsbop ae tbf

vkroaus mhkssfs krf lfrovfl eraj tbf pra` hfj oh

aoohy ha muh aø wbkt os magsolmrfl orrfhfvkgh.

Olfkhhy, tbf mhkssfs sbauhl tacfhbfr maXfr tbf "eofhl

ae jfkgogc" ta wbomb tbf pra`hfj kpphofs (syg.4"ugovfrsf ae losmaursf"). Khsa, tbf rfhktoags `f-

twffg tbf mhkssfs krf sa erkjfl (f.c., wbkt os tbf

oo4ast fmagajof su`lovosoag ae tbf mhkssfs).

Vsukhhy, k eofhl ae jfkgogc os mkhhfl k "lojfgsoag "

ar "vkr ok` hf" . K mhkssoeomktoag jky kmmajalktf smv-

frkh sumb vkrok`hfs, lfpfglogc uZ)ag tbf pra`hfj

magsolmrfl. \bf mhkssfs ae k lojfgsoag krf hk`fhhfl

"kttroùofs"W ar "trkots", kgl tbf rfhktoXf qukg-

totofs ae tbf trkots pfr vkrok`hf os mkhhfl tbf "jox"

(me ('b. OOO). Eraj tbf pra`hfj ot sbauhl eahhawwbomb kVroùtfs krf ta `f magsolmrfl rfhfvkgt

(wbomb og turg lfpfgls upag tbf trklotoag ae k

losmophogf)9 sa-mkhhfl "gkturkh" prapfrtofs ae pbf-

gajfgk bkvf k`sahutfhy gatbogc ta la wotb ot

(Gfflbkj ;?364 =56).

]a, ear ogstkgmf, oe agf wfrf ogtfrfstfl og tbf

rmhktoag `mtwffg ogerk- kgl supfrshroomturfs ae tbf

Ogmk h'',j|)orf, aoom ae tbf rfhmxkgh lojfgsoags wauhl

`f tbkt ae tbf tothfs ta tbf (krk`hf) saoh9 hhof

kttroùhfs ae tbos vkrok`hf krf, tbfg, ]ug prapmrty,

Paykh prapfrty, kgl Kyhhu (majjugoty) prapmrty9tbf eargofr owa wfrf tkifg eraj wbkt bkl `ffg

majjugoty prapmrty og prf-Ogmk torgfs (Calfhofr

;?33(;)4 ;3?), tbf hkt tfr magst otuhml tbf krfk ta

wbomb tbf kvohu tothfs (o.m, obf hahkhohx ae tbf hamkh

majjagfr kgl mbofehy hogfkcfs) bkl `ffg Omeh

ogtkmt (Mhkfssfg ;?3>4;3;). A`voaushy, ;;> "gk

turkh" prapfrty kt fotbfr tbf ogerk- ar supfrstrum-



O B F M H K ] ] O E O M K \ O A G AE @ K G L I F P K J O I ^ A \ \ F P _ L F M A P K \ O A G

hurkh Omvmh os ogxaIfl. h'bm mhkssfs ae k logofgsoag,

kttroùtfs ae k vkrok`hf, krf ae k qukhotktovf gkturf9

tbfor lfejotoags stktf maglotoags ear jfj`frsbop.

\bf jmj`mrs ae k mhkss magstotutf k craup, wbomb

bks kqukgtotktovm kspfmt. Og tbf prfvoaus fxkjphf,

oe fkmb ae ohom obomm hoohms mauhl bkXm `ffg jfksurfl

ks ta kmrfkcf pfr magggugooy, tbf rfhktovf ojZ)ar-

tkgmf ae tbf supfrstrumturkh kppkrktus wauhl `f

igawg (Mhkfssfg ;?3>4 ;3;).

O rago tbf lfejotoag ae "mhkss" kàvf, ot eahhaws

tbkh ear tbf kttroùtfs ae kgy lojfgsoag fkmb sbauhl

`f ugoquf (ar fxmhusovf), kgl ugfquovamkh (ar

magsostfgt!, kgl hacftbfr mavfr (ar fxbkust) tbf

fghorm lojfgsoag (]fhhtoz ft kh. ;?554=?09 khsa

Luggfh h ;?3;460-62, 5>). Ks k mhkssoeomktoag os pkr tae tbf olfktoagkh rfkhj, ot skys gatbogc kàut tbf

pbfgajfgk4 sajm ae tbf mhkssfs wbomb krf hacomkhhy

passo`hf gffl gat bkvf pbfgajfgkh rfprfsfgtktovfs.

Ag tbf atbfr bkgl, oe tbf mhkssoeomktoag os ta `m

k(hfm|ookV', gagf ae hhom pbmgagomgk magsolfrfl

rfhfvkgt sbauhl `m put ksolf ks "ktypomkh" ar

"ugmhkssoeok`hm", ks tbos wauhl ojphy tbkt lktk kgl

mhkssoeomktoag krf aghy pkrhok hI khocgml.

\a suj up `rofehy4 k mhkssoeomktoag bks kt hfkst agf

lojfgsoag ar vkrok`hf (usukhhy jarf), fvfry vkrok`hfbks k guj`fr ae mhkssfs ar kttroùtfs. Eurtbfrjarf,

k mhkssoeomktoag os kg k homgop t V) sh rum turf k eofhl ae

jfkgogc oglomktml `y k obmarftomkh pra`hfj (ar sft

ae rfhktfl pra`hfgo so. \bf lfeogotoag ae kg k ttr où tf

ar mhkss magsosts ae tbf h osoogc ae tbf sueeomoégt kgl

gfmfsskry maglotoags t`r ots jfj`frsbop. Kttro

ùtfs krf qukhotk tovf (ogsaekr ks tbfy krf magsolfrfl

olfktoagkh)9 qukgtotofs ae pbfgajfgk jky passfss

tbfj.

Gatbogc bks `ffg skol yft kàut tbf rfhktoags

`ftwffg tbf lojmgsoags ae k mhkssoeomktoag. \bf

mbkrkmhmr ah obfsm rfhktoags lohemrmgtoktfs typfs ae

mhkssoeomkhoags (kgl gat ae tbf rfhktoags `ftwffg tbf

mhkssfs pfr sf, ks Luggfh h ;?3;456 puts ot ). \bfsf

rfhktoags krf khsa pkrt kgl pkrmfh ae tbf tbfary

ogX()hX('l4 hhofy krf lfeogfl og rfspagsf ta tbf

pra`hfj uglfr fxkjogktoag. \wa passoòhotofs

fxost4 khh lojmgsoags krf magsolfrfl ae fqukh ojpar-

tkgmf kgl oglfpmglfou ae agf kga tbm r obm

pkrklocjktom mksf - ar tbfy krf magsolfrfl ae

bofrkrmbomkh ojpartkgmf - tbf tkxagajof mksf -

(Luggfhh ;?3;4 52). Ae maursf, tbfsf krf purf typfs9

og prkmtomf fvfry pkrklocjktom mhkssoeomktoag bks k

tkxagajof majpagfgt (tbfrf osk stktmgu-go ae w bkh

os rfhfvkgt kgl wbkt gat), kgl fvfry tfxagajom

mhkssoeomktoag wohh sbaw pkrklocjktom kspfmts (f.c.,

og tbf fquoX khfgmf ae mhkssfs pfr hfvfh pfr `rkgmb). O

wohh prfsfgt fxkjphfs ae tbos by`rol mbkrkmtfr og k

rkpol kgl pkrtokh kgkhysos ae twa H@I lfmarktoag

typahacofs og tbf gfxt sfmtoag (pp. ;;).

Og k pkrklocjktom mhkssoeomktoag mXmry khhroùV'

( W jfkgogc) os magsolfrfl aghy og rmhk hoag ta tbf

khtfrgktovfs og ots lojfgsoag ar xkrok`hm4 k tkxagajof mhkss bks jfkgogc aghy og rmhkhoag Vo ohs

supfr-arlogktfl lojmgsoags. \bf pkrklocjktom

typf ae mhkssoeomktoag mkg `f hoifgfl ta k mbfmifr-

àkrl kpprakmb4 twa sfts ae syjàhs (k ha b. o ta 2)

daogthy oglomktf fvfry passo`hf mhkss. ; g hhoos mksf. tbf

hfttfrs k ta b krf tbf kttroù tfs (juhukh hy fxmhusovf,

tacftbfr fxbkustovm) ae tbf lojfgsoag ar vkrok`hf

"mahujgs"9 tbf guj`mrs o ha 2 krf tbf khhroùtfs ae

tbf vkrok`hf "raws" (Eoc. ok). Og tbf mksfs ae tbf

mbfmifràkrl aghy twa xkrok`hfs krf gfflfl talfsmro`f tbf fgtorf eofhl. Jarf cfgfrkhhy stktfl,

tbfrf krf ga rfshromtoags ag tbf guj`fr aelojfg-

soags, ae maursf - aghy tbf pomturf `mrajms jarf

majphomktfl tbkt wky.

X Oumb jarf majphomktfl os tbf tkxagajof mhksso-

eomktary smbfjf4 fvfry kt tr oùtf prmsuppasfs tbf

bocbfr hfvfhs, ks lovosoags bocbfr up bkvf pralumfl

su`sfts wotbog kgy ae tbf hawfr kttroùtfs (Eoc. o`)4

tbf kttroùtfs j kgl g jky khsa ammur og tbf mhkssfs

a kgl p9 tbfy (j, g) krf gat rfhfvkgt tbfrf,

bawfvfr. Og atbfr warls4 wotbog k tkxagajof

mhkssoeomktoag systfj tbf stktfjfgt "a" lafs gat

magvfy kgy stktus wotbog ot4 aghy wbfg ot os kllfl

"a" , covfg @, wotbog L, os k gag-fquovamkh kssocg-

jfgt jklf.

Og k pkrklocjktom mhkssoeomktoag fvfry kttroùtf

bks ots awg ugkjòcuaus phkmf4 mahujg l os tbf

mksf, ar ot os gat . Ks og k pkrk locjkt om agf , sa khsa og

http://iuch/

http://iuch/

http://iuch/



M H K ] ] O E O M K \ O A G 4 C F G F P K H P F [ W V O P FJ F G \ ]

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O O OL L L L L LK K @ @ @ @j g a a ^ ^= (;) ; 0 ; 0

b'oc. O. 'h'w a jkdar hXp ms ah o bossohomktoaoo4 Wk! pkr klo cjk tom mhks sohomkhoag4 avary mhkss rfquo rms lmhogoho ag ao ohs pasotoag ag khh(Omgu-gsoags (o.f., raws :.. . 9 mahujgs : . . . ) . (`) tkxag ajof rhkss oeorktoa g4 mXfr y mhkss rfquo rfs lmejotoag ae ots pasotoag og ohs'h)rkgmb' (tbf lombatajy a/p, f.c., `fogc jfkgogchuh aghy og magdugmtoag wotb tbf spfmoeomktoag4 eofhl L, `rkgmb @)4 gagf aetbf

kttroòotfs hu-ml `m mageogfl ta ots 'awg' `rkgmb, khtbaucb ot os rfhfvkgt aghy tbfrf.

k tkxagajof fhkssoeomktoag4 tbfrf os ga hojot ta tbf

ggjh)fr ae ofvfhs9 og àtb mksfs tbfrf wohh `f k

so.oomogmooh ag obm jfsb kp|)o()proktf ta tbf pra`hfj.

Ks kg ftbgacrkpbom fxkjphf ae k tkxagajof

lkssoeomktary systfj, tbf trklotoagkh tfrrotarokhlovosoag aetbf pravogmf ae Ialo ag Sfstfrg ]uj`k

(Oglagfsok) jky `f prapasfl (Ukg SAoolfg om)')()4

0>2-0;?). \bf praXogmf os lovolfl ogta kg Vppfr

(gartbfrg) kgl k Hfssfr (sautbfrg) pkrt. \hof

Hfssfr pkrt magsosts ae tbrff lostromts ah' fqukh

stkglogc wotb tbf Vppfr pkrt ks k wbahf, wbomb og

turg os suh)lovolfl ogta twa lostromts. Vppfr Ialo

kgl tbf tbrff lostromts ae Hfssfr Ialo khh pkrtkif og

fkmb atbfr's crfkt rotukh taurgkjfgts. Vppfr

Ialo's twa lostromts krf ah oogfqukh stktus4 agf bks

cfgfrkh kcromuhturkh rotukhs ta pfrearj, tbf atbfr

bartomoohhogkh agfs. OOVJO haa, tbf kcromoohhogkh

fgtoty os lombataogozfl, agf su`lostromt `fogc kmtu-

khhy mbkrcfl wotb tbf crfkt rotukh taurgkjfgt, tbf

atbfr wotb kljogostrktovf keekors. \bf bartomuhturkh

su`lostromt ae Vppfr Ialo os gah eurhhomr sooblox olfl

(fxmfpt og x'ohhkcfs), khtbaucb tbfrf fxosts k mhkss ah

pfaphf og tbf bohhs wba krf ae hawfr stktus ùt

oglospfgsk`hf ta tbfj og kcromuhturkh efrtohoty

jkttfrs. \bfsf eaur su`lostromts ae Vppfr Ialo mkg

`f lfsmro`fl ks pbrktrofs9 tbfy krf fglackjaus,

rotukh ugots ae k guj`fr ae fxackjaus pktro-mhkgs,

fkmb ae wbomb os olfgtomkh wotb k vohokcf. \bf tbrfflostromts aetb f sautbfrg bkhe ae Ialo krf jklf up ae

ks jkgy sfts ae pbrktrofs oks kàxfo, og obfor turg

su`lovolfl ogta "mhkg craups" (k hamkh ogtfr-

jfloktf `ftwffg mhkg kgl pbrktry). Fvfry mhkg

craup magsosts ae k guj`fr ae fxackjaus vohhkcfs ar

pktromhkgs.

.'Xppkrfgthy tbfrf os ag fkmb hfvfh ae fvfry `rkgm b

k lohefrfgt mrotfroag ear k eurtbfr su`lovosoag, wbomb

rfsuhts og k trub ' bofrkrmbomk hhy lfejfl mhkssoeo

mktoag.

Eraj tbfskjf ftbgacrkpbom rfpart, kg fxkjZ)hf

ae k pkrklocjktom mhkssoeomktoag mkg khsa `f lrkwoo

(Ukg S'aulfg ;?65400;-0=6). \bf Ialo pfaphf

fjphay twa lojfgsoags wbfg lfeogogc tbf mhkss ae

patfgtokh `rolfs4 pktro-kteohoktoag ar vohhkcfs ae

arocog, kgl jktro -kgoh oktoag. Obm pkhoo-lojfoosoaoo

bks tbrff kttroùtfs4 gag-pbrktry ar autsolf tbf

lostromt, ma-pbrktry ar wotbog tbf lostromt, kgl awg

http://%27/pparently





\ B F M H K ] ] O E O M K \ O A G A E @ K G L I F P K J O I ^ A \ \ F P _ L F M A P K \ O A G

mhkg ar gkhoXm vohhkcf (Wrfspfmhovmhy4 gah prfofrrml,

prfefrrfl, kgl praboòtfl jkrrokcf pkrtgfr). Jktro-

keeohoktoag os (gawklkys) sojphy loxolfl ogta awg.

kgl khh atbfr jktrohogfkcfs (rfspfmtovfhy4 earòl-

lfg, rfquorfl). Ogtfrsfmtoag ae ma-(pktro)pbrkhry

jfj`mo'sooop kgl gag-jkhro jmj`mosbop pralumfs

tbf lfoogotoag ah'hbf rocbt pkrtgfr.

Ear tbf magstrumtoag ae' k tkxagajof mhkssoho-

mktoag jumb just `f igawg kàut tbf rfhktoagsbop

`ftwffg tbf xkroaus vkrok`hfs ogvahvfl9 sumb os gat

tbf mksf ear tbf lmmark toag ae @kglifrkjoi pattmry.

\kxagajy vvohh tbfrfe`rf `f ajothfl e'raj ;'urtbfr

mags olmrkhoau4 wm mkggat sky XX bfh bfr kgX loj fg-

soag ae tbkt lmmarktoag os jarf ojpartkgt tbkg kgy

atbmr kspfmt ae ot. \bus, luf ta hkmi ae igawhflcf kpkrklocjktom mhkssoeomktoag bks ta `f magstrumtfl.

\bos just `f lagf fXfg tbaucb jkgy pfaphf tbogi

tkxagajof strumtoorfs ta `f `fttfr (Luggfht ;?3 o4

209 pfrbkps tbf jkgy mhustfr kgkhysfs pu`hosbml

rfmfgthy jky khsa `f tkifg ks k socg ae tbf

prfefrfgmf ear bofrkrmbomkh strumtoorfs. Aetfg, baw-

fvfr, tbf rfsuhts ae kg oglumtovf tfmbgoquf krf

jostkifg ear k lflumtovf tkxagajof mhkssoeomktoag9

me `haw, p. 3).

O w a paogts gffl stohh ta hom losmussml og tbfmagtfxt ae mhkssoeomktoag4

o. Aee kgl ag, obfrf hokXm `ffg kttfjpts ha

ogtralumï tbf olfk ae "pahytbftom mhkssfs" ar lotta

"mhkssoeomktoag"' ogta samokh smofgmf (f.c., Mhkrif

;?524=3-=29 Gfflbkj ;?36). ; bf ahlfr UUottcfg-

stfog os usukhhy kssamoktfl wotb tbos gatoag, kgl tbfg

ot os mkhhml "ekjohy rfsfj`hkgmfs" (@hai ;?364 00-

0=). Ot sprkgc e'raj tbf rfkhozktoag tbkt sajf tfrjs

hoif '•emulkhosog" ar "pfkskgtry" fjàly mksfs

wbomb bait .ujof mbkrkmtfrostoms gat og majjag. Oe

sumb k tfrj oslfeogfl `y (sky) e'ovf prapfrtofs, tbfg

kg a`dfmt jky passfss eaur ae tbfj (kgy sfhfmtoag)9

og kgy guj`fr ae a`dfmts, tbfrf wohh `f loBfrfj

ajossoaoos. Ear ogstkgmf4

tba hkhdmh "prfsmroptovf" lafs gat lfgatf k mhkss ae samoftofsta wbomb tbf hkw aesu`stotutoag Yo.f. fvfry jfj`fr aesumbk craupogs os olfgtomkh ta tbf atbfrZ mkg `f kpphofl, tar ogprmsfroptovf kohokgmf systfjs (magmfovfl ks fjporomkh harjs

at samokh hoofd obm mktmct)ooms, jkrro kcf ruhfs, craupog cs, kgljalfs ae samokh kmhoag krf oglfpfglfgt vkrok`hfs (Gfflbkj ;?364 =5;).

Jumb jarf fxtrfjf vfrshags krf passo`hf9 me.Gfflbkj (;?364=6=), ar ]aikh kgl ]gfktb (;?5=4

;<) ear olfgtomkh ;'aroouohkhoags. @hai kgl Gfflbkj

pravolf loeefrfgt sahutoags ha hhom pra`hfj. 'o'bf

earjfr tbogis tbf `fst wky aut os ta k`stkog eraj

"cfgfrkhozktoag" kgl "olfgtoeomktoag" (@hai ;?3Ø4

3), kgl rktbfr ha haai ear k lffpfr uglfrstkglogc

wbomb lafs dustomf ha àtb tbf ugoquf kgl tbf

cfgfrkh kspfmts ae k mksf. Gfflbk j (;?369 bf bks

wrohhfg jarf ag tbos su`dfmt, me @hai ;?364 gatf25)

praX'olms k lftkohfl losmussoag9 bos magmhusoag os

vmry loeefrfgt4 pfrbkps `y rfefrfgmm ta earjkh (arhacomkh) progmophfs (sumb ks syjjftry, trkgsotovoty,

kgl rfehfxovoty) ot os passo`hf ta kmbofvf rfsuhts

"wotbaut rfefrfgmm ta kgy mhkss ae fgtotofs" (Gffl

bkj ;?364 =56)9 tbos hfkvfs tbf pahytbftom kspfmt og

k suàrlogktf phkmf (wbfrf oh `mhagcs9 khsa me.

Mbkgfy ;?324.

; tbogi tbf frra r jklf `y àtb os prfmosmI og tbf

losmussoag ae "cfgfrkh tfr js". \bfy mageauool tbf

quatolokg kgl tbf earjkh tbfarftomkh usf ae warls,

"fjom" kgl "ftom" (me Mb.OO, sfmtoag 6). "Mhkssfs"kgl "craups" (ta rfvfrt ta Luggfhe s tfrjogahacy)

`fmajf tfhfsmapfl ogta kgahbfr. Ear ogstkgmf, og

tbf mksf ae "`krraw" (k "cfgfrkh" tfrj) agf jocbt

lfvfhap k lfeogotoag, fXfg k mhkssoeomktoag, wbomb

ogmhulfs, kjagc atbfr obogcs, k`sfgmf/prfsfgmf

kgl pasotoag ae `kgis kgl lotmbfs9 k`sfgmf/

prfsfgmf ae k Z)khhosklm9 spkmogc ae tbf pahfs kgl

guj`fr ae rogcs og ot9 barozagtkh kgl Xmo'homkh

pasohoags ae tbf oghfrjfgts og ot9 ftm. 'O'bfg kgy

ddkr tomuhkr `k rr aw mkg `f magsolfrfl k vkrokt oag ae

tbf "cfgfrkh " tfrj "`kr raw"' - khtbaucb ot wohh

jast mfrtkoghy gat passfss khh passo`hf mbkrkmtfros

toms. \bf jkog pra`hfj og rfsfkrmb os ta fstk`hosb

tbf rfhktoags `ftwffg tbf vkrokgts, kgl ear tbos wf

gffl k mhkssoeomktoag wbomb mhfkrhy losmrojogktfs

tbf mktfcarofs.-'

Og atbfr warls, obfor "cfgfrkh"' tfrjs krf

kppkrfgthy magmfovfl ae og kg fssfgtokhost wky (@hai



M H K ] ] O E O M K\ O A G 4 C F G F P K H P F W V O P F J F G \ ]

;?36400) gatvvotbstkglogc shktfl purpasfs (@hai

;?36403) kgl gat ks pkrts ae kg fxphkgktary

erkgofvvari (ar sahutoagh ae' k prabhmgo . Ear kgy

magmrftf prahohfj ot sbauhl o)f passo`hf ta eogl khfrgoogahacy ta erkjf tbf prao)hfj. khagc wotb

pr8)|)asfl kgl mhogoogkhml sahutoags .mh'. XX ottcfg-

shfog ;?004<.; o()4 "Fvfrytbogc tbkt mkg h)m obgucbh

kt khh mkg `f tbaucbt mhfkrhy"").

0. ^krtokhhy maggfmtfl wotb tbf kàX f krf tfmbgo-

qufs hoif guguromkh tkxagajy (]aikh kgl ]gfktb

;?5=) ar mhustfr kgkhysfs (Larkg kgl Balsag ;?364

o62-o2()). \bf ]aikh kgl ]gfktb hoaai bks `ffg

vfry oghhumootokh og krmbkfahacy9 fspfmokhhy tbf

rfmagoogfglktoags `y M'.hkrif (;?524 6;0-653) sffj

ha bkXmso ogou hktf l ots klaptoag. Bkrl hy kgy ossuf aek Daurgkh hoim Sarhl Krmbkfahacy ar Kjfromkg Kgtoquohy

kppfkrs wotbaut kt hfkst agf rfpart ag k mhustfrogc

pramfss. Ufry haasfhy pbrksfl, tbf `ksom olfk ae

gujfromkh tkxagajy os tbkt tbfrf fxost (a`dfmto-

vfhy) gkturkh tkxk. kgl tbkh tbfsf tkxk mkg `f

rfmacgozfl `y tkiogc ogta kmmaugt ks jkgy mbkrkm-

tfrostoms ks passo`hf "wotbaou prfvoaus kròtrkr)

sfhmmtoag" ,]aikh kgl ]gfktb ;?5=4<?). ]fvfrkh

majputktoagkh tfmhogoqufs krf tbfg lfvfhapfl (kgl

jarf bkvf `ffg sa sogmf) ta craup ar "mhustfr" tbfa`dfmts stulofl og k rfspagso`hf wky.

\bf orau`hf os, ae' maousf, tbkt k pramflurf

garjkhhy hkiogc Y)hkmf og tbf jogl ae tbf kgkhyst os

gaw majpuhfrozfl (wbomb os rfmacgozfl `y tbf

kooobaos dooso (|uatfl). Magsfqufgthy, tbf mhkoj ae'

`fogc smofgtoeom eklfs wotb tbf kppkrfgt oglumtovf

gkturf ae tbf pramfss9 ùt khsa, kgl fvfg warsf,

mrotoquf os lrawgfl `y tbf saetwkrf jystoquf.

^rkcjktomkhhy, kllotoag ae gfw mbkrkmtfrostoms

(kgl wba wauhl mhkoj ta bkvf ogmarparktfl khh

kspfmts ar lojfgsoags1) rfsuhts og k loeefrfgt stroom-

(urf9 kllotoag ah gfw lktk (fvfg oh tbf horst sft wks

OrooI k rkglaog skj()hf, kgl tbf sfmagl agf khsa)

bks sojohkr lfX kstkt ogc rfsuhts. ]ogmf, bawfvfr, agf

ah obf kojs ae gujfromkh tkxagajy os tbf rfhokòhoty

(rfpfktkòhoty) ae ohs rfsuhts (]aikh kgl ]gfktb

;?5=4<?), tbf aghy magmbosoag mkg `f tbkt tbf

tfmbgoquf og tbos wky os ogkppraproktf. \bfrf mkg

`f twa wkys ta usf tbos sft ae tfmbgoqufs, tbaucb4

(O) ks k bfurostom lfvomf k majputfr mkg bkglhf

juhtolojfgsoagkh lktk hkstfr tbkg tbf houjkg jogl

o.f., og tbfpbksf ftovffg pra`hfj pfrmfphoag kglsahuøag prapaskhs4 kgl (0) wotb og kg fxphomothy shktfl prab-

hfj-sahvogc pramflurf, wotb k proaro fstk`hosbfl kgl

sfhfmtfl mbkrkmtfrostoms. ]ff Khlfglfrefr kgl @hksb-

hhfhl ;?32 kgl Pfkl kgl M'brostfgsag ;?32 ear k

losmussoag).

=. K losmussoag ad fxoshogc mhkssodomkhoags

Dust ks tbf mhkssoeomktary smbfjf ta `f lfvfhapfl og

tbf gfxt sfmtoag ùohls kgl lrkws bfkvohy upagfxostogc mhkssoeomktoags, kgl wauhl oglffl `f oj-

passo`hf wotbaut tbfj, sa tbf hkttfr krf tbfjsfhvfs

kjfg lfl rfvosoags ae tbf fkrhofr agfs. Og mrotomozogc

tbf jarf rfmfgt smbfjfs, tbf ahlfr agfs krf

kutagokhomkhI' mavfrfl ks wfhh, wbomho khhaws k

magsolfrk`hf sbartfgogc ae' kg atbfrwosf tfloaus

losmussoag. Khsa, kgl ta tbf skjf purpasf, O wohh gat

losmuss khh lftkohs ae fvfry mhkssoeomktoag ùt wohh

aghy sogchf aut agf ar twa paogts ae sajf ae tbfj ta

ohhustrktf tbf "cfgfrkh rfquorfjfgts" stopuhktfl ogtbf prfvoaus sfmtoag. \bos gfmfsskrohy rfsuhts og k

lostartfl pomturf ae tbfsf mhkssoeomktoags cfgfrkhhy og

kg klvfrsf wky4 gagf ae tbfj ogmarparktfs khh

wfkigfssfs. \bfrfearf, mrotoquf `fhaom bks ha `f tkifg ta

rfhktf aghy ta tbf spfmoeom paogt losmussfl.

\bf eorst cfgfrkh rfquorfjfgt (p. =) os gat sa

jumb k rfquo rfjfgt ks ot os k loeefrfgtoktoag.

Fgujfrktovf ar fxtfgsoagkh lfeogotoags ae mhkssfs

wfrf appasfl ta ogtfgsoagkh agfs. Ks rfhktfl ta

mhkssfs, ga mhfkg-mut fxkjphm mkg `f coXfg ae sumb

kg fgujfrktovf lfeogotoag9 tbf k`surloty ae hostogc

khh pats (ar sbfrls) ta oglomktf sajf kttroùtf os

a`voaus. ø g k loeefrfgt hfvfh, bawfvfr , k sojohkr

lostogmtoag mkg `f jklf4 k lojfgsoag, ar fvfg k

eofhl ae losmaursf jky `f lfeogfl fxtfgsoagkhhy (`y

hostogc tbf kttroùtfs tbaucbt ta pfrhkog ta ot) ar

ogtfgsoagkhhy (`y stktogc tbf rfhfvkgt losmrojo-

gktogc maglotoags). \a fxkjphoey kg fgujfrktovf



2 \ B F M H K ] ] O E O M K \ O A G A E @ K G L I F P K J O I ^ A \ \ F P _ L F M . A P K \ O A G

kppo(.)kmoo, obf ospaoacy aeh'. ]hfooho (;?3=) Oò' tbf

H@I ae tbf Pbogf S fsobkooo8 goky `f tkifg. \bos

typahacy mkg passo`hy `f lfsmro`fl ks `fogc ae kg

mxtfgsoagk! iogl. Kt hfkst tbf sbffr guj`fr ae

suppasflhy oglfpfglfgt mktfcarofs ogmarparktfl og

tbf syshfgo wauhl sooccfst tbos. \bfrf krf systf-

jktoms o)fbogl oh, ae maursf9 tbfy rfjkog ojpVmot,

b()wfXfr, kgl tbf mhkssfs krf gat fxphomothy kgl

systfjktomkhhy rfhktfl ta agf kgatbfr obraucb tbmor

lfeogotoags (ae wbomb tbf kutbar os kwkrf4 ]tfbho

;?3=4 50). Ot sbauhl `f passo`hf, og progmophf, ta

rfmagstrumt tbf systfjs khagc tbfsf Vgfs (me @arohha

;?3> ear kg fxkjphf)9 tbfg, ketfr sumb kg kgkhysos ot

goocbt `fmajf mhfkr tbkt (gat) khh mhkssfs passo`hf

wotbog tbf rfsfkrmb krfk bkvf `ffg ogmarparktfl.Khsa, sajf wohh bkXf `ffg agoothfl ear prkmtomkh

rfksags9 ear ogstkgmf, wbfg, ketfr magsuhtogc tbf

lk tk , aghy vfry efw fxkjphfs wmrf eaoogl. \bos jky

`m tbf mksf vvotb, f.c., k lfsocg hoif agf sogchf raw ae

paogts aXfr k hogf og tbf gfmi zagf, k gmmi

lfmarktoag wbomb lafs gat ammur og tbf tk`hf

(Iupfr ft kh. ;?3<4 69 ]tfbho ;?3=4 5?)9 sojohkrhy

kjagc tbf sfmaglkry lfmarktoag (]tfbho ;?3=436)

kg ogtromktf luj``mhh jatoe (Iupfr ft kh. ;?364

0;=) os k`smgo.

'O'homg, O pasfl tbf systfjktom rfhktoag ae tbf

mhkssfs tbraucb tbfor lfeogotoags ar jfkgogcs ks k

iogl ae lfeogotoag ae mhkssoeomktoag otsfhe (p. =).

Eraog tbf mhkssoeomktoag `y I. Bahhjkgg (;?5=4

Ô.=2) ae tbf jkog jatoes ae tbf H@I wkrf kg

fxkjphf jky `f tkifg. \bfrf, tbf eorst twa

argkjfgts (vahutfs) krf olfgtomkh khtbaucb jor-

rarfl, fxmfph ear kg kmmajpkgyogc pkrkhhfh hogf ag

tap. S'bkt os lohefrfgtoktfl tbos wky os gat tbf

ammurrfgmf ae tbf jkog jatoe "vahutfs" (wbomb

kmmarlogc ta tbf kmmajpkgyogc smbfjf os majjagta khh pbksfsh ùt tbf ammurrfgmf ae agf typf ae

fj`fhhosbogfgh wbomb os gat tbkt margjag. Og tbf

skjf wky, obm oaurhb argkjfgh og Bahhjkggs

\k`hf os ogfrfhy k eurtbfr waugl smraV - wbomb

mkgga t `f sfpkrkt fl eraj tbf eorst argkjfg t oe sjkhh

sbfrls krf ta `f mhkssoeofl, kgl wbomb jky `f eaugl

og k maghocoorktoag hoif tbf jkog jatoe ga. o (f.c.,

Bahhjkgg ;?5=4 O. <g a. o= ), ar wotb jatoe ga. =. Oe

tbf hfvfhs (bfrf4 jkog jatoes, sfmaglkry aj`mhhosb-

jfgts, kgl lfvmhapjfgts ae jkog jahoos ta usf

tbf tfrjogahacy ae tbf sfmtoag < ae tbos mbkptf r) bkl

`ffg ifpt kpkrt, tbf systfjktom vkroktoag pfr hfvfh

mauhl bkvf `ffg magsolfrfl, wbomb jocbt bkvf

rfsuhtfl fotbfr og k crfktfr mbragahacomkh prfmosoag

ar og k jarf fmagajof pbksf lfeogotoag (ear wbomb

tbf jatoe `y otsfhe os ogsfgsotovf, kppkrfgthy), ar

àob. ^frbkps, bawfvfr, tbf sjkhh qukgtotofs ae

ejls kxkohk`hf og ]kxagok (khtacftbfr, aghy 65

lfmarktoags ag H@I vfssfhs mauhl `f rmmagsorumofl9

Bah hjkgg ;?5=4<3) krf tbf jkog mkusm ae tbf

ogsuhhomofgmofs gatfl bfrf.

á'oc. 0. @rfkikcf kouh hhof .Uhallfojkoo (,;?3>4 X';0) mhk.ssooomk-hoag4 `rfkiogc k pah khagc tbf lksbfl hogfs tbraucb tbf lfmarktoag (hfet) wohh rfsuht og k wragc khhamktoag ae' tbf rfsuhtkgt'fhfjfgts'.

\bf jast ojpartkgt sft ae rfquorfjfgts ear k

"caal" mhkssoeomktoag os tbf trokl ah ojoqumgfss,

ojkjòcuoty kgl mxbkustovfgfss ae tbf ktho'oh)utfs

(me p. <), fotbfr pfr mhkss kgl lojfgsoag og k

pkrklocjktom systfj ar pfr mhkss kgl `rkgmb og k

tkxagajof systfj (p. <). Uoahktoag ae tbf rfquorf

jfgts ae fxmhusovoty kgl ugoqufgfss bks sajftojfs`ffg fxphomothy kmmfptfl `y stulfgts ae @kgl-

ifrkjoi lfmarktoag (Jallfrjkg ;?3>4;00). \a

hfssfg tbf feefmts, trkgsotoagkh mhkssfs wfrf ogtra-

lumfl (Jallfrjkg ;?3>4;0=). Bawfvfr, Eoc. 0

(gat og Ja llf rjkg ;?3>, ùt fgtorfhy wotbog tbf

passoòhotofs ae tbf Lutmb H@I) covfs twa fxkjphfs

ae tbos kjòcuoty4 oe k pat `rfkis khagc k hogf



K LO]M t '] ]OA G AE F RO ]\ OG C M H K]]O EO C K\ O A G

pkrkhhfh ha h pkrt ah") tbf kxos ae tbf jatoe, k `kgl

arocoookhhy `fhagcogc ta typf K-B wauhl `f mhksso-

hofl ks K-h-o kgl/ar K-O-09 sojohkrhy bkgl F-OO ks

F-O kool/ar h-O-o. Ae maursf, sumb luòaus sbfrlswohh garogkhhy `f ajottfl eraj fagsolfrktoag.

'O bfarftoo khhy, obaucho, lmtar kto ag ag koo ogloX olukh

sbfrl fhkssoeok`hf ks K-O (ar F-O, ar F-O) lafs gah

rohhf aut tbf passoòhoty ae ots bkvogc `ffg K-OO (ar

F-Oh, rfspfftoxfhy ;4 ot os gat lohhfrfgt typfs ae

lfmarkhoag ùh lohUfrfgh bkzkrls ae `rfkiogc tbkh

krf fhkssøofl obos wky. Pfstromtogc tbf krcujfgt ta

Jallfrjkg"s logofgsoag K (`kgls hohhfl vvotb

pkrkhhfh hogfs aoohy o, hhoos os ugfquoxafkhhy loehfrmg-

toktfl ogta K-OOO (bktfbfl hohhogcs) kgl tbf atbfrs

(hogf hohhogcs)9 khsa tbf loorfrfgtokhoag K-OU (juhto-lfgtfl spktoohk) vs. K-; ha -;;; osojo)hf spktuhk) os k

suorofofgo ahof. Bawfvfr, K-; kgl -OO uo tb 0 ar =,

rfspmmoovfhy < ar jarf hogfsd krf prkmtomkhhy gah

fxfhoosovf ( :l os to gm to vf mrotfroag gat suhbmofgt). Oh

tbf bkouh tXpfs .X-h/hhh krf kffarlml k mhoragaha-

cofkhhy lohht'rfghokhogc pawfr (Jallfrjkg ;?3>4

;??), ot os `ffkusf tbfy la afmur og suAomofgh

qukgtooofs ha `f usfl og k rfhok`hf wky. Majpkrk`hf

lohEofuhoofs wohh krosf vvotb F. BaA'jkgg's mhkssoho-

fktoau ae obf gokog jatoes ae tbf ]traif Skrfmmrkjom lffarktoag (Bahhogkgg oo)ory. Ô. 6<).

'O'bf olfkh ae fxbkooshoXfgfss ae k fhkssoeofktoag

(pfr logofgsoag, tbkt oso os gfvfr khhulfl ta og tbf

fagsuhofl hohfrktoorf. Uft aghy og tbf mksf ae

fxbkooshoXfgfss, bkXf khh fagmfoxk`hf Xkr okt oa gs

`ffg magsolfrfl. o.f., |)oot ogta kg fgmajpkssogc

(rkgofwari. Og jy apogoag, tbos ajossoag os jkoghy

mbof ha kg (ojphomot) oglumtovf jfhbalahacy `y

hufkgs ah wbomho obf fxostogc mhkssoeomktoags bkvf

`ffg cfgfrktfl4 oe lktk os Oùgl kh xkrokgmf wotbtbf fxostogc typahacy, tbf hkttmr os kjmglml. ar

r.ohhofr mxpkouh ml. hhoo os, sumb k mhkssoeukhoag wohh

kmmajjalktf tbf lktk har wbomb ot wks lfsocgml,

buh gatbogc jarf. Lfpfglogc upag tbf qukhotofs ae tbf

typahacost, kgl tbf kjaugt kgl vkrokòhoty ae tbf

fxmkvktfl pahhmry, ot os jarf ar Omss Xk hol har k

spfmoohm rfcoau kgl k spfmoeom tojf spkg . Obf rfh arm ,

ot os ojpasso`hf ta lfhogf" tbf vkroaus rfcoagkh ar

mbragahacomkh Xkrokgts ae lfmarktfl @kglifrkjoi

og k rfhok`hf wky. Sbkt loorfrfgmfs fxost (kgl tbfy

mfrtkoghy la) mkg aghy `f kpprfbfglml `y majpkr-

ogc tbf hypahacofs, kgl gat tbf typfs4 "typfs" krflfeogfl ag tbf `ksos ae loeefrfgt, kgl sa ogmaj-

pkrk`hf, mrotfrok.

Ogtfrfstogc og tbos magtfxt os J. Labrg-Objoc's

a`sfrvktoag, tbkt khtbaucb tbf sa-mkhhfl "Ma

hacgf typf" ae @kglifrkjoi lffarktoag eraj tbf

Pbogfhkgl os vfry sojohkr ta tbf Hktf skrik/fkrhy

]traif Skrf lfmarkhoag eraj @abfjok, tbf earjfr

os gat mkhhfl ]traif Skrf, `ffkusf kg ojpartkgt

pkrkhhfh Z6bfgajfgag, tbf ]traif Skrf bausf typf,

os gat eaugl khagc tbf Pbo gf (Labrg -Objoc

;?35`). Kppkrfgthy, tbf typahacofs magmfrgml krf

gat cfacrkpbomkhhy gfutrkh.

Ks wohh `f kttfjptml og hhom gfxh smmtoag, kg

fxbkustovf lmejotoag ae smxfrkh lojfgsoags ae

pattfry lffarktoag os passoòm wotbaut `fmajogc

haa ugwofhly tbraucb sozm ar `fmajogc haa Orovokh

tbraucb hujpogc, kgl stohh `fogc suhhomofgthy lm-

hkohml ta kgswfr k guj`fr ae ogtfrfstogc qufstoags.

O x't ot m fjpbksozfl tbkt og @kglifrkjoi typahacy

gaàly bks fvfr mhkojfl mxbkustoxfgfss ar kttfjp

tml k wolfr kpphomktoag tbkg k rfcoagkhhy kglmbragahacomkhhy hojotfl ar k stromthy rfcoagkh agf,

sfrvogc ta shroomVorm tbf lktk eraj k sogchf krfk ar

tojf spkg aghy. Kgl aghy ag tbf `ksos ae tbf jarf

rfstromtfl fhkssoeomktary smbfjfs mkg kg kttfjpt `f

jklf bfrf tawkrls k wolfr kpphomkòhoty.

Bawfvfr, eraj tbf jarf hojotfl rkgcf ae tbfsf

ahlfr typahacofs k guj`fr ae ojphomktoags eahhaw

wbomb bkvf gfvfr `ffg euhhy kgswfrml4

(K) \bf wolmhy lostroùtfl phkstom lffarktoag

skol ta `f mbkrkmtfrostof har tbf @fhcokg (Jfusf-Jasfhhf) ekmofs ae tbf H@I (Lmsomxbf-Dkjattf

Bdeoo4 ;3, 0;) os gah ogmarparkhfl oooha obm Jfomr-

Krfglt ;?55, kgl Jallfrjkg ;?3> hypahacofs.

@ut tbf kpphoquf tfmbgoqum lafs ammur og 'tbfor'

krfks (Jfofr-Krfglh ;?554 =69 Jallfrjkg kgl

Skhmràhi ;?62/?4 ;36). Khsa og tbf hyZ)ahacy ae

@uthhfr, calpkrfgt ta jkgy ae tbf typahacofs

magsolfrfl bfrf, k sfpkrktf mhkss bks `ffg kmmarlfl

http://ariations/

http://alid/

http://alid/

http://ariants/

http://ariants/

http://ariants/

http://alid/

http://ariations/



;> \ B F M H K ] ] O E O M K \ O A G A E @ K G L I F P K J O I ^ A \ Á F P U L F M A P K \ O A G

ta ot ("\ypf C"9 @utthfr kgl Bk`frfy ;?=54;><).

Jallfrjkg kgl UUktfràhi krf a`voaushy rocbt

vvhofg obfy stktf (Jallfrjkg kgl Skofràhi

;?62/?4;36) tbkt "tbf phkstom fhfjfgt os ae k vfryloeefrfgt iogl, ks krf tbf mrotfrok `ksomkh ta aur `kgl

typahacy", ùt pfrbkps loeefrfgt eraj wbkt tbfy

oghfglfl. 'O'bf khhfrgktovfs ta kpphoqufs krf jauhl-

ogc kgl muttogc (sajf jarf kttroùtfs fxost ag tbos

vkro k`hf 4 ]bfpkrl ;?5=4 ;?0-;??), wbomb krf ag k

loeefrfgt kgkhyhomkh hfvfh tbkg krf tbf `kgl typfs

magsolfrfl `y tbfj (tbfsf krf aghy su`-mhkssfs ae

tbf "ogmosovf" wky ae surekmf trfktjfgt ag vfssfhs).

Agf waglfrs wbftbfr k losfgtkgchogc ae tbf twa

lojfgsoags wauhl bkvf rfsuhtfl og k `fttfr uglfr-

stkgluoc ae tbf rfhktovf mbragahacomkh pasohoags aetbf Lutmb kgl tbf @fhcokg H@P oWme. Jallfrjkg

'?3874 '?=-'?<)-(@) Loeefrfgt os tbf mksf ae tbf kt tro ùtfs s tk`-

kgl-lrkc ("Eurmbfgstomb", og Cfrjkg9 ear k

jkmra-pomturf ae tbos efkturf sff Jallfrjkg ;?3>

(OO)4 o30@).Og sautbfrg Cfrjkgy jumb os jklf ae

tbf lostogmtoag stk`-kgl-lrkc/bktmbogcs (ks eohhogcs

ae tbf `kgls ae tbf jkog jatoes)9 og ekmt, tbf

appaso toag fvfg hfkls ta k loeefrfgtoktoag ae twa

stkcfs wotbog tbf sa-mkhhfl Jollhf Gfahotbom @kvk-rokg Pafssfg, tbf yaugcfr A`frhkutfr`kmbfr

Craup kgl tbf ahlfr Vgtfroshogcfr Craup (Tkpa-

tamik ;?3>4 02-0?9 '•'W- Mb.OOO). ]ajf kutbars usf

tbf okjf tfrj (shk`-kgl-lrkc) ta oglomktf lfmark-

tovf majpagfgts pralumfl `y wbkt os mkhhfl bfrf

obf "cakt eaat taao" ("Cfoseøsshfog" ar "mraw`kr")

(f.c., ]trab ;?=2), wbomb og k tfmbgomk h sfgsf os

rocbt (me gfxt sfmtoag). Ahbfr kutbars la gat

lostogcuosb stk`-kgl-lrkc eraj cakt eaat (kjagc

atbfrs. Cfohfr ;?52) wbfrfks og rfkhoty tbf earjfr oswbkt wohh `f mkhhfl bfrf k majpagfgt (wotb

khtfrgktf kttroùtfs hoif hogfs, paogts, bktmbogcs),

kgl tbf hkttmr k taao typf oag k hfvfh wotb raugl

"stomi" kgl paogtfl spktuhk). Og tbf gartbwfstfrg

krfk ae tbf @kglifrkjoi, stk`-kgl-lrkc os kppk

rfgthy hugopfl wotb tbf `kgl eohhogcs ae tbf sa-mkhhfl

"^hkol t typf" ( : sfpkrktf paogts pralumfl `y

ojprfssoag wotb k juhtolfgtfl spktuhk9 "Ikjj-

stomb" ar "maj ` tfftb "9 Labr g-O bjoc O?35k4??)

(me Ja llfrjkg ;?3>452, ;0?9 pats lfmark tfl `y

stk`-kgl-lrkc magqdagfgts eraj tbf Fhshaa Cfjf-

tfry - fsp. crkvfs 2=, ?>, ?0, ?5 krf mhkssfl ks `kgltypf L-OOO). Kckog, agf waglfrs wbftbfr rfmac-

gotoag ae tbf stk`-kgl-lrkc paogthfts ks k sfpkrktf

kttroùtf phus tbf loeefrfgtoktoag ae tbf vkroaus

typfs ae spktuhk wauhl gat bkvf rfsuhtfl og kg

fkrhofr sftthfjfgt ae tbf magtravfrsofs ag tbf

rfhktoxf mbragahacomkh pasotoags ae tbf Pafssfg kgl

Crassckrtkmb muhturfs (Cahhfr ;?524 0659 Jkusfr-

Cahhfr ;?5?4 <6-6;9 ]tfbho ;?3<9 ]trab ;?=24 oa , ;=).

(M) Agf ae tbf jast sfroaus prkmt omkh hojotktoags

os tbf rfstromtoag ae tbf mhkssoeomktoag ta majphftf (ar

kt hfkst rfmagstrumtk`hf) vfssfhs. Og tbkt wky, tbf

stktostomkh `ksos ae H@I wkrf stulofs os lrkstomkhhy

rflumfl. \ruf, tbos pramflurf stfjs eraj k rfkhozk-

toag ae tbf kjòcuotofs tbkt krosf og tbf kpZ)homkooag

ta sbfrls ae mhkssoeomktary smbfjms hoif obasf ae

@utthfr, Baehjkgg, ar Jallfrjkg ef.c., Bahejkg

;?5=4<3) - yft fXfg k mktfcary "otomajphftf"

(]tfbho ;?3=433) os ùt k pkrtokh rfjmly. \bf

khtfrgktovf sahutoag, k rf-lfeogotoag ae tbf mktfca-

rofs sa ks ta kmmajalktf `raifg lfmarkhoag ks wmV

covfs jumb jarf hffwky ta stktostomkh kgkhysos tbkgsojphy losmkrlogc patfgtokhhy usfeuh lktk. ^frookps

tbf klaptoag ae sumb k rf-lfhogogc strktfcy wauhl

bkvf rfsuhtfl og k sbkpfr ar su`tofr kgl mfrtkoghy

jarf rfhok`hf mbragahacomkh erkjfwari tbkg tbkt

ear tbf ]kxagokg H@I og BaA'jkgg (;?5=4 <3, Ô.

=2).

K sahutoag ta tbos pra`hfj bks `ffg kttmjptfl

`y ]aulsiy4 kppkrfgthy bos mhkssoeomktoag khhaws

fvfg sjkhh sbfrls ta fgtfr, wotbaut krtoeomokhhy

ckr`hogc tbf lktk. Loeefrfgt hfvfhs ("k`strkmooags"

og bos tfrjogahacy) ae lfmarktoag krf lfhogfktfl,

sumb ks tfmbgoqufs, styhfs, sfmaglkry jatoes, ftm.

Fkmb ae tbfsf os malfl og k sfpkrktf sft ae mahujgs, wotb k `hkgi ear tbasf tbkt krf gat a`sfrv-

k`hf (]aulsiy ;?504 ;?<). Bawfvfr, tbos jftbal os

ogehfxo`hf ks ot mkggah bkglhf kgytbogc `fsolfs agf

sbfrl kt k tojf, gat fvfg k majphftf pat (me.,

bawfvfr, ]aulsiy ;?55). Fvfry sogchf mbkrkm-



K LO ]M V] ]O AG AI FR O] \O GC M H K]]O E O M K\ O A G ;;

hfooshom hoks ots awg malf gugo`fr, wbofb hohhs obf

mahujg rfsfrvfl har obkt hfvfh9 maugts ae tbf

mbkrkmtfrostoms krf gat fgtfrfl. \bfy krf ta `f

lfrovfl eraj tbf guj`fr ah ugots ( : sbfrls)

vvotbog k suèohf (k eogl, ar k hkrcfr fgtoty), wbomb

rfglfrs ot muj`frsajf. oh gah ojprkmtomkh, har kgy

atbfr purpasf caogc eurtbfr tbkg jmrm lfsfroptoag.

K hogkh obfarfhomkh paogt bks ta la wotb tbf typf

ae mhkssohomktoag ks lfejfl `y tbf ogtfrrfhkt oags ae

tbf loogfgsoags. Vsukhhy, gfmi lfmarktoag, jatoes ae

`mhhy lfmarktoag, mhfjfgts ar `kgl typfs, kgl

sfmaglkry lfmarktoag krf magsolfrfl sfpkrktfhy,

o.f., og k pkrklocjktom wky (f.c., Bah\jkgg.

Jallfrjkg, ]aulsiv, kgl ]tfbho mhkssoeomktoags).

Sothoog fvfry lojfgsoag, bawfvfr, tbogcs krflohhfrfgt . hl ohhusorktf thoos. kckooo tbf Ja ll frj kg

smhofjf os tkifg. Bostaromkhhy k pkrtokh rflfhogotoag

ae k guj`fr ae mktfcarofs eraj tbf @utthfr kgl

Bk`mrfy (;?=5) smbfjf, ot wks magstrumtfl ta

goorrar hhof Xk roao os majògktoags ae hogfs kgl Z)aoghs

a`sfrX fl og tbf Gartbwfstfrg @kglifrkjoi lfma

rktoag (Jallfrjkg kgl UUktfràhi ;?62/?4;3=).

M'ktfcarofs K ta F sbaw hogfs ks lfhogohary, kgl

mktfcarofs @ ta E, paogts (Jal lfrjk g ;?3>4 ;00).

(Ogmolfgtkhhy, tbf crklukh ogmrfksf og guj`fr aepaogts rfhktovf ta hogfs eraj K ta E kppfkrfl ta `f k

mbragahacomkh mhuf) \bos sojphf strumturf ae hogfs

kgl paogts wks majphomktfl, bawfvfr, tbraucb

kllotoag ae bkhmbogcs ta tbf horst tbrff mktfcarofs

kgl ooofoorparktoaoo ah lf ma rk to ag kmmajphosbfl `y

gouhoolfoufl jfkgs ta sajf ae tbf lojfgsoags

(Jallfrjkg ;?3>4 ;0;). \bf vkroaus kttroùtfs

krf gat magsolfrfl ae fqukh wfocbt, tbaucb4 juhto-

lfgtfl spktuhk lotefrfgtoktfs K-OU eraj K-O kgl K-

OO , òht gat eraj K-hOh9 og atbfr warls, bktmbfl

hohhogcs avfrrolf tbf sogchf/juhtolfgtfl lostogmhoag

(mh., f.c., crkXf gas. ?3, ;>< eraj EDshaa). \bus, tbf

K-fktfcary ae `kgl hohhogcs os lohefrfgtoktfl og k

tkxagajof wky4 horst hfvfh, bkhmbogcs vs. gag-

bktmbfl (K-OOO vs. (K-O, -OO, -OOO))9 sfmagl hfvfh,

juhtolfgtfl vs. sojphf spktuhk (K-OU vs. (K-O, -

OO)), wotb og tbf atbfr `rkgmb K-OOh bkhmbogcs gah

eurtbfr lohefrfgtoktfl9 kgl ag tbf tborl hfvfh, eaur

ar jarf hogfs vs. hfss tbkg eaur hogfs (K-B vs. (K9h, -

OO)), wotb og tbf majpkgoag `rkgmb K-OU, kgl og

tbf atbfr `rkgm b K- OO O, gah eurtbfr lohefrfgt oktfl.

K sojohkr lfjagstrk toag ae tbf aetfg bollfg

tkxagajof strumturf ae kg kt-eorst-socbt pkrkloc

jktom smbfjf mkg `f prfsfootfl `y rfmkhøgc ]aul-

siy's malogc "ogshrumtoags" (]aulsiy ;?554<>). Ag

agf hfvfh bf lostogcuosbfl hovf jkog typfs ae

lfmarktoag4 kpphofl9 lfhojotml kgl magtoguaushy

eohhfl `kgls9 fotbfr gat euhhy lfhojotml, ar losmag-

toguaushy eohhfl `kgls9 paogts ag hogfs, ar jusom

gatfs9 kgl paogts ae k lfvoktogc sbkpf. Sotbog fkmb

ae tbfsf typfs k eurtbfr pkrhohoagogc os ta `f jklf

avfr twa hawfr hfvfhs, har fvfry typf kgl har fvfry

hfvfh kmmarlogc ta loeefrfgt mrotfrok. Og tbos wky, kmbkrkmhfrozkhoag kgl spfmoeomktoag ae fvfry typf ae

lfmarktoag os kmbofvfl, magsostogc ae k majògktoag

ae tbrff guj`frs, tbf rfspfmtovf pasotoags ae wbomb

oglomktf tbf hfvfh, kgl tbfor majògktoag covogc tbf

lfhogotoag. Ear ogsokgmm, "<3>" lfeogfs k lfmark

toag ae paogts ag hogfs ("< ", eorst hfvfh ar jkog

lostogmtoag), og k rfcuhkr pkttfrg wbomb og tbf gfxt

sfmhoag wohh `m lu` `fl "kux ohok rX hogfs" ("3" , tbf

sfmagl hfvfh) k lohefrfgtoktoag jarf ar hfss kmmarl

ogc ta tbf guj`fr ae hogfs kgl ae paogts ogvahvfl9kgl tbfg, ugspfmoeofl ("a", tbf tborl hfvfh, gat

eurtbfr loeefrfgtoktfl) - tbfsf tbrff guj`frs ta `f

fgtfrfl ogta spfmoeoml mahujgs. \bos fxkjphf,

bawfvfr, os ugrfhok`hf, ks ga huhh lfsfroptoag ae

]aulsiy's malogc smbfjf os kXkohk`hf ha jf9

tbfrfearf, O jky bkvf jossfl sajf ojpartkgt

paogts. _ft tbf tkxagajof qukhoty os mhfkr eraj tbf

haais ae ot - kckog, kg ohhustrktoag ae tbf by`rol

pkrklocjktom/tkxagajof mbkrkmtfr jkgoefst ar hk

tfgt og jkgy typahacofs.

Khtfr tbos jarf-ar-hfss tbfarfhomkh losmussoag, tbf

prkmtomkh Z)ra`hfgos wotb tbf fxostogc ;X oxohacofs mkg

`f bkglhfl og k efw hogfs. Kàvf (p. 0) O gatfl

fquoXamkhoty, mxpkglkòhoty, kgl rfcoagkh kgl

mbragahacomkh rfshromtflgfss ks tbf jkog a`stkmhfs

ear kgswfrogc tbf prfsfgt rfsfkrmb pra`hfjs. K

jkdar tfmbgomkh sbartmajogc os tbkt tbfy la gat

euhhy fxphaot tbf lktk, ks mkg `f rfkl eraj tbf

http://arioiis/

http://arioiis/

http://arioiis/



;0 \ B F M H K ] ] O E O M K \ O A G A I @ K G L I F P K J O I ^ A \ \ F P _ L F M A P K E OA G

prfvoaus pkrkcrk|)hos. Pfckrlogc fqoøX()M'khoty,

sajftojfs kjòcooaoos mhkss lfeogotoags ammur. O

lfjagstrktal obos vvotb fxkjphfs lrkwg eraj tbf

Jallfrjkg o

Jallfrjkg kgl Sktfràhi ;?62/?9Jallfrjkg ;?3>! kgl tbf Baeh'jkgg (;?5=)

mhkssoeomktary smbfjfs4 sajf kttroòotms krf jarf

lfpmglfgt upag pat `rfkiogc tbkg upag pat

lfmarktoag9 tbfy krf gat ugoquf (pp. 2-?).

Khsa, fxpkglkòøty bks `ffg taumbfl upag. \bf

rfvfrsf ae fxbkustovfgfss - wbomb oe ojphfjfgtfl

khhaws k dulcj fgt ae klfqukmy agf gfvfr igaws

ear surm wbftbfr khh hacomkhhy kgl/ar prkmtofkhhy

passoo7i' mhkssfs bkvf `ffg lfhogfl. ]umb k fxdokg-

lk`hf typahacy mkg `f tbaucbt ae ks k rfsuht ae kg

oglumtovf pramflurf4 stkrtogc eraj tbf lktk ktbkgl, cfgfrkhotofs wotbog tbkt sft krf lfeooofl ks

mhkssfs. Ks tbf lktk uohh garjkhhy majf eraj k

rfstromtfl rfcoag, sumb k mhkssoehmktoag os gfmfsskrohy

kpphomk`hf ta tbkt krfk aghy. \bf fxkjphf ae

kpphoquf lfmarktoag (kàvf, p. ?) sfrvfl ta oh-

hustrktf tbos paogt 9 ot bks ks ots jkdar magsfqufgmf

tbf ogmajpkrkòhoty ae "typfs" `fmkusf ae tbf

hoouagopktoòhoty ae tbf typahacofs. Gatwo tbstkg logc

tbos, sajf sart ae magsfgsus fxosts ks ta wbkt sbauhl

`f magsolfrfl @kglifrkjoi4 pkrts ae sfvfrkh typahacofs avfr hkp . ';'hoos, hoawfvfr , os gat `y v ortuf ae tbf

mhkssoeámktoags, ùh h)fmkusf tbf lfmarktovf styhm ae

tbf ahlfr pbksfs ae tbf H@I krf vortukhhy ogtfrgk

toagkh. UUbfg ketfr tbfor fxpkgsovf frk k smtthogc

pfroal `raucbt rfcoagkhozktoag, tbf "rfsuhtkgt"

typahacofs `fmkjf loeefrfgtoktfl, taa. O suspfmt

tbkt jumb ae tbf trau`hf kàut tbf rfhktovf lktfs ae

tbf vkroaus stkcfs og tbf loeefrfgt rfcoags mkg `f

maouhoolml o)y usoooc k Z)kg-typahacy ogstfkl ae `y

magoZ)kroooc tbf hamkh mhkssoeámktoags. _ft, ogtfrrf-

coagkh magopkrosags bkvf `ffg kttfjptfl (sajf ae

tbf `fttfr fxkjphfs krf4 @uoohmr ;?=2, Labrg-

Objoc oc35`, Jfofr -Krfglt ;?554 5;-53). K guj-

`fr ae tbf mktfcarofs arocogkhhy lfhogfl kt tbf jfsa-

hfvfh (tbf rfcoag) krf tbfg kpphofl ta tbf ogkmra-

Omvfh ; ogtfrrmcoaookhI O. ]umb krcujmoo hs usukhhy

hahhaw tbos maooo'sf4 horst rfmarlogc tbf ammurrfgmf ae,

f.c., tbf sporkh jatoe, ar tbf juhtolfgtfl spktuhk og

k rfcoag, kgl ketfrwkrls k magsolfrktoag ae tbfor

cfacrkpbomkh rkgcf. Sbkt os ajottfl os k magsolf

rktoag ae tbf passo`hf trkgsearjktoags ae tbkt jatoe,

ar ae tbf khtfrgktovf taao typfs kgl tbf cfacrkpbomkhlostroùtoag tbfrfae. K eurtbmr fxkjphf os ta `f

eaugl og Tkpatamik's ]traif Skrf stulofs. ]bf

majpkrfs ]traif Skrf-hoif pattfry Orago gag-

Mzfmb rfcoags og tfrjs ae tbf mktfcarofs lfeogfl ear

tbf @abfjokg ]traif Skrf (Tkpatamik ;?3>4 =,<).

]umb k rfcoamfgtromoty a`smurfs tbf pra`hfj ae tbf

vkholoty ae tbf rfcoagkh mktfcarofs ear mfrkjom

lfmarktoags fhsfwbfrf. Ear ogstkgmf, ear wbkt

rfksags krf zoczkc jatoes fxfmuhfl og bktmhoooocs

4@kXkrokg Pafssfg, Bogifhstfog) majpkrk`hf wotb

tbasf fxfmutfl og paogts (]traif Skrf sfgsu stromta)kgl gat wotb tbasf fxfmutfl og Vgfs (H@I cfgfrkh)1 E'ar

mbragahacomkh rfksags, pfrbkps, Ogoh tbkh os kg

krcujfgt khofg ta tbf lfeogotoag ae k mhkssohomkhoag

otsmhe Og atbfr warls, Tkpatamik's magmhusoag tbkt

]traif Skrm-hoif mfrkjom pbmgaooomgk ha tbf Sfst

ae @abfjok sbauhl `f fxphowdoml ks vmstocfs ae k

]traif Skrf mahagozktoag (Tkpatamik ;?3>4 6?-

5>) os og ekmt ùoht ogta bfr mokssohomkhoag khofkly

eraj tbf `fcoggogc.

\bf skjf krcujfgt bahls ear kttfjpts kt lok-mbragomkh majpkrosags. \bus, khtbaucb muhturfs

hktfr tbkg H@I wfrf mfrtkoghv prfsfgt og tbf Jkooo

krfk (Jfofr- Krfglt ;?36) tbfrf os ga vvky ta crksp

tbf (lokmbragomkh1, sygmbragomkh1) trkgsotoag eraj

H@I ta Bogifhstfog og fotbfr bos H@I typahacy ear

tbf rfcoag (Jfofr-Krfglt ;?55) ar bos Bogifhstfog

agf (Jfofr-Krfglt ;?36). Ks mhkssoeomktary smbf

jfs sbauhl `f lfsocgfl ta kgswfr spfmoeofl qufs-

toags (Luggfhh ;;)3;45>) tbf pkrtokh mbragahacomkh

ogsmgsotovoty ae tbf fxostogc typahacofs os kt alls

wotedtbm fxphomothy stktfl purpasf ae sajf ae tbfj4

]tfbho os magmfrgfl (]tfbho ;?3=46?) wotb fstk`hosb-

ogc k mbragahacomkh sfqufgmf ear tbf eogls eraj tbf

Khlfgbavfg ^hktfku (raucbhy `ftwffg Mahacgf

kgl Kox-hk-Mbkpfhhf), ùt lafs gat magsolfr passo

`hf trkgsotoags ta hktfr muhturfs9 sumb mhkssfs la gat

fxost og bos typahacy (mh., f.c., ]tfbho ;?3<). Fvfg

hfss uglfrstkglk`hf os tbf sboet og eamus ae Jallfr-



K L O]M V]] OAG AE FR O] \O GC M H K]]O EO M K\ O A G ;=

gokg's(okssohukhoag hoagomhfjfgts (ogy tfrj) ta Oxoools

(Jøllm ooukg ;?3>4;0;)4 og kg fko'hofo' krhomof hoof

mhoragahacomkh socgoeukgmf ae tbf crklukh trfgl og

thof H@I lfmarkhoag Orago hogfs ta paogts (fhfjfgtsd

wks gatfl (Jallfrjkg kgl Sktfràhi ;?62/?4;><). Ks tbfsf twa kttroùtfs krf fksohy a`sfrvk`hf,

oglfpfglfgt aD tbf erkfhurf pkhtfrgs ae tbf pats, kgl fksohy

maugtfl (tbus apfg ta stktostomkh trfktjfgt), k

paOmghokhI pawmrouh mbragahacomkh oglomktar bks

`ffg puh ksolf.

Kehfr sa goumb mrohoquf ga lau`t sbkrml `) tbf

arocogktars ah tbf typahacofs losmussfl - ot rfjkogs

ta `f sffg oe k loeefrfgt typahacy mkg `f magstrumtfl

wbomb stffrs mhfkr ae àtb tbf ]myhhk ae kjòcuoty

kgl ae tbf Mbkro`los ae ugàuglflgfss kt tbf skjfhogu'. ,uuh wboob os hhmxo`hf fgaucb ta kgswfU

pol`hfgos ks lohhfrfgh ks ogtrk- kgl ogtfr-sftthfjfgt

kgl ooVfr- kgl ogtrk-pbksf majpkrosag ae samokh

stroomhjfs.

<. K pkrklocjktom mhkssodámktary smbfjfdar lfmarkhfl

@kglifrkjoi pattfry

\bf projkry prkmtomkh rf(|ooormjfgh ae k mhkssoho-mktary smhofjf os ohokt oh sbaoohl jkif passo`hm hhom

lfsmroptoag ae tbf vkrokhoag `ftwffg tbf rfhfvkgt

ugots. Og tbf @kglifrkjoi mksf, kgl wotb prfsfgt

rfsfkrmb ogtfrfsts tbfsf ugots krf tb f magtfgts ae tbf

vkroaus pots spfmoeomkhoy, tbf lfmark hfl sbfrls

eaugl og tbf sa-mkhhfl "rfeusf pots" ("Kèkhh-

cooobmg") khagc tbf bausfs, pfr pot magsolfrfl k sft

(me MVo. OO). K mhkssoeomktoau ae obf lfmarkhfl sbfrls

sbauhl jkif passo`hf k moukgtoeomkhoag ae tbf loe-

efrfgmfs `ftwffg tbf vkroaus pots, og arlfr ta khhaw

stktostomkh trfktjfgt. Og tbkt wky, ogtfr- kgl ogtrk-

sotf, ogtrk- kgl ogtfr-pbksf majpkrosag mkg `f kt-

tfjptfl. Bawfvfr, sogmf gatbogc os igawg yft

kàuh wbomb mbkrkmtfrostoms ae H@I mfrkjom lfma

rkhoag krf sfgso`hf ta vkrokòhoty og samokh shrumhurf,

kgl ks mbragahacomkh jkrifrs krf aghy pkrtokhhy

igawg, tbf mhkssoeomktoag sbauhl `f ks lfhkohfl ks

passo`hf kgl magtkog ks jkgy lojfgsoags ks prkm-

homk`hf. Og tbkt wky, agf Z)krh ae tbf mhkssoeomktoag

jky pravf ta `f ae mbragahacomkh usf kgl kgahbfr

pkrt ear tbf fhumolktoag ae iogsbop, ftm.

^frbkps gfflhfss ta sky, O kj gat pursuogc mbkr

kmtfrostoms magmfrgogc tbf pattfry otsfhe (jkguekm-

turf, sbkpf, magtfgts, ar fvfg tbf usfs wbomb bkvf

`ffg jklf ae ot), ùh kàut tbf loeefrfgtokh lostro-

ùtoag ae mfrkjom pbfgajfgk. Kgl aghy `fmkusf

sbfrls ammur og shktostomkhhy khtrkmtovf guj`frs kgl

`fmkusf hoofy losphky magsolfrkòm vkrokhoag, ot os

lfmarkhfl sbfrls tbkt krf usfl ta ckucf loeh'frfgmfs

- dust hoif tbf atbfr typahacosts ae @kglifrkjoi

wkrf bkvf lagf.

\bf magstrumtoag ae k mhkssoeomktoag os `ksfl ag

tbf kssujptoag tbkt tbf fxostogc hotfrkturf pravolfskjphf jktfrokh ta ckog kg klfquktf avfrvofw ae

@kglifrkjoi lfsocgs. \bf eahhawogc pu`homktoags

ag @kglifrkjoi pattfry (sfgsu hkta) wfrf mag-

suhhfl4 @utsmbiaw ;?=69 @uthhfr kgl Bk`frfy

o?=()9 Lfstfxbf-Dkjattf ;?5;9 Labrg-Objoc

;?3=9 Baeh'jkgg ;?5=9 Jfofr-Krfglt ;?55 kgl

;?369 Jallfrjkg ;?3>9 [uottk ;?5>9 ]mboftzfh

;?569 ]tfbho ;?3=9 ]trab ;?=29 Tkpatamik ;?3>. O

bkvf warifl (ks ae sprogc, ;?32O ear tbrff yfkrs

wotb tbos mhkssoeomktoag ag lktk eraj @kvkrok kglBahhkgl, h'bf progmophfs bkvf gah `ffg mbkgcfl kt

khh9 aghy tbf earjkt bks `ffg strfkjhogfl og maj

pkrosag wotb ots eorst magmfptoag. ]tohh, O la gah

magsolfr tbf smbfjf lfeogotovf og ots prfsfgt stktf9

eurtbfr mbfmiogc, fspfmokhhy ag @fhcokg kgl

Jollhf Gfaootbom (Passfg, Crassckrhkmb, pmrookps

Jøgmbsbõefg ks wfhh) jktfrokh sbauhl rfeogf ots

mkhfcarofs. . ' • ,,

K lfeogotoag ae tbf @kglif rkjoi os loehhmuht ha

covf4 ear prfsfgt purpasfs, rfefrfgmf ta tbf mbraga-

hacomkhhy eorst mymhf ae lfmarkhfl pattfry (wotb ga

rfstromtoag ks ha eogf wkrf aghy) og mfgtrkh kgl

wfstfrg (magtogfgtkh) Furapf sbauhl suehomf (ar,

raucbhy, tbf lfmarkhfl pattfry pralumfl `y tbf

"Lkguòkg ;" kgl "Lkoouòkg O survoXkhs og hhu-

Gartb" ae Mhbohlf ;?634 ;>6-;;>, ;;5-;;?).

Oe k lfeogotoag ae wbkh "os" @kglifrkjoi os

loehhmuht, "lfmarktoag" os ojpasso`hf ha lfeogf9 gat



;< \ B F M H K ] ] O E O M K \ O A G A E @ K G L I F P K J O I ^ A \ \ F P _ L F M A P K \ O A G

fvfg ]bfpkrl (;?5=) kttfjpts tbos. ^frbkps ot os `fst

magsolfrfl k projotovf tfrj ta `f usfl vvotb majjag

sfgsf ta oglomktf fj`fhhosbjfgt ae fkrtbfgwkrf (fx-

mhulogc pahosbogc, `fmkusf ae ots rkrf prfsfrvktoag).

Kgkhytomkhhy, sfvfrkh oglfpfglfgt hfvfhs ae lf

socg, ar vkrok`hfs mkg `f lostogcuosbfl4 tbf taahs ar

\FMBGo[VF] tbkt bkvm `ffg fjphayfl ta pralumf

tbf lfmarkt oag9 tbf strum turo gc ae tbf zagfs ag k pat

ar tbf o'APJK\ ae tbf lfmarktoag9 GVJFPOMO\_, ar

tbf rfpfk t ekmtar voso hf ag sfvfrkh loeefrfgt lojmg-

soags9 tbf KVROHOKP_ HOGF] `y jfkgs ae wbomb tbf

earjkt bks `ffg jftfl aut kgl/ar suhxhoxolml9 tbf

JA\OE] eoVogc tbf zagfs9 tbf progmophfs ar ]\PVM-

\VPFs tbkt cavfrg tbf fxfmutoag ae tbf jatoes,

ogmhulogc tbfor ojkcf9 mbkrkmtfrostoms rfckrlogcmaghoguotv kgl lorfmtoag ae tbf EOHHOG(9] ae tbf

jatoes9 tbf fj`fhhosbjfgt ae FGL] kgl HOJO\] ao'tbf

jutohi9 tbf ]FMAGLKP_ hohhogc-og ae tbf zagfs autsolf

tbf jatoes9 kgl oogkhhy, tbf MAJÂGFG\], vvotb

wbomb tbf lfmarktoag bks `ffg lfpomtfl.

\a `fcog vvotb \F(9BGO(WVF]4 tbfrf krf jkgy

tfmbgoqufs ear lfmarktogc pats (ear kg mxtfgsovf, oe

gat kg fxbkustovf, hostogc, me ]bfpkrl ;?5=4 ;?0-

;??)9 eraj kjagc tbfsf, aghy tbrff krf rfhfvkgt ta

@kglifrkjoi wkrf4 ogmosogc tbf surekmf wotbigovfs, spktuhks, caucfs, kgl tbf hoif9 jalfhhogc

tbf,surekmf wotb eogcfrtops ar gkohs9 kgl kpphoquf.

UUotbog thof mktmcary ah'ogmosoags, k guj`fr ae su`-

mktfcarofs ar kttroùtfs jky `f loeefrfgtokhfl

kmmarlogc ta tbf guj`fr (sogchf-, lau`hï-, trm`hf-,

.... lfgtfl) kgl earj (paogtfl9 rauglfl, kgl

strkocbt-flcfl) ae tbf taao.

Kg a`sfrvktoag ag jftbal4 ojphomot og tbf

losmussoag ae mhkssoeomktoag og tbf sfmagl sfmtoag os k

lostogmtoag `ftwffg mhkssoeomktoag ks k tbfarftomkh

magstrumt (losmussfl tbfrf), kgl tbf mokssoeomktarysmbfjf ks tbf ogstrujmgh vvotb wbomb ta a`sfrvf tbf

lktk. 'h'bm hkhtfr, bfrf hk`fhhfl "malfàai", os ta `f

lfrovfl egjo obf earjfr, wotb prkmtomkh magsolfrk-

toags cuologc tbos rflumtoag. Og tbkt wky, ot wks

eraj tbf kvkohk`hf hotfrkturf ag @kglifrkjoi

lfmarktoag tbkt tbf guj`fr ae tfmbgoqufs wks

rflumfl ha tbf tbrff kàvf. (áaogc wotb agf fyf

obraucb ]bfpkrl's jkgukh kgl wohb lof atbfr

tbraucb tbf pu`hosbfl lktk, ot wks passo`hf ha lrap

sumb mktfcarofs ks caucfs, stkjpogc, jahlogc kgl

shoppogc.'' Jarfavfr, ketfr kgkhysos ae k su`stkgtokh

pkrt ae tbf Bofgbfoj lktk, spktuhks wotb jarf tbkg

twa paogts pravfl fxtrfjfhy rkrf9 tbf su`mktfcary

"paogtfl taahs" wks tbfrfearf rflumfl ta twa

kttroùtfs4 sogchf lfgtfl taao (wbomb ogmhulfs

igovfs, ks tbfy krf bkrlhy loeefrfgt og ohofor feefmt

eraj k wmhh-paogtfl spktuhk9 me. ]bfpkrl ;?5=4

0>>) kgl juhtolmgtfl spktuhk. \b f raugl-flcfl

"stomis" wfrf lfejfl, ar rktbmr lohefrfgtoktfl,

eraj tbf sogchf-lfgtml sZ)ktuhk `y tbf hojot ae o jj.

lffp craavfs, k hojot fstk`hosbfl khsa `y fxpfrofgmf

wotb tbf lktk. Eogkhhy, tbf squkrf ar strkocbt-flcflcaucfs kppkrfgthy ammur og k twa-tfmtb vfrsoag

aghy, tbf sa-mkhhfl "cakt-eaat taao" (me. p. ;>

kàvf). \bos apfrktoagkhozktoag ae tbf arocogkh

mokssoeomktary smbfjf pravfl mduotf warikòf og tbf

su`sfqufgt kgkhysos ae tbf mfrkjom lfmarktoag eraj

Fhshaa og tbf Gftbfrhkgls (wbfrf, bawfvfr, vfs-

tocfs ae tbf cakt haat taao krf gat eaugl).

Ob f mksf os loeefrfgt wotb tbf mktfcary kpphoqufs.

Ot lafs gat ammur kt khh og Bofgbfoj (gar og tbf

atbfr @kvkrokg sbfrls tbkt O bkvf sffg, wotb tbffxmfptoag ae tbf ekjaus "puppft" ag k pat eraj

Cgfologcfg kt tbf ]trkuògc Jusfuj - khsa me

Jkofr ;?564 0=) kgl aghy rkrfhy kt Fhshaa. Ks

kpphoqufs krf wolfhy kpphofl ag @kglifrkjoi

pattfry tbos mktfcary bks `ffg rftkogfl og tbf

malfàai. Ebus, ogmosoags wfrf eorst jumb loeef

rfgtokhfl (mokssoeomktary smbfjf) kgl hkhfr huooopfl

(malfàai)9 jalfhhogc ar kpphoqufs wfrf gfvfr

eurtbfr loeefrfgtokhfl. ]a, tbf vkrok`hf \FMBGO[VF]

gaw magsosts ae tbf kttroùtfs4 sojphf spktuhk, juhto-

lfgtfl spktuhk, rauglfl caucfs, cakh Daat taao, Dágcfr ar

gkoh ojprooohs, kgl kpphoqufs,

hX) ekmohohktm losmussoag O wohh gaw lrap khh

rfefrfgmf ha sbfrls kgl ogshfkl rfemr ha pats4

lfmarktoag bks `ffg fxfmutfl ag majphftf vfssfhs

kgl gat ag sbfrls. Bawfvfr, sajf ae tbf vkrok`hfs

wohh `f a`sfrvk`hf ag pahs ar hkrcf erkcjfgts aghy9

atbfr lojfgsoags wohh shohh `f voso`hf ag fvfg sjkhh



K ^K PK LO CJ K\ OM M H K]]O E O M K\A P _ ]MBFJ F EAP LF MA PK \F L @K GL IF PK JO I ^ A \ O F P _ ;6

sbfrls. Og arlfr gat ta tarfca passo`hf ogearogktoag

hhof hkthfr bkX f ha h)f ogmarparktfl ks wfhh9 tbf skjf

fhkssohiktary sfhofjf sbauhl `f kpphomk`hf og àhb

mksfs. "Vga`sfrvk`hf" os jossogc lktk9 ot os gat

"kjòcuaus".K jkdar (bjfgsoag os tbf EAPJK\ ae tbf lfmark-

hoag, vvhoofho fagsosts ae twa sfpkrktf vkrok`hfs4

su`loxosoag ar zagogc ae tbf vfssfh's surokmf, kgl tbf

su`mbv osoag ae fkrb ae tbf zagfs. Hakvogc ksolo- hhof

oghfroar ae hhof pat ks `fogc aghy ogfolfoVkhhy

lfmarktfl, tbf aootsolf mkg `f lfvolml ogta tbrmf

zagfs4 roj kgl gfmi, `fhhy, kgl àttaj. Og tbf

@kglifrkjoi obf àttaj os bkrlhv fvfr lfmarktfl.

sfpkrktf zagf ùt kg kttroo)utf ah tbf lostogmtoag

gfmi-`fhhy4 krtomuhktfl ar gat.

h'bfg, tbf roj jky khsa `f lfmarktfl, vvbomb

gfXfr bks kgytbogc ta la wotb tbf lfsocg ag tbf

rfjkoglfr ae tbf pat.

\bos hfkvfs us wotb tbrff zagfs4 roj, gfmi kgl

`fhhy, fkmb ae wbomb jky `f lfmarktfl ar gat.

Bawfvfr, oe fotbfr roj ar gfmi bks `ffg lfmarktfl,

tbmg obm `fhhy bks `ffg lfmarktfl haa9 magvfrsfhy,

vvbfg tbf hkttfr bks `ffg hfet `krf, tbf oarjfr khsa

rfjkogfl uglfmarktfl (khjast wotbaut fxmfp-

toag). Sbomb hfkvfs eaur kttroùtfs ta zagktoag og

tbf malfo)aai4 rug lfmarktfl (yfsdga). kgl gfmi zagf

Eoc. 'o. O.@I pat toaog Boo'oohu'ogo wotb (Omtatkhal àttaj9 tbf lfsocg os k l87go)hooooW at thom ogatohs ooo tba àohy /aoom.

kgl oh' sa, jfrfh) ks kg mxtkgsoag ae tbf `fhhy

lfmarktoag (me. Eoc. =) - wotb tbf fxmfptoag, ae

maursf, ae tbf H@I's jucs (sa-mkhhfl W'shfohwkglocf

@fmbfr") kgl tbf Jollof Gfahotbom losbfs. @fhhy kgl

gfmi lfsocg krf aetfg loeefrfgt kgl mkg `f rfckrlfl

ks oglfpfglfou9 obos jky fvfg `f kmmfgtuktfl `y k

hogf ar gkrraw `kgl sfpkrktogc tbf twa, k iogl ae

sbauhlfr lfmarktoag. .Xs tbos hkttfr gfvfr (ar bkrlhy

fvfr1) kssoojfs euhh oglfZ)mglmgmf, ot os gat k

lfmarktfl (yfsdga). Og tbf mksf ae prfsfgmf ae fotbfr ae

tbf twa, tbfrf wohh khsa `f lfmarktoag og obf `fhhyzagf. •'

Sotbog tbf zagfs fgtorfhy loeefrfgt progmophfs pfr-

tkog. Oe tbf gfmi zagf os lfmarktfl, tbos jky `f fg

torfhy oglfpfglfgt ae tbf hawfr zagf, kg oglfpfg-

lfgmy wbomb jky fvfg `f kmmfgtuktfl (kàvf)9

sajftojfs kg ogtfrruptoag ar kmmfgt ammurs wbomb os

lorfmthy rfhktfl ta tbf lfmarktoag `fhaw ot.



;5 \ B F M H K ] ] O E O M K \ O A G A E @ K G L I F P K J O I ^ A \ \ F P _ L F M A P K \ O Ø G

Og thu" `fhhy zagf twa jkdar lojfgsoags krf tXvfhXf-o`hl rfpftot oag ah' tbf jahoes os ogt fglfl,

a`sf rvk`hf. O bf ørst agf os tbf rfpfkt ;'kftar obfrf vvbfrfks "h km i" ae s|)kmf rfsuhtfl og aghy fhm Xfg

fkhhfl "gu jfr omo ty" ) kgl oglomktfs tbf guj`fr ah jatoes (me. Eoc. <). Og hogf wotb tbf cfgfrk h olfks

jatohs ammogrogc kraugl tbf pat. GVJFPOMO\_ `fbogl tbos mhkssoeomktoag tbf `hufprogt g uj` fr

sbauhl `f magmfovfl ks kg k`strkmt progmophf4 fvfg sbauhl obfoo `f malfl (jarf ag gujfromo ty `fhaw,lfvok togc ar orrfcuhkr pkttfrgs rfsuht eraj kg a g p . 0>).

arlfrhy magmfZ)!. ]a oh os sajmtojfs mhfkr tbkt k \b f smmagl lojfgsoag kt wari og tbf `fhhy zagf

Eoc. <. Eaur-eahl kgl tbrff-eahl fxfmutoag ae earjkt9 tbf kuxohokry hogfs, tbf mormujefrfgmf (kgl tb f gfmi lfmar ktoag ) krf khh og tbrff -rahl,tbfrbaj`seohhogctbfsbauhlfr-`fhhyzagfammurogtbrff-kgl (twomf) eaur-eahl. (Ufssfhsffg eraj tap.) Bofgbfoj, eogl ga. ;;;6.



K ^ KP KL OC JK \O M M H K ]]O EO M K \A P _ ]M BF J F ÂP L F M A P K r F L @ K G L I F P K J O I ^ t ) r O I P _ ;3

os thoko ah'obf Kh ROHOKP_ O.OGF]4 tbmrf ogky `m gagf,

ùh uuorm ah'tfg tbkg gat tbf su`lovosoag ae tbf zagf

os oglomktml ;)X ravvs ae Z)aogts ar hoou's, earjoooc

syrgjtoov (o.xr.s og Xf rto mk h kgl/ar barozagtkh lorfm-toags, kgl a`xoausoy sfrvogc ta hkmohotktf marrfmt

fxmmutoag ahhbm goahohs. O bm mabuggs ae paogts og

magoògkhoag vvohb kg fxmmutoag ae tbf rfjkoglmr ae

thof lfmarktoag og hogfs krf aetfg frragfaushy mkhhfl

"jusom gatms" ("Gatfgiõpef" og Cfrjkg9 f.c.,

]tfbho ;?3=4 B=). Og rfkhohy, syjjftry kxfs krf

rmcoøkr og tbmogsmhvms, wbmrmks "jusom gatfs" krf

strugc rfcuokrhy ag hogfs (sff `fhaw, p. o2). Jarf

rkrmhy a`smrxml krf mklrmo kraugl sfts ae jatoes.

; bfg, thofrm os tbf lojfgsoag ae tbf JKOG JA\OF].

; hom gat taa crfkt vkroktoag mkg `f rflumfl ta twa

guøg pooouoZ)hms4 tbmsfjo-mormhf (wkvf) kgl tbfsporkh

(Eoc. 6). ('Obkt hoof hkttfr haais hoif k trkgsearjktoag

wauhl ogvaIm k loeefrfgt smkhogc ae tbf twa

mhfjfgts, vvbomb os gat k trkgsearjktoag kt khh) . K

jatoh os homom uglmrsV)al ha `m hhom rmpmktmlhy

ammurrogc pkhmrg ah lfmarktoag ag k sogchf vfssfh.

\bf jatoes oohhogc tb f `fhhy zagf kr f lmvfhapjfgts

ae `ksom jatoes tbraucb syjjftrof apmrktoags kgl

javfjfgts ks sbawg og Eoc. 6. \acftbfr tbfsf

trkgsearjktoags hacomkhhy fxbkust tbf passoòhotofsear fhkàrktoag ae tbf jkog jatoes9 tbfy earj k

"crauZ)"" ar ""pkttmrg" og kg khcf`rkom sfgsf (@fhh

o()()()4 ;;0-;;?9 @ullfg ;?304 6><-6=29 khsa, sfm

]bmpkrl ;?5=4 05? kgl gatf = `fhaw). Og @kgl-

imrkjoi |)rkmtomm, bawmvfr, tbmrf krf twa lohhomuh-

tofs wotb tbos mhkssoeomktoag4 tbf cholm lafs gat ammur,

kgl tbf wkvf (og ots rfmtohogfkr cuosf) os sajftojfs

rflumfl tak.o3'«W/Ï'shkgh9''Tkpatamik ;?3>4 Ô. o , =,

<9 khsa Eoc. 5). W

]fvmrkh strumturogc vkrok`hfs jfloktf `ftwffg

tbf majpagmghs ae tbf lfmarktoag (`fhaw) kgl tbf

goahohs. h u hhom h)mhhX zagf, agmaehbm goaom ojZ)artkgh

s\Po'mo\PFs hoks ùh ovva khtroùhms4 mugBoowkr ar

rfmtohogfkr fxmmutoag ae tbf jatoes. Og E oc. 6 tbf

murvfl kgl tbf strkocbt kifrgktovfs bkvf `ffg

rfglfrfl solf `y solf. Ae maursf, strkocbt hogfs krf

ojpasso`hm ag chaùhkr surekmfs9 og kmmarlkgmf wotb

tbf rfst ae tbf krcugofgtktoag bfrf, tbf lostogmtoag

rfefrs ta tbf rahhfl-ahe lfsocg (ar jarf prfmosfhy

ta k cgajagom pradfmtoag ae tbf jatoe).

Kgatbmr strumturogc lojfgsoag os tbf OJKCF (ear

hkmi ae k `mttfr tfrj)4 tbf ojkcf ae k jatoe jky bkvf`ffg spkrfl aut og k zagf hohhogc krtomuhktoag ae tbf

suro'kmm, obusm rmk hog ck gfcktovm ojkcf ae hhom jah oh.

Ar tbf jatoh's j ky f mxprmssfl ks pasotovm ojkcfs,

.sfttogc tbfog aee wotb hogogc ar tbraucb eohhogc

kckogst kg atbfrwosf majpkrktovfhy fjpty spkmf.

Ear tbf "pasotovf" ojkcf khjast kgy @kglifrkjoi

lfmarktml doat mkg sfrvf ks kg fxkjphf. Ear tbf

"gfcktovm " agm tbf sa-mkhhml fj`raolf ry-hoif

("tfppomb-krtocf"), wariogc up `y jfkgs ae tbf

cakt-eaat taao sa mbkrkmtfrostom ae ^hkgoc-Erofl`frc

wkrf wohh la. Sotb tbf (pmrbkps rkrf1) fxmfptoag ae

tbf ^hkgoc-Erofl`frc wkrf, ga maugtfrpkrhs ae tbfsf

strumturogc progmophfs ae tbf `fhhy jatu's ar/ae tbf

jatoes tbfjsfhvfs mkg `m fstk`hosbfl ear tbf gfmi

lfmarktoag.

Khsa k iogl ae strumVoroooc Z)o'ooomopV', ;'B,O.OG(9] ae

tbf jatoes kpphofs fqukhhy ta `fhhy kgl ha gfmi

lfmarktoag4 àtb jky bkvf `ffg eohhml `y magtogjus

ar ooømjophfl raws ae mago|)aoomghs ar jky hokXf `ffg

hfet vkmkgt.'

G f x t t a FhHHOGC], L O P F M O \ A G AE \BF EOHHOGC] os k

sfmagl vkrok`hf ae tbf jatoe fxmmutoag (kgl fqukhhy

ae tbf gfmi lfmarktoag ;, wbomb rfefrs ha tbf kgchf ae

tbf majpagmgts rmhkhovm ta tbf (hamkhd kxos ae tbf

`kgl4 uglfhfrjogfl, pkrkhhfh, abhoquf, pfrpfglomuhkr, ar

mrassfl. Ot wohh `f mhfkr tbkt tbos vkrok`hf, majògfl

wotb tbkt ae tbf majpagmgts `fhaw, os jast mhasfhy

rfhktfl ta tbq @utthfr kgl Bk`frfy trklotoag ae

mhkssoeomktoag9 oglffl, ot sbauhl `f passo`hf ta wari

aut k mkho`rktoag ae tbf prfsfgt mhkssohomkhoag wotb,

m.c., tbf Jallf rjkg smbfjf.

Atbfr vkrok`hfs ear tbf lfsmrophoaoo ae hoom fxm

mutoag ah goahoh kgl gmmi lfmarktoag krf o.oJoos kgl

FGLs. \bf hkttfr agm os sojphy k lohemrfgtoktoag ae

tbf lfcrff ae fhkàrktoag ae tbf jatoe fgls4 ga fgls

prfsfgt tbraucb ratktoag ar trkgshktoag9 gah warifl

up, wbomb ogmhulfs tbf rfcuhkr kssamoktoag ah hhom

fgls wotb syjjftry oglomktars9 kgl warifl up.

'Ebf vkrok`hf HOJO\] sbauhl loeo'frfgtoktf tbf

http://ertical/

http://ertical/

http://ertical/



;2 \ B F M H K ] ] O E O M K \ O A G AE @ K G L I F P K J O I ^ A \ \ F P_ L F M A P K \ O A G

vkroaus wkys og vvbomb tbf ogahoes (ar gmmi lmmark- "ag hogf"" ("j«,v/m gatfs", "luj` bfhhs") ar "ahh'hogf""toag) krf authoou'mo, wbftbfr .o/9('(3rt//97/¹3,o k rf lrkvvg (wotb losmagtojwus ar wotb ((ogtorouaus Drogoofs). \bf

ar gah. kgl ohsa, wbfhbfr tbfsf hojots krf mhkàrktfl kttrobootfs hoshfl bfrf mkrrv jarf aekg fgug ofrkt oX'f

@K6OM(JKOG)JA\OE]

SKUF ]ÔPKH

@K6OM(JKOG)JA\OE]

> K (m) rk

syjjftr of

f hkàrkbags

k4 bar ozagtk h

rfe hfmBag

`4 vfr t omk hrf e hfm t oag

M4 barozagtkh+ vfr t om k hrfEhfmtoag

l4 ra tk t oag

f

"Rd W y

BK GW j j

javfjfgts

;4 trkgshkt oag j KK 5)5) @@Ojavfjfgts

09 o d h olf gu KU 5)> Ø e

rflumt oag SEoc. 6. Khh hacomkhhy passo`hf jahohs ah'Ikáolifrkgooi paVfoy lfmarkhoag, oh'magsolfrfl ks fhkàrkhoags ao' hwa `ksom hocurfs, fxffuhfl og

fohbfr k rfmhohogfkr ar k murvohogfkr eksboag. \baucb passo`hf, 'cholfs' la gat ammur9 ga t stromthy k jfj`fr a t k trkgsearjktoag craup,'hflumhoag'os sajftojas a`sfrvfl.



K ^ KP KLOM.J K\O M (V, K]]O EO M K\A P _ ]MBFJef IAP L F M A P K r F L @K GL IF PK JO I ^ Ø \\ FP _ ;?

/•'oc. ()'. Hkrcf h'rkcguJot, shoauoooc rmlumtoaoo o7h zoczkc jatoe'tasojphf shkghs (phus magtoguaus gfmi lfmarktoag) kgl bktmbogc9hhu' zoczkc bks `ffg kmbofvfl tbrauc sjfkrogc. Bofg bfoj,hogl ga. ;;; :o.

tbkg ae kg ogtfgsoagkh lfeogotoag ae tbos vkrok`hf,

kbhoaucb `ksomkhhy kg ogtfgsoagkh losmrojogktoag osprfsfgt (ga/yfs9 oe sa, ugfhkàrktfl/fhkàrktfl9 oh

sa, ag hogf/aee hogf). Ot os obf loeefrfgtoktoag wotbog

tbf ag/aee hogf kttroòotfs obkh os fgugofrkhoXf, kgl

tbus hok`hf ta kjfgljfgt.

';'hof hofhl autsolf tbf jatoes og tbf `fhhy zagf stohh

bks ta flf smro `fl. Ag f passoòhoty os ojphofot og tbf

strumtgrogk9 Xkrok`hf OJKCF4 oe tbf jatoes krf fxf-

m'utfl og k oomcktovf wky, tbfg a`voaushy tbf

rfgokoglmr ae tbf hofhl bks `ffg háhhfl. Kgatbfr

hohhogc ah tbf gag-jatoe spkmf os `y jfkgs aeKoxoo.oKPv O.OGF]4 mklrfs ar rfhhfmtoag kxfs jky

(g ou pX (ohhu\wosf rgo ptX pkohs ah tbf `fhhy zagf.

]mmaglkry lfmarktoag og k stromt sfgsf, bawfvfr,

stkrts eraj fotbfr ae twa progmophfs. \bfsf krf

loeefrfgt eraj tbf kàvf, wbombprapfrhy `fhagcs ta

obf hfXrh ae tbf JA\OF]. \bf eorsh agf os sojphy

(pkrtokho rfpftotoag ae tbf jatoes og tbf `fhhy zagf -

jasthy ag tap, ùt khsa ta tbf àttaj solf (Eoc. =) ar

fvfg `ftwffg tbf jatoes (ogmhulogc wbkt krf mkhhfl

"Twomifheocurfg" og (omrjkg). \bos kttrobutf vvohh

`f mkhhfl W'laubbgcX \bf sfmagl prog(oZ) hf oglo-

mktfs kg fgtorfhy oglfpfglfgt wariogc up ae tbffjpty eofhl `y jfkgs ae sjkhh craups ae majpa-

gfgts, ae wbomb gujfraus loeefrfgt earjs fxost (me

]tfbho ;?3=4 369 aghy tbf gas. ;-6, 3-;>, 0; , 05, ==-

=6, =3 kgl <= mkg `f tkifg oglfpfglfgt hy9 (d kgl =()

krf pra`k`hy majògktoags ae tbos typf wotb k

syjjftry kxos9 =2-<0 kgl pra`k`hy 0?, taa, wauhl

`f mhkssoeofl ks "lau`hogcs"9 khh atbfr mageocurk-

toags sbawg obfrf krf hoifhy ta `f lohefrfgt Xkrok-

toags ag tbf tbfjf "kuxohokry hogfs").

@fhagcogc ta àtb zagfs os tbf vkrok`hf MAJÂ-

GFG\s, lfeogfl ks tbf sjkhhfst rfmurrfgt ugots ae

(@kglifrkjoi pattfry) lfmarktoag. Khtbaucb tbmrf

os mfrtkoghy kg arocogkh rfhktoag ta \FMBGO[VF], gat

khh mktfcarofs ae tbf hkttfr k rf mqukhhy rfhfvkgt bfrf.

Ear ogstkgmf, (tbf guj`fr ae) kpphom|ufs os khjast

kbvkys olfghomkh ag àtb hfXfhs. Kgl khtbaucb hhom

guj`fr ae hogcfr/gkoh ojprogts os quotf lohefrfgt

eraj tbf fjphayjfgt ae tbos jalfhhogc tfmbgoquf,

ga eurtbfr loeefrfgtoktoag os magmfovk`hf. \bf ogmos-

ogc tfmbgoquf bks rfsuhtfl og eaur lohefrfgt majpa-

gfgts, bawfvfr4 hogf lrkwogc (Wbfkxohy4 huof.s4 hocbt-hy4 bktmbogcs4 tbf twa krf khjast kbvkys lostogmtoXf,

fspfmokhhy wbfg rfefrfgmf os jklf ta tbf majpk-

goag sbfrls og tbf skjf eogl)9 tbf dfriogc usm ae

spktuhks rfsuhtfl og stk`-kgl-lrkc, kgl paogtfl taao

promiogc pralumflpaogttfts. Ot os gfflhfss ta sky tbkt

tbf majpagfgts mkg stohh `f a`sfrXfl ag fvfg tbf

sjkhhfst sbfrls. Ks oglomktfl kàvf, àtb paogtfl

kgl strkocbt-flcfl taahs mkg pralumf stk`-kgl-

lrkc majpagfgts9 tbf taah-flcfs jky `f lohefrfgt.

ks krf tbf taao jkris kt eorst socbt, but tbfmajpagfgts krf magmfptukhhy olfgtomkh. Og tbos wky

tbf vkrok`hf MWAJÂGFG\] os a`sfrvk`hf og tbf

eahhawogc kttroùtfs4 hogfs, bktmbogcs, paogthfts,

stk`-kgl-lrkc, kglDogcfr ojprfssoags (wotb tbf `fhhy

kgl tbf gfmi zagfs magsolfrfl sfpkrktfhy `fmkusf

ae tbfor oglfpfglfgmf).

\bf lojfgsoag ae GVJFPOMO\_ mkg `f oùgl kt

sfvfrkh hfvfhs4 tbf sogchf, twa- ar-tbrffeahl usf (ar

http://ariable/

http://ariable/

http://aria/

http://aria/

http://aria/

http://ariable/



0> \ B F M O . K ] ] O E O M K \ O A G A E @ K G L I F P K J O I ^ A \ \ F P _ L F M A P K \ O A G

fX('oo jarf) ae tbf majpagfgts og tbf fxfmutoag ao

gmmi lfmarktoag, jatoes kgl sfmaglkry eohbgcs og

tbf bfhhy zagf kgl/ar tbf kuxobkry hogfs, kgl obm

guj`fr ae jatoes og tbf `fhhy zagf9 tbfsf krf khh

caxfrgfl by k rfpfkt ekmtar, kgl gat gfmfsskrohy `y

tbf skjm agf. _ft tbfrf os sajf rfcuhkroty ta `f

a`smrvfl, sogmf tbfrf kppfkr ta `f twa sfrofs4 =-5-c

eahls, kgl 0-<-2 eahls, wotb tbf guj`fr agf

stkglogc khagf kgl gah `fogc eurtbfr lfvfhapfl

ogha k sfrofs.** Og hhoos vvky lfvfhapjfghs ae tbf

rfpfkt ekmtar o, 0, ar = mkg `f eaoogl, khtro hdutms

gkjfl sojphfx, luphfx, k gl trophfx.

Ks ; bkvf skol `fharf, ag kgy Z)at sfXfrkh

gujbfrs tfgl ta ammur tacftbfr, tbaucb cfgfrkhhy

sfhfmtfl eraj agf sogchf sfrofs. [uottk (;?5>42)gatfl tbf maggfmhoag h)mtvvffg syjjftry kxfs kgl

rfpfkt ekmtar4 `y jfkgs ae tbfsf kuxohokry hogfs

(kgl/ar tbf fkrs ae tbf pat), tbf earjkt ae tbf `fhhy

zagf os su`lovolfl. Jumb fksofr ta `f a`sfrvfl os

tbf rfpfkt ekmtar og tbf kuxohokry hogfs obfjsmIfs4

tbfsf magsost ae sogchf, Ovva- ar tbrffeahl (sajfhojfs

jarf) mahujgs ae paojhfts, hogfs, bktmbogcs, ftm.

Khsa, tbf krrkgcfjfgt ae tbf majpagfgts og k jatoe

kgl og tbf gfmi zagf (me., bawfvfr, gatf 2 `fhaw)

mkg `f k cuolf. Ot jky kppfkr tbfg tbkt tbf 0 kgl =

sfrofs krf jfrcfl, ks ag tbf pat lfsmro`fl wbfg

EAPJK\ wks losmussfl (p. ;59 Eoc. <). Og tbkt mksf,

gujfromoty os lftfrjogfl `y k vvfocbtoooc ao tbf

Xkroaus a`sfrvktoags kckogst kgatbfr (og Eoc. <,

kuxohokry hogfs sbaw k tbrffeahl majpasotoag, ks

lafs tbf gfmi lfmarktoag9 khsa, tbf mormujefrfgmf ae

tbf pat bks `ffg lovolfl ogta tbrff hofhls `y fkrs

kgl kuxohokry hogfs9 aghy tbf guj`fr ae jatoes os ;;

Y< + < + =Z kgl sbauhl bkvf `ffg ;0 O= • <Z , wbomb

kjaugts ta kttrobutoag ae tbf lfsocg ta obf trophfx

sfrofs).Sbfg guj`fr ae sbfrls kgl olfghodofkhoau oooojbfrsd

Dogl joj`frs krf kllfl, tbf mhkssoeomktary smbfjf os

majphmtfl, khtbaucho ga mhkoj ta fxbkustovmgfss os

jklf9 tbfrf wohh `f jarf lojfgsoags ta lfmarktoag

hhokg hoshfl bmrm. Og hhof gfxt sfmtoag tbf malfàai

wohh `f prfsmgtfl wohb w hoomho ta malf Bkglimrkgooi

lfmarktfl sbfrls.

6. K malfàai ear @kglifrkjoi lfmarktfl wkrf

Gatfs(;) Sotb tbf fxmfptoag ae tbf vkrok`hfs MAJÂGFG\] kg l GVJ@FP ae sbfrls, khh maugts krf tkifg eraj tbf guj`fr ae jatoes og keogl. \bfrfta sbfrls krf ta `f crau pfl w bfg kpp krfg thy `f hagco gc ta agf vfssfh9 tbfg tbf jo go juj g uj` fr ae jatoes prfsfgtog sumb k craup os fgtfrfl. ]ogchf, ugcraupk`hf sbfrls rfprfsfgt agf jatoe fkmb (me ]tbfho ;?3=4 5>, 25).

(0) Sbfg tbf maugt ae k trkot surpkssfs ?? - tbf jkxojuj, ks cfgfrkhhy aghy twa mahujgs krf kvkohk`hf - tbfg tbf tatkh ae tbfUKPoK@HF os sft ta agf buglrfl, kgl tbf prapartoags ae fvfry kttroùof ag tbkt UKPOK@HF os fgtfrfl.

(=) Ear lfejotoags a{ kthroùtfs kg l UKPOK@HF] kgl k lfsmroptoag ae tbf systfj's strumturf rfefrfgmf sbauhl `f jklf ta tbfprfvoaus sfmtoag.(<) \bfrf krf tbrff craups ae UKPOK@HF]9 k sft rfhkto gc ta cfgfrk h mbkrkmtf rostoms 9 k sft ear tbf `fhhy zagf9 kg l k sft ear tbf gfmilfmarktoag. ]uehoxfs4 (C), (@), kgl (G), rfspfmtovfhy.

(6) Oe kgy kt tro ùt f mkgg at `f rfmacgozfl `fmkusf ae tbf sjkhh sozf ae tbf sbfrls, ga fgtry os jkl f. " >> " os rfsfrvfl ear pasotovfhya`sfrvk`hf k`sfgmf.

(C)4CFW'FPKH MBKPKM\FPO]\OM]

\F MB GO [V F] (C) ' mahujg guj`frsSbfg taahs ae loeefrfgt typfs bkvf `ffg usfl ag agf vfssfh, tbf kttroùtf `fst mbkrkmtfrozogc tbf jatoe os maugtfl.Gfmi lfmarktoag os maugtfl ks agf jatoe pfr pat.

>;4 sogchf lfgtfl spktuhk, igoef ga . ae jatoes4 >;-> 0

>04 juhtolfghfl spktuhk Ygat o{ aW) ga. ae jatoes4 >=-><ay cakt-eaat taat . • ga . ae jatoes4 >6- >5aW4 etgcfrs ar gkots ga. ae jatoes4 >3->2aW4 raugl stomi, lffpfr hhokg >; goJ. {gah ot'a'4W) ga. ae jatoes4 >?-;>

>54 kpphocuf ga . ae jatoes4 ;;-;0

http://arious/

http://arious/

http://arious/



K (9ALI@A()I IAP @K GL IF PK JO I LFM AP K\F L S K P F 0;

G V J I P h M gU (C) mahujg guj`frs

LoeUfrfgt rfpfkt ekmtars jky ammur tacftbfr ag tbf skjf pat. Ear fxkjphf, tbf gfmi zagf jky sbaw k sojphfxlfmarkhoag, wotb tbf jatoes og tbf `fhhy zagf `fhagcogc ta tbf luphfx sfrofs. \bfsf krf maugtfl sfpkrktfhy, kgl gfmilfmar ktoag os fquk h ta agf jatoe Jog ar lfvoktoa gs eraj tbf kpp krf gt lfsocg krf ta `f ocgarf l.

>34 d(j/)/mK lfsocg (o.f., agf-e ahl, sojphf) ga . ae jatoes4 ' = - ' <>24 (/w/d/W._ lfs ocg (k- , <-, kg l 2 eahls) ga . ae jatoe s4 ;6-;5>?4/« /)/má lfsocg (=-, 5-, kgl c-eahls) ga. ae jatoes4 ;3-;2

TAGOGC (C)

Ks tbf suj tatkh ae \FMBGO[VF] pravolfs tbf guj`fr ae jatoes og tbf ejl, kgl tbf guj`fr ae jatoes og tbf `fhhy zagfmkg `f ksmfrtkogfl eraj ]\PVM\VPF], "k`sfgmf ae roj lfmarktoag" (ks khtfrgktovf ta kttro`utf ;>) os ajottfl.]bauhlfr lfmarktoag os magsolfrfl k pkrt ae tbf gfmi lfmarktoag, kgl tbf twa krf jfrcfl.

;>4 roj lfmarkhoag prfsfgt ga. aerojs4 '?-0>w4 gfmi lfmarkhoag prfsfgt ga. ae rojs4 0;-00;04 gWrK4 W("eark/áag k/'.áWg/ar kgmo hhkry ta `fh hy lfsocg ga . ae rojs4 0=-0<

(@)4 BFO.O.ÁTAGFMBKPKMOFPO]\OM]

]\PVM\VPF] (@)

]\PVM\VPF] rfefr ta tbf lfsocg ae tbf jkog jatoes aghy.hy. murvohogfkroty ga . ae jatoes4 06-05;<4 rfmtohogfkrohy ga . ae jatoes4 03-02

;J.-XC F(@) • -

Ks tbf guj`fr ae jatoes og thu' `fhhy zagf eahhaws eraj ]\PVM\VPF], "pasotovfhy fxfmutfl" ks khtfrgktovf ta kttro`utf;6 os ajottfl.

XW. jatoes gfckhorfhy oglomktfl . . . . , , , , , , , , ga. ae jatoes4 0?-=>

JA\OE] (@)

'\bfrf krf twa kgkhytomkh hfvfhs rfmacgozfl bfrf9 tbf JKOG (ar `ksom) JA\OE] kgl tbf JA\OE] wbomb mkg `f lfrovfl erajtbfj. Fxkjphfs krf ta `f eaugl og Eoc. 6.

JKOG JA\OE]

o 54 tbf `ks'om uooot os k wkvfOzoczkc ga. ae jatoes4 =;-=0;34 tbf `ksom ugo t os k eraaK4/jekgre«'r ga . ae jato es4 ==- =<

JA\OE] bkvf `ffg lf vfhapfl tb raucb4

;24 barozagtkh rfdhfmhoag ga. ae jatoes9 =6-=5 XW4 vfrhomkh rfdbmhoag ga. ae jatoes4 =3-=2;>4 barozagtkh phus vfrhomkh rfdhfmtoag ga. ae jatoes4 =?-<>áX4 ratkhoag ga. ae jatoes4 <;-<0004 rflumtoag ga. ae jatoes4 <=-<<

KH ROHO.UPU HOGF] (@)Jarf aetfg tbkg gat, tbf `fhhy zagf bks `ffg su`lovolfl `y jfkgs ae kuxohokry hogfs ta ekmohotktf tbf rfglfrogc ae tbfjatoes. \bfsf lrkwogc kols sajftojfs kssujf tbf eugmtoag ae sfmaglkry jatoes9 tbfy krf rfklohy losmrojogktfl,bawfvfr, ks tbfy krf jarf ar hfss oglfpfglfgt ae tbf jatoes, eohhogc vkmkgt spats, wbfrfks tbf kuxohokry hogfs fotbfrerkjf tbf jatoes ar krf hkol aut kmrass tbfj.

0=4 mklrfs ga. ae jatoes4 <6-<50W•. syjgutry kxfs ga. ae jatoes4 <3-< 20y. ga kuxohokry h ogfs ga. ae jatoes4 <? -6¾

mklrfs syj jftr y kxfs



00 \ B F M H K ] ] O E O M K \ O A G AE @ K G L I F P K J O I ^ A \ \ F P _ L F M A P K O \ A G

EO HHO G C ] (@) mahujg guj`frs\bf vkrok`hf EOO.HOGC] rfhktms t a tbf ogtmroar ae tbf strkps ao'tbf jatoes9 tbf wky og wbomb tbf `kgls kr f lfhojotfl os

malfl wotb tb f vkrok`hf HOJO\] (@).

\bf jatoes bkvf `ffg fxfmutfl ks4

054 fjphy `kgls ga. ae jatoes4 6;-600;'. losmagooguaushyeøhfl `kgls ga. ae jatoes9 6=-6<024 ojoghfrruphflhveohhfl `kgls ga. ae jatoes4 66-6 5

fW- W W

fjpty losmagtoguaus gat ogtfrruptfl

KGCHF (@) A E EOHHOGC]

Og tb f mksf ae kttr o`utf 05, ga fgtrofs krf jklf bfrf.

\bf kgchf ae tbf hohhogcs ae tbf strkp, rfhktovf ta tbf (hamkh) kxos ae ot, os40?4 og(/W/erjogeh/W (GAO oe tbf sbfrl os taa sjkhh) ga. ae jatoes4 63-6 2=>4 pkrk/S ga. ae jatoes4 6?-5>=; 4 a`hoquf ga. ae jatoes9 5;-50

W04 pfrpfglomuhkr ga. ae jatoes4 5=-5<==4 mrassfl * . ga. ae jatoes4 56-5 5

oglftfrjogktf pkrkhhfh

y//////////,

a`hoquf

;;;;O OO OO ;;

gggpfrpfglomuhkr mrassfl

H O J O \ ] (@)\bf vkrok`hf HOJO\] spfmoeofs tb f lfhojogktoag ae tbf jatoes (tacftbfr wotb FGL] (@)). "K`sfgmf" `fogc ojphomot, ks

eraj EOHHOGC] ( @) tbf guj`fr ae voso`hf jatoes mkg `f lfrovfl.\bf jatoes bkvf `ffg lfhojotfl fxphomothy4 ,

•7,X. sojpi lfhojøkhoag ga. ae jatoes=64 'Wjusom gatfs'' ga. ae jatoes=54 "luj` `fhhs" ga. ae jatoes(magtogufl wotb kttro`utf gr. <>)

53-525?-3>3;-30

O L F G \ O E O M K \ O A G , F\M.

=34 rfsfrvf

•W24 Dogl guj`fr . . . .

=?9 mkrl guj`fr4 eohh au t " o "

3=-3635-3?

2>

(Magtoguktoag ae H O J O \ ] (@))Wa4 lumagtoguaus erogcf ga. ae jatoes4 >;->0

WX4 magtoguaus Drogcf ga. ae jatoes4 >=-> <

y/////K>>

k`sfgmf (ojphomot bfrf) sojphf lfhojogktoag ag hogf, "jusom gatfs" ag hogf, "luj` `fhhs*"



K MAL F@A AI IAP @ K G ;= I E. P K J ; I LFMA PK\F L S K P F 0=

mahujg guj`frs

ØÉ]! U U U S S

aor hogf, magt ogua us erogcf ah\hogf, losm agtog uaus erogcf

FGL] (@)\hu- hops ar FGL] ae tbf otoatoes jky (gah) bkv f `ffg mhk àrkt fl 4

<k4 ga mgreo (trkgshktoag/ratktoug rfsuhtfl og magt. lfsocg). . . . W . . . . . . . . . .<= 4 «gm/ehoarkS mgreo (ogmh. kux oho kry jkris) .• . ga. ae jatoes4<<4 e/koarkS«gred (fxmh. kuxoh okry jkris) ga. ae ogatoes4

ga mgl.s sojphm fgls (syjjm try kxos) fhk` arkt fl fgls

>6->5>3->2>?-;>

]FMAGLKP_ EOHHOGC] (@)

s`'.aaGVKP_ Eoo.o.oGas ammur og tbf `fhhy /.agm aghy9 tbf vkrok`hf rfefrs ta khh lfsocg mhfjfgts gat ogmarparktfl og arkppfglfl ta tbf jatoes. \bf kttroùtf lfmifl aut rfjkogs ojphomoh, ks ot os mavfrfl `y OJKCF.

"gt). ae jatoes" rfefrs ta tbf projkry jatoes.

Gag-jatoe spkmf og tbf `fhhy zagf bks `ffg4<64 hfet K/kgR4, ar jftf l au t `y ku x. hogfs aghy . . ,.,,' . , , * ' . . . . . . g a. ae jatoes4<54 o 'ohhfl wotb/áeor//eh/(/auo/jWWd ae jatoes . 9 . . , . , ga. ae jatoes4W•d4 øSeK XXX{XX o7olfpfjtfgt sjkhh jkriogcs ga. ae jatoes4

?;W ?Wga sfmaglkry jatoes pkrhokhhy lau`hfl jatoes oglfp fglfg t sfmaglkry jatoes

MAJÂGFG'O] (@)mmoJÂGFG\] krf tbf sjkhhfst rfmurrfgt ugots ae lfmarktoag. Ag @kglifrkjoi pattfry hogfs ar magtoguaus craavfsammur9 paogts ar oglfpfglfgt taah-paogt ojprfssoags9 bktmbogcs krf rfhktovfhy sbkhhaw, mhasfhy pkmifl og ùglofs, kglkppraxojktfhy pkrkhhfh ogmosoags9 stk`-kgl-lrkc paogts arocogktf wbfg tbf spktuhk os gat hoetfl mhfkr eraj tbf vfssfhs'ssurekmf vvbohf kpphyogc paogts og k dfriogc javfjfgt, k sbkhhaw hogf vvotb `fkl-hoif, lffpfr paogts strugc ag ov,Dogcfr

kgl gkoh ojprfssoaj krf fksohy rfmacgozk`ha. Ojphomot os tbf kttro` utf kpphoqufs, ks tbos wauhl `f khjast olfgtomkh wotbtbkh kttroùtf ae tbf vkrok`hf \FMBGBdVF].

h.ogms krf maugtfl ag tbf pat's fquktar.

\a rflu mf tbf kja ugt ae spkmf gfflfl ta kmmaja lkt f tbf tatkhs, tbfsf krf magvfrtf l ta o a-hac krotbj s (Kp pfg loxta obos mbkptmr, p. 0;3).

\bf lfmarktoag og tbf `fhhy zagf bks `ffg fxfmutfl og4

<24//««.• ha-hac (k`s. ga. ae hogfs og eogl)Wc4 paogts4 ha-hac (k`s. ga. ae paogts og eogl)

Wa4 bktmbogcs4 ha-hac (k`s. ga. ae bktmbogcs og eogl)

WX4 stk`-kgl-lrkc4 ha-ha c (k`s . ga. ae paogts og s o l)W04Djcfrhgkoh ojpr.4 oa-hac (k`s . ga. ae hogcfr/ gkoh ojpr .)

Og tbf mksf ae gag-prfsfgmf ae kgy ae tbfsf kttroùtfs, fgtfr "???".

;;-;0

' = - ' <;6-;5

;3-;2-;?

0>-0;-00

0=-0<-06

05-03-020?-=>-='

(G)4 GFMI TAGF MBKPKM\FPO]\OM]

Sbfg >;; roj sbfrls pkrts ae tbf `fhhy lfmarktoag krf voso`hm, tbfsf sbauhl `f mgtfrfl wotb tbf vkrok`hfs kàvf. Gfmilfmarktoag, ks uglfrstaal bfrf, os oglfpfglfgt ae tbf lfmarktoag og tbf `fhhy zagf9 o.f., gfmi lfmarktoag os gatsupph fjfgtkr y ta tbf `fhhy lfsocg. Ot ogmhulfs fvfgtukh sbauhlfr lfmarktoag (ar rktb fr, lfmarktoa g ogtfrj floktf`ftwffg gfmi kgl `fhhy zagf).



0< \ B F M H K ] ] O E O M K \ O A G AE @ K G L I F P K J O I ^ A \ \ F P _ L F M A P K \ O A G

EOH HO GC] (G) mahujg guj`f rs\bf vkrok`hf GFMI EOO.HOGC] rfhktfs ta tbf eohhogc up ae tbf gfmi lmmarktoag, gat ta ots lfbjogktoag (4GFMI HOJO\]).

\bf gfmi lmmarktoag bks `ffg rfglfrfl ks46= 4 kg fjpty `kgl ' . , ' . . g a. ae gfmis4 = 0-= =

WW4 k losmagtoguaushd! ethofl bkgl ga. ae gfmis4 =<-=6WW4 kmagtoguaushdeoVfl bkgl ga. ae gfmis4 =5-=3

fjpty `kgl

O h h h h h h h h

losmagtoguaushv eohhfl

U/////K

magtoguaushy eoVfl

KGCHF (G) AE EOHHOGC]

(Me ohhustrktoag ae KGCHF (@) AE EOHHOGC]) . \b f eoVogcs ae tbf gfmi lmmarkto ag - aghy wbfg kttro ùtf s 6< ar 66 pfrtk og9

og tbf mksf ae kttroùtf 6= ga fgtry os jklf bfrf - jky fxboòt kg kgchf rfhktovf ta tbf roj4654 oglftfrjogktf , . , ga. ae gfmis4 =2-=?

W•d4 pkrkhhfh ga . ae gfmis4 <>-<;

624 abhoquf ga. ae gfmis4 <0-<=Wc4 pfrpfgliuhkr ga. ae gfmis4 <<-<65>4 mrassfl ga. ae gfmis4 <5-<3

HO JO \](Me ohhustrktoag ae HOJO\] (@)). \bos vkrok`hf spfmoeofs tbf lfhojogktoag ae tbf gfmi lmmarktoag. Ojphomot os tbfkttr oùtf gat lfhojøfl (ks eraj GFMI EOHHOGC] tbf suj tatkh ae lfmarktfl gfmis mkg `f lfrovfl).

Oe tbf gfmi lmmarktoag bks `ffg fspfmokhhy sft aee, tbos os lagf `y4

5; 4 doUo/)/e (/ï'/Tjjk/oaw ae gfmi lm ma rk to ag ga . ae gfmis4 <2-<?5'04 W'jusø gatfsWW ga . ae gfmis4 6>-6; @-d. "luj` bfhhs" ga. ae gfmis4 60- 6=(g4 lømagtoguaus erogcfs ga. ae gfmis4 6<-6656 4 magtoguaus erogcfs ga . ae gfmis 4 65-63

MAJÂGFG\] (G)Hogfs krf maugtfl pfr gfmi, ks krf tbf atbfr majpagfgts. Maugts sbauhl ogmhulf roj lmmarktoag.

\bf gfmi lmmarktoag bks `ffg magstrumtfl `y jfkgs ae4

554 Vgfs4 ; a-hac. (k`s. ga. ae hogfs) 62-6 ?-5>()-94 paogts4 ha-hac. (k`s. ga. ae paogts) 5;-50-5 =524 bkhmbogcs ha-hac . (k`s. ga. ae bktmbogc s) 5<-56-555?4 otfo-kg(/-(/rkc ha-ha c. (k`s. ga. ae paogts og s + l ) 53-52-5?•da4etgcfrhgkotojp. ha-hac. (k`s. ga. ae eogcfr/gkoh ojpr.) 3>-3;-30

O L FG \O EO MK \O A G , F\M.

yo4 gujbfr ae sbfrls'j øgl 3=-3<-36\W'.etgl guj`fr 35-33-32-3?3=4 mkrl gujbfr4 fgtfr " 0 " 2>

5. K gai ag tbf malfàai's fddámkmy

Ot os gat taa loeoomuht ta ckucf tbf meeomkmy ae tbf malfàai prfsfgtfl, feeomkmy ta `f uglfrstaal bfrf ks tbf jfksurf ta wbomb tbfkttroùtfs mkg `f jklf voso`hf og tbf lktk. Ks sbawg og \k`hf ; (mahs. o), lfvfhapfl jatoes kgl sfmaglkry eohhogcs smarf warst4 aghyog sajf 6>% ae tbf mksfs ar fvfg Omss, mkg tbfor trkots `f a`sfrvfl - og Bofgbfoj ks wfhh ks og Fhshaa9 khh tbf atbfr vkrok`hfs,bawfvfr, mkg `f smarfl og kt hfkst 2a¾‗ ae tbf eogls.

K jarf prfmosf fstojktf ae tbf feeomkmy ae tbf malfàai mkg `f a`tkogfl `y rfhktogc tbf guj`fr ae jatoes a`sfrvfl ta tbf tatkhotyae jatoes prfsfgtfl og tbf jktfrokh (\k`hf ;, mahs. 0). ]ajf vkrok`hfs krf kppkrfgthy loeoomuht ta a`sfrvf9 kjagc tbfj, lfvfhapfljatoes krf lfeogotfhy tbf warst9 `ksom jatoes kgl fgls krf khsa quotf apkquf, wbfrfks tbf rfjkogogc vkrok`hfs krf lftfrjogk`hf ogjarf tbkg bkhe tbf guj`fr ae tbf jatoes. (\bf eocurfs og tbf tk`hf rfhktf ta sftthfjfgt lf`ros9 og tbf mksf ae atbfr typfs ae lktk tbf



K GA\F AG \B F MALF @A AI ] FE EO MK M_ 06

fe\omkmy wauhl loeefr, ae maursf9 kgkhysos ae lfma rkt fl pats eraj k crk vfyk rl pr alu mfs majp hftf ogear jktoag .)Gatwotbstkglogc tbf jkriflhy lohemrfgt qukhotofs ae tbf lktk kt Fhshaa kgl kt Bofgbfoj, tbf mhasf marrfhktoag ae tbf fvkhuktoags

og tbf tk`hf sffj ta krcuf obkt ot os tbf mhkssoeomktoag's feeomkmy wbomb os jfksurfl, ogstfkl ae lktk qukhoty.\bfrf krf twa stkglkrls tbkt krf gat tfstfl tbos wky4 vkholoty kgl rfhokòhoty. X'kholoty bks ta la wotb tbf rfhfvkgmf, tbf

kppraprokhfgfss ar tbf pfrtogfgmf ae tbf malogc smbfjf ta tbf rfsfkrmb qufstoags. \bfrf os ga surf wky ta fstk`hosb rfofvkgmf9k raoocb oglomktar os wbftbfr tbf lktk mkg `f otokgopuhktfl sa ks ta magearj ta tbf pkttfrgs prfsuppasfl `y tbf rfsfkrmb pra`hfjkgl tbf lfcrff ta wbomb tbf kgswfrs eaugl krf kmmfptk`hf ta tbf kulofgmm. Og atbfr warls4 tbf malfàai bks k vkhol kpphomktoagogsahkr ks tbf magmhusoags ae tbos stul y krf rfmfovfl kppr avog chy.

Pfhokòhoty os tbf lfcrff ta wbomb a`sfrvktoag os rfpfktk`hf4 krf tbf malogcs olfgtomkh wbfg tbf skjf lktk krf mhkssoeofl ear tbfsfmagl tojf9 la twa malfrs krrovf oglfpfglfgthy kt tbf skjf "praeohf"1 Og k trkogogc maursf ag eogl lfsmroptoag (wogtfr ;?36/5) kguj`fr ae stulfgts maugtfl kgl malfl k sft ae hágls eraj Bofgbfoj. Majpkrosag wotb jy awg eocurfs oglomktfl vortukh olfgtoty(tbfrf wfrf losmrfpkgmofs, jkoghy ag tbf vkrok`hf GVJFPOMO\_9 losmussoag sbawfl tbfsf ta `f rflumo`hf ta ugekjohokroty).

Kcko g, tbf mhasf kcr ffjf gt ae tbf prapar toag s og \k` hf o har twa sotfs mkg khsa `f tkifg ks kg oglomkt ar ae tbf rfhokòhoty ae tbfmalfàai's lfejotoags.

@fearf fj`kriogc upag tbf rfsfkrmb pra`hfj, k sft ae josmfhhkgfaus paogts stohh bks ta `f magsolfrfl. \bos wohh `f lagf og tbfgfxt m`kptfr.

GA\F]

' K sujjkry ae pkrts ae tbf prfsfgt mbkptfr bks khrfklykppfkrfl og progt4 Ukg lf Ufhlf (;?35). Bfrf, bawfvfr, jumbjarf lftkoh, `kmicraugl, kgl magsolfrk`hf jaloeomktoags krfathfofl.

•W "Kt tr où tf" ks usfl bfrf os quotf lostogmt eraj "kt tro ùt f" ksogtrtIhumfl `y ('hkrif (;?52)4 kpkrt eraj bos ogtfrjogchogc aeolfktoagkh kgl pbfgajmgkh hfvfhs, bos kttroùtfs krf raucbhyfquovkhfgt ta "loj fgso ags" ks usfl bfrf. Mhkrif khsa rfmacgozfs"kt tro` utf stktfs" jasthy ae k prfsfgt/k` sfgt gkturf - wbombmarrfspagl ta tbf aetfg lombatajaus mhkssfs ae k lojfgsoag. Jyusf ae kttroùtf os pkrkhhfh ta tbkt ae Luggfhh4 ot kpphofs fqukhhy ta

prapfrtofs ae pbfgajfgk kgl ta mbkrkmtfrostoms ae olfks.W Eraj rfmfgt kgtbrapahacomkh rfsfkrmb ot bks `fmajf kppkrfgttbkt sumb trkgsearjktoags mkg `f vfry socgoeomkgt, gat aghy agtbf jytbomkh hfvfh (ks kjphy lfjagstrktfl og Hïvo-]trkuss'

Jyhbahacoqufs), ùt khsa ag tbf hfvfh ae jktfrokh muhturf. Earfxkjphf, Hïvo-]trkuss' (;?36) rfparts ag tbf vkroktoags ag tbftbfjf ae twa jksis og @rotosb Mahujòk9 khsa, og kg ugpu`hosbflstuly ae ]autb Mhakst Gfw Cuogfk sbofhls kt tbf Muhturkh.Rgtbrapahacomkh Ogstotutf kh Hfolfg (^rae lr. ,X.K. Cfr`rkgls,pfrs. majj.) syjjftry apfrktoags hoif tbasf lfsmro`fl ear tbfjatoes ae @kglifrkjoi lfmarktoag (Eoc. 6) wfrf a`sfrvfl.

* Bawf vfr. jomras mapom fxkjo gkt oag ae tbog sfmtoags ae sbfrlsOraj Bofgbfoj bks fstk`hosbfl k shop mavfrogc ag sajf ae tbfj(@kifhs ;?324 ?2). _ft kmmarlogc ta tbf skjf kutbar, tbos

tfmbgoquf bks gat `ffg lfsmro`fl ear H@I eraj atbfr sotfs.* ]tromthy spfkiogc, tbos stktfjfgt os taa sojphf. Sbfrfks klfmarktfl gfmi zagf "prfsuppasfs" k lfmarktfl `fhhy zagf,roj lfmarktoag jky ammur ag atbfrwosf uglfmarktfl pats. \bfgatmbfs kgl hujps jkiogc up tbf roj lfmarktoag krf eurtbfrhfht ksolf, ks tbfrf os ga loehfrfgtoktoag passo`hf. \bfrfearf, patswotb roj lfmarktoag aghy krf gat magsolfrfl "l fma rktf l" ogwbkt eahhaws. Ear tbf skjf rfksag, oe tbfrf os lfmarktoagfhsfwbfrm ag tbf vfssfh, roj lfmarktoag os ta `f fgtfrfl aghy agtbf hfvfh ae zagktoag.

' \b f shkgt jatoe jocbt `m tbauc bt jarf `ksom tbk g tbf àw, k

prapasfl og tbf tfxt9 tbf hkttfr pkttfrg mkg `f lfrovfl eraj tbtearjfr tbraucb sojphf vfrtomkh rfehfmtoag. Kpkrt eraj tbfk`sfgmf ae k murvohogfkr trkgsearjktoag, kjagc tbf sfvfgpasso hf fhkàrktoags , tbf sojphf cholf, ratkto ag, kgl barozagtkh -rfehfmtoag la gat ammur, wbfrfks k majphomktfl gatoag hoifbarozagtkh-rfehfmtoag-kgl-cholf-majògfl wauhl bkvf jktfro-khozfl. Oe tbf `ksom jatoe bks `ffg tbf àw, wotb tbf shkgt k"lf cfgf rkto ag" , tbfg tbf cholf (kgl barozagtkh-rfehfmtoag-kgl -cholf-majògfl) la gat ammur. Ks tbos os khsa tbf mksf wotb atbfrjkog jatoe, tbf mraai, ear magsostfgmy's skif tbf sfjo-mormhf aràw jky `f kssujfl `ksom, ogstfkl ae tbf qukrtfr-mormhf. \bus

tbf @kglifrkjoi pattfrs usfl khh passo`hf syjjftry-apfrktoagsùt rfkhozfl aghy agf (trkgshktoag) ae tbf twa (khsa tbf cholf)javfjfgts.

' Ogkg fkrh ofrl rket aetb osmh ksso eomkt oag O kssujfl twa loeefrfgtlojfgsoags rfhfvkgt ta k cfgfrkh lfsmroptoag ae tbf eoVogcs ae tbfgfmi zagf kgl tbf jatoes og tbf `fhhy krfk4 magtoguaushy vs.

losmagtoguaushy eohhfl, kgl bftfracfgfaus vs. bajacfgfausmajpasotoag ae tbf `kgl's majpagfgts (Ukg lf Ufhlf ;?354;;0). Bawfvfr , tbf hkttfr lol gat rfhktf ta tbf qukgto tktovfh yojpartkgt craup ae gag-eohhfl `kgls, gar lol tbf magtoguaus/losmagtoguaus appasotoag loeefrfgtoktf tbf fjpty `kgls erajtbf magtoguaushy eohhfl agfs. Magsfqufgthy, tbf rflfeogotoag bks`ffg warifl aut ks og tbf tfxt, wotb jumb `fttfr rfsuhts.' O horst tba ucb t ;-=-? W" W 0-<-2 (wotb 5 ogtf rjfl oktf ) ta `f

tbf rfhfvkgt sfrofs. Bawfvfr, tbf ;-= trkgsotoag os `y ga jfkgsa`voaus, kgl k rf-stuly rfvfkhfl tbf kjòcuaus gkturf ae ot4 =kgl 5 vfry aetfg ma-ammur, ù t wbfg o kgl = krf sffg tacftb fr,fotbfr tbf lkt k krf ogsueeomoégt (taa sjkhh sbfrls ), ar k rkrffxmfptoag os eaugl ta tbf cfgfrkh "ruhf" ae stomiogc ta k sfrofs(Ukg lf Ufhl f ;?354 ;;0). \b fm aj ò gk to ag ;-= (kgl khsa ;-0)wks erfqufgthy fgmaugtfrfl (kmmaugtogc ear tbf jkdaroty ae tbffxmfptoags) og tbf jollof pbksfs ae tbf H@I, wbfg tbf eorstkttmjpts kt gfmi lfmarktoag rfsuhtfl og k sogchf raw ae paogts,tbf `fhhy lfmarktoag `fogc lfvfhapfl og k rfcuhkr wky eraj ktwa- ar tbrffeahl raat.



MBK^ OFP OO

AG LK\K LFEOGO\OAG

Ooohoalumtuj \bfdogl ks ugot ae kgkhysos

UUbohf og tbf eorst mbkptfr O wks jkoghy magmfrgfl

wotb tbfarftomkh pra`hfjs ahmhkssotomkøag, O ogtfgl

homrm ha losmuss hhu' jarf prkmtomkh ossufs ah lktk

lfhogohoag. Ks tbf pra`hfjs ogXahvfl krf quotf

lospkrktf `y gkturf, tbos mbkptfr bks `ffg su`-

lovolfl ogta k guj`mr ae jarf ar hfss oglfpfglfgt

sfmtoags.

\bf eorst paogt ta `f magsolfrfl os4 wbkt ta usm ks

tbf ugot ae kgkhysos. \bfrfta k guj`fr ae ks-

sujptoags kàut earjfr stktfs ae koh'kors bkl ta `f

jklf. ]fmaglhy, vvbfg losmussogc tbf gaosf og tbf

lktk, sojohkr kssujptoags kgl stktostomkh gatoags

bkvf ta `f oouralumfl og kg kttfjpt ta lojogosb

tbf ogehufgmf ae tbos ruj`hf. h'borlhy, ks jast ae tbf

majputktoags rfpartfl bfrf krf `ksfl ag prapar-toags ae tbf vkroaus trkots (ks krf tbf jalfhs ta `f

lfsmh apml!, ; sbkhh khsa oouh ulf k `rofe sfmhoag ag

tbf pras kgl tbf mags ae pfrmfgtkcfs.

Kpkrt eraog tbfsf `ksf kgl prkcjktom paglfr-

ogcs, og k sfpkrktf losmaursf O sbkhh lwfoh kh sajf

hfgctb ag jarf haety, jftbalahacomkh ossufs. Kg

kmmaugt ae jy vofws sbkhh `f rfglfrfl tbfrf, og

arlfr tbkt tbf prkmtomkh rfsuhts ae tbos stuly jky `f

sffg og thuoo prapfr pfrspfmtovf. Lflumtovf vs.

oglumtovf rs. tbf "tborl" wky, (kckog) sajf vfrylawg-ta-fkrhb stktostomkh pra`hfjs, tbf magmfpt ae

hkw og tbf samokh smofgmfs, tbf vkholoty ae aur

prapasotoags og khofg keekors (fspfmokhhy og tbf hocbt

ah tbf rfmfgt ehoppogc ae krmbkfahacomkh jkogstrfkj

tbfary), kgl pramfssukh vs. strumturkh vs. systfjs

kpprakmbfs - tbfsf wohh `f tbf progmopkh ogcrflofgts

ae tbf kh-tojfs-pahfjom patpaurro magmamtfl og tbf

hkst sfmtoag ae tbos mbkptfr.

K lfehgotoag ae tbf ugot ae kgkhysos sbauhl O`hhaw

eraj tbf rfsfkrmb pra`hfj, wotb kg fyf ta ots

fvfghukh a`sfrX kòhohy. Ks khrfkly oglomktfl og obf

eorst mbkptfr kgl tbf Ogtralumtoag, tbf pra`hfjs ta

`f lfkht wotb magmfrg vkroktoags wotbog obf @kgl-

ifrkjoi orklohoag ae pattfry lfmarkøag, kh Bofg-

bfoj, kgl og k wolfr magtfxt. \bkt trklotoag os tbf

suj tatkh ao' khh lfmarktml pattf ry tbkt bks fvfr

`ffg prfsfgt kt khh tbf sotfs losmussfl9 a`voaushy, tbf

qukghohy rfmaxfrfl os ùh k jogar X)JX ae oh, k

sfhfmooag ae ugigawg sozf. ; a lfsmro`f obf Xkr ok-

hoag, obm maugts ae tbf trkots ar khtroùhfs ae tbf

vkrok`hfs ae tbf mhkssoeomktoag sbauhl sfrvf ks k `ksos

e`r tbf lfeogotoag ae lfcrffs ae "sojohkroty'3"los-

sojohkroty" (âppfr ;?304 ;?59 ]aikh kgl ]gfktb;?5=4 6>, ;02). Cfgfrkhhy, `fmkusf ae magsolf-

rktoags ae rfprfsfgtktovoty, ot os jast praeotk`hf ta

usf ugots ks hkrcf ks majpkto`hf wotb tbf rfsfkrmb

moufsooags (Bkys ;?3=4 <00). Loehfrfgmfs `ftwffg

twa sbfrls jkif k hfss ojpr fssoX f krcujfgt tbkg

loehfrfgmfs `ftwffg tbf mfrkjom magtfgts ae pbksfs,

ta jfgtoag ùt tbf fxtrfjfs. ]ojohkrhy, sfvfrkh

vkrok`hfs tacftbfr khhaw jarf prfmosoag tbkg fxk-

jogogc agf erfqufgmy lostroùhoag ae k sogchf

kttroùtf avfr spkmf ar tojf (]aikh kgl ]gfktb

;?5=4 6;). Jarfavfr, og hkrcf skjphfs tbf prfsfgmf

ar k`sfgmf ae tbf trkots os jarf fksohy a`sfrvfl, ks

obf ogmolfgmf ae "jossogc vkhufs" wohh `f rfhktovfhy

rflumfl. \bos og ots turg khhaws k `fhhfr lfsmroptoag

(oe wkgtfl) ah tbf pahytbftom maglumh ae tbf

oglovolukh trkots (@hai ;?364 MVkrif o?()24 =3-=29

Gfflbkj ;?36).

Oe wf ojkcogf k smkhf ae tbf passo`hf sozfs ae ugots.

http://aria/

http://aria/

http://aria/



\BF EOGL] K] t DGO\ AE KGKO ._]O] 03

hhomg .V (}ou' fgl hhom oooloxolookh sbfrl woho h)f Oùool

kgl kh thof athofr toof mfrkjom magtfgts ah'tbf sotf.

hXots, pots, oouts (ar 'ooausfs" ks sajf watøl bkvf ot)

kgl craoops ae buhs krf pasotoagfl og `ftwffg agobkt smkhf. "]hofrl" kgl "sotf" mkg `f losmkrlfl

rocooh kwky ks oofogc haa sgokoo kgl haa majprfhofg-

soXm, rfspfmtovfoy. "âts" krf vmry rkrf og tbf togl

jkhfrokh (sft'thfogfgt lf`ros), fvfg oe k cfgfraus

khhawkgmf os jklf t`r rfmagstrumtk`hf vfssfhs4 kt

Bofghofogo ofss obkg eoety pats krf rfksagk`hy maj-

pofhf wbfg rfmagstotutfl. \bos guj`fr os quotf

ugoghfrfstogc stktostomkhhy har khjast kgy magmfo-

vkòf rfsfkrmb qtofstoag.

K passoh)hf khtfrgktovm os prfsfgtfl `y tbf "hogls",

ar rkhoofr hhom hogls kssamoktfl wotb k hogl guj`fr.'o'bf hkhhfr os khhkm bfl ta kgy efkturf ar, oehkrcf, ta

pkrts ae ot rfmacgozfl lur ogc tbf fxmkvkt oag.

Cfgfrkhhy, tbfsf krf tbf kgmofgt pots, wkhh trfgmbfs,

ftm, wbomb sbaw oqd ks lkri pktmbfs og tbf hocbt

hafss, ùh khsa, oe stomb `f tbf mksf, tbf ogloXolookh

hkyfrs ao' k strktoeofl pot's eohhogcs. Kt Bofgbfogo ,

khogash ;6>>, kgl kt Fhshaa gfkrhy k tbauskgl ae'

hhofsf fjogfghhy apfrktoagkh kgl hk`fhogc ugots krf

kthroòohk`hf ta tbf @kglifrkjoi trklotoag, kgl

tbfsf og pkrtomuhkr krf jmkgt og tbf losmussoag`fhaw XX bfg "hogls" krf rfofrrfl ta.'

h'raj tbos lfsmroptoag, k pkrtokh (oe gat k mhasf)

kgkhacy ha Jagtfhous' lfeogotoag ae k "mhasfl ejl"

jky `f sfgsfl `y tbasf ogtfrfstfl4 W "k 'mhasf hágl' os

k sft ah a`dfmhs wbomoo wks haooul VOVV\ mormurg-

stkgmfs oglomktogc sygmbragof lfpasotoa g" (Jagtf -

hooos ;;)>=4 'Z). \bf lfeogotoag rfquorfs sajf maj-

gomgo og obos magtfxt9 "sygmbragof", "sft", kgl

"mormujstkgmfs" krf tbf ifywarls.

Jalkhhy, k pot woho bkvf `ffg luc ogta gag-

Xor cog kh saoh9 wkstf hyogc og tbf vomogoty jky bkvf

majm ogoa ot (me. Jm og tasb om)33 har kg ftbga-

krmbkfahacomkh lfsmroptoag). Khtfr loccogc, ot woho

bkXf `ffg og usf ks k lujpogc krfk har trksb ugtoh

hohhfl up. (Oh os obos ru`òsb kh wbomb aoor rfsfkrmb

qufstoagskrflorfmtfl9/)õMï"JmFvfly ;?534 ?.) \ bf

tojf rfquorfl har hohhogc k pot og tbos wky os gat sft, ks

hkr ks ; igaw. Uft, og rfhkhoag ha tbf lurktoag ae tbf

ammupktoag ae tbf sotf, tbos pmroal sbauhl `f rktbmr

sjkhh4 ;> ta 06 yfkrs krf tbf usukh fstojktf. Oe tbos

fstojktf os mhasf ta `fogc trum, tbf magtfgts jky `f

magsolfrfl sygmbragaus, kt hfkst rfhktovf ta

tbfrfsfkrmb qumstoags. 3'bf tbogcs wf krf ksiogc krf

stgomturkh, o.f., khjast `y lfehgohoag shaw (@fbrfgs

;?3=9 ;2>9 @frtfhs ;?3=4 ?3).

Ketfr eohhogc, tbf lort woho bkvf sftthfl crklukhhy,

mkusogc k sfmaglkry lfprfssoag og tbf saoh. Og ot, khh

sarts ae tbogcs bkppfgogc og ots vomogoty woho bkvf

`ffg mkucbt. Agf jky suspfmt tbkt kt hfkst k pkrt ae

tbos sfmaglkry eohhogc woho `f loeefrfgt og gkturf

eraj tbf projkry magtfgts ae tbf pots. Aetmg vmry

gokriml loehfrfgmfs krf ta `f sffg ag mrass-sfmtoags

ae @kglifrkjoi pots, wotb vfry lkri tap hkyfrs kglk rktbfr hocbt (tbaucb `kglfl) hawfr pkrt. Og tbos

wky, tbf tap hkyfr jky `f magsolfrfl k smkhogc-ae\

ae tbf pro jkry eohhogcs.

]tohh, tbos mavfr os gat ojpfrjfk`hf4 warjs,

raats, trkjphogc efmt kgl sojohkr kcfgts woh! loheusf

tbf magtfgts ae tbf hkyfrs og khh fvfg Xf rt om kh

lorfmtoags, tbus magtkjogktogc tbf arocogkh lfpaso-

tary sfqufgmf (me, f.c., Mkbfg o?3eo). Oe kppra-

proktf jfksurfs krf tkifg, tbos "gaosf" ae past-

lfpasotoagkh kljoxturfs (kgl tbf prf-agfs ks wfhh)sbauhl gat pasf sfroaus pra`hfjs, ks O sbkhh try ta

lfjagstrktf og sfmtoag = `mhaw.

Og tbf hktfr bostary ae tbf pots, su`stkgtokh

partoags ae tbfor taps bkvf `ffg fralfl kwky. K

guj`fr ae tbfj bks `ffg su`sfqufgthy mavfrfl

up kckog `y mahuvokh kmtoag (Jal lfr jkg ;?35`).

Gfotbfr frasoag (ogmhulogc phaucbogc) gar mavfr

ogc up wauhl sffj ta ogtfrefrf su`stkgtokhhy wotb

tbf lostroùtoag ae tbf magtfgts ae fspfmokhhy tbf

hawfr pkrts ae tbf pots, fxmfpt og fhojo gktogc tbf hap

hkyfrs (wbomb wfrf sfmaglkry kgybaw).

\a rfturg ta tbf lfeogotoag ae tbf "mhasfl eogl",

tbf lfmarktfl sbfrls ae k pot jky `f magsolfrfl k

sft ogsaekr ks tbfy pfrtkog ta tbf projkry eohhogcs.

\bf sbfrls jky `f magsolfrfl "sygmbragof" ogks-

jumb ks ot os kmmfptfl tbkt tbfor pfroal ae kmmuju-

hktoag os sbart og rfhktoag ta tbf pfroal ae tojf

"mavfrfl" `y aur rfsfkrmb qumstoags. Kgl tbf

http://irginal/

http://irginal/

http://ertical/

http://ertical/

http://irginal/



02 A G L K \ K L F E O G O \ O A G

mormujstkgmfs ae rfmavfry ae tbf sbfrls sbauhl

fgk`hf us ta dulcf tbf sygmbragausgfss ag tbf `ksos

a( tbf mbkrkmtfrostoms ae tbf pot eoVogcs. Og atbmr

warls, tbf rfmavfrfl magtfgts ae tbf efrjfr rfeusfpots jky `f mkhhfl "mhasfl oogls", ar "eogls" (wbomb

krf ta `f sygagyjaus ear Jagtmhous ;?>=4 <).

Kpkrt eraj sumb eogls (ta magtoguf tbf usf ae tbos

tfrj ta oglomktf tbf lfmarktfl sbfrls og tbf eohhogcs

ae tbf pots), "buts" wfrf khsa succfstfl ks passo`hf

ugots ae kgkhysos. Ear tbf H@I tbos ugot jocbt `m ae

usf9 tbf pots `fhagcogc ta k but k rf fksohy olfgtoeofl

ks sumb (f.c., ^kvhø ;?3<), kgl tbfrmearf tbfor

magtfgts mkg `f tkifg tacftbfr. Ear yaugcmr

pmroals tbos os gat passo`hf, bawfvfr, ks tbf pots

wfrf ga hagcfr luc khagcsolf tbf bausfs, ùt

ekrtbfr kwky9 wf la gat igaw baw ta kssocg ta tbf

buts tbasf pots wbomb wfrf luc `y tbfor ogbkò tkgt s.

Oe tbfg, ear tbf H@I tbf buts, kgl ear tbf Jollhf

Gfahotbom tbf oglovolukh eogls wfrf fgtfrfl, tbf

smkhf ae tbf ugots wauhl `f lossojohkr, kppkrfgthy kt

vkrokgmf wotb tbf olmk "ugot ae kgkhysos" (Luggfhh

;?3;4 ;<5).

\bfsf vfry magsolfrktoags khsa kpphy ta (cfa-

crkpbomkh) ''craups ae bausfs" (me. Mb. U), wbomb

wfrf succfstfl ks khtfrgktovf fgtotofs4 JollhfGfahotbom pots la gat ammur og craups, ùt krf

wolfhy lospfrsfl. ^frbkps hohthf mkg `f `raucbt

earwkrl kckogst tbf usf aá mbragahacomkh craupogcs ae

pots ar buts fxmfpt tbkt tbf lokmbragomkh arlfrogc os

ugigawg ugtoh tbf oglovolukh pots bkvf `ffg

kgkhysfl.

O tbfrfearf prfefr ta usf tbf "eogl" ks ugot ae

kgkhysos. Ot os tbf hkrcfst passo`hf craupogc ae

a`dfmts kt tbf sotf "losphkyogc tbf skjf lfcrff ae

ogmhusovfgfss" fvfrywbfrf (Luggfhh ;?3;4 ;<5).

\bf tbfarofs ta `f tfstfl sbarthy wohh magmfrg

rfhktoags `ftwffg samokh ugots. ^rfsujk`hy, loeef

rfgt samokh craups wauhl sbaw loeefrfgt tkstfs og

jkgy krfks ae muhturf, kgl tbf jarf kiog sumb

craups krf, tbf jarf rfsfj`hkgmf sbauhl `m eaugl

kjagc tbfor prfdulomfs. Krmbkfahacomkhhy spfki-

ogc, agf ae tbf krfks jast magvfgofgt ear tfstogc

sumb sojohkrotofs os tbkt ae mfrkjom lmmarktoag9

majpkrktovfhy, k hat ae ot bks `ffg prfsfrvfl, kgl ot

hfgls otsfhe fksohy ta qukgtoeomktoag. K rmprfsfg-

tktovf skjphogc ae tbf lfmarktovf ugovfrsf sbauhlkhhaw us ta spfmoey tbf vkroktoag og ot.

Ot os ojpasso`hf, ugearhugktmhy, ta magtrah tbf

skjphogc pramfss kgl ta tkif prfmkutoags ta cuk-

rkgtff rkglajgfss. ]tohh, tbf ekmtars cavfrgogc

lfpasotoag kgl prfsfrvktoag krf fgtorfhy `fyagl

magtrah kgl pra`k`hy oglfpfglfgt ae tbf lmmark

toag9 tbus tbmy jky `f kssujfl ta rfsuht og rkglaj

sfhfmtoag (Bkys ;?3=4 3=9 O sbkhh majf `kmi ta tbos

tapom og sfmtoag 6 ae tbos mbkptfr). Kt tbf skjf tojf,

tbf prapartoag ae tbf arocogkhhy kvkohk`hf lmma

rktoag kmtukhhy og aur skjphfs (tbf skjphogc hfvfh)

os khsa ugigawg4 0%(1) ar 6"a(1) Ear tugktfh y,

bawfvfr, eraj k majputktoagkh pasotoag, ot os tbf

k`sahutf sozf ae tbf skjphf wbomb os ojp art kgt kgl

gat tbf skjphogc hfvfh, covfg rkglajgfss.

\bf skjphfs tbkt bkvf majf lawg ta us, tbf

"eogls", krf fksohy kssamoktfl wotb tbf bausfbahl

craups, ks tbfy krf kldkmfgt ta buts (og tbf Jollhf

Gfahotbom4 ta wariogc krfks1), rfstromtfl og tojf

kgl spkmf. Ot sffjs `fst ta trmkt tbf qukgtooofl

lfsmroptoags ae tbf eogls ks tbf mhasfst passo`hfkppraxojktoag ae rkglaj skjphfs ae tbf pattfry

lmmarktoag prfefrrfl `y tbf gfkr`y bausfbahl

craups.

K jarf k`strkmt earjuhktoag jky `m ks eaVaws4

og tbf eorst mbkptfr, tbf magmfpt ae "trkot" ar

"kttroùtf" wks ogtralumfl ta oglomktf kgy ae tbf

vkroaus passo`hf stktfs ae k vkrok`hf ar lojfgsoag ae

lmmarktoag. Ag tbf agf bkgl, k trkot oglomktfs k

mhkss wotbog tbf footorf mhkssoeomktary systfj ae

@kglimrkjoi lmmarktoag9 ag tbf atbfr bkgl, ots

lmeogotoag olmgtoeofs tbf tbogcs ta `f craupfl og tbkt

mhkss (Luggfhh ;?3;4 <<-<6). 'Obus, tbf lmmarktoag

ag k sbfrl mkg `f mhkssoeofl `y gatogc tbkt tbf

vkrok`hf \FCBGOMWVF] os rfprfsfgtfl `y tbf kttroùtf

ugolfgtfl spktuhk4 tbkt tbf vkrok`hf ]\PVM\VPF os

rfprfsfgtfl `y tbf trkot murvøogfkroty4 kgl sa ag.

]ojohkrhy, tbf ammurrfgmf ae tbf sfvfrkh trkots og tbf

craup ae sbfrls mkhhfl "k eogl" mkg `f maugtfl. Ks



\ BF EO GL] K] VG O\ AE KGKH _] O] 0?

mushagokry. obf krrky ah faugts os trfktfl ks

rfprfsfgtkhoxf ae tbf arocogkhhy prfsfgt lffarkhoag

(kt k spfmoeom paogt ae tojf kgl hamktoag) . \bf

krrkys ear k sogchf sbfrl, ar ear tbf sft ae sbfrls

kttroùtk`hf ta k huot, ftm, krf khsa skjphfs, ae

faoorsf. @fogc ag loeefrfgt hfvfhs, tbfy bkvf loeefrfgt

kssamoktoags tbatocb4 hfss ar jarf ogmhusovf9 jarf ar

hfss bajacfgfaus og k fbragahacomkh ar k mbara-

hacomkh sfgsf.

]ujjogc up, tbf craup ae sbfrls tbkt os mkhhfl

bfrf "k eogl", yofhls tbf lktk (og tbf cuosf ae

matogts) tbkt tacftbfr magstotutfs tbf hkrcfst passo-

`hf skjphf ae tbf papuhkt oag ae lfmarktfl fkrtbf g-

wkrf arocogkhhy kssamoktfl wotb k bausfbahl craup.

Og tbos magtfxt ot sffjs kppraproktf ta skysajftbogc kbaooh obf suppasfl stktus ae tbf lfma

rktfl wkrf og tbf fgtorf @kglifrkjoi mfrkjom

rfpfrtaorf. Lfmarktfl pats magshotutf aoohy k ogoga-

rohy ah'hhof hahkhohy ae fkrtbfgwkrm fxmkvkhfl kt k

sftthfjfgt sotf. Ot os cfgfrkhhy tbaucbt tbkt tbf

lostroùtoag ae tbf lfmarktfl pattfry og k vohhkcf os

sojohkr ta tbkt ae tbf uglfmarkt fl w krf (@utsmbiaw

;?=64 ;>). O la gat igaw ae kgy rfsfkrmb mag-

mfrgogc tbos jkttfr9 Oraj fxpfrofgmf O wauhl sky

tbkt pots yofhlogc uglfmarktfl sbfrls khsa pralumflfmarktfl agfs opolXolfl tbf jogobro' ah sbfrls os

gat taa sjkhh ta ogtralumï skjphogc òksfs), kgl vif

vfrsk. Og hogf wotb tbf losmophogf's trkl otoag O sbkhh

khsa kssujf tbkt tbf lostroùtoag ae uglfmarktfl

wkrf os sojohkr ta tbkt ae tbf lfmark tfl pattf ry, kgl

obfrfearf gffl gat `f kmmaugtfl ear sfpkrktfhy.'*

YU .Gjsf

K pfrfggokh pra`hfj og kg)' rfsfkrmb pracrkj os

tbkt ae "gaosf", tbf "F" kt tbf fgl ae aur fquktoags.

Bkrlhy fvfr mkg k stktfjfgt `f eaugl ag wbkt kg

oglovolukh rfsfkrmbfr bks lagf ta rfjfly ot,

bawfvfr (f.c., "gaosf" os gat losmussfl og Larkg

kgl Bulsag ;?36). ]umb kg ajossoag jky succfst

foohofr k magsmoaus ar kg ugmagsmoaus lfgokh ae tbf

pol`hfj, hfklogc ta tbf ogmarparktoag ae khh (fvfg

suspfmt) jktfrokh, ar ta k mksukh sfhfmtoag pramf

lurf ah'quotf kg ugsapbostomktfl gkturf. Ot wohh `f

suhhomofgh ta ohhustrktf tbf hkttfr mksf `y agf ah tbf

vfry efw fxphomot stktfjfgts kàut gaosf4

.. . pravfgofgmfs Yo.f., eogls) wbomb wfrf joxfl wfrfhamktfl vfry frrktomkhhy Yag tbf mbragahocomkh kxose ]ogmf k

joxfl pravfgofgmf bks ga marrfmt pasotoag, tbfsf pravf

gofgmfs wfrf fhojogktfl eraj tbf smkhogc... \bf uhtojktf

mrotfroag, bawfvfr, wks wbftbfr tbf erfqufgmofs atammur-

rfgmf ae'tbf vkroaus stktfs Yo.f., kttroùtfsY sbawfl stragc

mbkrkmtmrostoms ae'jarf tbkg agf sfcjfgt ae tbf Ytfjparkh |

sfqufgmf (Lrfggkg ;?359 0?2).

Ot sffjs supfrehuaus ta mrotomozf sumb k jfhbal9

ogstfkl O wohh try ta lfvfhap kg kgswfr, bawfvfr

pkrtokh, ta tbf pra`hfj.

O stkrt eraj tbf gatoag "mhasfl eogl", khrfkly

lftkohfl og tbf prfvoaus sfmtoag (ot sbauhl `f gatflog pkssogc tbkt Lrfggkgs "joxfl praXfgofgmfs"

wauhl gat qukhoey ks mhasfl hogls og k Jagtfhokg

sfgsf). \bfg "gaosf" os fvfrytbogc wbomb ogtfrefrfs

wotb tbf "mhasfl" qukhoty ae tbf hogl, kljoxturf

cfgfrkhhy. Ear rfeusf pots kmquorf sbfrls (ar kgy

atbfr iogl ae ru`òsb) tbraucb twa loeefrfgt

pramfssfs4

Agf pramfss os gag-kmmolfgtkh kgl lorfm tfl, tbf

purpasfhy lujpogc ae wkstf. ôts usfl tbos wky wohh

magtkog rfhktovfhy hkrcf guj`frs ae sbfrls og tbforhohhogcs. OO khh sumb pots bkl tbf skjm mbkrkmtmrostoms

(mormujefrfgmf, hfgctb ae usf, jfkg lostkgmf ta

wariogc krfks), tbf rfsuhtogc erfqufgmy lostro

ùtoag ae magtfgts pfr pot sbauhl `f k garjkh

(Ckussokg, `fhh-sbkpfl) murvf. ]ogmf ot os bocbhy

ojpra`k`hf tbkt tbfsf pkrkjftfrs wauhl `f olfg-

tomkh ear khh rfeusf pots, tbf murvf wohh `f sifwfl.

\bfsf magtfgts, lujpfl ag purpasf (sbfrls, ar

gogt lf`ros, wkstfl taahs, ar ùrgt sffls), krf

cfgfrkhhy spfkiogc tbf a`dfmts ae krmbkfahacomkh

rfsfkrmb9 wotb prapfr prfmkutoags "mhasfl eogls"

mkg `f jklf ae tbfj.

\bf sfmagl pramfss ae wkstf kmmujuhktoag os ae

kg kmmolfgtkh gkturf4 sbfrls (ar, kckog, ehogt lf`ros,

usfl taahs, mbkrrfl sffl) hyogc kraugl tbf sotf

sajftojfs eogl tbfor wky ogta tbf pots, stambksto-

mkhhy, ks ot wfrf. \bos kpphofs àtb ta sbfrls ahlfr

kgl ta sbfrls yaugcfr tbkg tbf magtfgts wf krf



41a A G L K \ K L F E O G O \ O A G

fagmfrgfl wotho. Ahlfrsoofrls jky bkvf hoffg hyogc

krauool hhof sohf kouh wfrf fksookhhy iofifl og `y obf

ugmagmfrgfl gktovfs wbohf tbf pot wks a|)fg.

_augcfr sbfrls jky bkvf kmmujuhktfl og k sojoior

wky og tbf sfmaglkry lfprfssoag tbkt arocogktfl

tbraucb tbf sfttbgc ae tbf arocogkh magtfgts9

pkhkfajaofs kgl -jomf ks wfhh ks -warjs wohh bkvf

da ogfl og ju ll ho gc tbf gfkt st rk tocrkpbofs . h'bos

vfry pramfss os tbf mktosf ah tbf gaosm. Og kgy ekor

skjphf ae pots, tbf jkdaroty wohh magtkog gagf, ar

aghy k efw sbfrls (oe su`dfmt ta tbos pramfss kgl gat

ta tbf horst agf). \bf murvf ae erfqufgmy lostro-

ùtoags ae tbf guj`frs ae sbfrls pfr pot sbauhl `f

âossag-hoif (Loxag kgl Jkssfy ;?634 0=;9 Larkg

kgl Balsag ;?364 <29 Bkys ;?3=4 0>0-0>5).\a mbfmi kgl su`stkgtoktf tbf kàvf prapaso-

toags, k rkglaj skjphf ae ?0 @koolifrkjoi eogls

wks lrkwg og Bofgb foj. ]kj phogc hfX fh . ;=>9 =2 ae

tbasf maugtfl (<;.=",,) lol gat magtkog kgy lfma-

rktflsbfrl9 =0 (=<.2"{,) magtkogfl aghy eraj agf ta

eaur sbfrls, kgl eraj fkmb ae tbf rfjkogogc 00

eogls (05.?",,) eovf ar jarf sbfrls wfrf rfmavfrfl.

Og ;'oc. 3 k jarf lfhkohfl rmprfsfgtktoag ae tbf

0> r<\"='o

WWWG ;6

[..

. , > .

6-

gg gWj / GAGF ; 0 = < 6.5 3.? tA.;= ;<.;2 ;?.0< 06.<? 7]>

/ gr ae obkr lt/pot

b'oc. y. Erf qufgmofs ae rauous ah' lmma rktf l sbfrls pfr pot .

\kiogc tbf vkryogc woltb ae thof mhkssfs ogta kmmaugt, tbos lostro-

butoaoo os ogtfrprftk`ha ks tvX'a suY)frpasotfl murvfs sujtgktfl4

k âossag-hoif lostro boohoa oo wotb jalf kt zfra, rkpo lI ekhhogcaháta tbf rocbh.

k garjkh (Ckussokg) murvf, sifwfl, wotb jalf kh kàut focbt

sbfrls/pot.

\bf twa murvfs (tbaucbt ta `f tbf rfsuht ae k gaosf, kgl k

luj pog c pramfss rfsp.) jfft kt `ftwff g eaur kgl eovf sbfrls/pot.

Maugts krf `ksfl ag4

k rkglaj skjphf ae ?0 pots, ear tbf pots magtkogogc kt jast

eaur sbfrls.

- kmt ukh g uj` frs ear tbf fxmk vktf s pkrt ae tbf sotf. ear tbf d)ots

wotb kt hfkst etvf sbfrls.

rfhktoXm sozfs ae tbf eogls os sbawg, ks prapartoags ae

tbf ugovfrsf skjphml. ]fZ)krktml kt mk. OoXf sbfrls

Z)mr eogl ar pot, og tbkt crkZ6b tbf twa lostroùtoags

tbkt wfrf bypatbfsozfl kàvf krf ta `f smfg4

;. \bf âossag-hoif lostroùtoag wotb ots jalf kt

zfra sbaws up vfry mhfkrhy. O ts atbfr mbkrkmtf-

rostoms krf4 kvfrkcf (ar4 K W G p ) .526 sbfrls

pfr eogl oe tbf pots magtkogogc kt jast eaur

sbfrls krf maugtfl. Eraj k tk`hf (f.c., Loxag

kgl Jkssfy ;?63, \k`hf K-;6) ot kppfkrs tbkt

og ??.?" (O ae tbf mksfs og kgy su`stkgtokh

qukgtoty ae eogls, kt jast eaur sbfrls wohh `m

eaugl, covfg k Oruf âossag rfcojf ks spmmo-

eofl.

0. Sotb ots jalf kt kàut focbt sbfrls pfr eogl,tbf garjkh lostroùtoag lmroxfl kàXf os khsa

voso`hf, tbaucb hfss mhfkr. Ks tbf krotbjmtomkh

jfkg os kt =6.00(; sbfrls pfr eogl, tbf murvf os

vfry sifwfl, ks fxpfmtfl.

Oe tbos ogtfrprftktoag ae tbf lostroùtoag sbawg og

Eoc. 3 os kmmfptfl, tbfg rfjavkh ae eogls wotb hfss

tbkg eovf sbfrls w ohh tkif mkrf ae tbf "gao sf" sbfrls.

Ot sbauhl `f gatfl, bawfvfr, tbkt tbf rfjkogogc

hkrcfr eogls (05.?",, ae tbf tatkh) wfrf khsa su`dfmt ha

kmmolfgtkh iomiogc og, sa sajf ae tbfj wohh ogfX otk-`hy magtkog k efw "âossag" sbfrls4 k eogl ae eovf

sbfrls os fgtfrfl ogta tbf eohf, ga jkttfr wbftbfr oh

magtkogs tbrff "`klloms" kgl twa "caalofs"9

"caalofs", ar fvfg "`kllofs" aghy. \bfrm os ga wky

ta rfhok`hy sahvf tbos, ks ekr ks O mkg smf. \ruhy

tokgso toagk h lfmarktoag (fotbfr ae k pracrfssovf ar ah

k rfcrfssovf kppfkrkgmf) jocbt `f tbrawg aut oe k

sartogc `y bkgl wfrf kthfjptf l (ks Lrfg gkg ;?3(;4

0?2 lol). ]tohh, majpkrogc kvfrkcf magtfgts ae tbf

rftkogfl, hkrcfr eogls (=6.005) ta tbf gaosf (kt k

hfvfh ae ;.?3 sbfrls9 fjpty pots gat maugtfl) krujjkcm ae 6.6?",, wauhl gah smmj ta `f vfry

sfroaus.

'h"a magmhulm4 gaosm wohh `f lfkht wotb og tbf

prfsfgt kgkhysfs `y Omkvogc aut khh pots magtkogogc

hfss tbkg eovf sbfrls. Ear tbf lktk rftkogfl k gaosf ah'

mk. 6.5')a sbauhl `f rfmiagfl wotb.



AG ^PAÂP\OAG] KGL JFK]VPFJFG\ ]MKHF] =;

<. Au prtoh7a)oo()oo.X kgl jfg.surfjfgh smkhfs

Og Mbkphf r ; tbf kgkhyt omkh hfvfhs ae vkrok`hfs kgl

kthroùtfs wfrf ogtralumfl. Ear kgy vkrok`hf, kh

hfkst tvva trkots/kttroùtms krf ojphofl, prfsfgt kgl

k`sfgt, `fogc tbf jogojuj. \bf trkots, magsolfrfl

khtfrgktf |)assoòhohofs, krf jutukhhy fxmhusovf9 ta-

cfhbfr tbfy majprosf khh passo`hf khtfrgktovf mbk-

hkmhfroshofs4 tbfy krffxbkushoXf. Og ahbfr vvaomhs, ear

kg) hogl tbf krrks ah tbf maugts ae tbf sfvfrkh trkots

aek vkro k`hf os hoohhy lfsf ropo oXf . ;> jkif tbf krrkys

majpkrk`hf ot suhhomfs ta smkhf tbfj ta ojohy, o.f., ta

rfglfr tbf mavjts ae tbf trkots ks prapartoags ae tbf

sujgofl guj`fr ae trkots (ae tbkt Xkrok`h f! og tbf

eguh. XXX hhoos ogft bal. tbf gkturf ae tbf lktk os mbkgcfl

og k guj`fr ae wkys9 ot os gat mhfkr, wbftbfr tbos os

(los)klXkgtkcfaus. Og tbf eorst phkmf, trkots og kgl

h)X tbmjsmIms krf ae k (|ukhohktoXf gkturf4 lfma-

rktoag dust fxboòhs orkoh r9 ar ot lafs gah. ]ogmf wf

krf a`sfrvogc //«r/á (gah sbfrls) ot os vfry vvmhh

passo`hf ta sky tbkt og hogl GGG trkoh ` ammou's /9

tojfs, tbkt oh ammurs q tojfs ks aetfg og eogl JJ J,

vvbfrfks og hogl III ot lafs gat ammur kt khh.

Kodpkrfghhy tbf smkhf ae jfksurfjfgt stkrts kt zfra,maugts `y hoxfl ogtfrvkhs, kgl jky `f bkglhfl ha

fstk`hosb rktoas og hkmt, ot os k rktoa smkhf.

Gavv suppasf tbkt ear k vkrok`hf K tbf trko ts f kgl

l krf tbf hacomkhhy passo hf khtfrgktovfs. \bfg agf

jocbt gatf tbkt og sajf hogl trkot m ammurs 9 tojfs,

kgl trkot l, s tojfs (wotb fotbfr / ar s ùt gat àtb,

passo`hy f(|ukh ta zfra). Khsa tbfor rmhktovf erfqufg-

mofs gokX `f majpoIml4

erfq. (m) Wr d (r + s) kgl

erfq. (l) :sh(r + s)

khwkys, tbf suj ae tbf erfqufgmofs erfq. (m + l)

fqukhs o.a. ^fr vkrok`hf, tbfsf erfqufgmofs wohh `f

rfefrrfl ta ks tbf "jox".

\bf rkgcf ae passo`hf erfqufgmofs ae k trkoh os obus

hoxfl kt >.> ta o.a. Kt tbf skjf tojf mhfkr krmbkf-

ahacomkh ogfkgogcs krf oouphofl (f.c., og hogl ]]] tbf

kthroòohf r os spfmoeok`hy jarf erfqufgt obkg og hogl

\\\) kgl stktostomkh fxfrmosfs krf jklf passo`hf

(Bkys ;?3=4 22). Ear spfmohom stktostomkh purpasfs

sajf jarf maglotoags bkvf ta `f eooheohhfl9 sa, ear

ogstkgmf, og magtogcfgmy tk`hf kgkhysos, gagfjpty

mfhhs9 og sajf typfs ae juhtovkroktf kgkhysos, hogfkr

rfhktoags kjagc tbf vkrok`hfs9 ftm. K guj`fr ae tbf

jarf euglkjfgtkh rfquorfjfgts wohh `f lfkht wotb

og tbf gfxt sfmtoag9 tbf jarf spfmoeom agfs wohh `f

losmussfl wbfg tbf ammksoag krosfs.

Og tbf sfmagl phkmf, tbf sozf ae tbf hogl os

fhojogktfl eraj magsolfrktoag ks fkmb trkot tatkh os

lfhogfl k ugooy. gatwohbstkglogc tbf suj ae ots rkw

guj`frs. Og tbos wky, sjkhh kgl hkrcf hogls krf

covfg fqukh wfocbts. _ft, "sozf" bks a`voaushy

sajftbogc ta tfoh kàut t bf rfhokòhoty ae tbf maugts.\bf hkrcmr k hogl, tbf jarf rfprfsfgtktoXf ot wohh `f

ae tbf stk tf ae khekors fxostogc wbfg ot wks lfZ)asotfl.

'O'bf majpkrkòhoty kmbofXfl obraucb tbf magXmr-

soag bks gah `ffg jktmbfl by kg ogmrfksfl majpk-

hobohotG ah tbf hogls.

Og hhom oborl phkmf, mksofr a`sfrvk`hm kthroùtfs

krf |)uh ag k |)kr wotb tbasf tbkt krf jarf loehomuht ta

pmrmmovf (kckog, pfr lfeogotoag fvfry vkrok`hf klls

up ta ugoty, rfckrlhfss ae tbf maugts ae tbf

magstotufgt trkots). Ear fxkjphf, vortukhhy fvfrylfmarktfl @kglifrkjoi sbmrl khhaws har kg ug-

fquovamkh lftfrjogktoag ae tbf vkrok`hf \FMB-

Goqo'Fs4 ugo- ar joøtolfgtml spktuhk, "cakt haat

taao" ftm. krf vfry fksohy olfgtohofl. M'agvfrsfhy,

sajf atbfr vkrok`hfs krf gat sa rfklo hy a`sfrvfl -

kjagc fvfry buglrfl lfmarktfl sbfrls aghy sajf

06 Omgl tbfjsfhvfs ta rmmacgotoag ae tbf sporkh ar

tbf wkvy gkturf ae obt goahohAg tbfj (mh. hk`hm o).

\bos jfkgs tbkt tbf stktfjfgh4 "og k covfg hogl tbf

prapartoag ae tbf jatoes kpphofl wotb k juhto-

lfghfl spktuh k os .36" mkrrofs k lohefrfou wfocbh

eraj tbf stktfjfgt ".36 ae tbf jatoes og tbkt vfry

hogl krf wkvfs". Ag tbf atbfr bkgl, tbf kggaugmf-

jfgt ".5> ae tbf rfmacgozk`hf jatoes og k eogl krf

sporkhs" magxfys jarf ogearjkhoag obkg "(o jatoes

og tbkt eogl krf sporkhs".

Hksthy, khh trkots krf magsolfrfl ah (-(hukh ojpar-

tkgmf. \bos os mfrtk oghy k lohhomoohh paogt, ks oh

http://ariable/

http://ariable/

http://ariable/



=0 A G L K \ K L F E O G O \ O A G

oghfohfrrs uotb tbf lokcgastom mbkrkmhfr ae trkots

wbomb, bawfvfr spkrsfhy rfprfsfgtfl, gagftbfhfss

jky `f ojpartkgt jkrifrs. Ear fxkjphf, k sogchf

raw ae paogts ks gfmi lfmarktoag, fxfmutoag ae tbf

lfmarktoag og sa-mkhhfl "jusom gatfs", ar tbf usf ae

tbf "cakh haao haae', krf khh ogoparhkgh rbragaha-

comkh jkrifrs.

^frbkps tbf ojpartkgmf ae tbfsf jkrifrs bks

`ffg aXfrshrfssfl og sajf faghfxts. K mbragaha-

comkh socgkhhogc eugmtoag mkggat a`smurf tbf ekmt

tbkt fvfg og prfbostary prflomtkòhoty, garjkhoty

kgl magearjosj bkvf `ffg tbf ruhf kgl gat tbf

fxmfptoags. O la gat prftfgl ta covf k lfeogotovf

rfeutkhoag ae tbf usf ae "jkrifr trkots", khtbaucb O

la gah sff bavv ta fstk`hosb `fdaofbkgl wbovb Orko t osjarf ojpartkgt tbkg ots ma-trkots. Oh jky `f

passo`hf, ae maursf, tbkt lurogc kg kgkhysos sajf

trkot(s) turg up tbkt wari wfhh ear tbf rfsfkrmb

qufstoag tbfg og bkgl. ]a, ear ogstkgmf, kt Bofgbfoj

obm ofhkooXf prapartoags ae rfmto- kgl murvohogfkroty

og k hogl krf k vfry sfgsotovf mbragahacomkh jkrifr9

og O'.hshaa tbf tvva ammur og kàut k magstkgt rktoa

obraucbauh tbf Xohhkcf"s ogbkòtktoag (me Mb. OOO)

h'acftbfr wotb tbf k`sfgmf ae kgy tbfary wbktsa-

fvfr kàut "jkrifr trkots", kppkrfgthy tbf rfstrom-tfl cfacrkpbomkh kpphomkòhoty feefmtovfhy `hamis

cfgfrkhozogc kttfjpts. Ot os passo`hf, bawfvfr, ta

hfkvf aut ugojpartkgt trkots wbfg rf-laogc kg

kgkhysos9 ot os ks sojphf ks rf-pugmbogc k lktk-

lfejohoag mkrl.

6. Ag vkholoty

UUbfg `fmajogc kg krmbkfahacost ot sffjs vfry

hksboagkòf tbfsf lkys ta losmuss fxtfgsovfhy tbf

"gfvv" krmbkfahacy (f.c.. Ukg lfr Hffuw ;?3<9

]hahsork ;?3<). \b f upsbat ae sumb fsskys os aetfg k

hkorh) pragaugmfl vofw ag k guj`fr ae jfthoala-

hacomkh ossufs. \b fr f krf twa rfksags wby O kj

suspomoaus ae tbf (smofgtoeom) utohoty ae sumb magtro-

ùtoags. Og tbf eorst phkmf, O hkmi majpftmgmf ta

euVy kpprfmoktf tbf socgoeomkgmf ae tbf jftbalaha-

comkh kspfmt ae tbf losmussoag kgl tbf rfsuhtogc

stkgmfs9 kgl og tbf sfmagl phkmf, O khsa obogi tbkt

sajf rotukhosj os ogvahvfl.

Jy awg hkmi ae majpftmgmf og ogftbalahacomkh

jkttfrs sffjs ta `f sbkrfl `y k guj`fr ae atbfr

krmbkfahacosts. Mbkrcfs wotb obkh |)urparh mkg `f

eaugl og tbf rkrf stktfjfgts ag tbf su`dfmt `y

Z6raemssoagkh jftbalahacosts og krmbkfahacomkh daur-

gkhs. Kmmarlogc ta obfj, jast "gfw" krmbkfaha

costs wauhl sojphy sffj ta bkvf ga avfrkhh pomturf

ae tbf eofhl kgl tbus tkhi aghy kàut agf losmag-

gfmtfl kspfmt ae k wolfr pra`hfj (Jarckg ;?309

]khjag ;?36).

Bkvogc `ffg trkogfl ks kg krmbkfahacost, O

mkggat Xkhuf tbos kttkmi prapfrhy.'' Bawfvfr, O lagah obogi tbkt tbf magmbosoag sbauhl `f tbkt

krmbkfahacosts wauhl la `fttfr ta iffp mhfkr ae

jftbalahacy9 ag tbf magtrkry. Aghy wf sbauhl gat

Ory ta sujjkrozf og k efw pkcfs tbf magtfgts ae k

losmophogf tbkt bks `ffg fvahvogc sogmf tbf Orag

Kcf, gar k`strkmt og k luòaus wky sajf pra`hfjs

eraj ot kgl tbfg haai ear krmbkfahacomkh maugtfr-

pkrts. Pktbfr, O obogi wm sbauhl waoi hhof atbfr

wky kraugl4 sfhfmt sajf krmbkfahacomkh pra`hfj

ogsahu`hf sa ekr - kgl sff wbftb fr k rfhfvkgt earjkhwky aut bks fXfr `ffg pravolfl og jftbalahacomkh

wrotogcs. Jftbalahacy os jarf k lfsmroptovf tbkg k

garjktovf smofgmf9 oh stulofs tbf jftbals magtrovfl

og tbf "kpphofl" `rkgmbfs ae igawhflcf.

\bf sfmagl paout thokh gokifs jf bfsotkhf ta

losmuss tbf "gfw" krmbkfahacy os tbf |dassoòhoty

tbk t rotukhosj os ogvahvfl. \bfrf os sajf hhkvaur ta

oh ks wks ta `f hkstfl og Jkrxost krmbkfahacosts"

rfparts og kg frk gaw bkppohy pkst4 stkrtogc eraj

tbf cfgfrkh progmophfs ae Jkrxosj-Hfgogosj (gat ta

`f mageusfl wotb bostaromkh jktfrokhosj) tbf prf-

sfgmf og k crkvf ae, sky, k lkccfr wks kmmaug tfl ear.

Khsa, k sojohkr alaur krosfs eraj tbf dust ks

kgtoquktfl (ùt mfrtkoghy hfss pkst) kmmaugt ae k

bakrl ae `ragzf krtoekmts sajfwbfrf ag k rovfr

hfvff ks kg fxkjphf ae tbf progmophf ae erff

fgtfrprosf. Og tbf skjf wky sajftojms k smmgt ae

magsfmrktoag os ta `f sjfht wbfg Bfjpfh ar âppfr

http://alue/

http://alue/

http://alue/



AG UKO . OLO\_ ==

krf ogvaifl og krmbkfahacomkh w rotogc kàu t (wbkt

krf tbaucbt ta `f) jftbalahacomko pra`hfjs.

@f ohoos ks oh jky, obm trklotoag (ar, kt hfkst tbf

eksoooag ae tbf "soxtofs kgl tbf 'sfvfgtofs) sffjs ta`f ekorhy wfhh fstk`hosbfl, khtbau cb ooagmagearjosts

mauhl `f fotfl ks wfhh4 Hauwf Iaaodjkgs ;?3<, ar

Ufrwfrs ;?30 earfxkjphf. O sbkhhkhsa tkif tbf rosi.

Bawfvfr, ogstfkl ae fgtfrogc ogta tbf jftba

lahacomko lf`ktf (kgl tbus ekhhogc ogta tbf trkp

authogfl kàvf) O wauhl rktbfr sujjkrozf pkrt ae

obf krmbkfahacosts" losmussoag vfry `rofehy, bocb-

hocbtogc ohs jkog tapoms `y k sjkhh sft ae fxkjphfs.

Kgl og obf rfogkoglfrah tbossfmtoag O sbkhh tbfg effh

erfm ta prfsfgt agf ar twa paogts tbkt krf gat usukhhy

magsolfrfl, tbaucb tbfy la bkvf sajf prkmtomkh

vkhum og goy apogoag.

Sbkt tbf "gfw'" krmbkfahacy os aetfg rfpartfl

ta `f kàut os tbf appasotoag oglumtovosts-lflum-

tovosts (tbf hkttfr ae k bypatbftoma-sa mrffl ar gat).

\bf hk`fhs rfefr ta |)rapo)gfgts ae fohbfr ae twa

]ahutoags ha k mfgt rkh smofghohom kgl jftbalahacomko

(kgl magsfqufgthy khsa krmbkfahacomkh) pra`hfgv.

shkofjfgos cfgfrkhfl `y rfsfkrmb krf stromthy kppho-

mk`hf aghy ha obf mavfrfl lktk kgl gat ta atbmr

rfhfvkgt jktfrokh. Ojphomot ar fxphomot cfgfrkho-zktoag ("ogefrfgmf") eraj tbf rfsfkrmbfl su`sft ta

obf hahkhohy osmkhhml "oglumhoag". ^faphf sffogc tbos

ks obf (aghy hfcohogokhf ar aghy prkmtomk`hf) jfhbal

ae smofgmf krf mkhhfl "og lufh ovo sts" . Og hogf wotb tbf

oou'obal's hagc pflocrff, gujfraus ruhfs bkvf `ffg

lmvfhapfl ha cukrkgtff rfhok`hf rfsuhts, kppkrfgh-

hy, bawfvfr, ta ga kvkoh (Bfjpfh ocede)4 59 âppfr

;?524 0?).

Lflumtovost jftbalahacy stkrts eraj tbf atbfr

fgl4 tbfarofs krf magmamtoags `ksfl ag rfvfhktoag,bojmb, floomktfl cufss, kgkhacy, tocbt rfksagogc,

orklotoaoo. oglumhoag kgl wbkt gah. h'rago obfarofs,

oogphomktoags ('•bypatbfsfs'") krf lfrovfl ("lf lu-

mfl") ha `f tfstfl og fjporomkh rfkhoty. Covfg k

sahol, wfhh-magstrumtfl erkjfwari ae bypatbfsfs,

maglotoags, kgl spfmoeomktoags ("gajahacomkh gft-

wari" , Lf Craat ;?5;4 2<-23), kpra pfrhylfsocgfl

fxpfrojfgt wohh sbaw tbf vokòhoty ae tbf uglfr-

hyogc obfary. Bawfvfr, Z)urm lflumtovosj hfkls

gawbfrf, oh os a`sfrvfl `y ohs mrotoms. Gatbogc gat

khrfkly maghkogfl og obf pkrfgt tbfary mkg `f

lflumfl eraj oh og tbf bypatbfsfs (]khjag ;?359jy rfphy ta tbos mrotoquf wauhl `f4 tbfg fxpkgl tbf

tbfary).

Og tbf fxtrfjf earjuhktoags kàvf, àtb stkgl-

paogts krf ks ekr kpkrt ks Fkst kgl Sfst. Magmhu-

soags eraj oglumtovf rfksagogc krf usukhhy erkjfl og

rktbfr cfgfrkh tfrjs, kgl tbf vfry jajfgt sajf

àly turgs up wotb k maugtfr-fxkjphf tbf eofhl ae

kpphomkòhoty wohh `f rfstromtfl ha fxmhulf tbf

guoskgmf (âppfr ;?524 2>, 20). Ag obf atbfr

bkgl, lflumhovoshs put aut aghy vfry prfhojogkrohy

pbrksfl bypatbfsfs, kt `fst kmmajpkgofl `y k efw

marraàrktovf tfsts ae tbfor ekvarotfs. Og Z)rkmtomf,

àtb wkys sueefr eraj obf vfry sjkhh guj`fr ae

tbfarofs kmtukhhy tfstfl og krmbkfahacy. \bf oglum-

tovost cfgfrkhozktoags rfjkog stkglogc wotb tbfor

(hkrcfhy) uglfejfl eofhl ae kpphomkòhohy, kgl obf

lflumtovost bypatbfsfs wotb tbfor ugs|)fmohok`hf

lfcrff ae marraàrkhoag ; fxkjphfs ae àtb mkg `f

haugl obraucbauh tbf prfsfgh vahugomo. .Xgmo àtb

rfsuht og effhogcs ae ugmmrtkoghy og hhof kulofgmf

(Mhkrif ;?524 ;3).Ks kg ohhustrktoag tbf eahhawogc fxkjphf os

ah\frfl. @ogearl kmmusfs Mhkrif (àtb krf prajo

gfgt "gfw" krmbkfahacosts) ae rocol oglumtovosj

(@ogearl ;?304 0<29 khsa og Mhkrif ;?30k4 ;;<)

wbfrf Mhkrif bojsfhe kmmusfs @ogearl ae gah bkXogc

systfjktomkhhy lfeogfl bos mktfcarofs. Kmmarlogc ta

Mhkrif, "typfs" krf ha `f lfeogfl `y jfkgs ae

tkxagajomkh jmtbals, 'h'hof lfeogotovf ar "ify"

trkots ae k typf sbauhl `f sfhfmtfl tbraucb k

bofrkrmbomkh kgkhysos (prkmtomkhhy, mhustfr kgkhysos)

ae khh trkots ojpasfl `y bajogol kmtoag (Mhkrif

;?524 ;=3) a`voaushy, kg ogl umh oXm |)o'amflurf.

Kgl lfhogohoags krroxfl kt `y atbfr jfkgs krf

maglumovf ta magehomtogc rfsuhts4 "agf mkggat ùohl

saugl sorumhurfs eraj sbally majpagfgts" (Mhkrif

;?524 ;22-;2?). Ae maursf tbos stktfjfgt os trum,

wrotfs @ogearl. Ot os, bawfvfr, khsa kpphomk`hf ta

Mhkrif's lfeogotoags4 "YkgyZ mhkssoeomktoag systfj



=< A G L K \ K L F E O G O \ O A G

lmpmgls upag k smhmmtoag `) tbf ogxmshockhar ae

mrotfrok magsolfrfl "socgoeomkgt" ear usf og mhksso-

eyogc lk tk" (@ogearl ;?304 0<2) . Og atbfr warls,

"imy" trkots lfrovf tbfor stktus eraj tbfor rfhfvkgmf

ta k rfsfkrmho pra`hfj. \bos os k lflumtovostom

|)ashurf, vXhoomho os mbkrkmtfrostom ae @ogearl's smofg-

tooom `fbkXoaogX kmmarlogch a hoogosfhe4 @ogearl ;?304

?>-?;)-

Oglffl, oh sbauhl h)m kljothfl tbkt @ogearl waris

wotb jalfhs kgl sfts aut ta tfst tbfj9 yft bm iffps

ag losmussogc "vfroeomktoag" (prfsujk`hy og Bfj-

pfh's eaatstfps). Kgkhacaushy, Mhkrif wks gat k

rocol oglumhoX ost og jy apogoag, covfg bos fxphomothy

lfmhkrfl ogtfgtoags og bos @mkimr stulofs4 "wbkt wf

bkvf ta haai ear eosZ tfst magl otoags" (("hkrim's

mjpbksos9 og Hkgtogc kgl X'kg lfr Skkhs ;?354

<2;9 khsa me Mhkrif ;?Ø<4 ;2;9 ;?3>4 39 ;?3<). _ft

bf wks gat k bkrl-àohfl lflumtovost, fotbfr. Og bos

jarf tbfarftomkh àai (wbomb os gat erff eraj

oglumhox osh ar "mjpor omo st"1 tmglmgmofs) bf

prfsfgts k jumb jarf hhfxo`hf kpprakmb tbkg

strkocbhearwkrl lmlumtovosj4 jalfhs krf ogtra-

lumfl ks |)rflomtoXf Orkjmwaris ar bypahbfsfs kt

lohemrfgt hfvfhs ae k`strkmtoag (M'hkrif ;?524 =0). K

sojohkr vofw os strfssfl og tbf ogtralumtoag ta bos"Jalfhs" (Mhkrif ;?30k4 =) kgl ojphfjfgtfl ear

hhom (ohkshagòuK sojuhkhoag (Mhkrif ;?30m) kgl

@fhh @mkimr fxmbkgcfgfhwaris (Mhkrif ;?3<). \bos

mXkhuktoag ae prkmtomkh kgl tbfarftomkh stkgls wks

khsa krroxfl kt og Ihfdg"s rfxofw krtomhf { ;?334 0=).

Eraj tbos fxkjphm ot jocbt `m uglmrstaal tbkt

prkmtomkh rfsfkrmb kppkrfghhy succfsts jalohomk-

toags ae purotkg stkglkrls9 ot su`stkgtoktfs tbf

rfhumtkgmf ae jftbalahacosts ta lfefgl ruccfl

lmlumtovosj, ks uglfrstaal `y ots krmbkfahacomkh

prapagf oots (]khjag ;?364 <6?9 Jar ckg ;?3<4

;==). tbfrfearf, O wohh gat eurtbmr rfmkpohuhkhm tbf

aetfg òttfr losmussoags kogagc tbf "hfssfr cals"9

tbf ogtfrfstfl kgl ugkmqukogtfl rfklfr jky turg

ta sujjkr ofs sumb ks @ogearl ;?304 32-;>< ar

]mbgkpp ;?3<, àtb ae wbaj lfefgl lflumtovost

vofws9 ta Bkwifs' vfbfjfgt (kgl A\prapfr) ;?52

oglumtovostom maugtfrkttkmi9 ar ta Sktfràhi (;?3<)

ear k gag-rfkmtoagkry `khkgmf tbkt os shocbthy toppfl

og ekvaur ae oglumtovosj.

\bf mbaomf og tbf lflumtovost-oglumtovost aptoag

(ogmhulogc tbf wfkifr lfrovktovfs) os k jkttfr ae

eksboag4 og luf tojf krmbkfahacomkh pramflurf wohh

magearj ta fotbfr ae obm jftbals kgl tbf `ktthfs

wohh mfksf - oe tbfy bkX f gat mfksfl khrfkly, fxmfpt

ear sajf `kmihkgl siorjosbfs `fmkusf ae hkmi ae

maj`ktkgts (Iubg ;?3>4 ;2-;?).

;> kvaol mageusoag kàut jy prfdulomfs4 O kj ae

k lflumtovost-jaloeofl magvomtoag. K gftwari ao

hkws kgl/ar majjag sfgsf prapasotoags (tbf "ga-

jom gmxu s" ae Bfj pfh 's ;?564 <22), tacftbfr wotb

spfmotomktoags ae maglotoags, magstotutf k poapasfl

fxphkgktoag ear sajf krmbkfahacomkh pbfga jfgag 9su`sfqufgthy, tbf mgtorf magchajfrktf wohh bkvf ta

`f tfstfl (ks ekr ks tfstogc cafs) kckogst atbfr

krmbkfahacomkh lktk. Ks tbfary prfmflfs a`sfr-

vktoag, ot os ugojpartkgt baw tbf gftwari/jalfh-

/s otuktoagkh lfsmroptoag-vmw,¹/ hkha os krroxml kt9 ot os

tfstkòhoty tbkt maugts. K guj`fr ae gag-gfcktovf

tfsts ar ekhsoehmktary fhearts krf kssujfl ta marra-

àrk tf tbf fxphkgkto ag ahefrml ear tbf tojf `mogc,

tbk t os og tbf vfog ae âp pfr (;?5?4 ;66).

^rkcjktomkhhy jarf ojpartkgt tbkg tbf kàvf ostbf bkrlhy fvfr fxphomothy ekmfl pra`hfj ae tbf

prfrfquosotfs ear usogc shkhostomkh jf tbals. . Xe hfr khh,

stktostomkh tbfary os `ksfl ag jktbmjktomkh kgtfmm-

lfgts, sa agf mkgga t earfca tbf jogojo kh fxocfgmofs

ta `f euheohhfl og arlfr ta kssurf k rfksagk`hf

pfrtogfgmf ae skol tbfary ta rfsfkrmb prkmtomfs.

Eorst kgl earfjast kjagc tbfsf pra`hfjs os

khwkys tbkt ae tbf rkglajgfss ae tbf skjphfs, ar

tbmor rfprfsfgtktovfgfss. \bos os usukhhy pbrksfl ks

tbf rfquorfjfgt tbkt khh skjphfs ae rfhfvkgt kgl

passo`hf autmajfs krf fqukh hy hoifhy ta ammur (Bkys

;?3=4 36). Og tbf prfsfgt stuly, tbos maglotoaoo os gat

jft, ks aghy tbkt pkrt ae tbf sotf ae Bofgbfoj bks

`ffg fxmkvktfl wbomb wks gat taa sfvfrmhy khhfmtml

`y pflacfgftom pramfssfs ketfr tbf Fkrhy Gfahotbom.

\bos pkrt raucbhy maogmolfs wotb tbf sfcjfgt ae tbf

sotf kssujfl ta bkvf rftkogfl k ekorhy majphftf

skjphf ae @kglifrkjoi bausf magstrumtoags, tbf

http://fler/

http://fler/

http://fler/



A G U K h . O L O \ _ =6

ogkog rfsfkrmb eamus (Jall frjkg ;?35`). \b f

rfjkoglfr ah ohu' sotf, tbf pkrt ekmogc tbf earfst, bks

bffg hfhh gootaoI hofl. O bos oooopbms hhokh ;;> cfgfrk-

b/.khoaoo og tbf sfgsf ae stktostomkh ogloom toago kàuttbf majphftf sftthfjfgt os passoòf ear kspfmts atbfr

tbkg (@kglimrkgooi) bausf magshrumtoaoo. XX bkh os

passoòf, ooawfvfr, os ta tfst wbftbfr og tbf luc-up

pkrt kgy |)rapasotoags krf ekhsoeok`hf, ks authogfl

kàvf. Ot sbaoohl `f àrgf og jogl tbkt og tbf earfst

hoagt ah tbf sftthfjfgt lktk jkX bkvf `ffg

majZ)hfhmhX lohefrfgt, kgl tbus tbf passoòf autmajf

ae toof hfsts. \bfrfearf, k stktfjfgt uoVfgk`hf og tbf

w khfreragt sfcjfgt ae tbf sotf uohh rfjkog sa ear tbf

majphftf sftthfjfgt, ga jkttfr baw jkooy lktk krf

kllfl9 magvfrsfhy, kg ks vft gag-ekhsoeok`hf stktf

jfgt stkgls apfg ta rfdfmhoag vvotho fvfry passo`hy

magmfovk`hf fxtfgsoag ae tbf fxmkvktfl krfk ta tbf

hkglwkrl solf. ]ojohkrhy, tbf crkvfykrl kgl tbf

sfhthfjfgt sotf kt Fhshaa, kesa ta `f taumbfl oopag og

suh)sm(|oomou ( bkphmrs, bkxm gah bffg fxmkvktfl ta

obfor hojots.

. Xgat ho mr kssujphoag ae jkj stktostomkh tfsts os

tbf ooarjkh losoo oùhoag ae tbf lktk . \bos os cfgf

rkhhy oghfrprftfl ks k garjkh lostroùtoag ae tbf

pra`kòhotofs ar erfqufgmofs ae tbf ogtfrvkhs `f-tvvffg tbf (ta `f) a`sfrvfl vkhufs ar stktfs ae tbf

vkrok`hf magsolfrfl (Bkys ;?3=4 0?3-0??). ]fvfrkh

m|ookhoh"omkhoags pfrtkog4

BXfoo wotbaut euhh hfkho/.ktoag ah tbos rfmduorf-

ooofgt, tbf thomarx ae garjkh lostroùtoag hfkls ta

rfhok`hf rfsuhts, oe skjphf sozfs krf kt hfkst "jalf

rktf" («W;> ear skjphfs eraj k garjkh papu-

hkooaoo9 «W = > eraj k ;;>;;-ooarjkh papu hkt oag 9

Bkys ;?3=4 =>.;, =00).

Kckog, wbfg tbf guj`fr ae skjphfs os ekorhyhkrcf, tbfg tbf lostroùtoag ae tbf skjphf jfkgs os

garjkh, ;;> gokhhfr wbkh tbf lostoohuohoag os og tbf

Z)apuhktoag tbf skjphfs krf tkifg eraj (MWfgtrkh

h-ojot';'bfarfj9 Bkys ;?3=4 =;3).

Fspfmokhhy tfsts rfckrlogc skjphf jfkgs krf

eaaopraao, ear fxkjphf, ]tulfgt's t-tfsts yofhl

rfhok`hf rfsuhts ear jalfrktf skjphf sozfs, fvfg

uglfr "sfvfrfhy" lfvoktogc maglotoags, ks la Mbo-

squkrf tfsts ae caalgfss-ae-eot. Ag tbf atbfr bkgl,

tfsts aeatbfr stktostomkh jfksurfs, hoif tbf ^'-tfsts ear

tbf lostroùtoag ae Xkrokgmf. krf `mthmr kX()olfl, oe

garjkhoty mkoogat `f kssujfl ! Bkys ;?3=4 <;>93=59 kgl <6;, rmspfmtovfhy o.

Eogkhhy, sajf stktostomkh jftbals (fspfmokhhy

kjagc tbf juhtovkroktf vkrofty) kssujf tbf a`

sfrvfl lktk ta `f tbf rfsuht ae hogfkr majògktoaoos

ae tbf fe\fmts ae maglotoags kgl mkusfs (Ukg lf Cffr

Bdeoy4 ;>=, ;;3, o (o29 Gof ft kh. ;?364 =()2, <3>) ,

mhfkrhy k jftkpbysomkh pra`hfj. Eartugktfhy, tbos

loehhmuhty mkg `f mormujgkvocktfl `v jfkgs ae

kga tbf r ogtf rprf tktoag ae tbf MWmgtrkh Hojot \bfa-

rfj, wbomb stktfs tbkt wotb ogmrfksogc skjphf sozf

tbf lostroùtoag ae hogfkrhy majògfl jfkgs kp-

prakmbfs garjkhoty (Bkys ;?3=4 =0>).

\bfsf maVfmtfl pkhhoktogc rfjkris krf ta tbf

feefmt tbkt "ducchogc tbf prfjosfs" os khhawfl ta k

mfrtkog fxtfgt wotbaut smroaushy keefmtogc tbf rfhok-

òhoty ae tbf rfsuhts ( W rfpmk tkòh oty4 ]mhhhoz ft kh.9

O?()()4 ;<2, O()()). Ar , "O eyau ogsost ags tr omt praae (ar

stromt lospraae ; og tbf fjporomkh smofgmfs, yau wohh

gfXfr `fgfeot eraj fxZLfrofgmf, kgl gfvfr hfkroo

eraj ot baw wragc yau krf" (âppmr ;?524 6>).

Kgat bfr paog t O wauhl hoif ta `rogc e`rwkrl bksta la wotb tbf magmfpt ae "hkws". Ot sffjs tbkt ear

tbf skif ae jftbalahacy tbf warl bkl `fttfr `f

kvaolfl wbft bfr hkws fxost mkgga t `f magmhuso-

vfhy fstk`hosbfl ar lfgofl vok tfstk`hf prapaskhs4

"Sf just rfckrl khh hkovs ar tbfarofs ks bypatbfhomkh ar

magdfmhurkh9 tbkt os, ks cufssfs" (ta quatf âpp fr

kckog9 bos fjpbksos9 ;?304?). \bos lafs gat ojphy

tbkt ammksoagkh hkws ar marraàr ktfl bypatbfsfs

wohh f gagsfgsomkh - tbkt lmpfgl s >;; tbmor magtfgts

ks tbf hkttfr lftfrjogf tbfor passoòf pfrjutktoagsta eruoteuh rfsfkrmb (Bfjpfh ;?564 =<=9 âppfr

;?524 <=3). Covfg tbf magsolfrkbhm guj`fr ae

ogohufgmfs wbomb tacftbmr rfsuht og samokh `fbkv-

oaur, ot jky `f skefhy kssujfl tbkt hkws ae samokh ar

craup `fbkvoaur wohh `f ae k stktostomkh gkturf (ks

appasfl ta ugovfrskh hkws9 me Bfjpfh B)(),'D4 =3`-

=33)4 tbfy wohh kssfrt tbkt og v",, ae tbf mksfs rw ohh `f

a`sfrvfl.

http://notlicr/

http://notlicr/

http://ariance/

http://ariance/

http://ariance/

http://notlicr/




Gahwotbshkglogc hhu' maogphfxoh) ah'tbm "mkusfs"

ae `fbkvoaur, fvfg tbasf pfaphf wba krf ùt

vkcufhy kmm|ukoouml w otho obf samokh smofgmfs mkggat

ekoh ta o)f ogoprfssfl `y tbf vfry prflomtk`hf maglumtae tbf gofgoo)frs ae aur spfmofs, fspfmokhhy woofg

apfrkto gc og craups (pkmf X'kg lfr Hffuw ;?354 3<9

sff, f.c., Bkrros ;?524 <3;, ùt khsa Bfjpfh ;?564

<<6, gatf 02). Oe sumb hkws krf lfsorfl ta magstrumt

kg fxphkgktary/prflomtovf erkjfwarhm og kmmar-

lkgmf XX ohho goy prfxoaus lmsmrop toag, kgl oe sumoo

stktfjfgts krf gah kvkohk`hf og krmbkfaoacomk!

hotfrkturm, tbf fksofst wky ta a`tkog tbfj os ta hfke

tbraucoo aooomr samokh-smofgmf tfxts, fspfmokhhy ag tbf

su`dfmt ae muhturkh kgtbrapahacy4 krmbkfahacy os

kgtbrapahacy os samokh smofgmf (wotb kpahacofs taLkvol Mhkrif ;?524 ;=).

Gaw ta pfaphf owt ogotoktfl og mtbgahacomkh

smropturf ot os pra`k`hy lottomuht ta hamktf kg

fxphomohhy O`rjuhktfl hkw. \bf fxphkgktoags (oe kgy

aeefrfl) `y kgtbrapahac osts k rf jasthy ae k mksukh

gkturf, wbomb os ta `f fxpfmtfl ae maursm4 rktoagk!

]ahutoags ta uglfrstkglk`hf pra`hfjs wohh aghy `f

loeefrfgt `fmkusf ae loeefrogc sotuktoagkh magstrkogts

(Bkrros ;?3<4 ;09 Hïvo-]trkuss ;?664 =259 khsa me

âppfr ;?554 (OO) 05<-056). ]tohh, tbfrf os jarf taothhokg tbos horst kppraxojktoag. Og fhbgahacy, fxphk-

gktoaoo os ahoég tkmohhy hofl ha k vfry cmgfrkh kgl

ojphomoh jalfh, ae tbf typf ae Iubg's pkrklocjs

(I ubg ;?3>4 ;>). Ear ogstkgmf, oe tbf koo tbar os k

eugmtoagkhost, bf wohh kssujf fvfry muhturkh fhfjfgt

tamagtroùtf ("eugmtoag") ogagf wkyarkgatbfrta

tbf magt ogu oty ae tbf muh turf ot os eùgl og. Hohofwosf,

kg fX-ahutoagost wohh sffh9 ta sfpkrktf "survovkhs" ae

mkrhofrmuboukh pbksfs eraj jarmrfmfgthy kmqooorml

kspfmts ae tbf muhturf uglmr vofw, ar magmfgtrktfupag lfvfhapjfgtkh sfqufgmfs ae ogstotutoags. Kgl

k shguVorkhosh wohh `m sbuhhhogc x-tbfjfs ta lmmo-

pbfr tbf uglfrhyogc jfsskcf ae tbf muhturkh kspfmt

R og kg krfk. Ag tbf bollfg `ksos ae sumb

`kmicraugl magstrumts - khjast kttotulfs (Iubg

;?3>4 <3) jarfspfmoeom jalfhs krf ùoht, og wbomb

maglotoags ae k lfjacrkpbomkh, k cfacrkpbomkh, k

bostaromkh, ftm, gkturf haaj hkrcf ta fxphkog wby k

covfg papuhk toag kmts ks ot lafs (k `fkutoeuh fxkj-

phf os ta `f eaugl og Agvhff ;?<?, wbfrf ag kg

ojphomot strumturkhost pkrklocj tbf ogtromktf samokh

ojphomktoags ae kg orrocktoag systfj krf oogrkvfhfl).Oh os tbfsf hkttfr jalfhs wbomb krf ae k sfhe-fvolfgt

gkturf, kgl ae wbomb tbf 'okXv"-hoif mbkrkmtfr os

ùt smolaj rfmacgozfl (âppfr ;?524 ;><-;>69

;?5?4 =229 Bfj pfh ;?564 <03-<02, =5>-=5;).

Oe tbf jkstfr-jalfhs krf losmussfl kt khh tbfy krf

aetfg Z)rfsfghfl ks kxoajkhom og tbf kjòcuaus

sfgsf ae magvfgtoags har fvfrylky usf kgl cmgfrkh

bypatbfsfs (âppfr ;?524 30-36). Majjag fxkj-

phfs krf4 ]kbhogs kgl ]frvomf ;?5>4 6-;;9 Jkho-

gawsio ;?064 <<9 Hïvo-]trkuss ;?534 0;-009 kgl

Bkrros ;?524 5=5.

\bf "hkw"-hoif mbkrkmtfr ae pkros ah tbf spfmohhm

fxphkgktoags og fhbgacrkpby bks `ffg rfmacgozfl

`y tbf jumb-kttkmifl fkrhofr "gfw" krmbkfaha-

costs4 @ogh`rl's sjulcfp ohs o@oge`rl ;?304 ==, <0-

<69 arocogkhhy earjuhktfl og ;?55), Jrs. @ogearl's

hugmtoagkh vkrokòhoty bypatbfsos (og @ogearl kgl

@ogh`rl ;?524 <?9 eorst pu`hom kggaugmmjfgt og

;?56), Mhkrif's @fkifrs (Mhkrif ;?5<4 ;2>), tbf Lfb

Hurkg ^radfmt (Bahf, og @ogearl kgl @ogearl ;?524

0609 eorst rfpags og ;?50), Hfrao-Caurbkg's mkvfstulofs (Hfra o-Ca urbkg ;?564 02, =;, <>) , khh krf

gogrf ar hfss stami ogshkgmfs. Jarf mauhl ae o-aursf

`m mohml, khsa ogmhulogc ]mkglogkXokoo, Poossokg,

kgl M'fgtrkh Furapfkg |go`homktoags.

Jarf euglkjfghkh tbkoo harjkhostom gomftofs

kàut tbf magmfpt ae ar loAhmuhtofs wotb tbf

hamkhozktoag ae hkws os pfrbkps tbf pra`hfj ae tbf

vkholoty ae aur prapasotoags kàut lfeogotfhy pkst

kgl lostogmhhy khofg muhturf. Ukholoty, tbkh os gah og

tbf sfgsf ae earjkh jftbal, ùt og tbf sfgsf aejfkgogc, wbftbfr aur magmhusoags bfkrogc ag

ahbmr pfaphf's muhturf wauhl `fsocgoeIkgh ta tbmj.

Ks O mauhl gah ejl kgy losmussoag ae tbf |)ra`hmj

og rfmfgt krmbkfahacomkh hotfrkturm, jy horst tbaucbt

wks tbkt tbf jkttfr bkl `ffg sftthfl hagc kca kgl

wks hkol ta rfst og tbf eohf ae tbf losmophogf's `ksom

uglfrstkglogcs. Eraj arkh losmussoag wotb sajm ae

jy mahhfkcufs ot kppfkrfl tbkt k guj`mr ae tbmj



A G U K H O L O \ _ =3

ookl gat maoosolfrml tbf poa`hfgo kt khh kgl fvfg

wfrf ogmhogfl ta qufstoag ots hfcotojkmy. Ot wks bfhl

tbkt k jmtbalomkhhy vkhol ("saugl") fxphkgktoag os

vkhol har khh magmmrgfl, ogmhulogc tbf a`dfmt ah

rfsfkrmb, covfg ots bujkg gk turf . \bos pasotoag os k

vfry hhga fxkgophm ah fhbgamfgtrom kgl mbraga-

mfgtrom rfksagogc4 pradamhogc agm's avvg mxpfromgmm

ogta atbfr pfaphf's ag kg ogophomoh mhkoj ahugoxmr-

skhoty (har k eurtbfr losmussoag ag tbos tapom, mh'. Hïvo-

]trkuss ;?3=4 =26-=23). Ot wauhl `f wragc ta

ksmro`f tbos stkglpaogt ta tbf wbahm @ratbfrbaal ae

Krmbkfahacosts wotbaut eurtbfr samoahacomkh kgl

bobhoacrkphoomkh rfsfkrmb. Ag tbf athomr bkgl, O

obogi tbf vaomogc ae' tbos Xofvvpaogt os k sueeomoégt

rfksag ta gokim k hfw rfjkrhos ag oh.

h.mh uom egso magsolfr tbf sagomhogoms motml rmtouo-

rfjfgo tbkt og arlfr ta h)f ogtfhhoco`hf "saugl"

fxphkgktoags krf ta `f gag-dkrcagostom kgl ta `f

wrottfg og tbf Iogcs' Fgchosb (ar ots fquovkhfgts og

atbfr hkgcukcfs9 Back rtb ;?304 =>;9 ^hac ;?364

0;09 Pfgerfw ;?5?4 0<=). \bf twa krf gat olfgto-

mkh9 tbfy krf loeo'frfgt lok hfmt s. Oe dkr cag os k

spfmokhosjs lokhfmt, gag-dkrcag os tbf rfjkoglfr ah

tbf hkgcukcm, usfl `y pfaphf wba krf gat ogotoktfs

ar gat (yft) kmmustajfl ta ot. \bf Iogc's Fgchosbbks jarf ah k mhkss kttroùtf4 ot os pfrefmthy

rfmacgozk`hf ks "khofg" ear gag-jfj`frs.

]fmagl, jumb ks tbf usf ae k lokhfmt bks ots samokh

lftfrjogkgts, sa os smofgtoeom fxphkgktoag uglmr-

stkglk`hm o'ao k hojotfl craup aghy. 'O'a lfjagstrktf

tbos kgl ta mkrry tbf losmussoag eurtbfr, O stkrt wotb

Bfgopfes cfgfrkh lmsmroptoag ae fxphkgktoag W ;?564

<06-<03), wbfof bm lostogcuosbfs "prkcjktom"

earj "a`dfmtovf" fxphkgktoag. \bf earjfr typf os

kojfl kt k pfrsag ar craup ae pfrsags ear wbaj tbffxphkgktoag os ogtfglfl. Ks ot jkifs usf ae tbf

khrfkly fxhkoot igawhmlcf ah' ots tkrcft, ot os k

rfhktoXf gatoag. A`dfmtoxf fxphkgktoag, bawfvfr, os

k`sahutf. Ot osmaumbml og a`dfmtoxm tfrjs, kgl covfs

k gu'thoalomkh kmmaugt4 oh os oglmpmouhmooh ah tbf àly

ae igawhflcf passfssfl `y tbf kulofgmm. Ear

Bmjpfh, a`dfmtovf fxphkgk toag os sygagyjaus wotb

smofgtoeom fxphkgktoag. O thoogi tbos lostogmtoag ta `f

jumb taa pragaugmml9 yft ot magvfys vfry wfhh tbf

ugovfrskbstom mhkojs (khsa gatfl kàvf) ao smofgtoeom

fxphkgktoag, ks appasfl ta tbf jarf lawg-ta-fkrtb

prkcjktom iogl. Bfjpfh jkog tkogs tbf lostogmtoag(kgl sa tbf mhkojs) fvfg tbaucb bf a`sfrvfl k efw

pkcfs fkrhofo' tbkh smofgtoeom fxphkgktoag bks k

prkcjktom kspfmt ks wfhh4 k /9/// fxphkgktoag ae kgy

ekmt os sojphy qukgtotktovfhy (oe gat qukhotktovfhy)

ojkt tkogk`hf (Bf jpfh ;?564 <00, <0<). \b f sfhfm-

toag ae krcujfgt s ta `f fgtfrfl ogta kg fxphkgktoag

os maglotoagfl `y tbf murrfgt smofgtoeom pkrklocj

(Bmjpfh ;?564 <029 Iu bg ;?3>4 ;?)4 k guj`f r ae

obm ofhfXkoV krcujfgts wohh `m kssujfl majjag

igawhmlcf kgl tbus ajottml eraj fxphomoh rfglfr-

ogc. Iraj tbos ot eahhaws tbkt kgy fxZ)hkgktoag

(pfrbkps tbf mksf mkg `m cfgfrkhozfl ta ogmhulm khh

smofgtoeom kmmaugts) os ogtfhhoco`hf aghy ta k rfstrom-

tfl craup ae pfaphf, tbf spfmokhosts ae tbf eofhl, o.f.,

tbf krmbkfahacomkh majjugoty (ear k loeefrfgt hogf

ae tbaucbt fglogc og tbf skjf magmhusoag, mh.

âppfr ;?304 ;56).

Kt tbos dugmt urf ; jocbh magsolfr jy obmarmj

pravfg, sogmf `y ojphomktoag tbf fxphkgktoags

kmmfptk`hf kgl vkhol ta tbf prfsfgt-lky krmbkfa

hacomkh majjugoty krf gat gfmfsskrohy sa ear atbfrcraups, wbftbfr tbfsf krf pfaphf wariogc og tbf

kgtbrapahacy lfpkrtjfgt gfxt laar ar krmbkfar

hacy's hagc lfkl kgl cagf rfsfkrmb a`dfmts. O

mkggat rfsost tbf tfjptktoag ta fxkjphoey tbf

kàvf, bawfvfr.

Ks os wfhh igawg, tbf pkrklocjktom sboet og

krmbkfahacy ae tbf hktf 'soxtofs ogvahvfl tbf su`-

stotutoag ae "loeeusoag" kgl "ogvksoag" ks cfgfrkh

fxphkgktary progmophfs `y "klkptktoag ta hamkh

mormujstkgmfs" kgl "magtoguoty"9 khhambtbagaus"mkusfs" wfrf rfphkmfl `y kutambtbagom systfjs."

\bfrf krf twa pkrtomuhkrhy mhmkr krtomhfs tbkh

bfrkhlml tbf mbkgcm4 D.C.L. Mhkri's ekjaus kgho-

oouksoagost krtomhf (;?55), kgl S._. Klkjs' sf

magl tbaucbos kàut Guòkg Z)rata-bost()ry (;?52).

Kh kàut tbf skjf tojf L.H. Mhkrif wks lfvfhap-

ogc k jalfh ae muhturf og kcrffjfgt wotb tbf gfw

haai (Mhkrif ;?52) - yft ot wks khsa L.H. Mhkrif

http://ievvpoint/

http://ievvpoint/

http://ievvpoint/




wba hauglfrfl ag tbf gfw lacjk bf hokl sa

kmtovfoy saucbt ta prajatf. \bf ogtfrprftktoag ae

hhor |)r()ph(' brhoogl tbf pahs og bos "@fkifr âhhfry"

(M9okrif ;?3>) wks `ksfl ag tbf kgtoqum olfk aeoogksoag ks fxpokgktoag (tbf tfxt bkl khrfkly h)ffg

earguohkhfl og ;?5<, O ogolfrstkgl). Og k jarf

rfmfgt krtomhf ag tbf su`dfmt `y Hkgtogc kgl Ukg

lfr Skkhs (;?3<) Mhkrif's tbfsos wks gat fvfg

jfgtoagfl, gatwotbstkglogc ots jalfrg jftbal.

\ou- aghy sktosekmtary fxp okgkto ag ; mkg tbogi ae os

tbkt Hkgtogc kgl X kg lfr Skkhs krf wariogc wotb

tbf gfwfr pkrklocog ah kutacfgom mbkgcf, kgl obus

(og spotf ae tbfor vfry sojphf, gat ta sky mrulf,

jftbals) jky rocbthy earfca prfxoaus fxphkgk

toags.

OO hooos ogtfrprftktoag ae tbf Z)rfvoaus, rktbfr

siftmby fxkjphf os kmmfptfl, tbfg ot mkg `f sffg

tbkt wbkt "gfw" krmbkfahacy' jfkgs ta ogtralumï

os gfoh/wr k lflumtoxf jftbalahacy (ks Bohh ;?304 50

sffjs ta tbogi), gar tbf usf ae qukgtotktovf jftbals

(ks gatfl `y ^hac ;?364 000), ùt tbf magmfpt ae

muhturf ks k hamkhhy klkpto vm pbfga jfg ag (@ogearl

;?304 ;?29 arocogkh ;?5<). \bf jftbalomkh kgl

oBmthuIhaoacomk! oggavktoags krf `y-pralumhs ae tbf

klaptoag ae tbf gfw jalfh (Iubg ;?3>4 ;05, 22) 9ks Backrtb (;?304 =>=) a`sfrvfl, gfw jftbals la

gat jkif k gfw krmbkfahacy. Ot os khsa mhfkr

tbkt fkrhofr sahutoags ta tbf pra`hfj ae muhturf

mbkgcf ogky gaw `f hfcotojktfhy magsolfrfl "wf ki"

oe gat "kl bam". @y ga jfkgs, bawfvfr, jky

losbagfsty, ar smofgtoeom hkzogfss `f rfkl ogta feearts

ae tbf ogXksoagosts9 og tbfor lkys tbfor fxphkgktoags

wfrf magsolfrfl saugl, klfquktf, kgl vkhol (]gal-

crkss O?3e)4 (oo coXfs k sojohkr vofw eraj k mooraga-

jftrom paogt ae Xofw ).

Uo) rfpbrksf kgl fxtfgl tbf earfcaogclosmussoag,

; X('ouurf ta sky tbkt kg kmmfptk`hf krmbkfahacomkh

fxpokgkt oag (magmfovfl ae ks k strumturfl rfglfr

ogc ae rfhfvkgt "ekmts", "hkws" kgl maglotoags) os

kgkmbragom kgl kookmbarom og rfhktoag ta ots a`dfmt,

kgl aghy vkhol og magdugmhoag wotb tbf murrmoV stktf

ae tbfaro/ogc. \bos lafs gat kjaugt ta skyogc tbkt

sumb fxphkgktoags krf Obfrfdarf a`dfmtovfhy ogvkhol4

covfg suhhomofgthy fxphomot warlogc kgl tfstogc, k

tbfary (fxpokgkt oag ae k stktf ae keekors) jky s tkgl

k sboet og |)k rkl ocj gat khh ojkso ags bkvf `ffg

fxarmozfl khtfr tbf 'soxtofs.Ot jocbh `f a`sfrvfl, og kllotoag. tbkt obfkàvm

os pkrtokhhy pkrkhhfh ha tbf kghbrapahacomkh losmus

soag ag ''fjom'' vs. "fhi" (Bkrr os ;?524 652-5><9

Kppfhh ;?3=). Kg "ft om " ar "ftbga hacom kh" lfsmrop-

toag ar fxpokgktoag magearjs ta "a`dfmtovf" stkg

lkrl s, ot os krtomuhktml og k "huh turm -erff jftk hkg-

cookcf" 9K|6pmhh ;?3=4 gatf ;>), kgl obus wauhl

`fhagc ta Bmjpfhs mktfcary ae "a`dfmtovf fxpok

gktoag" khrfkl)- khhulfl ta. Kg "fjom" ar ftbga-

crkpbomkh lfsmroptoag ar fxpokgktoag ae k samokh

pbfgajfgag, ag tbf atbfr bkgl, fjphays tbf

magmfptukh erkjf ae tbasf ogxaIfl, tbf gktovf

pkrtomopkgts. \bos magearjs ta Bfjpfh's stkglkrls

ear k "prkcjktom fxpokgktoag'. Eurtbmrjarf, kg

"fjom" kmmaugt sbauhl `f warlfl og sumb k wky

tbkt gag-pkrtomopkgts krf k`hf ta rf-fgkmt tbf

pbfgajfgag og k jkggfr kmmfptk`hf ta ots arocogkh

pralumfrs. ]mbfjktomkhhy, "fjom" fxphkgktoags

krf ae tbf "oe O wfrf k barsf ..." vkrofty, wbfrfks

"ftom" agfs krf ae tbf "fqoous sp." iogl.

Ks k eurtbfr fxkjphf, og tbf magtfxt ah tbfarozogcag tbf arocogs ae tbf stktf, tbos ogstotutoag os

magsolfrfl k jfkgs ear tbf Z6frpftuktogc ae lohefr-

fghokh kmmfss `y samokh crauZ)s ta tbf ekmtars ae

pralumtoag. \bf progm opkh tfstkòhoty ae tbos prapa-

sotoag jkifs ot ae kg "ftom" gkturf. Kàrocogkh

ogh`rjkgts wauhl vaomm k hfcotojktoag ae tbf

lohh'frfgtokh kmmfss og tfrjs ae provohfcfs stfjjogc

eraj bfrfloty kgl skmrkh `kmiogc4 kg "fjom"

kmmaugt fgo|)h8)yogcgktoxf mktfcarofs (Mhhkfssfg kgl

]ikhgoi ;?32). O rkgshf rrogc tbf ftbg acrk pbom a`

dfmt ta kg krmb kfacrk pb om kh stktus , ot wohh `f

a`voaus tbkt "fjom" mktfcarofs agmfkttrobuhkòm ha

ot krf ga hagcfr rfmavfrk`hf (gat ta spfki ae

tfstkòhoty). Kgl kàvf, O bkvf khrfkly lagf kwky

wotb tbf olfk ae ugovfrskhhy vkhol (o.f., "ftom")

kmmaugts. \bf `fst wf jky bapf ta kttkog, tbfrf-

earf, os k stktfjfgt ae tbf iogl "Oe tbfy bkl

`ffg krmbkfahacosts kt x, og tbf yfkr y ..."



A G U K H O L O \ _ =?

K ('jkh paooot ta h)m maoosolfrfl Odoofohy ooo obos

smoh oaoo os hookh a\ shoumBorm rX. pramfss, wbomb krf

tbaucoot ta h)m oouagopkhobhm by sajf (@mrtfhs ;?3=4

0<<).

Ks soomho, k oooalao av k shroomturm ae k rfkhoty os

loeefrfgt eraj k jalfh ae k pramfss caogc ag og sajf

rfkhohy4 fvfg tbfor rfefrfgts (tbf rfkhotofs tbfy

khtfjpt ta jorrar) krf lossojohkr. 'Obf olfk ae

••stroottoorf" hoks ta la wotb rfhktoags bftwffg k

guj`fr ah'mhfjfgts ar craup ah'mhfjfgts, wbmrfks

"pramfss" rmhktfs ta mbkgcfs og rfhktoags. (@fsolfs,

mbkgcf os khsa suppasfl ta `f arlfrhy ar strumturfl9

hah pofsmooo pogpasfs O sbkhh rfckrl tbos gatoag

soooophy ks auf ae k bocbfr hfvfh ae k`strkmtoag, ta `f

lfkht wotb `fhaw). Ks k raucb kppraxojktoag, kjalfh ah k shrtomttoom hoks sajf shktom maggatktoags

(m.c., Hïvo-]trkuss ;?534 00, 22), wbmrfks pramfs-

sukh jalfhs jky `f thoaoocbt ae ks lygkjom (Pogh'arl

;?524 ;<9 khsa (9okrif ;?524 <2-60, phus rfos.). (oovfg

tbf rfstromtfl kgl bfurostom purpasf ae jalfhs, ot os

bkrlhy surprosogc tbkt tbf twa mkggat `f trkgs-

earjfl ogta agm kgatbfr. Ketfr khh, agf lafs gat

lmxmhap k jalfh ae k strumtoorf projkoohv ta fx|)hkog

sajf pramfss, kgl Xomm vfrsk.

W'ft, ag tbf atbfr bkgl, oh tbfsf jalfhs krfthoaucbt ah .O] rmhkhogc ta agf kgl tbf sktoom systmj,

kgahbmr rfkhoty os oouralumfl. \bf strumturf ae tbos

rfkhoty os og tbf pramfss ae systfj jkogtmgkgmf,

wbomb os k strumturfl magsfqufgmf ae tbf ogtfr-

rfhktoag ae ots pkrts. Og tbos wky, k systfjom jalfh os

kg k`strkmtoag ae k bocbfr arlfr4 ot magtkogs k

stktom strumturf ar erkjmwari ae mhfjfgts kgl tbfor

rfhktoags, phus tbf strumturfl ruhms ae tbf lygkjom

krtomuhktoag ae ots sfvfrkh mhfjfgts9 ks D'kr ks àtb

krf rfhfvkgt (tbf fssfgtokh prapfrty ae jalfhs) ear

tbf rfsfkrmb qufstoag. Og atbfr warls, @frtfhs'

stktfjfgt rfefrrfl ta kàvf, just `f sffg wotb

magsolfrk`hf rfhktovoty.

\wa rktbfr a`voaus fxkjphfs krf aeefrfl ks

magmhulogc ohhustrktoags4

;. Ot os passo`hf ta lfsmro`f k lfjacrkpbom

systfj `y jfkgs ah tbf eahhawogc fmduktoag4

lG i (Gjkx - Go)

lt Gjkx

Og k sojphf wky crawtb (k pramfss) os hogifl ta tbf

loh\frfgmf ae jkxojkh kgl kmtukh papuhktoag sozf

(Gjkx kgl Go, rfspfmtovfhy) (k strumturf) (Iuf-gfg ;?534 =?, 33).

0. Ogtuotovfhy hfss k`strkmt os Jkrx-Ehgcmhs' cf-

gfrkh systfjom jalfh ae bostary4 mhkss strucchf os tbf

jatar ae bostary (Jkrx kgl Fgcfhs ;2<24 0=, =2).

UUotbog tbos stktfjfgt k strumturf os bogtfl kt

(samokhhy maglotoagfl loeefrfgtokh kmmfss ta tbf

jfkgs ae pralumtoag, ks ojphofl `y k mhkss strum

turf), kgl k pramfss (tbf mhksho ae tbf mhkssfs

magmfrgogc tbf magtrah ae tbf jfkgs ae pralumtoag)

tacftbmr magstotutogc tbf systfj ae bostaromkhpramfss. \hoaucb tmjY)arkh àouols krf ojphofl

(bostary, gat khh fvfgts ae tbf pkst og cfgmrkh, krf

mavfrfl), cfacrkpbomkh àugls ae tbf systfj rf-

jkog ojphomot (ks og tbf prfvoaus fxkjphf).

Ketfr tbfsf twa rktbfr tbfarftomkh mbkptfrs, wf

gaw turg ta k magsolfrktoag ae tbf @kglimrkjoi

pbksf kt Bofgbfoj, ear wbomb k guj`fr ae jalfhs

ag Xkr oau s hfvfhs ae k`strkmtoag bkXf ta `m mag-

strumtfl.

GA\P]

' KhhhoauWhosoob.s rtouagh axmkvk toag at obm emktuo\ jky ravmkh obm ks ogl fpfg lfgt og tfrg kh mbfmis ae baja cfgfo ty kgl autmao gm.

kobo trkr ogfs s ao" tbf sg`lovosoag ae {tbf magtfg ts ao") k pot, ear W O kj gat sa jufb ojprfssfl `y rfq uor fjf gts ae "th asf lgf ss" .

bkg lbg c. starogc, kgl kgkhytomkh fksf tbf sfpkrk tf guj`f rs krf Vgmajp rajos fl klbfr fgmf ta tbos mrotfroag ogfvotk`hy hfkls ta

rftko gfl og prog moph f. Gfflhfss ta sky tbkt ear jk gy purpasf s loehomuhtofs, sogmf "ga os f" og aur lk tk os ugk vao lk` hf. \b f

(ogmh ulogc sa jf ae tbf pr a`hf js ` rakm bfl og tbf prfsfgt maj` ogk hoag ae stromt a`s frvk gmf ae tbos "'mhasflgfss'" wotb tbf

vlhuoou' , sumb kr` otr kry ugots jky `f crau pfl tacftbfr ar usfl rkt bfr haasf kgl og gov apogoa g hkrcfhy ojphomot shk glkr ls ae

http://arious/

http://arious/

http://arious/



<> A G L K \ K L F E O G O \ O A G

magopkrosag igawg ks "\bf Jftbal" (o.f., Jagtfhous' mt)jpk-

rktovf jftbal) bks hotthf ta majjfgl otsfhe. O rktbfr succfst k

magsmoaus, magtrahhfl hawfrogc ae aur stkglkrls ae "mhasflgfss",

kgl kg upsmkhogcaetbasfaemaj pkrosag.\bflawgsmkho gcaetbf

stkglkrls os losmussfl og tbf sfmtoag = ae tbos mbkptfr9 tbf

fxphomotktoag ae majpkrosag bks `ffg lfkht wotb og tbf eorst

mbkptfr.

•' Kmt ukhhy, O rfckrl tbos kssujph oag ks bocbhy qufstoag k`hf. Oe,

kgl aghy oe, khh pats og tbf sftthfjfgt wfrf rkglajhy mbasfg ear

mXfr y passo`hy magmfovk `hf tksi og fvfry bausfbahl, tbfg k g fvfg

lostroùtoag ae khh iogls ae sbfrls/mfrkjom wkstf mkg `f

fxpfmtfl. Gaw ojkcogf sajfàly eftmbogc wktfr eraj tbf

Lkgu`f ar tbf Jfusf og k sjkh! àwh ar fvfg k losb, kmrass k

sftthfjfgt sotf ogefstfl wotb pocs, pots, kgl iols, kgl tfg jftrfs

lawg k stffp shapf. ]urfhy, fvfg ear @kglifrkjoi pfaphf sumb k

prapasotoag os ugtfgk`hf. @ut kt tbf vfry jajfgt k spfmokh

eugmtoag os rfcuhkrhy (gat fvfg fxmhusovfhy) kssocgfl ta agf iogl

ae pats tbf fvfg lostroùtoag ae tbf wkstfl pattfry os lostur`fl.

]ajf suppart har tbos hogf ae rfksagogc os eaugl og Ekrruccok ftkh. ;?3=4 ;5>-;5;, wbfrf tbf maugts ae lfmarktfl kgl uglfma-

rktfl sbfrls krf cávmgdao tbf hkrcfstpots kt tbf Hkgcwfohfr 0. \bf

cfgfrkh ojprfssoag os k ekorhy magstkgt guj`fr ae lfmarktfl

sbfrls og tbf pots {rkgcf4 ;5 ta 6== sbfrls, jfkg 53 sbfrls/pot) ks

majpkrfl wotb rktbfr wohlhy ehumtuktogc kjaugts ae uglfma-

rktfl sbfrls Yrkgcf4 52 ta 026o9jmk«.' =>0 sbfrl s/pot ). \b f rktoas

ae lfmar ktfl ta uglfmark tfl rkgcf eraj .>2 ta .?0, kvf. .=;, wotb

kg avfrkhh kvfrkcf (hkrcf pots aghy) ae .00. (Ag pp. 0>>-0>0 ae

tbf rfe àai. k jarf fxtfgsovf hostogc os prfsfgtfl).

* Eog ls wotb eraj agf ta eaur sbfrls (ogmhusovf) rfpr fsf gt

6?.=% ae khh eogls magtkogogc kgy lfmarktfl sbfrl. Pftfgtoag ae

tbfj mkusfs tbf gaosf hfvfh ta rosf ta mk. <.3" a ear tbf fgtorf sft

kgl hawfrs tbf ogearjktovf magtfgt (ks fxprfssfl og tbf guj`fr

ae sbfrls/pot) ta ;<.6. Hfkvogc aut khh ejls sjkhhfr tbkg eovfsbfrls, tbf hawfr tkoh ae tbf gar jkh l ostro ùtoag os mut aoeks wfhh.

@oht wbkt wfocbh sbauhl `f covfg ta k jfrf twa ar tbrff sbfrls1

K shocbt ogfxkmtgfss sbauhl `f paogtfl ;>4 tbf " j al f e ae

lf`ros kmmujuhktoag bkl ta la wotb pots, wbfrfks tbf a`sfrvk-

toags (ag gaosf) `fkr ag "eogls"9 tbf twa krf gat olfgtomkh, ks

lfsmro`fl kàvf (p. 03).

-' \bf mbkrcf tbkt krmbkfahacosts la gat suhh'omofgthy magogokgl

tbf eofhl ta trfspkss ag rgftbalahacomkh prfmogts j ky `f j ktmb fl

`y tbf mhkoj tbkt jftbalahacosts sbauhl `f vfry mkrfeuh gat ta

trkgsmfgl tbfor awg hojotktoags. Ear fxkjphf, ]khjag's ;?35

krtomhf, wbfrf sbf losmussfs krmbkfahacomkh jftbals ks aetfg

aXfrhaaifl, wbmrfks og rfkhoty tbfsf krf pkrt kgl pkrmfh ae kgy

prapfrhy maglumtfl fxmkvktoag. Ar k jarf cfgfrkh vofw os

âppfr's >;; tbf samokh smofgmfs ks fxpauglfl og bos ocdy àai,

fspfmokhhy tbf rktbfr hojotfl sft ae kutbars rfefrfgmfl tbfrf.

" Sot baut eurtbfr ogquorofs tbf mkusf ae tbos pkr klo cj turgav fr

mkg jfrfhy `f cufssfl kh. \bfrf krf twa hogfs ae rfksagogc4

;. \ bk ta eI ub g ;?3>4 50, wbfrf oh os mhkojfl tbk t pkr kloc js

krf rfdfmhfl `fmkusf ae kppkrfgh kgajkhaus autmajfs ae rfcuhkr

smofghooom fglfkvaur. \bf kmmaugts ae Gfushupgy ;?3< kgl

MBkri oq`ho kppfkr ta su`stkghoktf tbos obfary ae fglacfgom

mbkgcf ear tbf prfsfgt krmbkfahacomkh mksf.

0. K jarf rfstromtfl agf, bfkrogc ag ftbgahacy, os oaugl og

Bkr ros ;?524 (;=2 (khsa4 Kl kj s ;?339 0309 Ihfdg ;?334 3). \bf

ekohurf ae olfkhosj ta frklomktf atbfr pbohasapbomkh systfjs

(pra `k` hy otsfhe ta `f uglfrs taa l ks k mag sfq ufgm f ae tbf eogkhhy

hfss ugf vfg `kh kgm f ae pawfr ) hfl ta k sboet og eamus ae tbf c fgf rkh

Sfstfrg "muhturkh jktrox" (Pajfog ;?=29 ;0;) ar "fpostfjm"

(Eaumkuh t ;?559 0;). ^rfsujk`h y tbos fxacfgom prfssurf bkl ots

magsfqufgmfs og krmbkfahacomkh tbaucbt ks wfhh.

Gatf khsa, tbkt tbf kmmaugts ae tbf krmbkfahacosts rfefrrfl ta,

krf ks su`dfmt ks kgy pkrtomopkgt's kmmaugt ta tbf "fjom"/"ftom"jfmbkgosj losmussfl `fhaw.

' K euhh fxpasï ag tbf "Gf w" kr mbkfah acy's oggaX kto ags wt)uhl

ogmh ulf sajf jarf hfvfhs ae kgkhys os. Hkm iog c rgftbalahacomkh

trko gogc, O mkg ùt jfgto ag wbk t ; suppasf ta `f tbfor mag tfgt9

pkrfgtbfsozfl krf jy kssujptoags ag tbf ahl wky ae tbfarozogc

ag loccogc4

- fpostfjahacukh4 tbf magvomtoag sffjs ta `f majjag tbkt

muhturkh pramfss os cavfrgfl `y hkws wbomb krf igawk`hf

(Muhturfs krf bostaromkhhy ugoquf kgl aghy pkrtokhhy rfmag-

strumtk`hf).

pbohasapbomkh4 @ogearl kgl bos losmophfs praefss ta `m jktfrok-

hosts, tbf Fgchosb kppfk r ta `f ja rf ae tbf fjporomost ekotb (Sot b

gujfraus oglovolukh fxmfptoags, tbf cfgfrkh trfgl sffjs ta

bkvf `ffg olfkhostom, ar fjporomost).tbfarftomkh4 muht urf os tbf klk pto vf systfj ae k papuhk toag,

klkptoag `fogc tbf Kjfromkg fjpbksos, kgl systfjom tbf @rotosb

agf og tbfarftomkh kmmaugts9 og prkmtomf, àtb sffj ta magvfrcf

(krmbkfahacomkh muhturf os tbf suj tatkh ae fxmkvktk`hf otfjs9

vfry aetfg rfefrrfl ta tbf tbfg fmahacy).

rgftbalahacomkh4 smofgtoeom ig awh flcf os k àly ae hkw s/b ypa-

tbfsfs hfstfl ar ta `f tfstfl tbraucb jktmbogc tbfor ojphomktoags

wotb eofhl lktk (smofgtoeom igawhflcf os krrovfl kh tbraucb

cfgfrkhozogc/ogefrrogc eraj eofhl lktk).

lfsmroptovf4 lfsmroptoags k rf e`musfl ag tbf rfhktoags `ftwff g

otfjs fxmkvktfl4 sotfs, krtoekmts, fmahacy ks pkrts ae agf systfj

(krtoekmts krf wotgfss ta k muhturf's oloasygmrktom sfhfmtoag ae kgl

rfkmto ag ta vkroaus ogehufgmfs apfrkt ogc og ots bostaromkh m agtfx t).



MBK^\FP OOO

MAG\OGVO\_ KGL LO]MAG\OGVO\_

bh hooos mbkptfr tou' prabomgo ao losmagtooouoty ar mbkgcf og tbf lfvfhapjfgt ao pahtmry lmmarktoag

tbf Bkglifrkgooi muhturf kh Bofgbfoj os magsolfrfl.

O. Ouhoalogoo(og

Ahhbf lfoarktfl wkrf fxmkvktfl kt Bofgbfoj ksubstkghokh pkro hoks ta bf kssocgfl ha tbf h'.krhy kgl

ta tbf Jollof Gfahotbof, voz. Hogfkr @kglifrkgooi

("HFI" bfhaw) kgl @kvkrokg Passfg ("@P").

^rfsfgt og tbf skjf sotf, but rktbfr loeefrfgt og

kppfkrkgmf, tbfy kutajktomkhhy rkosf tbf m|ufstoag

ah k jutukh rfhktoagsbop `ftwffg tbfj.

Pfckrlogc tbos prabhfj, krmbkfahacosts wariogc

og tbf cfgfrkh krfk kgl pfroal hfgl ha suppart agf

ah'hwa pasotoags4

;. @P lfroXfs h'rago k lfvfhapfl pbksf ah'hhof]traif Skrf luhhurf ("]@I"), jarf spffohomkhhy

eraj tbkt ah'tbf ^hzfg @ksog og @abfjok. \ooos Xofvv

os k rfsuht ae twa a`sfrvktoags4 sojohkroty ae @P og

@kvkrok kgl ]@I OU og tbkt krfk, kgl k`sfgmf ae k

trkgsearogktoagkh pbksf H@I/]@I og @kvkrok (Tk-

patamik ;?3>4 0?4 Jkusfr-( D()hhfr ;?5?4 <=) .

0. @P os tbf hamkh @kX kr okg t rkgs earjktoag ae tbf

hamkh @kxkrokoo H@I. 'O hus olfk os Z)uh lawg ks kg

kgkhacag ta sojohkr haokh lfxfhapjfgts og ]autb

wfst (of rjk gy (H@I-Bogifhstfog-(orassckrtkmb)

kgl og @abfjok (H@I-skrik-]@I), kgl `ksfl ag

tbf smkrmoty ae àtb ]@I kgl Crassckrtkmb pattfry

og @kvkrok (Jfofr-Krfglt ;?364 ;=<)-

Ketfr kt hfkst tbrff qukrtfrs ae k mfgtury ae ogtfg

sovf kgl fxtfglfl rfsfkrmb, k lfeogotoag ae tbf H@I

wkrf sffjs bkrlhy gfmfsskry9 oe sa, rfefrfgmf jky

`f jkl f ta Jfofr-Krfglt ;?55, ar @utsmbiaw ;?=6,

ar ta kgy cfgfrk! ogtralumtoag ta Furapfkg prf-

bostary. Hfss igawg os tbf @P styhf ae lfmarktoag,

`fmkusf ae ots rfstromtfl cfacrkpbomkh lospfrsoag

kgl `fmkusf ga hkrcf-smkhf fxmkvktoags bkvf `ffgrfpartfl ks yfh. Sbkh os igawg kbauh oh hoks bffg

majpohfl rfmfgthy `y Jfofr-Krfglt (;?364 ;=<-

;=6)9 lmhogotoags kgl fxmfhhfgt ohhustrktoags krf

aeefrfl og Tkpatamik (;?3>9 02-0?9 W;- 2)-

K sojphf lfsmroptoag ae tbf suppasfl lfvfhap

jfgt ae @P sbauhl `f sugomofgt bfrf9 k jarf

fhkàrktfl lfeogotoag mkg `f eaugl `fhaw (p. 3;-

30). Og tbf @P styhf os ot cfgfrkhhy tbaucbt tbkt

tbrff "typfs" ar "pbksfs" mkg `f lostogcuosbfl, kh-

thoaucb tbfy krf hujpfl `y kt hfkst agf kuohoar(Jkofr ;?5<4 =0-=<). \bf ahlfst pbksf os fe|uktfl

wotb tbf Jugzogcfr typf (Lfbg kgl ]kgcjfostfr

;?6<4 0;), magtfjparkgfaus wotb tbf @abfjokg

]@I OOO kgl OU pbksfs9 tbfsfmagl pbksf oshk`fhfl

Vgtfroshogc, kgl tbf thoorl agf A`frhkutfr`kmb. \bf

hkttfr ammurs pra`k`hy kh tbf skjf tojf ks ]@I U

ag tbf atbfr solf ae tbf @kvkrokg Earfst. Apogoags

kàut tbf rfhktoags `ftwffg tbf typfs ar pbksfs

loeefr. h'"ar ogstkgmf, Jfofr-Krfglt magsolfrs tbf

Jugzogcfr typf k rfcuhkr ]@I wkrf, kttroùtk`hf

ta k bkhe-bfkrtfl mahagozktoag ae @kvkrok eraj

@abfjok. Vgtfroshogc, ag tbf magtrkry, bf skys

sbauhl `f tbf lorfmt lfsmfglkgt ae, kgl summfssar

ta tbf hamkh hktf H@I9 su`sfqufgthy, A`frhkutfr-

`kmbfr wkrf wks suppasflhy lfvfhapfl eraj oh

(Jfofr-Krfglt ;?364 ;=<).

K quo tf loeefrfgt vofw os tkifg h)v Tkpat amik,

whoa, khtbaucoo shof kmigawhflcfs tbf stragc ]@I

http://ievv/

http://ievv/



UO M A G \ O G V O \ _ K G L L O ] M A G \ O G V O \ _

;;; kAhgotofs ao tbf Ju gzogcfr t ypf, khsa gatfs sajf

lohh`rfgmfs `ftwffg tbf twa. \bos typf os tbaucbt

`y bfr ta hokvf `ffg lfvfhapfl og thof ^hzfgfr @ksog,

vvbfrmks tbf ]@I OOO `fhagcs ta @abfjok prapfr.Kmmarlogc ta hofr, khtfr tbf ogtralumtoag ae tbf

earjfr ogta @kXkrok (tbraucb jocrktary javf-

jfgts1), tbf hamkh Jollhf Gfahotbom sfqufgmf

sprkgc OUaj ot. \bos sfqufgmf, mustajkrohy mkhhfl

@P, os skol ta bkvf ga lorfmt tofs wotb tbf ]autb

Cfrgokg H@I, wbomb bkl prfsujk`hy lofl aut

`fearm (Tkpatamik ;?3>4 0?D.

Khhbaucb O w osb ta kvaol tbf jarf ar Omss ojphomot

samoahacomkh kgl lfjacrkpbomkh succfstoags ae tbf

kàvf tbfarofs, ot os stohh passo`hf ta lfroXf k cmgfrkh

prapasotoag kàut tbf hamkh fvahutoag ae pattfrylfmarktoag og tbf Fkrhy kgl Jollhf Gfahotbom4

fohhomo- tbr rm os koo kuha mhub agau s, mag toguaus lmvfh-

apogfgt ah H@I pattfry lfmarktoag ta @P, ar tbfrf

os k hamkh (@kvkrokgd losmagtoguoty `ftwffg tbf

twa.

Ks ga magtrahhfl fxmkvktoags ae sotfs wbfrf àtb

H@I kgl @P ammur bkvf `ffg rfpartfl yft, tbf

Bomgbfoj jktfrokh jocbt ah\fr k passoòhoty ta

lfmolf `ftwffg tbf twa tbfarofs.

'd . Eurtbf) mag.solfrkhoags

@fearf kttkmi ogc tbf rfsfkrmb pra`hfj, ; horst wkgt

ta mhkroey kgl, oe passo`hf, ta lfeogf tbf magmfpts ae

magtoguoty kgl losmagtoguoty. \bf lflumtoag ae

apfrktoagkh bypatbfsfs sbauhl tbfg khhaw k mbaomf

`ftwffg tbf twa aptoags ag tbf `ksos ae tbf

fxmkvktml lktk. '

hfrjs kmquorm tbfor ouhh jfkgogc aghy og rfhktoag

ta tbfor appasotfs (Hïvo-]trkuss ;?504 =;9 khsa me.

Sottcfgstfog ;?004 6.666) sa k lfsmroptoag ae tbf

eofhl wotbog wbomb àtb magmfpts krf sotuktfl os

gfmfsskry. Magtoguoty kgl losmagtoguoty, `y sajf

magsolfrfl tbf pahkr fgls ae k magtoguøj (f.c.,

Høgogc ;?36), `y atbfrs appasotfs (f.c., Ukg lfr

Skkhs ;?36), krf stktfjfgts kàut passo`hf rfhk-

toagsbops wotbog kg krfk ae rfsfkrmb - kàut k

crklukh ar k losruptfl lfvfhapjfgt og k stopuhktfl

eofhl9 tbfy sky gatbogc kàut ]tktfs ae keekors aut-

solf tbkt eofhl.

Og mbkptfr OO tbf gatoag aájox wks lfvfhapfl tarfefr ta tbf pfrmfgtkcfs ae tbf vkroaus trkots ae k

vkrokodhf og sajf hogl wbfg, har fxkjphf, kt sajf

eogl, ar fvfg kt sajf paogt ae tojf =>"‗ ae tbf

maugts ear tbf vkrok`hf "strumturf" krf murvohogfkr

trkots, (kgl, magsfqufgthy, tbf rfjkogogc 3>%

rfmtohogfkr) tbfg ot wohh `f skol tbkt tbf jox os =>

U]. 3>.

Og tbf prfsfgt magtfxt tbf tfjparkh mxtfgsoag ae

tbf eofhl ae kgkhysos os ae magsfm|umgmf, ks ot os tbf kxos

khagc wbomb magtoguoty kgl losmagtoguoty krf ha `f

kssfssfl (spktokh fxtfgsoag jky khsa `f magsolfrflwbfg lfkhogc wotb magtoguoty9 bfrf, aghy tbf

mbragahacomk h kspfmt os rfhf vkgt ). \b f sojphfst eofhl

ae kgkhysos magsosts ae agf sogchf vkrok`hf (x) wotb

ùt twa trkots, p kgl q. Oe kt sajf paogt ae tojf t'

aghy trkot p os eaugl (rfkl4 tbf jox os ;>>

U]. a), kgl kt kgatbfr pa ogt ae tojf t" aghy

trkot q os a`sfrvfl (tbf jox os a vs. ;>>), tbfg ot

jky `f ksifl wbftbfr `ftwffg t' kgl t" k

magtoguaus ar k losruptfl lfvfhapjfgt bks ammur-

rfl, wbftbfr tbf fvahutoag ae tbf trkots p kgl q aevkrok`hf (x) bks `ffg k crklukh rfphkmfjfgt ar k

sullfg mbkgcmaxfr. Og ohom prfxoaus fxkjphf,

murvohogfkr strumturfs wauhl bkXf `ffg rfphkmfl

fgtorfhy `y rfmtohogfkr agfs, hfkvogc us wotb tbf

pra`hfj ae wbftbfr tbos mbkgcf bks `ffg k`rud)! ar

crklukh.

Pfefrrogc ta Eoc. 2 ot jky `f stktfl tbkt ks hagc ks

tbf gfw trkot q (rfmtohogfkroty, ta rfjkog wotb tbf

fxkjphf) os ogtralumfl fkrhofr (kt tYdZ) tbkg tbf

hktfst ammurrfgmf ae tbf ahl trkot p (murvohogfkroty9

kt t YoZ) tbfrf bkvf `ffg joxfs og wbomb àtb trkots

wfrfdaogthy prfsfgt (ar, àtb murXo- kgl rfmtohogfkr

strumturfs wfrf ta `f a`sfrvfl), kgl tbfrfearf tbf

rfp hkm fjfgt ae p `y q bks gat `ffg losdugmt og

wbomb mksf wf spfki aá magtoguoty. Oe, ag tbf atbmr

bkgl, tYdZ kgl tYoZ maogmolf, ar oe tYdZ os hktfr tbkg

tYoZ, tbfg tbf summfssoag os losdugmt, kgl wf spfki ae

losmagtoguoty.



EVP\BFP MAG]OLFPK\OAG] <=

trkot p trkot q

~yr K t U • \ t J F •

" t /

trkot p

trkot q

Eoc. 2. (WLouojoohy kgl losmajoojohy ug k twa-hrkot vkook`hf.K losm agto guoty 9 (td-td) 7 a.@ magt oguo ty4 (td-to) 8 a

V4 hktfst kppfkrkgmf ae trkot p.td4 fkrhofst kpp fkr kgm f ae trkot q.(td-to)4 klaptovf pfroal.

\bf tojf hkpsf `ftwffg tbf ototralumtoag ae k gfw

tokoo kgl tbf lfeogotf loskppfkrkgmf ae ots prf-

lfmfssar os mkhhfl tbf klaptovf pfroal ae tbf gfw trkot.

Fxprfssfl smbfjktomkhhy, tYdZ - tYoZ (tbf klaptovf

pfroal) os pasotovf og hoom mksf ae magtoguoty, kgl

3.fra ar hfss og tbf mksf ae losmagt oguoty . Kjpbeyogc

tbf magtoguaus mksf ae Eoc. 2 ta ots qukgtotktovf

hodrj, k erfqufgmy lostroùtoag avfr tojf Bif tbf

agf og Eoc. c {o.f., kg ]-sbkpfl murvf) wohh

pra`kòy lfsmrobf tbf soommfssoag ae tbf joxfs

ekotbeuhhy (Pacfrs ;?5W4 ;>?9 Iufgfg o?()34 6=,ò) . ]umb k murvf os, aemau rsf, k trkgsearjktoag ae

tbf ekgoohoko lloo`hf hfgtomoohkr ar "`ktthfsbop"

lostroùtoags (f.c., Mhkrif ;?3>4 <0<9 kgl ear tbf

tbfarftomkh jalfh Mhkrif ;?524 ;30).

Eraj tbos skjf smbfjf ot mkg `f sffg tbkt tbf

magmfpt ae magtoguoty, ks usfl bfrf, rfefrs ta k

sotuktoag og wbomb ahl kgl gfw trkots mafxost9 tbf

mbkgcf og tbf jox os crklukh. ]ojohkrhy, losmagto-

huootG omemrs ta maghocoorktoaoos og womoo hfkps og tbf

joxfs krf ta `f a`sfrvfl9 og jktbfjktoms atofwjohl sky tbkt tbf eugmtoag lfsmroògc tbf mbkgcf

og obm jox bks losmagtoguotofs (Eoc. ?).

Fxpkglogc tbf eofhl ae kgkhysos ta ogmarparktf

jarf twa-trkot vkrok`hfs, tbf sotuktoag `fmajms ks

sbawg og Eoc. ;>. (\bf mksf ae twa vkrok`hfs yofhls

sojohkr rmsuhts9 vvotb tbrff vkrok`hfs, bawfvfr, tbf

pomttgf os mhfkrfr). Losmagtoguoty rfjkogs ks kàvf9

magtoguoty, ag tbf magtrkry, sbaws twa lostogmtovf

; O h h h h h h h h h h h ' "-k' ; O h h h h h h h h h h h ' " Q'• - i ' t rko t qt rko t q

W OD

ohhhohhohhoob3W ohhhohhohhoobW.rr\\jh ohhhohhohhoob

“E\\JÉUH«8

(U

® X “ * • ¹

(L :

• w(A

trkot q

b'oc. (). Magtoguoty kgl losmagtoguoty ag k twa-trkot vkrok`hf,qukjoeofl. .,•K magtoguot y ar4 ear khh t4 “ W 1 ' p (haa-p )

, "*' le •B losmagtoguohv ar4 ear hj 8 h 8tg4 “ oglf tfrj ogkt f.

lhtd4 hkhfsh kpp fkr kgm f ae trkot p.td4 fkrhofst kpp fkr kgm f ae trkot q.(td-to)4 klaptovf pfroal.

psfula-kjbguoty (Eoc. ;>)4 khh mbkgcfs ammursojuotkgfatoshy kgl tbf hfgctb ae tbf klaptovf

pfroal os fqukh ag khh vkrok`hfs ("avfrhkp", og

Høgogc ;?36). Agf jocbt ojkcogf k cfgfrkh

ogtralumtoag ae k gfw styhf mauphfl ta k rfprfssoag

ae tbf ahl agf, sumb ks wauhl pfrbkps eahhaw upag

fmagajomkh ar samokh tq4)bfkvkh. (aemaursf, tbos os k

hojotogc mksf ae

magtoguoty prapfr (Eoc. ;>)4 oggavk toags kpp fkr

kgl ahl trkots loskppfkr kt lohefrfgt paogts ae tojf,

kgl tbf hfgctbs ae tbf rfspfmtovf klaptovf pfroalsloeefr khsa. Og tbos mksf, k rfcuhkr lfvfhapjfgt ar

fvahutoag wotbog tbf eofhl ae kgkhysos sffjs ta bkvf

tkifg phkmf. Ogtralumtoag ae juhto-trkot vkrok`hfs

lafs gat majphomktf tbf cfgfrkh pomturf. \bfrfearf,

tbf eaVawogc magmhusoags mkg `f lflumfl eraj tbos

jalfh4 ' .

;;, wotb og k eofhl ae kgkhysos, k gu j`fr aeloeefrfgt

vkrok`hfs krf fxprfssfl `y loeefrfgt trkots kt loeefr-



<< M A G \ O G t h h \ _ KGL Lh ]M A G \O G V O\ _

` 7 y / / / / / / / / / t r . o t W

O O

O O

K trkot O trkot sO O

O O

rkot t S S S R G W Hr4.4--4-.U.-.-'---••-•,W t rk. t .

h,(p,r,h) h,(8h.s.u)

- ¹ \ O J F ¹

td(m,,6,u) t,(p,r.t)

@ trkot O-

trkot t , X X X X X X W W X X W W X X W W X W , W W B

h/4UW-4'-'W-WrW.'-3UM9KU4--W-a4' trko t u

-D\\JÉ)-

J^)

M trkWt

;.(;) t,(¹)

trko t s

'r¹4t tsGSSG]W ,~p9.T.-W'-U--4m.,-W'-WM-.-414-4(--4U4-97W-K-~4M47.9v trkot u

/•Uc. ;>. Aagtoguoty kgl losmujoguoty ag tbrmf twa-trkot vkrok`hfs, qukhotktovf rfprfsfgtktoag. .

K losmagtoguoty to (p, r, t)otd (q, s, u)

@ psfula magtoguoty4 {to(p) :t o{ r):t o( t) }7 {hd(q)Wt d(s):hd(u)}

M Magto guoty 4 to(p) #t o(r ) #t o( t) 9 td(q) #td( s) #td (u )9 (td-t,) 8a .

to4 hktfst kppfkrkgmf a ek trkot.Od! fkrhofsh kppfkrkgmf aek trkot.(td-to)4 klaptovf pfroal

fooh Z)o)ogts ae tojf, hoof oghfrvfgogc mbkgcf os fotbfr

- magtogugus, S tbf ogtralumtoag ae gmw kgl tbfloskppmkrkgmf ae ahl trkots ammur k t loeo'frfgt paog ts

ah tojf sa tbkt tbf klaptovf pfroals loeofr wotb fkmb

Xk ro ko )h f4 ar ot os4

psfula-magøguaus, oe t bf ogtralumtoag ae khh gfw

trkots ammurs kt agf paogt ae tojf kgl tbf lo skppm kr

kgmf ae khh ahl agfs k h kgatbfr paogt ae tojf sa obkh

tbf hfgctbs ae tbf klaptovf pfroals k rf fmpokh ear khh

vkrok`hfs9 ar ot os4

losmagtoguaus, oe tbf ahl trkots bkl loskppfkrfl

bfearf gfw agfs wfrf ogtralumfl ta rmphkff tbfj9

jarf cmgfrkhI , oe rf|=hkmfjfj afmurrfl og hfkps

har k guj`fr ae vkrok`hfs kt k tojf.Magmfovk`hy, k guj`fr ae oggaxktoags goocbt

bkppfg tacftbfr, fvfg og tbf mksf ae truf magto

guoty. Ks tbf vkrok`hfs krf kssujfl oglfpfglf gt,

tbos wauhl `f k vfry rkrf pbfgajfgag9 tbf

pra`kòhoty tbkt khh su`sfqufgt lfvfhapjfgts wauhl

hhofg ammur kt tbf skjm spffl os gfchoco`hf. bawfvfr.

K majpkrosag ae qukgtotoms ae tbf klaptovf

pramfss ag tbf loeefrfgt vkro k`hfs os ekorhy fksy wbfg

ogstfkl ae tbf vfr`kh gatoags kàvf, tbf fquktoag ae

tbf hacostom murvfaeEocs. ckgl o o os ogtralumfl4 tbf

pkrkjftfrs ae tbkt crkpb krf tbf mbkrkmtfrostoms ae

tbf klaptoag ah tbf gfw trk ot. '

;; os gat taa lohhomuht ta trkgs hktf tbf kàvf jalfh

ogta a`sfrvktoagsW (ar "apfrktoagkhozf " tbf ojpho-

mktoags). Og ot, tbf eofhl ae kgkhysos bks ots fjporomkh

rfefrfgt og tbf sft ae mhasfl eogls ae lfmarktml sbmrls

`fhagcogc ta tbf @kglifrkjoi trklotoag fxmkvktfl

kt Bofgbfoj. Hoifwosf, tbf mbkrkmtfrostoms ae tbkt

lfmarktoag krf fquovkhfgt ta tbf trkots ae tbf jalfh.

\wa ar jarf ae tbf khtfrgktoXf mbkrkmtfrostoms jky

`f craoopfl ta earj k vkrok `hm, ks jfghoagfl kàvf.';'bfsf vkrok`hfs tkifg tacftbmr fagstotutf tbf eofhl

ae kgkhysos, wbomb os earjkhhy khsa k mhkssooomktary

smbfjf, ks khrfkly oglomktfl og M'.b. O (khsa me Ukg

lf Ufhlf ;?35)9 tbf jktfrokh fxprfssoag ae tbos eofhl

ae kgkhysos os tbf @kglifrkjoi trklotoag ae pattfry

lfmarktoag.

Kàvf, tbf eorst jalfh ae k twa-trkot vkrok`hf

(Eocs. 2 kgl ?) bks khrfkly `ffg motfl. \a rfsujï,

kt sajf fkrhy paogt ae tojf tbf ]\PODM\VPI ae

tbf lfmarktoag ("vkrok`hf (x)") wks kssujfl ta `ffgtorfhy murvohogfkr ("trkot p " , og tbf jalfh)9 kt k

hktfr paogt, aghy rfmhohogfkroty wks ta f eaugl ("t rko t

q") . Ot wks ksifl tbfg, wbkt bkl bkppfgfl ta tbf

vkrok`hf ]\PVM\VPF og tbf jfkgtojf.

Ag k jarf majphomk tfl hfvfh, tbf k`strkmt goalmh

ae magtoguoty kgl losmagtoguoty mkg `f sujjkro/.fl

ks eahhaws4 oe, ag sbmrls fxmkvktfl kt Bofgbfoj, tbf

H@I styhf os rfprfsfgtfl `y k guj`fr ae mbkrkm-

http://tr.it/

http://tr.it/

http://tr.it/



E OO P r B F P M A G ]O L F P K \O A G ] <6

' ' ' * ' ' ^ -\WWyey'

K trko t s

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh,.

t rk o t tRW trko h u

m¹=

* •\ OJ F • •

Eoc. OO. Maouo guoty ag tbrfm Ovva-trkot vkrok`hfs, qukgto hofl.(td-to), tbf klaptovf pmooals. lohUfr pfr vkrokbhf.

t o (p )# t , ( r )# t o ( t ) 9t o (q)#t d (s)#t d (u) .

tfrostoms, kgl tbf @P by ahbf r (tbaoocb magopkrk`hf)

mbkokmofrosoofs. tbf ogtfgfgogc mbkgcf os kttroù-

tk`hf ta4

k magtojwus lfvfhupjfgt, oh tbf oouo'alumtoag ah gfw

kgl tbf loskppfkrkgmf ae ahl trkots ae pattfry

lfmarktoag khh ammur kt lohUfrfgt paogts ae tojf9

- k psfula-magtoguaus lfvfhapjfgt, oe k sygmbragaooskppfkrkgmf ae gfw trkots, fqukh hfgctb ae klaptoag

pfroals ag khh Xk ro k` hfs , kgl k sojuhtkgfaus los

kppfkrkgmf ae ahl trkots mkg `f lftfmtfl9

- k losmagtoguaus frahutoag, oe tbf ahl trkots bkvf

loskppfkrml `fearf gfw agfs wfrf ogtralumfl, ar

wbmg tbfrf wfrf hkrcf, sojuhtkgfaus mbkgcfs og obm

maugts ae tbf vkroaus trkots.

Earjkhhy spfkiogc, tbfsf stktfjfgts rfefr ta tbf

fxmkvkhfl jkhfrokh aghy4 "tojf" os ùt k hk`fh ta

rfefr ta kg kgkhyhomkh lojfgsoag ah tbf lfmarktoagag tbf sbfrls, gahbogc jarf.

\a matomhulf4 tbf a`sfrX ktoag ah sbfrls wohh `fkr

ag pkst bkòts ae pattfry lfmarktogc aghy ks ekr ks

lfmky `ftwffg lfpasotoag kgl kgkhysos bks `ffg

ksfhfmtovf, kgl ks ekr ks tbf lfpasotfl wkstf os k

rfprfsfgtktovf skjphf ae tbf lfmarktfl pattfry kt

tbf tojf ae lfpaso toag kssurgogc tbf vkholo ty ae tbf

jalfh kgl tbf rfhokòhoty ae tbf kgkhysos.

=. Jftbal , • '

@fearf fvfg magsolfrogc tbf pra`hfgo ae lfmarktovm

magtoguoty/losmagtoguoty kh tbf Orkgsohoag erajFkrhy ta Jollhf Gfahotbom kt Bofgbfoj, k guj`fr

ae sfmaglkry pra`hfjs just `f saIfl. X vfry

trovokh agf os tbkt ae tbf kppkr fgt hy loeefrfgt typfs ae

pots wbomb tbf lfmarktfl sbfrls krf rfmavfrfl4

tbfrf krf su`stkgtokh loeefrfgmfs og tbfor pasotoags og

rfhktoag ta tbf hovogc krfks, og tbfor eargos. og tbfor

guj`frs og rfhktoag ta tbf atbfr ojjaòhf a`dfmts,

kgl pfrbkps og tbfor eugmtoag ks wfhh wbfg pots

earj àtb pfroals krf majpkrfl. \bf pots bkvf

pra`k`hy `ffg usfl ear looUfrfgt purpasfs wbomb

jky bkvf ogehufgmfl tbf majpasotoag ae tbf wkstf

uhtojktfhy eáhhogc tbfj (oe aghy tbf mbkgcfs rfehfmt

kg fvahvogc samoa-fmagajom strumturf)9 bawfvfr,

tbf feefmts ae tbos ag tbf prfsfgt rfsfkrmb qufstoag

krf àugl ta `f goboh9 O kj gat ksiogc e`r tbf mkusfs

ae mbkgcogc bkòts, ùt rktbfr baw obf lfmarktoag

mbkgcfl, og k lfsmroptovf sfgsf. Pfhktfl, ùh og jy

apogoag jumb jarf rfhfvkgt, os tbf qufstoag ae

wbfhbfr tbf qukgtotofs ae lfmarktfl sbfrls krf

hkrcf fgauc b ta khhaw stktostomkh majpkrosag ae àtb

pfroals. \bfy la 4 <>0? sbfrls eraj ;0= FkrhyGfahotbom pots, kgl 202 sbfrls eraj <; @P/Jollhf

Gfahotbom pohs sbauhl sueeomf.

9Xgahbfr sfmaglkry pra`hfj os tbf kppkrfgt

ogmagcruohy ae losmrftf lktk kgl tbf magtoguoty ae

tojf. Og tbf eorst phkmf ot mkg `f kssujfl (ks

mustajkry og krmbkfahacomkh prkmtomf) tbkt tbf

magtfgts ae mhasfl eogls krf kppraxojktfhy rfprf

sfgtktovf ae tbf papuhktoag eraj wbomb tbfy wfrf

sfhfmtfl (o.f., tbf sft aejoxfs murrmgt kh obf hojm ae

lfpasotoag). Kmtukhhy, tbos k.ssujptoag os k lau`hïagf4 wkstf kgl lfpasotoag krf tbaucbt ta `f

rfprfsfgtktovf ae tbf tbfg-murrfgt ddapuhktoag, kgl

tbf su`sfqufgt lfmky (ogmhulogc tbf feefmts ae tbf

rfsfkrmb pramfssfs) os pastuhktfl ta bkvf `ffg gag-

sfhfmtovf. Khtbaucb tbf sfpkrktf ar daogt feefmts krf

ugtfstk`hf, ot sbauhl `f kljottfl tbkt mhasfl eogls

krf tbf `fst kttkogk`hf kppraxojktoags ae fkrhofr

]tktfs ae keekors, fspfmokhhy wbfg guj`frs ae tbfj

http://ariables/

http://ariables/

http://ariables/



<5 M A G \ O G V O Á _ K G L L O ] M A G \ O G V O \ _

krf magsolfrfl hacfhbfr. 'O bmrmharf, tbf lfmarktoag

ag tbf sbfrls bks `ffg kgkhysfl kgl rfcostfrfl `y

sumb ugots ae a`sfrvktoag, ae wbomb jarf tbkg 96aa

wfrf fgtfrfl ogta tbf majputktoags.

]fmaglhy, oe tbfsf pots wfrf luc avfr k pfroal ah'

<>> yfkrs, tbfor usf jky bkvf `ffg ogtfrruZ)tfl ag k

rfcuhkr `ksos. Eartugktfhy, tbf rfsfkrmb trklotoag

khhaws H@I "rfeusf lujps" ta bkvf `ffg og usf har

quotf k hagc pfroal, kt hfkst tfg ta twfgty-eovf yfkrs.

Oe tbf kmmujuhktoag aelf`ros og tbf pots os fxtfglml

avfr soomb k pfroal, tbfg kgy guj`fr `ftwffg

sfvfg kgl focbtffg pots sbauhl bkvf `ffg apfg kt

kgv paouh ae tojf 9og tbf pfroal uglfr losmussoag,

tbkt os), kgl sa tbf vkroaus skjphfs wohh magsolfr-

k`hy avfrhkp. Oe tbf pfroal ae tbfor usf bks `ffg hfsstbkg tbf fstojktfl <>> yfkrs (luf ta fotbfr kg

avfrfstojktf ar k losmagtoguoty), tbos avfrhkp os

fvfg hkrcmr. _ft ot sbauhl `f magmflfl tbkt ot os

ojpasso`hf ta rolf auh losmrftfgfss majphftfhy.

\bf hkst sfmaglkry pra`hfj ta `f haaifl ogta

bfrf os tbkt ae tbf oglf pfglmgmf ae tbf vkrok`hfs , ks

rfquorfl `y tbf jalfh ae magtoguoty kgl losmag

toguoty. Sbfg og tbf hárst mbkptfr tbf mhkssoeámktary

smbfjm wks lfvfhapfl, khh vkrok`hfs wfrf lfeogfl

oglfpfglfgthy, fkmb rfprfsfgtogc k sogchf sfpkrktflojfgsoag ae pattfry lfmarktoag. \bos hacomkh og-

lfpmgmhfgmm os jktmbml `y fjporomkh oglfpfglmgmf

ae tbf vkrok`hfs ks oglomktfl `y tbf marrfhktoag

jktrox og \k`hf 36. \bfrf, ot wohh `f a`sfrvfl,

sajf trkot.s la marrfh ktf bocbhy9 bawmvfr, gat k

sogchf pkor ae vkrok`hfs sbaws magsostfgt hy bocb

mafeohmofgts ae marrfhktoag ae tbfor trkots. Sbfg khsa

tbf rfhktovfhy hkrcf guj`fr ae a`sfrvktoags eraj

wbomb tbf mafhEomofgts wfrf majputfl os tkifg ogta

kmmaugt, obfg kt hfkst ear prkmtomkh purpasfs og

lfpfglmgmf ae tbf vkrok`hfs mkg `f kssujfl.

Ketfr sftthogc tbfsf paogts, wm mkg gaw turg aur

kttfgtoag ta tbos mbkptfr's pra`hfj4 wbftbfr ar gat

tbf Bofgbfoj @kglifrkjoi trklotoag ae pattfry

lfmarktoag sbaws k magtoguaus lfvfhapjfgt eraj

tbf H@I ta tbf @P styhf. \bf jkdar loohomuhty os tbf

krrkgcfguJot ae tbf hogls avfr tojf, tbf fssfgtokh

lojfgsoag ae tbf rfsfkrmb qufstoag. K rfhok`hm

kttkmbjfgt ae tbf lktk ta tbos kxos os k gfmmsskry

maglotoag ear tbf kpphomkòhoty ae tbf tgalmh lfvfh

apfl kàvf (me. Klkjs ;?334 03< ear sajf paogtfl

rfjkris ag tbos tapom)9 oglffl, tbf kgkhysos ae tbfsamokh strumturf og Mbkptfr U wauhl `f ojpasso`hf

wotbaut ot.

; wohh magsolfr k guj`fr ae loeefrfgt sahutoags ta

tbos pra`hfj og turg4

- ]trktocrkpby, tbf ahlfst jmtbal. . Xh th oaucb sajf

pots bkvf `ffg luc ogta atbfrs kt Bofgbfoj, tbf

rkrot y ae tbos pbf gaj fgag (aghy agf rfhfvkgt mksf

bks `ffg a`sfrvfl) prfmhulfs kgy fxtfglfl usf ks

rfquorfl bfrf. _ft, ks k magtrah ae tbf hogkh

arlfrogc, tbos ogstkgmf jky |)ravm oosfhuh.

- Lorfmt lkhogc jmtbals, tbmrjahoggogfsmfgmf kglrkloamkràg jfksurfjfgts. yXckog, tbf rkroty ae

lktfl pots, og rfhktoag ta tbf tatkh àly ae lktk

(tbrff stragchy, kgl twa wfkihy kssamoktfl M-;<

rfklogcs, kgl aghy agf sogchf \H lktogc), tacftbfr

wotb tbf rktbfr wolf mageolmgmf fstojktfl (sajf

6> ta ! >> yfkrs ear tbf M-;< lktfs, kgl mk. 5>> yfkrs

har tbf O H lkt f), rfglfr tbfsf jmtbals ogkpp ho-

mk`hf bfrf. \bfy taa, bawfvfr, krf ta `f usfl ks k

magtrah ae tbf ejkh arlfrogc.

- ]froktoag, ar jarf cfgfrkh, majògktovf stktoshoms.@fmkusf ot lafs gat sfpkrktf mbragahacomkh eraj

samoa-fmagajomkh ekmtars, sfroktoag bks `ffg sfvfrhy

mrotomozfl (Jkusfr-Cahhfr oY)(gy. 0>9 Høgo gc ;?5?4

6) kgl rfdmmtfl - rocbthy, ae maursf. Sotbaut sumb k

passoòhoty, tbf maglmgsktoag ae ggoiolojmgsoagkh

Xkr oktoa g ogta agf sogchf lojfgsoag sffjs ta `f

ekorhy gkovf (Kulauzf ;?3<) ks tbf ogehufgmf ae tbf

vkroaus ekmtars os fgtorfhy `fyagl magtrah (me

Crkbkj fh kh. ;?35 ear k rktbfr bfurostomkh sahutoag

ae tbos pra`hfj). \bfrfearf, tbf ogtfrprft ktoag tbkt

tbf agf rfsuhtogc lojfgsoag sbauhl `f k mbragaha

comkh agf os kròtrkry.

Bawfvfr, "Iajògktoags ]tktostoi" (ar juhto-

vkroktf kgkhysos, "JUK" `fhaw) bks `ffg og usf ks

hagc ks kxfs ar pats bkvf `ffg majpkrfl, sogmf

sojohkroty (khjast) khwkys rfefrs ta jarf tbkg agf

lojfgsoag. Vgeartugktfhy tbos bks aghy rkrfhy `ffg

rmkhozfl `y krmbkfahacosts (ugtoh rfmfgthy), sa tbkt

http://ltliough/

http://ltliough/

http://ariation/

http://ariation/

http://ariation/

http://ltliough/



J F r B a L <3

obm harjkh Omsts 8oh' soooo ohkrohy kgl lossogoohkrots'

(hmXmha|)M(h har thoos purdIosf bkXf hkrcahy rmoookogfl

autsolm •"Jkogstrfkj Krmbkfahacy" (Larkg kgl

Bølsag ;?364 =).

]fvfrkh JUK jmtbals bkXf `ffg mxphomothy

lfsocgfl ta k`strkmt gofkgogceuh lojfgsoags eraj

tbf lktk (,ear k gag-ommbgomkh soorXmy ae k guj`fr ae

rfhfvkgt JX'K goftbals, wotb tbfor mrotoqufs, sfm

Loookoo kgl hhalsaoo omdy-,9 jarf tmmbgomkh, tbaucb

stohh lorfmthy bfkr ogc ag krmbkfahacy, os tbf Balsaoo,

Ifglkhh kgl \kutu ;?3; vahujf). ]tktostomkh

jftbals, wbftbfr ojphomoh ar fxphomot, majphfx ar

soogphf, krf og kgl `y tbfjsfhvfs majphftfhy

gmuorkh, ks hagc ks tbfy krf majpftfgthy kpphofl.

Mhagsfqufgthy. mrotomosj sbauhl gat `f lorfmtflkckogst tbf ooomtbal oosfhe. but kckogso tbf vkholoty ae

tbf kpphomktoags ar tbf rfhokòhoty ae tbf rfsuhts9 og

gag-tfmbgomkh tfrjs, kckogst tbf rfhfvkgmf kgl tbf

kppraproktfgfss og vofw ae àtb tbf rfsfkrmb

pra`hfj kgl tbf gkturf ae tbf lktk. Kgl tbfsf

Ydra`hfjs `fhagc ta tbf prf-pugmbmkrl kgl past-

aootpoot stkcfs ae rfsfkrmb. K majpftfgt kpphomktoag

ae k sfroktogc khcarotbj (fvfg agf, yofhlogc stk`hf

rfsuhts9 (o ah ljkg g ;?3<9 Hm @hkgm ;?369 Sohiogsag

;?3<4 ;5) sbauhl `m mrotomozfl ks `fogc pkrthyogvkhol, `fmkusf ae tbf oooophomot `ypkssogc ah kgk-

mbragahacomkh lojfgsoags.

O'bf eahhawogc os ogtfglfl ta ekmohotktf fvkhuk toag

ae vkholoty kgl rfhokòhoty ae jalfh, jftbals, kgl

rfsuhts. \bf eofhl ae kgkhysos wotb og wbomb koo

kgsvvfr ta tbf rfsfkrmb qufstoag ae magtoguoty kgl

losmagtojooty os saucbt os lfeogfl `y tbf vkrok`hfs

ohuoo krf oosfl ta fhkssoey tbf lktk (me Mb. ;). Oe tbf

trkots fgtfrfl ogta tbf kgkhysos krf jutukhhy fxmhu-

sovf, tbfg tbf jalfh prfsmro`fs k `fbkvoaur ae tbf

joxfs ks og Eoc. ?. Oe ot mkg `f lfjagstrktfl tbkt

ohomX h)fbkXf kmmarlogchy. tbf jalfh sffgos ta `f

X khol. kt hfkst ear ots sogchf vkrok` hf pk rt. Khsa, tbf

k|)phomkòhoty ae tbf majputktoagkh jftbal usfl ta

pralumf tbfsf rfsuhts sffjs ta `f su`stkgtoktml.

\bf vkholoty ae tbf juhtovkrok`hf jalfh (o.f., ks og

Eoc. ;>) mkggat `f ckucfl og obos wky9 wbktfvfr

tbf rfsuhts, tbfsf jky ks wfhh rfthfmt k majputk

toagkh (ar jmtbalomkh) krtoekmt ks vvbkt "rfkhhy" bks

`ffg tbf mksf. \bfrf os ga wky ta lfmolf `ftwfmg

tbf twa passoòhotofs ag tbf `ksos ae agf sogchf

lktksft. \bfrfearf, gfxt ta tbasf ear Bofgbfoj, O

wohh khsa prfsfgt tbf rfsuhts ae k pkrkhhfh kgkhysos ae

tbf lfmarktfl pattfry eraj tbf @kglifrkjoi sftthf-

jfgt ae Fhshaa (og tbf sautbmrg Gmtbfrhkgls9 tbf

lktk bkvf `ffg pu`hosbfl og Jallfrjkg ;?3>). Oh

àtb autmagofs krf ogtfrprmtkhdhm `y jmkgs ae tbf

jalfhs, mbkgmfs krf rflumfl ta ;4< tbkt tbfy krf

àcoms kgl tbf pra`kòho ty ae tbf ja lf hs vkholoty

prapartoagktfhy fghkrcfl.

Kg (ogtfrgkh) tfst ae rfhokòhoty os passo`hf `y

pkrtotoagogc tbf vkrok`hfs ogta twa su`sfts, pfr-

earjogc tbf kgkhysfs ag agf ae tbf su`sfts, kgl tbfgsffogc, wbftbfr tbf rfsuhts jkif sfgsm ear tbf

sfmagl su`sft ks wfhh, tbf sa-mkhhfl sphot-bkhe

jftbal (]fhhtoz ft kh. ;?554 o 3<-; 3?). \rkgshktfl ta

tbf prfsfgt kgkhysos tbf murvfs lfsmrobogc tbf

`fbkvoaur ae tbf joxfs og tbf sfmagl sft ae vkrok`hfs

sbauhl `f rfksagk`hy rfhktfl ta tbkt ae Eoc. ? (covfg

sumb k `fbkvoaur ae tbf vkrok`hfs og tbf eárst sft).

Eoortbfr tfsts mkg `f eaugl og strktocrkpbom a`smr-

vktoags, rkloamkràg jfksurfjfgts kgl ;'H rfkl-

ogcs, kgl og tbf pralumtoag ae k sojohkr tfjparkharlfrogc `y jfkgs ae kgatbfr jftbal ah magopu-

tktoag.

\urgogc ta tbf passo`hf jftbals tbfj.sfhvfs, wf

horst bkvf ta mbaasf `ftwffg [9 kgl P-typf

kgkhysos (gat losmussfl og Larkg kgl Balsag ;?369

ear kg ogtralumtoag, me tbf rfefrfgmfs `fhaw). Og

tbf earjfr, tbf majputktoagkh `ksos os tbf majpkro-

sag ae raJ.á (o.f., pots, og tbf prfsfgt magtfxt)9 og tbf

hkthfr, tbkt ae mahujgs (bfrf, tbf trkots). Ks tbf

jalfhs krf kàut tbf `fbkvoaur ae tbf trkots ag

tbfor vkrok`hfs, rktbfr tbkg tbf craupogc ae tbf

mksfs, kg P-pramflurf wauhl `f kppraproktf ear tbf

majp utkt oag ae tbf jktr ox ae marrfhkt oags9 tbos os tbf

stkrtogc paogt ear jkgy JUK jftbals (]aikh kgl

]gfktb ;?5=4 40>3-Wac). K jarf prkmt omk h rmksag os

tbkt lktk krf maVfmtfl pfr mksf kgl mkrls krf

pugmbfl pfr mksf9 jkmbogf trkgspasotoag ae tbf

shocbthy autsozfl lktk-jktrox (sajf =>,>>> mfhhs) os



<2 M A G \ O G V O \ _ K G L L O ] MA G \O G V O\ _

passo`hf, obaucb k rktbfr masthy khekor. Eogkhhy, tbf

fgl rfsuhts ae àtb [- kgl P-kgkhysfs sbauhl `m

`raklhy sojohkr koo) bavv Mhk rif ;?524 6==) .

K sfmagl mbaoff ta `f jklf os `ftwfmg arlfrogcar sfqufgmogc tfmbgoqufs (f.c., sfroktoag, oguhto-

lojmgsoagkh smkhogc, ekmharogc, kgl progmopkh maj

pagfgts kgkhysfs) kgl craupogc ar mhustfrogc agfs

(f.c., losmrojogkgt kgkhysos, mhustfr kgkhysfs). \bf

earjfr craup kojs kt tbf stuly ae tbf ogtfrrfhktoags

ae tbf ugots ae kgkhysos, tbf hkthfr kt obf craupogc ae

tbf ugots ogta k hojotfl guj`fr ae sfts. Ks mbraga-

hacomkh arlfrogc os gfmfsskry ta sahvf tbf rfsfkrmb

pra`hfj, k sfqufgmogc jfobal sffjs kppraproktf

(Hosmbik ;?36). Juhtolojfgsoagkh smkhogc kgl prog

mopkh majpagfgts kgkhysos sbauhl àtb pravolf tbfrfquorfl arlfrogc (Pajgfy ft kh. ;?30)9 tbf hkttfr

jftbal os tbf jarf magXmgofoot agf (Balsag

;?5?k, `9 Larkg kgl Balsag ;?364 ;?;), `fmkusfot

os kXkohk`hf og ]^]] (Gof ft kh. ;?364 <3>) kgl obus

fksy ta ogophfjfgt. (Ear lftkohs, rfefr ta Larkg kgl

Balsag ;?364 ;?>-;?3 (gag-tfmbgomkh) arBkrjkg

;?Ø34 ;=5-;=39 Ukg lf Cffr ;?53 (tfmbgomkh) wotb

tbfor rfefrfgmfs).

Pfckrlogc tbf prfsfgt kgkhysos, k guj`fr ae

lftkohs sbauhl stohh `f magsolfrfl. \bf marrfhktoag-goktrox wbomb wks tbf stkrtogc paogt ae tbf kgkhysos

os prfsfootfl og h'k`hf 36. \bf P-jalf usfl og tbf

majputkhoag ae tbf jktrox hfkls ha k sfqufgmogc ah

tbf eogls tbraucb k majògktoag ae tbf vkhufs

a`sfrvfl ear tbf vkroaus trkots. 'Ua ojpoaXf tbf

majpktoòhoty ae tbf vkrok`hfs, tbf rkw maugts ae tbf

trkots wmrf magvfrtfl ta pfrmfgtkcfs `fearf tbf

marrfhktoags wfrf majputfl (Larkg kgl Balsag

'8)36- '><W ooo tb' s wky tbf hkrcfr eogls maugt ks

bfkvohy ks tbf sjkhhfr agfs.Kàvf (p. <3), ot wks stktfl tbkt agf ae obf

passo`hf Magtrahs ag rmhokòhohy magsosts og kpphyogc

tbf "sphot bkhe' jftbal. Oe tbf sfqufgmf pralumfl

`y tbf progmopkh majpagfgts kgkhysos os k rfhok`hf

agf, kgl oe ot os `ksfl ag pkrt ae tbf vkrok`hfs aghy,

obf mbkgcf sbawg `y tbf atbfr vkrok`hfs sbauhl `f

sojohkr ta tbf jalfh ae Eoc. ?, gat aghy ag tbf

vkrok`hfs usfl ta majputf tbf tojf smkhf. Kp-

pkrfgthy ot os orrfhfvkgt wbomb ae tbf vkrok`hfs krf

sfhfmtfl ear tbf majputktoags. \bfrfearf, aghy

tbasf vkrok`hfs wfrf sfhfmtfl tbkt krf `fst rfhktfl

ta mbragahacy, kgl eUpj kjagc tbfsf, tbasf tbktkrf fksy ta a`sfrvf og arlfr ta jogojozf majpu-

tktoagkh gaosf.

<. Ogtfrprftogc kgl ogtfrprfhkhovf majputogc

Og tbf hkst sfmtoag, progmopkh majpagfgts kgkhysos

wks sfhfmtfl ta sfqufgmf tbf lk tk . \bf kpphomk` oh-

oty ae tbos jftbal ta tbf prfsfgt rfsfkrmb qufstoag

kppkrfgthy bogcms upag tbf passoòhoty ae maj

putogc kgl tbfg marrfmthy olfgtoeyogc k progmopkhmajpagfgt ("^M", `fhaw) rfhktfl ta mbragahacy

eraj tbf vkroktoag sbawg `y tbf lfmarktfl sbfrls.

\bf jast su`dfmtovf pkrt ae ^MK os tbf ogtfr-

prftktoag ae tbf ^M"s9 kt tbf skjf tojf ot os jast

mrumokh, ks tbf vkholoty ae tbf autmajf os fgtorfhy

lmpfglfgt upag ot. @fearf pramfflogc ta tbos

ogtfrprftktoag O sbkhh ehrst aeefr sajf gag-tfmbgomkh

lfsmroptoags ae pkrts ae tbf jktbfjktomkh jalfh

ogvahvfl, og arlfr ta fgk`hf fvkhuktoag.

\bfrf krf ks jkgy ^M's ks tbfrf krf vkrok`hfs,kmmar logc ta tbf jalfh. _ft, aghy k efw ae tbfj krf

jfkgogceuh, sa k jkdar stfp og ^MK os eoxogc tbf

guj`fr ae ^M's wotb wbomb ta pramffl. ^M's krf

put aut `y tbf majputfr og lfsmfglogc arlfr ae

ojpartkgmf, tbf eorst agf majògogc ks jkgy

vkrok`hfs ks passo`hf eraj tbf fgtorf eofhl ae

kgkhysos9 tbf sfmagl agf, eraj tbf rfjkoglfr9 kgl

sa ag. \fmbgomkhhy, tbfor ojpartkgmf os fxprfssfl ks

"tbf kjaugt ae vkrokgmf fxphkogfl" (wotb tbf

tatkhoty ae tbf vkrokgmf lfeogfl ks oaa¾a), kglsfvfrkh ruhfs ae tbuj` fxost wotb wbomb ta lrkw tbf

hojot `ftwffg "jfkgogceuh" kgl "gaosf"9 baw-

fvfr, ga earjkh mrotfrok fxost. Mrulfst eraj k

jktbfjktomkh paogt ae vofw, tbaucb ogtuotovfhy

pfrbkps `fst lfefglk`hf os tbf hojot ae 6% ae tbf

vkrokgmf. Kgatbfr passo`hf mrotfroag os `ksfl ag tbf

rfhktovf loeefrfgmfs `ftwffg su`sfqufgt ^M's, aetfg

crkpbomkhhy rfprfsfgtfl `y k murvf (\k`hf 35)4



Y G \ F P ^ P F \ O G C K G L O G \ F P ^ P F \ K \ O U F M A J ^ V \ O G C <?

whofrf tbf murvfs shapf os stffpfst, tbf lohefrfgmm os

hkrcfst (og \k`hf 35 `ftwffg ^M's o kgl 0, = kgl <,

kgl 3 kgl 2;. @ahb mrotfrok tacftbfr succfst (og tbos

mksf) k muhtogc ahe khtfr tbf tborl ^M, rftkogogc (ar"fxphkogogc") <>.?",, ae tbf vkroktoag magtkogfl og

tbf marrfhktoag jktrox eraj vvbomb tbf ^M's krf

lflumfl.

Ogearjkhhy, ^M's krf lfohgfl ks tbf `fst passo`hf

hogfkr majògktoags ae k guj`fr ae vkrok`hfs9

oglffl, ^M's krf `fst vosukhozfl ks fkmb sujjogc k

sft ae vkrok`hfs. Agf ae tbf tk`hfs put aut `y tbf

majputfr covfs tbf marrfhktoags ae tbf gfwhy

lfohgfl ^M's wotb tbf ahl a`sfrvfl vkrok`hfs (me

\k`hf 33). Bocb "haklogcs" krf fquovkhfgt ta bocb

marrfhktoags `ftwffg tbfj9 ot os tbfsf bocb haklogcstbkt krf usfl ta fstk`hosb tbf "jfkgogc" ae k ^M.

\a covf kg fxkjphf4 ag ^M 0 tbfrf krf tbrff

vkrok`hfs tbkt hakl jalfrktfhy bocb (JKOG JA\OE],

kgl twa ae tbf EOHHOGC] vkrok`hfs) wotb khh atbfr

vkrok`hfs sbawogc vfry haw mafeeomofgts. Kppk

rfgthy, tbos ^M bks sajftbogc ta la wotb tbf wky og

vvbomb tbf jatoes ag tbf pats bkvf `ffg fxfmutfl.

\b f eorst ^M os ae kg fgtormhy loeefrfgt gk turf 4

tbfrf krf bocb, jalfrktf kgl haw marrfhktoag

mafeeomofgts9 ot os a`voaushy cfgfrkh og mbkrkmtfr,rfehfmhogc sajf cfgfrkh saurmf ae vkroktoag. \bf

tborl ^M os hoif tbf sfmagl agf, ae tbf sa-mkhhfl

"òpahkr" typf (Bkrjkg ;?534 ;>>).

K eogkh rfjkri kàut tbf jktbfjktoms ogvahvfl4

ot os passo`hf (kgl rautogfhy lagf sa `y ]tkglkrl

pkmikcfs ae stktostomkh pramflurfs) ta majputf tbf

vkhufs, ar maarlogktfs, ae tbf mksfs ag tbf ^M's, sa-

mkhhfl "ekmtar smarfs". \bfsf ekmtar smarfs krf k

iogl ae trkgshktoag ae tbf ahl a`sfrvfl vkhufs ta tbf

gfw ^M's. \bfor jast ojpartkgt prapfrty os tbkt

mksfs wotb bocb smarfs ag k ^M bkvf jkgy ae tbf

mbkrkmtfrostoms majpauglfl `y tbkt ^M. (Ear

tfmbgomkhotofs, tbf rfklfr os rfefrrfl ta Bkrjkg;?(=34 ;6=-;669 jarf krmbkfahacomkhhy joglfl krf

tbf kmmaugts ae Mhkrif ;?524 65= kgl ae Larkg kgl

Balsag ;?364 ;?>-;?39 hfss earjkh , kgl stohh jarf

krmbkfahacomkh, os @ogearl ;?304 03;-03=).

Sotb tbos og jogl, tbf Olfgtoeomktoag ae k ^M

bkvogc ta la wotb tojf os ekorhy fksy. \ojf keefmts

pra`k`hy khh mbkrkmtfrostoms, sa tbf eorst ^M, wotb ots

cfgfrk h gktu rf, os tbf jast hoifhy mkglolktf. Og ekmt,

eraj \k`hf 33 ot wohh `f a`sfrvfl tbkt ag tbos ^Mpahkr pasotoags krf ammupofl `y ugo- vs. juhtolfghfl

spktuhk, `y Vgfs kgl paogts vs. stk`-kgl-lrkc MAJÂ-

GFG\] (kgl, ta k hfssfr fxtfgt, `y bkibogc), kgl `y

murvo- U]. rfmhohogfkroty. Khsa, kt tbf skjf pahf .sojphf

spktuhk, Vgfs kgl paogts, kgl murvohogfkroty ammur

tacftbfr, kgl kt tbf appasotf pahf tbfor khtfrgk-tovfs. Eraj wbkt os igawg kàuh tbf ]autb

Cfrjkg Fkrhy kgl Jollhf Gfahotbom pattfry lfma-

rkhoag, ot os fvolfgt tbkt tbos eorst ^M os vfry jumb

rfhktml ta tbf pkssogc ae tojf - Fkrhy Gfahotbom

marrfspaglogc wotb gfcktovf vkhufs, kgl JollhfGfahotbom wotb pasotovf haklogcs.

^M's `fogc lfeogfl jk tbfjktomkh hy oglfpfg lfgt

ae agf kgatbfr, tbf eorst magmhusoag ta `f lrkwg os

tbkt tbf trkots bkrlhy haklogc ag tbf eorst ^M (kgl

passo`hy bocbhy sa ag atbfr ^M's) krf kppkrfgthy

mbragahacomkhhy ogloeefrfgt. K sfmagl magmhusoag os

tbkt wf gffl gat àtbfr kàut tbf atbfr ^M's kt tbos

jajfgt9 tbfy jky `f rfhktfl ta tbf samokh strum-

turf.

\bf gfxt stfp os ta rflumf tbf guj`fr aevkrok`hfs og tbf kgkhysos ta khhaw magtrah ae tbf

rfhokòhoty (me pp. <3, <2). Oe wf rftkog aghy tbasf

vkrok`hfs tbkt sbaw socgoeomkgt haklogcs ag tbf

mbragahacomkh ^M, kgl oe wf tbfg sfhfmt kjagc

tbfj tbasf tbkt krf `fst a`sfrvfl, tbfg tbf rfsuht

os tbf eahhawogc sft4 \FMBGoquF], CAJÂGFG os ae

lfmarktoag ae `fhhy krfk, kgl ]\PVM\VPF], tacftbfr

fhfvfg trkots. Pfpftotoag ae tbf kgkhysos khagc tbf

skjf hogfs ks kàvf (o.f., stkrtogc wotb tbf marrfhk

toags ae tbf fhfvfg sfhfmtfl trkots) rfsuhts og k eorst

^M kmmaugtogc ear 6<.;% ae tbf sujjfl vkroktoag

ag tbf fhfvfg trkots og tbf kgkhysos. \bf haklogcs krf

lfpomtfl og Ehc. ;0. \bf ekmtar smarf mafeeomofgts

pralumfl og tbos wky krf usfl ta majputf tbf

sfmoufgmf ae tbf vkroaus eogls ag tbf eorst ^M (o.f.,

tbf ekmtar smarfs), wbomb sbauhl `f tbfor mbraga

hacomkh arlfrogc. W

Agmf tbos sfqufgmf bks `ffg a`tkogfl, k jfrf



6> MA G \ O G V O \ _ KGL L h ]M A G \h G VO \ _

•

6K h'R

= ¹ * 3

RhA

;«

Eoc. ;0. ^hat ae'tbf "haklogcs" ae oo trkots ag tbf horst twa((duKP\oJKR ratktfl) progmopkh majpagfgts. Barozagtkhhy4 eorstprogmopkh majpagfgt9 vfrtomkhhy4 sfmagl progmopkh majpagfgt.• \FMBGojoFs4 sogchf lfg tf l spktuh k9 04 juht ophf lf gtf l9

=4 'cakt eaat taao', <4 ejcfrtops kgl gkohs.• FHFJFG\s4 64 Bgfs9 54 pao gts 9 34 bk tmbog cs 9 24 hhgcfr ar gkoh

ojprfssoags9 ?4 stk`-kgl-lrkc.R ]\PVM\VPE.s4 ;>! rmm toh ogm kr otv 9 ;;4 mu rvo hog mkro tv.

hostogc ae tbf prapartoags ae tbf trkots og tbfor joxfs

sbauhl khhaw tbf lfjagstrktoag ae magtoguoty ar

losmagtoguotofs og tbf lktk khagc hogfs ae tbf jalfh

og tbf sfmagl sfmtoag. \bos mkggat `f lagf rocbtkwky, ks twa gfw pra`hfjs kppfkr4 baw ta

lostroùtf tbf oglovolukh eogls avfr tbf tojf kxos,

kgl baw ta mapf wotb ugsystfjktom vkroktoag.

Losmussoag ae tbf pra `hfj ae ugsystfjktom vkrok

toag wohh `f lfefrrfl ta tbf fgl ae tbos sfmtoag9

lostroùtoag ae tbf eogls ag tbf tojf kxos, tbf eorst

pra`hfj, krosfs eraj tbf sojphf ekmt tbkt hoif

ogtfrvkhs ag tbf ^M gffl gat marrfspagl ta hoif

mbragahacomkh ogtfrvkhs. Jarf spfmoehmkhhy, loeofr-

fgmfs og ekmtar smarfs krf jfksurfs ae rfhktovflossojohkroty9 tbf crklf ae tbos lossojohkroty os

ugspfmoeofl, bawfvfr. \bus ot os passo`hf ta sky tbkt

eogl R os fkrhofr t bkg eogl y ag tbf `ksos ae tbfor

rfspfmtovf smarfs ag ^M o, ùt gat baw jumb

fkrhofr4 wf la gat igaw wbftbfr tbf fvahutoag ae

(ar rktbfr, tbf qukgtoeofl mbkgcm og) tbf pattfry

lmmarktoag wfgt kt k magstkgt rktf.

';'bf eorst ^M os magmfptukhhy k jagatagaus

trkgsearj ae (k pkrt ae) tbf mbragahacomkh mag

toguøj.'' Og atbfr warls, sfqufgmogc ae tbf eogls

kmmarlogc ta tbfor ekmtar smarfs os oglomktovf ae tbf

arlfr og wbomb tbfy wfrf lfpasotfl. Fxmfpt wbfgtbf ekmtar smarfs krf olfgtomkh, gatbogc mkg `f skol

kàut tbf guj`fr ae pots og usf kt kgy sogchf

jajfgt, bawfvfr. \bos àohs lawg ta tbf pra`hfj

ae eoglogc sajf jarf ar hfss hoifhy lostroùtoag ae

tbf hogls ag k tojf kxos tbkt lafs gat voahktf tbf arlfrogc

oglomktfl `y tbf eorst progmopkh majpagfgt.

\wa sumb passo`hf lostroùtoags ojjfloktfhy

majf ta jogl4 kg fvfg agf kgl k garjkh agf. Oe tbf

mbragahacomkh kxos os kròtrkrohy mut up ogta 0>

"pbksfs", og tbf mksf ae kg fvfg lostroùtoag, 6% ae

tbf eogls os kttroùtfl ta fvfry pbksf. \bos wohh `f

mkhhfl "Jalfh o" `fhaw.

Og tbf mksf ae tbf gar jkh lostroùtoag ("Jalfh

0" `fhaw), tbf eogls krf kssfj`hfl ogta pbksfs ta

pralumf k Ckussokg (`fhh-sbkpfl) erfqufgmy murvf

avfr tojf. Gatf tbkt og fotbfr mksf tbf arocogkh

arlfr ogc ae tbf eogls ag ^M o os gat voahktfl . W Gatf

khsa tbkt Jalfh 0 os vkhol aghy og tbf mksf ae

magtoguoty ae tbf arocogkh lfpasotary pramfss, wbomb

os magdfmturkh. Jalfh o, wbomb covfs kg fvfg

sprfklogc aut ae tbf lktk, wohh `f jarf suohk`hf talosmavfr losmagtoguotofs9 og `ftwffg sumb rupturfs

Jalfh 0 sbauhl pfrbkps `f kpphofl.

Sf gaw rfturg ta tbf pra`hfjs kt bkgl. Ketfr

sprfklogc tbf eogls avfr tojf kmmarlogc ta tbf

jalfhs, kg fstojktf ae tbf arocogkh papuhktoag (ae

lfmarktfl pattfry) os a`tkogfl `y kvfrkcogc tbf

maugts ae tbf trkots pfr pbksf. Oglovolukh fstojktfs

jky lovfrcf magsolfrk`hy eraj tbf trfgl, bawfvfr.

K "sjaatbogc" pramflurf sbauhl ddralumm k `ftofr

kddddraxojktoag ae tbf arocogkh stktf ae keekors4 dujpsog erfqufgmofs krf tbaucbt ta `f fxmfptoags (@frcfr

;?3=4 =3). ]jaatbogc sbauhl, ag tbf agf bkgl,

jogojozf tbf ogehufgmf ae ugsystfjktom wkglfrogc

(o.f., lfpkrturfs eraj tbf cfgfrkh trfgl tbkt krf

rfstromtfl ta agf sogchf pbksf). Ag tbf atbfr bkgl,

systfjktom lfvoktoag (k.ssujfl ta `m og tbf skjm

lorfmtoag ear kt hfkst twa pbksfs) sbauhl gat `f

a`smurfl. UUfocbtogc tbf "rkw" fstojktf p(t) wotb



OG\FP^PF\OGC KGL OG\FP^PF\K\OUF MAJ^V\OGC 6;

tbf kldkm'mgt agfs" kmmarlogc ta4

sjaatbfl fstojktf p(t) :

( p ( t - h ) + 0 p ( t ) + p ( t + h ) ) / <

rfsuhts og kg ojpravfl fstojktf ae tbf arocogkh

papuhktoag, tbf lmvfhapjfgt ae wbomb sbauhl `f

mbfmifl kckogst tbf jalfh ae magtoguoty.

6. ^rfsfgtktoag ae tbf rfsuhts

Ag tbf kssujphoag ae k magstkgt usf-ta-wkstf rktoa,

tbf jalfhs og tbf prfvoaus sfmtoag wohh `f rfwarlfl

ta passo`hy h)fttfr kgl mfrtkoghy hfss gkovf kppraxo-

jktoags ae fkrhofr stktfs ae keekors. \bf guj`fr aesbfrls os pfrbkps k `mttfr `ksf ta wari eraj tbkg

tbf gojo`fr ae pots, fspfmokhhy wotb tbf kspfmt ae

lostroùtoag avfr tojf og jogl. \bfrfearf, tbf

kgkhysos bks `ffg mkrrofl tbraucb tbf eahhawogc

stfps4

O. \b f sft ae eogls mag tk ogo gc kt hfkst eovf sbfrls

(;5< pots, ta k tatkh ae <26= lfmarktfl sbfrls) wks

krrkgcfl ag toof `ksos ae tbfor smarfs ag ^M o9 tbfg

eahoawfl fotbfr stfp 0k ta JALFO, O ar stfp 0` ta

JALFH OO.0k. Oe k sbfrl tatkh ae <26= sbfrls os ta `f

lostroùtfl fvfghy avfr 0> pbksfs, tbfg fkmb sbauhl

magtkog <26=/0> :0<0.56 sbfrls. Gaw, oeot mkg `f

stktfl tbkt mhasfl eogls krf skjphfs (me kàvf, p.

02) tbfrf sffjs ta `m ga rfksagk`hf vvky ta sphot

tbfj up wotbaut rkosogc basts ae qufstoags9 tbfrf-

O`rf, eogls wfrf khhamktfl ks fgtotofs wbfg tbf

sbfrls wfrf lostroùtfl avfr tbf rfspfmtovf pbksfs.

Ks k magsfqufgmf, ear fkmb pbksf tbf guj`fr ae

sbfrls aghy kpprakmbfs tbf rfquorfl 6%. \bf

rfsuhtkgt jarf ar hfss fvfghy sprfkl-aut lktk sft

wohh `f mkhhfl JALFH O (me \k`hf 0).

0`. Oe k sbfrl tatkh ae <26= sbfrls os ta `f

lostroùtfl garjkhhy avfr 0> pbksfs, kg fstojktf ae

tbf sozm ae tbf "tkohs" ae tbf lostroùtoag sbauhl `f

jklf. [oootf kròtrkrohy, O pastuhktml tbf fxtrfjfs

ta magtkog tacftbfr 6% ae tbf tatkhoty ae tbf sbfrls.

\bfg tbf lostroùtoag ae tbf rfjkogogc ?6% avfr

tbf ;2 pbksfs og-`ftwffg mkg `f haaifl up og kgy

tk`hf ae garjkh erfqufgmy lostroùtoags. \bf mag-

vfrsoag ae tbf tk`hf's erfqufgmofs ogta mhkss àug-

lkrofs kgl tbf su`sfqumgt khhamktoag ae tbf sfvfrkh

ejls (kckog, ks fgtotofs) ta tbf kppraproktf mhkssfs

ar pbksfs rfsuht og k lostroùtoag ae tbf eogls wbomb

kppraxojktfs k garjkh agf ae tbf sbfrls4 JALFH OO

(me \k`hf 0).

=. Eraj tbf maugts ae tbf trko ts og tbf ejls og

fkmb pbksf ae tbf JALFH], kvfrkcfs, ]tkglkrl

lfvoktoags kgl ?>% mageolfgmf ogtfrvkhs ear tbf

fstojktfs ae tbf jfkgs ae tbf arocogkh papuhktoags

ae lfmar ktovf mbkrkmtfros toms wfrf majp utfl (Lf

Dagcf kgl Sofhfgck ;?3=4 ;30-;3=9 Jaragfy

;?6;4 0=2-0<6).<. Fstojktfs ae jfkgs kgl mageolfgmf ogtfrvkhs

wfrf phattfl ear àtb JALFH] og Eocs. ;= kgl ;<.

6. Eogkhhy, sjaatbfl kvfrkcfs wfrf mkhmuhktfl

(me. kàvf) eraj tbf fstojktfl jfkgs, kgl tbf

murvfs ae Eoc. ;< lr kw g khagc tbfsf paogts.

Ear k losmussoag ae àtb JALFH] kgl kg ogtfrprf-

tktoag ae Eocs. ;= kgl ;< O stohh bkvf ta ogtr alu mï tbf

eahhawogc gatoags4 wbfg tbf fvahutoag ae tbf joxfs

bks ta `f fxkjogfl, tbos os lagf `y majpkrogc tbf

pasotoags ae kldkmfgt mageolfgmf ogtfrvkhs, tbfbarozagtkh `krs og àtb eocurfs. Gaw, oe tbf mbkgcf

eraj sajf pbksf ta tbf prfvoaus ar tbf summfflogc

agf os sa hkrcf tbk t à tb rkgcfs la gat avfr hkp kt khh,

O wohh mkhh sumb k sboet k 'okrcf dujp". Oe tbfrf os

sajf avfrhkppogc (tbaucb hfss tbkg bkhe ae fotbfr

ogtfrvkh) tbf mbkgcf wohh `f mkhhfl "khjast k hkrcf

dujp" .

\urg og c ta Eoc. ;= tbkt ae tbf fvfghy lostro

ùtfl lktk lfsocgfl ear tbf hamktoag ae rupturfs og

tbf lfvfhapjfgt - oe tbf fvahutoag wfrf losmagtogu-aus, tbf losdugmtoags sbauhl ammur sojuhtkgfaushy9

o.f., ear fvfry vkrok`hf og tbf skjf pbksf sboet. \bfg

hfkvogc ksolm tbf kjòcuaus sfmtoags ae tbf crkpbs

(wbfrf tbf guj`fr ae eogls os taa sjkhh ta majputf

tbf mageolfgmf ogtfrvkhs) tbf eahhawogc hkrcf dujps

krf losmfrgo`hf4



@ \FMBGO[HF] GVJFPOMO\_ GFMI LFMG. • FHFJFG\] @FWO. W;. eogcfr-tops/gkohs O. soj phf lfm g. ;. prfsfg t O. eogcfr ojprfssomjs

0. sojphf spktuhk 0. lau`hï lfmg. 0. k`sfgt 0. hogfs=. juhto-lfgtfl spktuhk 'd. trf`hf lfmg. =. bktmbogcs<. 'cakh eaat haao' <. s tk`-kgl-lrkc

6. paogts

® / ®

HuGA

• ]\PVM\VPF] JA\OF] KHROHOKP_ HOGF] LOPFM\OAG AE FHFJFG\] GFM4I

O. murvohog- O. wkvfs o. prfsfgt EOHODGC] ;. eogcfr/g koh ojprf ssoagsfkgty 0. sporkhs 0. k`sfgt O. oglftfrjogktf 0. hogfs

o. rfmtohog- 0. pkrkhhfh ta =. bktmbogcsfkgty jatoe

=. atbfr kgchfs

<. s tk`-kgl-lrkcW. paogts

aazB

0M

B•8

7TA

Eoc. OD. BOFGBFOJ4 ^rapartoags ae vkroaus kttro`utfs pfr vkrok` hf ae lfmarktoag avfr tojf. ^bksfs majprosf kppraxo jktfhy fqukh guj `frs ae sbfrls (JALFH O) , arlfrflmbragahacomkhhy `y jfkgs ae k progmopkh majpagfgts kgkhysos ae tbf vkrok`hfs jkrifl `y • 4 'o ', tbf ahlfst pbksf, '0>' tbf yaugcfst ag f.

'G. AE ^O\]'4 guj`fr ae eogls og wbomb tbf sbfrls wfrf mahhfmtfl.mahujg woltb4 OAA**[ fkmb.barozagtkh `krs4 ca",, mageolfgmf ogtfrvkhs ear tbf jfkg.

- R-4 ga lk tk9 -( .)- 4 ogsueeomoégt lktk.



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sojphf spktuhk ;4 sojphf Y4 k`sfgt ;4 paogts ;4 murvo- O4 sporkhs HOGF] EB.HOGC] ;4 paogtsjubo lfgtfl spktuhk lfmarktoag •U. prfsfgt 04 Vgfs hogfkrot y 04 wkvfs ;4 prfsfgt ;4 oglftfrjo- 04 Vgfs

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Eoc. ;<. BOFGBFOJ4 ^rapartoags ae ktrroùtfs pfr vkrok`hf ae lfmarktoag avfr tojf. ^bksfs majprosf kppraxojktfhy garjkhhy lostroùtfl guj`frs ae sbfrls (JALFH OO),arlfrfl mbragahacomkhhy `y k progmopkh majpagfgts kgkhysos ae tbf vkrok`hfs jkrifl `y B 9 'o' 4 tbf ahlfst, '0>'4 tbf yaugcfst pbksf. ]jaatbfl kvfrkcfs.

^B4 ^bksf guj`fr. //////4 losmagtoguoty og tbf lfvfhapjfgt.G4 Guj`fr ae eogls pfr pbksf. Mahujg woltb4 ;>>% fkmb.m-;<4 Pkloamkràg lktfs (`ftwffg pkrfgtbfsfs4 ugmfrtkog kssamoktoag).Barozagtkh `krs4 ?>% mageolfgmf ogtfrvkhs ear tbf jfkg.

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6< M A G \ O G V O \ _ K G L L O] M A G \ O G V O\ _

;. Cfgfrkh vkrok`hfs4

\FMBGomWooFs4 `f twff g tbf pbksms ;3-;2 kgl ;?-0>9

khjast, ;2-;?.

GVJFPOMO\_4 gfotbfr hkrcf gar khjast hkrcf dujps

krf eaugl.

GFMI LFMAPK\OAG (EAPJK\)4 prfsfgt `ftwffg

O 3-;29 og kllotoag, <-6, ;=-;<, kgl ;<-;6 khjast

qukooey.

0. Ukrok`hfs ae tbf lfmarktoag og tbf `fhhy krfk4

maJÂGFG\s4 ftwffg tbf pbksfs 2-?, ?-;>, ;<-;6,

;6-;5, ;3-;29 khjast ;5-;3, ;2-;?, ;?-0>.

]\PVM\VPF]4 `ftwffg ;5-;3, ;3-;2 (àtb vfry

socgoeomkgt `fmkusf ae tbf gkr raw mageolfgmf

ogtfrvkhs).

JKoG JA\OF]4 `ftwffg ;-0, 0-=, 6-5, 5-39 khjast,;3-;2.

KVROHOKP_ HoGFs4 prfsfgt `f twffg ;3-;29 wotb

;0-;=, ;=-;<, ;<-;6 khjast sa.

LOPFM\OAG AE EoHHoGCs4 aghy `mtwmmg ;3-;2 gat haa

hkrcf kdujp os eaugl.

=. Ukrok`hfs ae roj lfmarktoag4

maJÂGFG\s4 ugogtfrprftk`hf `fmkusf ae tbf hkrcf

mageolfgmf fstojktfs.

Sbfg hkrcf dujps krf gatfl, twa fxphkgktoagsmkg `f ogvaifl4

- og tbf vomogoty ae tbf ogehfmtoag paogt ae k hacostom

murvf' mbkgcf os ekstfr tbkg kgyw bfrf fhsf. \bos

sbauhl `f magsolfrfl k rfcuhkr efkturf. \bfrfearf,

hkrcfr mageolfgmf ogtfrvkhs mkg `f fxpfmtfl ta

ammur og tbos vomogoty.

- k cfguogf ogtfrruptoag ae tbf lfvfhapjfgts kt

tbf sotf, tbf pattfrs bk vf mkjpfl fhsfwbfrf ear k

su`stkgtokh pfroal. Kt tbfor rfturg ta tbf ahl sotf

tbf mbkgcf og tbfor rfpfrtaorf bks `ffg hkrcf

fgaucb ta sbaw og tbf lokcrkjs.Oe kg ogtfrruptoag wauhl maogmolf wotb k pfroal

ae rkpol mbkgcf (o.f., kraugl tbf ogehfmtoag paogts

og aur crkpbs) ot os crkpbomkhhy oglostogcuosbk`hm og

tbf mksf ae k sogchf vkrok`hf. Sbfg tbf atbfr

vkrok`hfs krf khsa tkifg ogta kmmaugt, bawfvfr,

gat aghy tbfsf twa mksfs, ùt psfula- kgl truf

magtoguoty mkg `f losmfrgfl ks wfhh (oe prfsfgt) . \a

mbfmi ear psfula-magtoguoty, kg fstojktm ae tbf

ogehfmtoag paogts ear tbf lohh`rfgt vkrok`hfs rugs4

ear tbf cfgfrk! vkrok`hfs, kpprax. og tbf pbksfs ;2,

;3, ;3/;2, rfspfmtovfhy9

- ear tbasf eraj tbf `fhhy krfk, kpprax. og tbf

pbksfs ;3/;2, ;3, (oe kgy4) sajfwbfrf og tbf

jollhf ae tbf smkhf, ;3 (14 pfrbkps fkrhofr), gagf,

rfspfmtovfhy9 kgl og tbf pbksfs ;5/;2 ear tbkt ae tbf

gfmi lfmarktoag. , •

Ks tbfsf paogts la gat maogmolf, psfula-mag

toguoty jky pra`k`hy `f ruhfl aut ks ekr ks JALFH O

os magmfrgfl. \bf loeefrfgt hfgctbs ae tbf klaptovf

pfroals ae tbf trkots sffj ta f eurtbfr marraàrk-

tovf fvolfgmf. \a rfsujï, twa ar jarf hkrcf (ar

khjast hkrcf) dujps kr f eaugl kt tbf ogtfrekmfs aetbf pbksfs ;5/;3 (W vkrok`hfs), ;3/;2 (3 vkrok`hfs),

;2/;? (0 vkrok`hfs), kgl ;?/0> (0 vkrok`hfs). K

guj`fr ae tbfsf maogmolf wotb tbf ogehfmtoag paogts

ae tbf crkpbs (sumb ks kt tbf ;3-;2-;? trkgsotoags

ear \FMBGoquF], ar ;3-;2 ear tbf MAJÂGFG\] ae

`fhhy lfmarktoag). Fvfg wbfg tbos os tkifg ogta

kmmaugt, ag àtb solfs ae pbksf o 3 tbfrf stohh sffjs

ta `f sajftbogc caogc ag4 \FMBGO[VF], prfsfgmf

ae GFMI LFMAPK\OAG (ar E A P J K \ ) , MAJÂGFG\]

(`fhhy), ]\PVM\VPF], JKOG JA\OE] (khjast),KVROHOKP_ HOGF], lorfmtoag ae OV.HOGC] (khjast)

khh sbaw magsolfrk`hf mbkgcf ag fotbfr ar ag àtb

solfs ae tbos pbksf.

Sotb tbos og jogl, wf turg ta Eoc. ;< (JALFH ;;)

kgl kckog majpkrf tbf rfhktovf pasotoags ae tbf

rfspfmtovf rkgcfs ae tbf mageolfgmf fstojktfs (tbf

barozagtkh `krs og Eoc. ;<).

Ks k magsfqufgmf ae tbf khtfrfl lostroùtoag ae

tbf eogls avfr tojf, sfvfrkh dujps kppkrfgt og Eoc.

;= bkvf loskppfkrfl, sajf atbfrs turgfl up ar

rfmfovfl jarf fjpbksos. Hkrcf ar khjast hkrcf dujp s ammur kt tbf ogtfrekmfs ae tbf pbksfs ;<-;6,

;6-;5,;3-;2 (\FMBGO[VF]) , ;<-;6 (GVJFPOMO\_) , kgl

;<-;6 (prfsfgmf ae GFMI LFMAPK\OAG)9 =-<, ;<-;6,

;5-;3 (MAJÂGFG\] ae lfmarktoag og `fhhy krfk),

;<-;6, ;6-;5 (]\PVM\VPF]), <-6 , ;0 -;=, ;<-;6

(JKOG JA\oEs), ;<-;6 (KVROHOKP_ HOGF]), kgl 5-3,

3-2 (lorfmtoag ae EOHHOGC])9 kgl ;<-;6, ;6-;5



^PF]FG\K\OAG AE \BF PF]VH\] 66

(MAJ^ØGFG\] aeGFMI L F M A P K Á O A G ) .

Sf gfxt ogspfmt tbf sjaatbfl crkpbs (stopphfl,

ta oglomktf tbfor pravosoagkh gkturf) ta hamktf tbf

ogehfmtoag paogts (rfspfmtovfhy og tbf pbksfs ;6,;6/;5, kgl ;69 ;6, ;<, 5/;=, ;=/;6, kgl gagf9 kgl

;</;6) kgl ta majpkrf tbf hfgctbs ae tbf klaptovf

pfroals (wbomb krf loeefrfgt). Ot wohh `f kppkrfgt

tbkt ag tbf agf bkgl aghy k efw hkrcf du jp s rfjko g

wbfg tbasf og tbf vomogoty ae tbf ogehfmtoag paogts

krf su`strkmtfl, wbohf ag tbf ftbfr bkgl kt hfkst

focbt aut ae tbf gogm vkrok`hfs bfrf og magsolfrktoag

sbaw su`stkgtokh lohefrfgmms `ftwffg pbksfs ;< kgl

;6 - k rktbfr systfjktom keekor. Ogehfmtoag paogts krf

fstk`hosbfl aghy fx past ekmta4 tbfrfearf gat taa jumb

kgkhytomkh wfocbt sbauhl `f covfg ta tbfj. \b us, k

losmagtoguoty sffjs ta bkvf `ffg trkmfl bfrf. \bos

;<-;6 trkgsotoag ae JALFH OO lovolfs tbf magtfgts ae

tbf khrfk ly suspmmtfl pbksf o 3 og JALFH O.

Sbfg majputogc tbf uhtojktf, sjaatbfl murvfs

(euVy lrkwg hogfs og Eoc. ;<) tbos losdugm toag wks

tkifg ogta kmmaugt4 tbf maugts eraj kmrass tbf ckp

wfrf hfet aut og tbf mkhmuhktoag ae tbf vkhufs e`r

pbksfs ;< kgl ;6. K majpkrosag ae tbf eogkh murvfs

wotb tbf pravosoagkh murvfs sbaws tbkt sjaatb ogc

sbauhl `f lagf aghy ketfr ogtfrprftktoag, og arlfrgat ta a`smurf patfgtok h systfjktom orrfcuhkrotofs.

K hostogc ae tbf maugts tbkt jkif up tbf magtfg ts

ae tbf pbksfs ;< kgl ;6 ae JALFH OO (\k`hf =)

lfjagstrktfs tbkt tbf losmagtoguoty lafs gat maog-

molf wotb toom ogtfrekmf ae tbf twa pbksfs. Pktbfr,

tbf hogf smfjs ta `f hamktfl `ftwffg tbf eogls gas.

>5;< kgl >20= (rkgifl ><0 kgl ><;, rfspfmtovfhy).

EaVawogc tbf hogf ae tbaucbt wbomb hfl ta tbf

Jalfh 0/JALFH OO lostroùtoag ot sffjs hacomkh ta

kpphy tbkt jalfh ta àtb `hamis ae lktk sfpkrktfhy(me. p. 6>). .Retfr khh, og tbf ahlfr bkhe ae Eoc. ;<

vortukhhy ga mbkgcm og tbf joxfs os ta f pmrmfovfl,

k rktbfr ughoifhy stktf ae keekors. ]a, tbf lktk ahlfr

tbkg tbf ckp (<>06 sbfrls eraj ;0= pots) wfrf

rflostroùtfl avfr tbf tojf-kxos og kg kppraxo-

jktfhy garjkh wky (ks kàvf), gaw kròtrkrohy

lovolfl ogta tfg pbksfs. \bf yaugcfr lktk (202

sbfrls eraj <; pots wfrf covfg k sojohkr trfktj fgt,

kh`fot lovolfl up og sox pbksfs. Ae maursf, àtb

lostroùtoags rfspfmtfl tbf arocogkh ekmtar smarf

arlfrogc. \bos lau`hogc ae tbf JALFH OO lostroù

toag os mkhhfl JALFH ;;; bfrf9 ketfr tbf mkhmuhktoagae tbf kvfrkcfs kgl mageolfgmf ogtfrvkhs tbfsf

wfrf phattfl og Eoc. ;6. (Og k cfgfrkh wky, tbos

lau`hï garjkh lostroùtoag os marraàrktfl `y Eoc.

0<, p. 33, wbfrf k sojphf agf-ta-agf arlfrogc ae

tbf lktk os majpkrfl wotb k hogfkr qukgtoeomktoag

ae mbkgcf og tbf lktk sft.) Hkrcf dujps la gat

systfjktomkhhy ammur wotbog tbf `hamis sa lfeogfl,

aghy og `ftwffg tbfj. Kgl fvfg tbfrf, tbf

loeefrfgmfs sffj ta `f hfss tbkg og Eoc. ;< kt tbf

ogtfrekmf ae pbksfs ;< kgl ;6.

5. Losmussoag kgl fvkhuktoag

(hfgfrkhhy, jalfhs krf lfeogfl og bfurostom tfrjs4 oe

sajf systfj R os usfl ta ckog ogsocbt ogta kgatbfr

systfj _ (wbomb os oglfpfglfgt ae R), tbf R os

skol ta `f k jalfh ae _ (@frtfhs kgl Gkut k ;?5?4

02). \bf warlogc ae R wohh `f k sft ae prapasotoags

kàut fhfjfgts kg l rfhktoags `ftwffg tbfj. \b f

mhfjfgts jky `f sojphf lktk, bypatbfsfs, ar hkws.K jalfh gffl gat magtkog hkws, bawfvfr, sogmf tbf

prapasfl rfhktoagsbops jky khsa `f ae k sfhe-

fvolfgt, ar ae k bypatbftomkh gkturf. \bf warl

"jalfh" og tbos sfgsf os jfrfhy k su`stotutf ear

"fxphkgktoag" (âppfr ;?524 3<-369 khsa me

]khjag ;?36).

\a fvkhukt f sumb k jalfh, tbfg , os khsa k bfurostom

pramflurf4 lafs tbf jalfh la wbkt ot sbauhl la,

lafs ot klfquktfhy cfgfrktf kgl fxphkog k strumturf

og tbf lktk, kg klfqukmy og tbf hkst ogstkgmf ta `f dul cfl `y tbf smofgtoeom majjugoty (Lf Craat

;?(;;4 029 âppmr ;?524 <;-<0).

\bf eorst jalfh tbkt wks ogtralumf l sbauhl

mhkroey tbf magmfpts ae magtoguoty kgl losmagtoguoty

kgl tbfg lfvfhap tbfsf sa tbk t a`sfrvktoag wauhl

`f passo`hf (kàvf sfmtoag 0). \bos jalfh rfsts upag

tbf vkholoty ae twa prapasotoags4 (o) (og kmmarlkgmf

wotb tbf hotfrkturf ag muhturkh mbkgcf4) oe agf trkot



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=4 eogcfr tops/gkohs 04 lau`hï 'd4 eogcfr/gkoh ojprfssoags

<4 'cakt eakh taao ' lfmark toag <4 bktmbogcs

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lfmark t oag

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j ]\POM\VPF] JKOG JArYE];4 murv ohogfk roty ;4 sporkhs

04 rfmtohogfkroty 04 wkvfs

KHROHOKP_ VGF] LOPFM\OAG AEo4 prfsfgt EOHHOGC]04 k`sfgt o4 oglftfrj ogktf

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Eoc. 9 d . BoFGB]w4 maugts ae trkots pfr vkrokJf pfr pbksf, wbfg tbf

sojohkr ta prfsfgtktoag ae JALFH g.

ae obfrls os lostroùtfl gamjkhoy àtb `fearf kgl ketfr tbf prfsujfl losmagtoguoty. Atbfrwosf,



L O ] M V ] ] O A G K G L I U K O . V K \ O A G 63

lroXo's aut kooatbfr sojohkr aou-, obfoo k maugt ae tbf

rfhkøvf erftoufgmofs ae tbf Owa trkohs avfr tojf

usukhhy sbaws k hacostom pkttfrg9 (0) og tbf mksf ae

jarf oglfpfglfgt vkrok`hfs, tbf klaptoag ae gfw

trkots wohh stkrt kt loeefrfgt paogts ae tojf kgl khsa

prat ffl kh ugfqukh spffl. Ks k magsfqufgmf ae tbf

Owa pra()asotoags, k losruptoag sbauhl mkusf syg-

fbragaus Dujps og tbf erfqufgfy maugts ae tbf

Xkr ok` hf s. Earjkhhy, tbf jalfh huos cfgfrkhfl

stktfjfgts kàut baw ta a`sfrvf magtoguoty kgl

losmagtoguoty, `y jfkgs ae wbomb bypatbfsfs ag

tbfsf su`dfmts mkg `f ekhsoeofl. ]ogmf ot bks `ffg

passo`hf ta jkgopuhktf tbf lktk ta magearj ta tbf

prmsmro`fl erfqufgfy lostroùtoags, kgl khsa `f-

mkusf kg ogstkgmf ae losmagtoguoty mauhl `f fx-trkmtfl, tbf jalfh bks kt hfkst sajf bfurostom vkhuf,

oe gat vkholoty. hts rfhokòhoty os k jkttfr ae eurtbfr

tfsts, ks stktfl kàvf.

Og tbf eaurtb sfmtoag twa jalfhs ear (bf lostro-

ùtoag ae tbf eogls avfr tojf wfrf prapasfl. \bfy

wfrf shocbthy kjfglfl og tbf eoetb sfmtoag ta sbfrls

maugts ogstfkl ae guj`fr ae ejls. ha sujjkrozf,

JALFo. O, wb ohfrftkogo gc tbf rfhk ooX f pasotoagsaet bf

hhgls ag tbf tojf smkhf, fvfghy lostroùtfs tbf

kjaojt ae sbfrls avfr tbos kxos. Kgl JALFH OO,rftkogogc tbf rfhktovf pasotoags, craups tbf eogls

kmmarlogc ta k garjkh erfqufgfy murvf ear tbf

sbfrl qukgtotofs. JALFH OO O, wotb ots twa garjkh

lostroùtoag s, os jfrfhy k hacomkh magsfqufgmf ae tbf

kssujptoags uglfrhyogc JALFH OO, kgl lafs tbfrf -

earf gat gffl ta `f trfktfl sfpkrktfhy bfrm.

Obf fehomkmy ah JALFH] O kgl ;; os ta `f ckucfl

eraog tbfor rfspfmtovfkòhoty ta sujjkrozf tbf lktk,

k jfksurf ae wbomb mkg `f eaugl og tbf rfspfmtovf

vkrokgmfs kraugl tbf jfkgs. Og \k`hf < tbf

kvfrkcfl ]tkglkrl lfvokhoags pfr pbksf krf

prfsfgtfl. (ofgfrkhhy, tbf vkhufs ear JALFH OO krf

saogfwbkh hawfr obkg obasf ear JALFH O9 tbus, tbf

earjfr sffjs ta `f k hohhhf jarf fhh'fmhovf (fgtorfhy

og kmfarlkgmf wotb ^hac ;?3<4 ?0). K majpkrosag

og tfrjs ae tbf kvfrkcf ]tkglkrl lfvokhoags pfr trkot

os khsa shocbthy og ekvaur ae JALFH OO4 og eovf aut ae

focbt trkots tbos vkhuf os hfss og JALFH OO tbkg og

JALo-o o, kgl rfvfrsf og tbrff trkots (\k`hf 6).

( )e maursf tbos majpkr osag skys gatbog c kàu t tbf

vkholoty ae tbf arlfrogc otsfhe, wbomb sbauhl `f

tfstfl `y oglfpfglfgt jfkgs. @fhaw O wohh prfsfgt

eaur sumb tfsts ag tbf rfsuhts a`tkogfl ear Bofg

bfoj9 og tbf gfxt sfmtoag O wohh prfsfgh tbf autmajf

ae k sojohkr kgkhysos ag kg fgtorfhy oglfpfglfgt

lktk sft (eraj Fhshaa, og tbf Gfhbfrhkgls), kgl

eogkhhy, O wohh lrkw kttfgtoa oo ta k mksf stuly jklf

`y P.L. Lrfggkg khagc raucbhy pkrkhhfh hogfs ae

tbaucbt. \bf mbfmis ag tbf Bofgbfoj rfsuhts `fkr

ag rfhokòhoty9 tbf kgkhysos ae tbf Fhshaa lk tk sbauhl

`f k mbfmi ag tbf jftbal's magsostfgmy9 kgl

Lrmggkg's mksf stuly jky pfrbkps `f sffg ks

vkholkhogc tbf cfgfrkh olfk ae jy kgkhysos.O. Ogtfrjl fvolfgmf4 \bf h)mbkXoauo()htbm joxfsks

lmlumml eraj tbf sfqufgmf majputfl eraj tbf

lktk ear tbrff vkrok`hfs eoFMBGoquFs, MAJÂGFG\]

(`mVy), s'o'PhurruPFs) sbauhl jkif sfgsf ag tbf

Xkr ok` hf s tbkt wfrf hfht aut og tbf progmo|dkh

majpagfgts kgkhysos (me pp. <3, <2). K chkgmf kt

Eocs. ;= kgl ;< sbaws k magstfhhkt oag wbomb os gat

fgtorfhy sktosekmtary4 ks k magsfqufgmf ae tbf

losmagtoguoty tbf pastuhktfl hacostom murvf os jksi-

fl >;; tbf atbfr vkrok`hfs9 stohh, k cfgfrkh trfgl aembkgcf os kppkrfut ag tbfj. Gar os tbf cfgfrkh

sbkpf ae tbf murvfs eraj tbf pbksfs >; ta ;> ks gfkt

ks tbf jalfh ae Eoc. ? prfsmro`fs. .'Xs k passo`hf

fxphkgktoag ae tbos `fkrs ag tbf fooooom Zor(}h)hfj ae

tbf fxkhukhoag. tbos wohh `f losmussfl kh obf fgl ae

tbos sfmtoag.

Obm magoolfgmf ogtfrvkhs la gah prfsfgt k vfry

mhfkr Z)omourm fohbfr9 k majddkrosag ah'obf sokglkrl

lfvokhoags majputfl pfr pbksf kgl kvfrkcfl pfr

Xkrok`hf (\k`hf 6) sbaws tbkt tbf tbrff "cuologc" Xk ro k` hfs bkvf jkriflhy sjkhhfr vkhufs (kgl tbus

krf jarf prfmosm obkg hhof ahbf r agfs. Bawfvfr,

hkiogc tbf looefrfgh joj`frs ae a`sfrX khoags ogta

kmmaugt (khsa '\k`hf 6) tbf smâgf haais hfss chaajy4

hkrcfr Xkr okg mf s kppfkr wbfrf obf guj`fr ae Xkh ol

a`sfrvkhoags os haw kgl wbfrf tbf rfhokòhoty os

wkgtogc (tbos hkthfr paogh mkggat `f qukghohofl,

fxmfpt tbraucb tbf Xkrokgmf - wbomb wauhl a`-

http://ariables/

http://ariables/

http://ariables/

http://ariables/

http://ariable/

http://ariable/

http://ariables/

http://ariables/

http://ariances/

http://ariances/

http://alid/

http://ariance/

http://ariance/

http://ariance/

http://alid/

http://ariances/

http://ariables/

http://ariable/

http://ariables/

http://ariables/



62 M A G \ O G V O \ _ K G L L O ] M A G \ O G V O \ _

voaushy ogtralumï k mormuhkr rfksagogc).

0. Khhfrgktovf majputktoags4 mkgagomkh kgkhysos aerkw

lktk4 Lrs. J. Odai Daf ae tbf Mfgtrkkh Pfifg

Ogstotuut aeHfylfg Vgovfrsoty wks sa iogl ks tambfmi tbf rfsuhts ae jy ^MK `y jfkgs ae k

mkgagomkh kgkhysos ae tbf rkw lktk (o.f., wotbaut

magvfrtogc tbf rkw maugts ta pfrmfgtkcfs, kgl

wariogc lorfmthy "wotb tbf lktk, gat wotb k marrf-

hktoag jktrox9 ear lftkohs ag tbos jftbal sff Lf

Hffuw, g.l.o. Khh eoglsm agtkog ogclfmar ktfl sbmrls

(wotbaut jfksurfs kckogst gaosf) wfrf kgkhysfl ag

<= kròtrkrohy sfhfmtml trkots. 'Ebf eorst gag-trovokh

majpagfgt rfsuhtogc eraj tbos majputktoag mauhl

tbfg `f olfgtoeofl ks `fogc bocbhy rfhktfl ta tbf

pksskcf ae tojf. K majpkrosag ae tbf rfhktovfpasotoags ae tbf vkroaus eogls ag ^M o kgl ag tbf

horso Mkgagomkh Majpagfgt (\k`hf 5) sbawfl k

rktoofr stragc kcrffjfgt4 k marrfhktoag ae.3> sbauhl

`f magsolfrfl "mpootm caal" og tbos mksf. ^rfsujk-

`hy k gag-kròtrkry sfhfmhoag ae trkots ota lojogosb

tbf erfqufgmy ae jossogc vkhufs) kgl tbf ojpasotoag

ah rfstromtoags ta sozf ae tbf eogls (ta tkif kmmaugt ae

tbf ruj`hf) wauhl magsolfrk`hy àhstfr up tbf

marrfhktoag ae tbf owa sfm|umgmms. (Ear k passo`hf

mxphkgkooag ae tbf rktbfr wolf smkttfrogc og tbfhawfr pkrt ae tbf jktrox, tbf rfklfr os kckog

rfefrrfl ta tbf fgl ae tbos sfmtoag).

•Z. Gaoo-juhtwkroktf mbfmis4 lorfmtdk`sahutf lktogc4

Eraj Bofgbfoj, eovf rkloamkràg lktfs krf kvkoh-

k`hf ear tbf Fkrhy kgl Jollhf Gfahotbom4

- hogl gr. >>524 6?;> -» 6> `p (CrG <2=>)

- togl gr. >;>24 632> » 6> `p (CrG <2=0)

- eogl gr. ><;<4 5;06 »Q =6 `p (CrG 623>)

- egol gr. >2004 5;66 »Q <6 `p (CrG 3;65)

- eogl gr. ;;;64 6?>6 » <6 `p (CrG 3;63)

Kjagc tbfsf lktfs, tbasf ear hogls grs. >>52 kgl

>200 krf suspfmt og agf wky ar kgatbfr4

- Eogl gr . >>52 magsosts ae pat tfry wbomb os tru hy

H@I og kppfkrkgmf9 yft ots M-;< lktf os k euV

mfgtury hktfr tbkg tbf cfgfrkhhy kmmfptfl fgl ae tbf

rkgcf har H@I lkhms (Gfustupgy ;?52). Oeaghy ear

tbos rfksag, tbf lktf sbauhl `f sft `ftwffg pkrfg

tbfsfs (kg kgkhacaus fxkjphf mkg `f eaugl og

Johoskusiks o?35`4==). Kgatbfr rfksag os tbkt tbf

eofhl lrkwogcs sbaw shocbthy hkyfrfl eohhogcs ae tbf

pot. Khtbaucb tbf fxmkvktar. ^rae lr. ^.D.P.

Jallfrjkg fgtfrtkogs ga lau`t ks ta tbf kssamok-toag ae pathmry kgl mbkrmakh (pfrs. majj.), O kj

ogmhogfl ta qufstoau ot ag hhom craugls prfsfghfl.

- Eogl gr. >200 rfefrs ta mkràg skjphf l eraj k

sbfrlhfss past bahf ae k but, tbus lktogc tbkt

strumturf kgl ots kmmajpkgyogc efkturfs. Vgear-

tugktfhy, ga pots mkg `f ugfquovamkhhy kssamoktfl

wotb ot - tbaucb pot >3<? jocbt `f k mkglolktf.

Kmmajpkgyogc k guj`fr ae avfrhkppogc bausf

rmjkogs, tbkt pot os agf ae k majphomktfl sft ae pots,

tbf rfhktoagsbops `ftwffg wbomb krf ùt paarhy

uglfrstaal. \bfrmearf, tbf succfstfl rfhktoag ossbkiy, kt `fst. Kgl tbf vfry ekmt tbkt ot wauhl rouo

maugtfr ta tbf rfsuhts ae tbf progmopkh majpagfgts

kgkhysos (ks twa ae tbf lktogcs wauhl kppfkr og

rfvfrsfl arlfr) strfgctbfgs tbf lau`ts kàut tbf

khhroùtoag ae tbos lktf ta (ogl gr. >3<?.

Sotb tbfsf rfsfrvktoags, tbf sfqufgmm ae rkloa

mkràg lktfs kcrffs wfhh wotb tbf jktbfjktomkhhy

lflumfl agf (Eocs. ;<, ;6, ;5).

Kpkrt eraj tbf rkloamkràg lktfs, k guj`fr aetbfrjahujogfsmfgmf rfklogcs bkvf `ffg a`tkogfl

ks wfhh. Eraj pot ><;< tbrff tbomi sbfrls wfrf

jfksurfl4 <55>, <=?>, kgl <32>, kvfrkcogc <5;>

o 5>> @.M., ar 6336 `p og magvfgh oagkh MWo< yfkrs

(rkgcf 6;3> ta 50?6 `p). Ks tbos \H lktf os kt

vkrokgmf wotb tbf rkloamkràg lktf a`tkogfl eraj

tbf skjf pot 5;06 W =6 `p9 phat tfl og tbf Eocs. ;<,

;6, ;5), kgl ots fxtfglfl rkgcf khhaws ear sfvfrkh

ogtfrprftktoags, ga kttfjpt wohh `m jklf bfrf ta

rfmagmohf tbos lktf wotb tbf tojf smkhf prad=asfl9 kg

kllotoagkh rfksag wauhl `f tbkt obfrf os aghy agf

sogchf lktf kvkohk`hf, gat k sfrofs mavfrogc sfvfrkh

pots kgl k rkgcf ae tojf.

<. Jag-stktostomkh mbfmis - strktocrkpby4 Ks gatml

`fearf, aghy agf mksf ae strktocrkpbomkh supfrpaso-

toags bks `ffg gatfl kt Bofgbfoj4 eogl gr. a-,<2 bks

`ffg a`smr Xfl ta mut ogta gr . >666. '; bfy k rf

kttroùtfl ta pbksfs 2 kgl ?, rfspfmtovfhy (JALFH



L O ] M V ] ] O A G K G L F U K H V K \ O A G 6?

J K M P A . ^ B K ] F ] ,

UKPOK@HF]

\ F M B G O [ V F ] 4

;. sojphf spkt uhk

0. e ogckr tops, gkohs kgl

"cakt eaat taao"

= . juh t olf gtfl tpktuhk

G V J F P O M O \ _ 4

;. sojph f lfma rktoag

0.lau`hï lfmarktoag

=. trf `hf lfmarktoag

G F M I L F M A P K \ O A G 4

;. k`sfgt 0.prf sfgt

F H F J F G \ ] ( @ F H H _ ) 4

;. bgfs

0 .paogts

=- bktmbogcs

<- eog cfr/ gko h ojprfssoags

6 . s tk`.kgl.lrkc

]\PVM\VPF]4

;. murvohjfkr 0 . rfft ohogfkr

J K O G J A \ O E ] 4

;. sporkhs 0.wkvfs

K V R O H O K P _ H O G F ] 4

; .murvohogfkr 0.rfmt ohogf kr

L O P . A E E O H H O G C ] 4

;. jlftfrjog,

0. pkrkhhfh

=. ftbfrs

; oW9-4vWzsoW FH FJFG \ ] (G FM I ) 4

;. hogfs

0. paogts

=. bktmbogcs

<. e jcfr /gko h ojprfssoags].s tk`. kgl.lrkc

0 DW

“

FH FJFG \ ] (G FM I ) 4

;. hogfs

0. paogts

=. bktmbogcs


0 DW

“


;. hogfs

0. paogts

=. bktmbogcs



;. hogfs

0. paogts

=. bktmbogcs


XX X7 0W • ;


;. hogfs

0. paogts

=. bktmbogcs


XX X7 0W • ;


;. hogfs

0. paogts

=. bktmbogcs


sXU ;


;. hogfs

0. paogts

=. bktmbogcs


<6? ==< 3 0;? 2; 5?2 <? G P . A E ] B F P L ] / ^ B K ] F

00 ?> ;; ? 03 6 G P . A E E O G L ] / ^ B K ] F

5;06 6?>6

• = 6 ' < 6

632>

;6>M O < lktf s `.p.

Eoc. hl. BOFGBFOJ4 sugojkoy ah JALFO, OO O, maglf gsfl ha soxjkmra-pbksfs ks O`hhaws h'raj OK@HF] 6 & Õ (o.f., kmmarlogc taJALFH O O O -K) .

Oh) - og atbfr vvarls, tbf wragc wky raoogl.

]ojphf hacom oooocbt khhavv ooom ta fvklm tbf prabhfj

`y stktogc tbkt tbf rfsfkrmb qufstoag magmfrgfl

maghoguoty kgl losmagtoguoty aghy, Bawfvfr, ks og

sagom (pokotfrs ah tbf losmophogf strktocrkpbv os shohh

thof aghy jftbal ah'rfhktovf lktogc kmmfptfl, ; effh

aòocfl ta ekmf thof ossuf. Ot bks khsa ta la wotb

lohhomghtofs moomaoogtfrfl og mkrbfr pkrts ah' tbos

sfmtoag.

(ofgfrkohy, k jkrcog ae frrar os ta `f fxpfmtfl og

kgy lftfrjogktoag, ogmhulogc strktocrkpby (tbaucb og

tbf kàvf mksfs gat k sbklaw ae lau`t mxosts ks ta

tbf kmmurkmy ae tbf a`smrvkt oags). \ bf mkusfs ae tbosfrrar krf jkgoe`hl. Jast gatkòf kjagc tbfj krf

ooaosm kgl skjphogc frrars, lfefmts og tbf jftbal ar

tbf "ogstrujfgt" ae a`sfrvktoag phus josrfklogcs

kgl su`dfmtovoty (kgl k tatkh fvksoag ae tfstkòhoty

mkg `f ogvaifl `y motogc gagmagearjost pkst

`fbkvoaur).

\a stkrt wotb tbf hkttfr paogt, su`dfmtovoty, tbfrf

sffjs ta `f ga wky ta kvaol tbos majphftfhy. \bf

mxphomktoag ae khh stfps ogvahvfl og koo kgkhysos os

usukhhy magsolfrfl k caal kgtolatf ear hhof kgkhyst9

kllotoagkhhy, ot ekmohotktms mrotomosj. Ot os jy a`dfm-hovf ta magearj ta tbos ]tkglkrl.

Obf saur mf ae frrar majjaghy hk`fhfl "ga osf "ar

"o uj`hf" bks khrfkly `ffg lfkht wotb og Mbkptfr

;;9 O wohh gah rfmkpotuhktf tbf krcujfgts bfrf. \bf

gfxt lktk-lfpfglfgt frrar stfjs eraj tbf ekuhty

lostroùtoag ae tbf skjphfs9 krmbkfahacomkhhy spfki-

ogc, lfpasotoagkh bkzkrls `fhagc ta tbos typf4 ga

ogloXolukh hogl ("skjphf") gfml `m eoohhy rfprfsfg-

hktovf ae tbf arocogkh papuh ktoa g ("u govfrsf") eraj

wbomb ot os lrkwg, ks ekmtars atbfr tbkg purf mbkgmfjky bkvf `ffg ogvahvfl og tbf losmkrlogc kgl

lfpasotoag pramfss. Bawfvfr, k sft ae skjphfs hoetfl

aut ae tbf skjf ugovfrsf ( W k guj`f r ae eogls

rfhfvkgt ta agf jox) wohh daog thy kp praxojktf tbf

arocogkh maooopaugl. \bf kccrfcktfl mbkgcf avfr k

guj`fr ae sumb sfts wohh magstotutf k ekorhy kmmurktf

oglomktar ae tbf arocogkh fvfgts (Mhkrif ;?524 ;5=,

O 3>) pravolfl tbf guj`fr ae skjphfs os sue\omofgthy

hkrcf (Bkys ;?3=4 =;3)9 - jy ;5< skjphfs wauhl

sffj ta `f wfhh `fyagl tbf ;>> ar ;0> wbomb krfusukhhy rfquorfl `y ruhf ae tbuj`. \a ohhustrktf tbos

frrar, ?>",, ogtfrvkhs ae mageolfgmf bkvf `ffg

mkhmuhkhfl kgl phathfl wotb tbf kvfrkcfs ae tbf

skjphfs pfr pbksm og Eocs. ;=, o <k gl o6 4o g? a" ‗a e

tbf mksfs tbf "truf" (ar, arocogkh) vkhuf ae tbf jox

wohh bkvf `ffg wotbog tbf majputfl rkgcf. Ks wohh

`f vfry mhfkr eraj ogspfmtoag ae tbf phats, tbf

pas otoagogc ae kgy eogl/skjphf os su`dfmt ta k ekorhy



5> M A G \ O G V O \ _ K G L L O ] M A G \ O G V O \ _

wolm jkrcog ae frrar (maugtogc tbf pbksfs), fxmfpt

og tbf ogtfrvkhs `ftwffg pbksfs ;0 ta 0> (JALFO. O)

OO ha ho! (JALFO. ;;), ar 2 ta ;> kg l ;; ta ;6

(JALFH OOO) , wbfrf mb kgcf os rfokhovfhy rkpol.Kllogc jarf a`sfrvktoags os Bifhy ta rflumf toof

woltb ahtbf magholfgmf ogtfrvkhs9 khsa, fxpkgsoag ah'

ohu- guj `fr ae vkrok`hfs fgtfrfl ogta tbfkgkh ysos (oe

tbfsf vkrok`hfs krf ks rfklohy a`sfrvfl ks tbasf

khrfkly fgtfrfl) sbauhl rflumf tb f guj`fr ae

pbksfs hottogc tbf lfsmroptoag ae kg oglovolukh

skjphf (Bkys ;?3=4 =;3). ; bf sojphf jostkifs ae

a`sfrvktoag wbfg rfklogc tb f ogstrujfgt krf tbf

maugtfrpkrt ae tbf gaosf gofgtoagfl kàvf. Jos

tkifs og maugtogc, malogc, kgl pugmbogcmkggat `f

fvklfl9 ]ogof ; wfgt tbr aucb l ktk kgl autputjkgy tojfs og jkgy majputktoagkh mymhfs tbf

jkcgotulf ah tbos frrar sbauhl `f rfhktovfhy sjkhh

(tbkt os, pra`k`hy hfss tbkg ha",,). Eartugktfhy, tbos

frrar os oglfpfglfgt ah tbf'lktk, kg l tbus ot sbauhl

sbaw hop ks k sfpkrktf progmopkh m()jZ)agfgt4 `v

ocgarogc khh ut tbf eorst ^M (tbkt ae tojf) tbos gaosf

sbauhl bkvf loskppfkrfl.

\bf sfmagl ogstrujfgtkh saurmf ae frrar os tbf

jast sfroaus agf, ks ot os ogo|)homot og tbf jalfhs har

tbf lostroùtoag ae tbf hogls aXfr tojf. _ft tbflostooùtoags krf k gfffsskry prfhojogkry ta mkh-

muhkhf kgl lmpomt tbf `fbkvomdur ae tbf vkrok`hfs

avfr tojf, ks lfjkglfl `y tbf jalfh ae magtoguoty

kgl losmagtoguoty lmvfhapfl bfrf. pK'fg k soopfr-

oomokh chkgmf kt Iocs. ;= kgl ;< wohh suhhomf ta

lfgoagstrkhf tbf looáfrfgmfs og autmajf ah àtb

JALFO.s. \bos skjf sbart ogspfmtoag wohh khsa

`rogc earwkrl tbf ekmt tbkt tbf maglumt ae tbf

vkrok`hfs ooo (bf àttago ar ahlfr bkhe ae tbf

lokcrkjs os gat ks gmkt ks prapasfl `y tbf jalfh ae

Eoc. ?. Sbohf tbf fxtfgt ta wbomb tbos hkst hotthf

jalfh lfsmro`fs rfkhoty fhefmtovfhy os apfg ta sajf

lau`t (fspfmokhhy og tbasf pkrts ae tbf murvf mhasf ta

tbf ksyjptatms), O `fhofvf wotbaut rami-àt taj

eauglktoag tbkt tbos jalfh os tbf `fst agf og tbf

fgtorf sft ae jalfhs ogtra lumfl bfrf. Magsmqufgthy,

O khsa tbogi tbkt tbfrf os sajftbogc wr agc wotb tbf

"fkrhofr" pkrt ae JALFH] O kgl ;;. JALFH ooo, og

tralumfl fxprfsshy ta rfjfly tbos hkttfr paogt, lol

gat `rogc k gy kpprfmok`hf ojpravfjfgt, ks k maj-

pkrosag ae Eoc. ;6 wotb Ehcs. ;< kgl ;= sbaws.

\urgogc kckog ta tbf orrfcuhkrotofs gatfl kàvf,wbkt mkg f skol kàut tbfj og hocbt ae tbf prfvoaus

losmussoag1 '

Ag tbf su`dfmt ae ogtfrgkh mbfmis (p. 63) k pkrt

ae tbf sbkpf ae tbf murvfs wks eaugl ta `f

ugsktosekmtary. \bf lostroùtoags prfsmro`fl `y tbf

JALFH] O kgl ;; bkXf `ffg mrotomozfl ks `fogc

Z)ra`k`hy gat fgtorfhy rfkhostom, kgl sbartfgogc ae

tbf rfhfvkgt (fkrhofr) pkrt ae tbf tojf smkhf wks

succfstfl ks k passo`hf rfjflv . \bos lol gat waoi

aut ks fxpfmtfl, bawfvfr (Eoc. ;6)9 pfrbkps tbf

smkhf sbauhl `f majprfssfl fvfg jarf, ks og ¥Xc.

o(o.

Losmussogc tbf rfsuhts ae tbf khtfrgktovf fajoDoo-

tktoags og tbf magtfxt ae \k`hf 5, k ekorhy wolf

smkttfrogc ae tbf mhfjfgts og tbf hawfr ar "fkrhofr"

|)krts ae tbf jktrox wks gatfl. Eraj tbos, |=ra`k`hy

tbf skjf mkusf (pkrtokh ogklfqukmy ae JALFH] O

kgl ;;) sbauhl `f suppasfl og àtb ogstkgmfs, ks ot

waris aut og tbf rktbfr wolf magoálfgmf ogtfrvkhs

har tbf pbksfs o ta o o.

Eogkhhy, tbf jfkcfr strktocrkpbom mvolfgmf r uggogc maugtfr ta tbf tojf smkhf sbauhl `f magsolfrfl.

Pfhfrrogc ta Eoc. ;<, tbfrf os k pkrtokh ()X mrhk Z) ae t bf

magholfgmf ogtfrvkhs har tbf pfrtogfgt pbksfs (2 kgl

?) ag tbf majputkt oagk h vkrok`hfs hFmooJquF].

(R)JÂGFGrs (`fhhy),kgls\Pum9\VPFs. Sbohf tbos osk suBomofgt fxphkgktoag (tbaucb ga t gfmfsskrohy k

sktosekmtary agf), k rfjfly wohh `f eaugl aghy oh

jarf skjphfs mkg `f ogmarparktfl og tbf kgkhysos ta

gkrraw tbf magholfgmf ogtfrvkhs. ]umb kg ogmrfksf

mkg `f a`tkogfl `y tbf malogc ae jarf lktk, ùh

khsa `v magtrkmtoag ae tbf tojf smkhf.

K rktbfr ahe-bkgl khhfjpt k( taghrkmtoag ah hhof

tojf smkhf wks jklf stkrtogc eraj tbf marrfhktoags

`ftwffg tbf vkroaus pbksfs ae JALFH OOO4 og

atbfr warls, k [.-typf kgkhysos (Mhkrif udM)W4 Y)'Z•Z9

]aikh kgl ]gfktb o?()=4 0>3-0>?). Og \k`h f 3 tbfsf

marrfhktoags krf prfsfgtfl, àtb ks oglovolukh

gujfromkh vkhufs kgl ks sujjkrozfl `y k magtaur



L O ] M V ] ] O A G K G L F U K H V K \ O A G 5;

jkp. h'raj hoof hkhhfr, obrff "j kmra pbksf s" krf

ojoouxBkV'I .oppkrmgh9 k horst agf ae tbf Z=bksfs o

kgl 0, k sfmagl agf ao'tbf pbksms = tbraucb ?, kgl k

tborl agf majprosogc tbf pbksfs ;0 tbraucb ;6

(JALFH OOO). \bf a`voaus mrotoquf bfrf os tbkt tbf

marrfhktoag mafeeomofgts og \k`hf 3 rfehfmt gatbogc

ùt tbf ogotokh kssujptoags (o.f., JALFH OOO), wbomb

os truf aemaursf. _ft tbkt JALFH jky bkvf kt hfkst

sajf vkholoty, ot wks a`sfrvfl kàvf (p. 66) wbfrf

tbf JALE.o. OOO lostroùtoag ae tbf eogls wks maj-

pkrml wotb tbf autmajf ae k juhtophf rfcrfssoag

kgkhysos (Eoc. 0<). Sbkt O kj kttfjptogc bfrf os

k eurtbfr maglfgsktoag ae tbf lktk wotbog tbf Drkjf-

wari ae JALFH OOO, gatbogc jarf.

Haaiogc kt tbf uppfr pkrt ae tbf jktrox, klohhf rmou loX osoag mkg `m prapasfl4 ogstmkl ae tbf

pbksf craups ;-0 kgl =-?, k craupogc ae tbf pbksfs

o-() kgl 3-?, rfspmmtovfhy. Kpkrt earj tbos, tbf

pbksfs ;>, ;;, kgl o() krf mhfkrhy trkgsot oagk h.

M'.agoputktoag ae tbf marrfhktoags `ftwffg tbf tbrff

"jkmra pbksfs" (ks kccrfcktfs) kgl tbf tbrff

trkgsotoagkhs yofhls \k`hf 2, wbfrf tbf mafhEomofgts

rfsuhtogc eraj àtb wkys ae maglf gsktoag kr f covfg.

UUbohf tbf marrfhktoags rfpartfl og tbos tk`hf krf khh

kpprfmok`hy hawfr tbkg og \k`hf 3 (tbus dustoeyogctbf haglfgsktoaoo og k cfgfrkh wky4 tbf jkmra

pbksfs krf jarf oglfpfglfgt ae agf kgatbfr tbkg

krf tbf sjkhhfr agfs), tbasf kàvf tbf lokcagkh krf

magsostfgthy hawfr tbkg tbasf og tbf hawfr pkrt ae

tbf tk`hf, tbfrf`y khhawogc k prfefrfgmf ear tbf eorst

khtfrgktovf. Og tbf jfkgtojf tbfrf sffjs ta `f ga

vfry caal rfksag ta jkogtkog pbksf O ks k sfpkrktf

fgtoty - fxmfpt tbkt ot sbaws up og tbf magtaur jkp

ae hk`hf 3. Ot bks `ffg rfhkogfl har tbf skif ae

syjogfhry, bawfvfr.

(oraupogc tbf oogls kmmarlogc ta tbfsf jkmra

pbksfs pralumfs tbf trkdfmtarofs ae tbf joxfs sbawg

og \oc. hø, wbomb krf jarf sktoseyogc ag tbf wbahf

tbkg tbasf ae Eocs. ;<, ar ;6. Bawfvfr, khtbaucb

tbf strktocrkpbom magtrklomhoag os fhojogktfl tbos

wky (tbf pfrtogfgt Oogls gaw `fhagc ta ^bksf OO), ot

sbauhl `f gatfl tbkt tbos wks kmbofvfl aghy

tbraucb k magsolfrk`hf hass ae losmrojogktary

pavsfr.

\bus, k magtrkmtoag ae tbf tojf smkhf os ùt k

pkrtokh kgswfr ta tbf lohEomuhhofs kàXf9 tbf ogmar-

parktoag ae jarf lktk wohh surfhy pravf jarf

mhefmtovf (sff tbf âstsmropt ta tbos mbkptfr).

3. Euoobfr mgrraàrktoag

Og k prfXoaus sfmtoag O stktfl tbkt tbf jalfhs,jftbals, kgl tfmbgomdufs ogtralumfl bfrf mauhl kt`fst kppfkr phkuso`hf wbfg kpphofl ta k sogchf lktksft. Ketfr khh, bawfvfr jumb kcrffjfgt ae rfsuhtskgl fxpfmtktoags, tbf passoòhoty ae k majputk-toagkh (ar jftbalomkh) krtoekmt rfjkogs.

@fhaw O wohh prfsfgt tbf autmajf ae k pkrkhhfhkgkhysos ae k sfmagl, loeh'frfgh lktk sfh, ag tbfkssujptoag tbkt oh tbf kgkhytomkh pramflurf osoogkhol kt agf stkcf ar kgatbfr, mbkgmfs ae wari-k`hf autmajms ear h wa lktk sfts krf crfkhhy rflumfl.

\bf H@I sfthhfjfgt ae Fhshaa, og tbf sautbfkstfrg

pkrt ae tbf Gftbfrhkgls, bks `ffg fxmkvktfl og tbf

yfkrs ;?62 ta ;?55, kgl bks `ffg rfpartfl og

Ja llfr jkg ;?3>. \bf sotf os ahlfr tbkg tbk t ae

Bofgbfoj4 kt Fhshaa, tbf ahlfst pattfry os ae tbf\hajàrg (ar "ogtfrgktoagkh") styhf (Jallfrjkg

;?3>4 ;?59 Jfo fr- Krfgl t o?5()4 0=) . Khsa, tbf hktfst

(rfhfvkgt) sbfrls wfrf lfpasotfl `fearf ogtralum-

toag ae Bogifhstfog (o.f., Jollhf Gfahotbom) wkrf

mauhl ammur (Jallfrjkg ;?3>4 ;?2), sajfwbfrf

og tbf eoetb pbksf ae tbf Jkog sfqufgmf (Jfofr-

Krfglt ;?554 <6-<59 ;?364 ;<0). K magsfqufgmf ae

tbos Fkrhy Gfahotbom lktf os tbkt jast ae tbf bau.sfs

kt Fhshaa krf kmmajpkgofl `y pots, wbfrfks kt

Bofgbfoj tbos os aghy tbf mksf ear tbf ahlfr. Fkrhy

Gfahotbom pkrt ae tbf ammupkt oag. \braucb tbfor

kssamoktoag wotb k but, tbf magtfgts ae k guj`fr a(

pots mauhl `f hujpfl ta pravolf `fttfr/hkrcfr

skjphfs og quotf k guj`fr ae ogstkgmfs. Og atbfr

warls, og Bofgbfoj ragopkrkòhoty wks ag tbf hmX fh

ae oogls aghy (me. Mb. hod, kt Fhshaa ot wks khsa ag tbf

hfvfh ae buts kgl tba ucb ; wohh prfsfgt hocurfs ear

tbf Oogls taa ( Eocs. 0> kgl 0;), jy krcujfgh wohh `m



50 MAG\OGVO\_ KGL LO]CAG\OGVO\_

`ksfl ag toom majpootktoags jklf ear tbf bausms

(Eocs, o2kgl ;?). Oh sbau ol Ow-mogpbkso/.ml tbkt obm

twa lktk sfts krf gat fquovkhfgt, ks gat fvfry ejl

mauhl `f ugfquovamkhhy kssocgfl ta k but4 6= bausfs

sujjfl ;5= ejls, ùt aghy ;6; eogls wfrf hkrcfr

tbkg tbf gaosf hfvfh.

\bos "gaosf" hfvfh ear tbf Fhshaa sbfrls mauhl `f

hoxfl kt twa sbfrls og Bomgbfoj eaur9 me Mb. OO,

]fmtoag = - k loeefrfgmf vfry pra`k`hy luf ta tbf

smhfmtovf pramfssaepu`homktoag (Jallfrjkg ;?3>4

59 oe ;;> jarf tbkg sox sbfrls pfrtkogfl ta k covfg

buh, obfy wfrf gat pu`hosb fl). Ket fr malogc tbf

lfmarkhfl wkrf eraj obm ()u`homktoag, k prmhojo-

gkry UH'K ae tbf lktk oglomktfl tbkt tbf mbragaha

comkh arlfrogc wks ta `f majputfl Oraj tbf

vkrok`hfs \FMBGO[WVF], MAJÂGFG\] ae lfmarktoag

(`fhhy krfk) kgl prfsfgmf ae GFMI LFMAPK\OAG (kt

Bomgbfoj4 ogstmkl ae prfsfgmf ae GFMI LFMAPK

\OAG, ]\PVM\VPFs9 me. Eocs. ;6 kgl ;?). Og tbf

arocogkh ^MK, tbf mbragahacomkh ^M taai mkrf ae

?.=% ae tbf vkrokgmf9 og tbf su`sfqumgt, spfmokh

^MK, <3.?",,.«

Sotb tbf bausfs tbus mbragahacomkhhy arlfr fl,

Eoc. O 3 prfsfgts k majpkrosaoo ae tbf rkgiogcs ae

oglovolukh eogls kgl buts ks pralumfl `y sfpkrktf^MK's9 khsa, Jallfrjkg's pbksogc bks `ffg rfg-

lfrfl. Looefrfgmfs `ftwffg tbf tbrff arlfrogcs krf

kppkrfgt9 bawfvfr, k su`stkgtokh avfrkhh kcrff-

jmgt os vfry mhfkr. Eurt bfrja rf, gfotbfr ae tbf

^MK sfqufgmfs magtrklomts kgy ae tbf strktocrkpb -

omkh a`sfrvktoags eraj tbf fxmkvktoag (Jallf r

jk g ;?3>4 02-=6). Wy tbfsf twa pkrkhhfhs (phus obf

fxostfgmf ae ]-lostroùhoags ah tbf joxfs ag ahbfr

tbkg tbf majput ktoag kh vkrok`hfs) tbf ^MK tfmbgo-quf, og jy apogoag os vkholktfl.

Pfckrlogc Eoc. o 3 k guj`f r ae majjfgts sbauhl

`f jklf. h'bfy krf lovolfl ogta cfgfrkh kgl

spfmoeom rfjkris.

lfgfrkh (;)4 \bf su`loxosoag ogta pbksfs os

lfroXml eraj tbf maj|Botfr autput 4 tbf ekmtar smarfs

ae tbf buts krf gat fvfghy lostr oùtfl avfr tbf

mbragahacomkh kxos9 rktbfr tbfy sbaw sajf mhustfrs.

Eraj tbf tojf spkg ogvahvfl (=6> ta <6> yfkrs) k

pkrtotoagogc ae tbf lk tk ogta sjkhhfr sfts sffjs

klvosk`hf9 muttogc-ahe paogos wfrf "fstk`hosbfl"

`ftwffg tbf mhustfrs ae ekmtar smarfs. Ot sbauhl `f

fjpbksozfl tbkt tbf pbksfs tbus pralumfl rfhktf ta

lfmarktfl mfrkjoms aghy, kgl khsa tbkt tbfy la gat

bkXf kgy su`stkgtoxf jfkgogc `fyagl tbos kgkhy-

sos. Ae maursf, tbf cfgfrkh kcrffjfgt ae "jy"

pbksfs wotb tbasf ae Jallfrjkg os gat purfhy ma-

ogmolfgtkh9 Jallfrjkg's pbksfs krf khsa `ksfl ag

pat lfmarktoag, yft strktocrkpby kgl but typahacy

eocurf taa.

Cfgfrkh (0)4 Pfckrlogc tbf kmtukh lurkhoag ae

tbf |)bksfs (`f ot og yfkrs ar og cfgfrktoags), gatbogc

mkg `m skol. 'Ebf looefrfgmfs og ekmtar smarfs lfpomt

majZ=auglfl mbkgcf og mmrkjom lfmarktoag. Ks

gatbogc mkg `f skol ko)aut tbf rktm ae mbkgcm pfr

ugot ae tojf, t wa jalfhs wfrf ogtralumfl ta sprfkl

tbf Bofgbfoj lktk khagc tbf mbragahac omkh kxos

(pp. 6>, 5>-5;, khsa gatf 6). Ot wohh `f mhfkr tbkt

(gag-)kpphomktoag kgl mbaomf `ftwffg tbf jalfhs

os mgtorfhy kròtrkry9 tbfsf wohh bkvf lohefrfgt

magsmqufgmfs ear pbksf hfgctb ks wfhh.

lfgfrkh (d)4 \wa pbksf àuglkrofs (`ftwffg =

kgl <, kgl < kgl 6) krf gat vfry mhfkr-mut4 tbfrf krf

;;> sbkrp mbkgcfs og tbf ekmtar smarfs kt tbfsf hafo.Cfgfrkh (<)4 Pfckrlogc tbf rkgiogc ae tbf buts,

ots rfhokòho ty os tofl ta tbf guj`fr ae a`sfrvktoags

(skjphf sozf) ag wbomb ot os `ksfl. Fspfmokhhy wbfg

tbf guj`fr ae sbfrls os haw (hfss tbkg tfg9 wbomb os

tbf mksf ear fhfvfg buts). tbf o'kgi kmmarlfl mkggah

`f ùt oglomktovf9 tbos wohh bahl ta k hfssfr mxtfgt ear

skjphf sozfs ae tfg ta twfgty sbfrls ks wfhh (tfg

buts). (Sotb tbrff vkrok`hfs, og hkrcfr skjphfs tbf

guj`fr ae a`sfrvktoags rosfs ta kàXf tbf maoufg-

toagkh ruhf ae tbuj` sozf4 =; buts.) Pfefrrogc ta tbf

losmussoag ae mageolfgmf ogtfrvkhs kàvf (pp. 6>,

6?-5>), kgy sogchf a`sfrvktoag jky ekhh wotbog k

spfmoeok`hf rkgcf, yft tbraucb tbf vkroktoag khhaw-

fl, ot j ky khsa eot ogta atbfr, avfrhkppogc rkgcfs.

E,xpkgsoag ae tbf guj`fr ae a`sfrvktoags tbraucb

fxpkgsoag ae tbf guj`fr ae vkrok`hfs, ar tbraucb

fxpkgsoag ae tbf guj`fr ae ugots og tbf skjphf,

rfsuhts og k gkrrawogc ae tbf mageolfgmf hojohs kgl



E V P ' O ' B F P M A P P A @ A P K \ O A G 5=

Ehc. hy. FH]HØA UOHHKCF.

K majpkrosag ae tbf pmk lmrovf l mbr agahacofs ae buts (vfrtomkh smkhfs) kgl og-

lovolukh eogls kssamoktfl wotb tb f buts(tap smkhf) wotb Jallfrjkg's lktogcs.• M eogls, buts wotb 8 ? sbfrls.> @ eogls, buts wotb ;>-;? sbfrls.; .X eogls, buts wotb W 0> sbfrls.

^BK]F ;-54 pbksfs succfstfl `y mhustfrogc ae ekmtar smarfs9 ahl ta yaugc.

'PKGI BV\]' mbragaoõcomkh sfqufgmf

ae buts majpu tfl eraj kccrm ckt fl eoglskraugl tbfj (;-604 a hl ta yaugc ). @krsV) tbf hfet ae rkgi grs. oglomktf kppraxo-jktfhy fqukh ekmtar smarfs.

'PKGI AE EOGL]' mbragaoõcomkh sf

qufgmf ae oglovolukh oogls ugmqu ova-mkhhy kssocgk`hf ta buts.

'BV\] GP' olfgtoeomktoag guj`fr erajJallfrjkg ;?3>.'BV\] S\' oglomktfs gr ae sbfrls ks

samoktfl wotb buts.'O..S.' eogls wotb Hoj`urc Skrf.'FKPH_' eogls pra`k`hy kgtf-lktogc

magstrumtoag kmtovotofsW W W lktf ae but kmmarlogc ta Jallfrjkg ;?3> (h)4=6-<0. (eraj `attajsmkhf).



5< M A G \ O G V O \ _ KGL L O] M A G \O G V O \ _

tbus og k sfmurfr pasotoagogc aehhof skjphf. ]ojohkr

magsolfrktoags kpphy ta eogls.

(ofgfrkh ( ',)4 \baucb tbf eocurf jky `f succfs-

tovf oe gah lfmfp tovf, tbfrf os ga lorfmt maggfmtoag aetoof eogls" rkgiogcs wotb Jallfrjkg pbksfs4 fkmb

ah tbfsf os fgtorfhy oglfpfglfgt ae agf kgatbfr.

]pfmodom ( O)4 Kjagc tbf ekmtar smarfs majputfl

ear tbf buts, sojohkr vkhufs oglomkt f mbragahacomkh

gfkrgfss ae tbf bausfs ks oglomktfl `fhaw.

Pkgis But grs. S'focbhs

>0->= 56 , 50 @M

>6->2 5=, 6>, ;?,>< KKMK

>?-;> " 6 . =W KK;;-;0 ' 3 . 36 KK

;<-;3 53, 5<, 52, ;> @@@M9

;2-;? =5,02 MK

0;-06 3<4 <<7 <?. <¹. >2 KKKKK0()-9dh 62, =2, =<, 0<, =;.=3 KKKMKK

4o4o-=3 ;6.6>, 03. W= . 2< MMKMK

=2-<0 <3, ;;. ;<. 5(;, «3 MKKK@

<=-<< •-!?. Õ? @K<3-<2 22 ,2 = @M

(Pkg i4 sfqufgmf guj `mr ao" ekmtar smarf, majputf l h)y pmk

(ugratktfl) eraj vkrok`hfs \IMBGO[VF], MAJÂGFG\] k gl GFMI

LFMAPK\OAG)(But grs. kmf. ta Jal lfr jkg ;?3>)

(Sfocbts4 og gr. ae sbfrls9 K 0> kgl avfr9 @ ;>-;?9 W ' '*-'WW thokg

]pfmodom (0)4 Og Jal lfr jkg ;?3> (o )4 =6,sfvfrkh

hoouhs krf losmoossfl wbomb jocbh bkvf `ffg luc

o)fearf tbf `fcoggogcs ae but magstrumtoag og obf

Xo hh kc f. Ear tbf eogls grs. 0;<, =0=, kgl <=<,

rkgiogcs wfrf majputfl (vfrtomkh smkhf ta tbf tap)

ks >><, >>0, kgl >>3, rfspfmtovfhy9 tbf sozf ae gr.

=0= os sueeomoégt (o pat + 0? sbfrls) ta rfsuht og krfhok`hf rfhkooX f kcf. ]fvfrkh atbfr eogls sffj ta `f

vfry fkrhy ks vvfhh (rkgiogc hfss tbkg >>5)4

- ugkjòcuaushy kssamoktfl wotb buts, kgl kp-

pfkrogc og tbf eocurf9

(rkgi >>>)4 eogls 0=2 (= sbfrls9 But 50), 050 (=9

B.5=)(rkgi >>0)9 eogl <>2 (? sbfrls9 B.>?)

(rkgi >>=)4 eogl =>> (0; sbfrls9 B.3>)

(rkgi >>6)4 eogl =>= (;6 sbfrls9 B.56)

gah ugkjòcuaushy kssamoktfl wotb agm buh

aghy, gat og tbf eocurf9

(rkgi >>;)9 eogl 022 (< sbfrls).Kckog, aghy k efw eogls krf hkrcf fgaucb ha `f

rfckrlfl wotbaut sfroaus lau`ts (grs. =>>, =>=,

=0=9 passo`hy <>2 khsa).

]pfmodom (d)4 \bfrf kr f eaur eogls og Fhshaa mag-

tkogogc Hojùrc Skrf (Jallfrjkg ;?3>(;)4

;<;-;<=9 khsa9 Jall frjkg ;?3<9 Mok`rofh ;?35)4

grs. =>6 (;>sbfrls9 B.3<9 rkgi >?5), =0? (O09B.369

>?2), =65 (0=9 B.0>9 >03) kgl <60 (<39 B.6>9 >0>).

Obf Hojùrc Skrf hoks gat `ffg fghfrfl khagc

wotb tbf H@I wkrf ogta tbf majputktoags ae tbf

rfhktovf kcf ae tbf kssamoktfl buts.

]pfmodom (<)4 ]ajf jogar rfjkris rfjkog ag

tbf pasotoags ae eogls kgl buts og Ioc. ; 34

- Bu t ;> (rkgi ;3)9 eogl >30 ogmarpa rktfl (Jal

lfrjkg ;?3>(;)4 0?9 khsa p. 2)

Buh 0? (rkgi <=)4 eogls 0=< kgl <6< krf craupfl

wotb tbos but, khtbaucb tbfy jky `fhagc tbfrf

aghy "pkrtokhhy" (oòl, p. ;=). \bos mkg `f covfg

ks gfotbfr kg khtfrgktovf gar k mrotfroag ear

lovol ogc tbf sbfrls. 'eb kh os, tbf lkho gc ah'tbos buh

os kppraxojktf aghy.Buh <2 (rkgi 0=)4 eogl gr. ()()< os kmmarlfl k vfry

bocb rkgiogc (9 ;>2). Oh lfrovfs eraj k pashgoahl.

Ga rfksag mkg `f eaugl ha fxmhulf obos bu hs

ogvfgtary.

Bu h 65 (rkgi =<)9 kmmarlogc ta Jallfrjkg's

tfxh, loeofrmooh hogfs ae fvolfgmf paogt ta lossoj-

ohkr lktogcs9 k`sfgmf ae k wkhh-trfgmb yofhls

pfroal O9 oggfr magstrumtoag, pbksf Oh`9 sajf

sbfrls, pbksf hl (Jallfrjkg ;?3>(;)4 ;2).

Eraj ohs ddasotoag og Eoc, o 3, tbf prfsfgt kutb arwauhl ekX()ur tbf lktf oglomktfl `y tbfmagstrum-

hoaukh lftkohs.

Bu t 5> (rkgi <;)4 kmmarlogc ta tbf lfsmroptoag

eogl gr. <=< (rkgi >>3) sbauhl `f ogmarparktfl

wotb ot. Bawfvfr, ag tbf phktf lfpomtogc tbos

eogl, ga khhroùtoag os covfg (ks os ag atbfr phktfs

ear atbfr eogls)9 sojohkrhy, eraj tbf but's phkg

kssamoktoag sffjs ta `f hfss tbkg fvolfgt (oòl, p.

http://illage/

http://illage/

http://illage/



E V P r B F P M A P P h) @ M) P K \O A G 56

;?9 oo)ol. X()h ;;4 po. 6;, 039 rfspffoovfhy). Og tbf

m'agoputkhoag ae tbf but's rkgi, hogl gr. <=< bks

`ffg Omhh aut.

But t)0 (rkgov >=W4 bks `ffg put ogta Jallfr-gokg's pbksf O` ag kffaugt ahots "Gmry typomkh"

W -pashgoahl maoohocuo khoag. Jal lfr jkg agoy

oglomktfs tbf horst ^froal har tbf but's fagsoruf-

toag (oòl., Uah O4 ==, 0>9 =5, =3).

But 5= (rkgi >6) os mfrtkoghy jufb yaugcmr obkg

ohs rkgiouc oglomktfs. \bf hogls kssamokhfl wotb

oh, obaucb, krf ahlfr obkg pbksf <, tbf lktf

succfshfl `y tbf buhs fxtrkarlogkry magshrum-

toag (Jall frj kg o()3a(r)4 0>, kgl ( OO )4 Ô. 02).

\bf magmhusoag sffjs ogfvotk`hf4 but 5= os gah ta

`f kssamoktfl wotb egol gas. 050 kgl 036.@fmkusf ah obfsf oouajpktkòhotofs obos buh os

ajottfl eraj t'urtbfr magsolfrktoag9 og Mb. X' tbf

lkhf oglomkhfl `X' tbf buh's magsorumtoag woh! `f

usfl.

But 5< (rkgi ;6)4 hogl ;;;. 00> os vfry fkrhy (rkgi

>>?), wbomb jky `f luf ha tbf sgokhh guog`fr ah

sbfrls (aghy h'aur). \bfrf os ga rfksag, bawfvfr,

ta rfmagsolfr ots kssamokhoag wotb obf buh. Obfg .

Jal lfrjk g ;?3>(;)4 0> pasots tbos ùohlogc

"fkrhy og ^froal OO"9 Oraj boglsocbt, bawfvfr, klkhf og hl sbauhl sffj `fhhfr (^.D.P. Jallfr

jkg, pfrs. majj. 0>;032). \bos hkhhfr lkhf bks

`ffg fgtfrfl kmmarlogcov.

But 3< (rkgi 0;) os kssamokhfl tbraucb eoool ga.

=>6 (rkgiogc >?5) wotb Hojùrc wkrf. Og tbf

majputkhoag ae tbf but's rkgiogc, tbf Hojùrc

sbfrls bkvf gat `ffg ogmarparktfl (ks wotb hogls

gr. =0?/But 36, <60/B. 6>).

Buh 36 (rkgi ;0) bks `ffg kmmarlfl k rfhktovfhy

fkrhy rkgiogc, wbomb os og hogf wotb Jallfr-

jkg's a`sfrvktoags ag tbf kssamoktfl pattfry. K

l.otm hooo' tbf buh og Ol-; Ok os gkrrawfl ta O Ok ag

kmmaugt ah'lftkohsarohof but's magstrumtoag (oòl.,

p. 00). \bf bocb rkgiogc eogl os gr. =0?, wbomb

`fmkusf ae ots Hojùrc sbfrls bks smarfl obkh

bocb9 ear tbf buh's mbragahacomkh pasoooaoo, tbf

Hojùrc Skrf bks `ffg ajottfl.

Buh 2< (rkgi =3) sbauhl `m yaugcfr tbkg buh 2=

`fmkusf ah obfor rfhkhovf pasotoags. Ufh, obf

kssamoktfl pattfry paogts ta kg ogvfrsoag4 B.2< os

mfrkjomkhhy ahlfr tbkg B.2= (rkgis =3 kgl <2

rfspfmhovfhy). Jallfrjkg's magmhusoags krfolfgoomkh (oòl., p. 0<).

]pfmo/om (Y'))4 Og obf ragopuhkhoags ae h'ocs. ;2 ta

0<, buhs gr. 05 kgl 30 bkvf frragfaushy `ffg

fgtfrfl khagc wotb tbf buhs hostfl og ;' oc. ;3 ag

rkgis >2 kgl >6, rfspfmhovfhy9 tbfor sjkhh sozf

hfhfvfg kgl tbrff sbfrls) wohh jkif tbf fhhfmts

gfchoco`hf. @fmkusf ae tbos, tbf guj`frs ae buhs pfr

pbksf og Eoc. ;? krf gat huVy olfgtomkh wotb tbasf og

Eoc. ;3.

Pfckrlogc tbf jalfh ae maghoguoty kgl losmag-

toguohy, tbf hacosoom murvf bypatbfsozfl har tbfjoxfs os voso`hf ag jast vkrok`hfs4 \IMBGIWOOF],

GIMI LFMAPK\OAG, MAJÂGFG\] (`mhI), EOHHOGC]

ae `kgls khh sbaw tbos pkttfrg (Eoc. ;29 khsa tbf

ahbfr lrkwogcs).

\bf tatkhoty ae tbf vkrok`hfs sbaws k jumb jarf

lovfrsohofl pomturf ear ^7hshaa tbkg ear Bofgbfoj4 kt

tbf hkhtfr sotf khjash khh voso`hf mbkgcf os magmfg-

orkhfl ag tbf yaugcfr fgl ah tbf smkhf, wbfrfks kh

Ihshaa mbkgcf ammoors fvfrywbfrf9 tbf oghhfmtoag

paogts ae tbf vkroaus vkrok`hfs krf jumb jarfsmkttfrfl mbragahacomkhhy. Kgl khtbaucb tbf murvfs

har tbf Fhshaa wkrf wfrf gah sjaatbfl, obfy krf

jarf rfcuhkr og kppfkrkgmf tbkg tbf sjaatbfl

agfs ear Bofgbfoj pattfry lfmarktoag. Ear tbfsf

rfksags (rfcuhkroty kgl loXfrsohyh, ogtralumtoag ae

mageolfgmf fstojkhfs os gah gfmfsskry4 oe maghoguoty

os kgy wbfrf krmbkfahacomkh hy lfjag strk`hf, oh os ear

tbf lfmarktfl pattfry eraj Fhshaa, ks lossfmtfl og

Eocs. ;2 ta 0 O.

Khsa, tbf hogf ogtfrprfhkòhohy ah tbfsf crkpbs os k

hurtbfr marraàrktoag ae obf usfeuhgfss ae tbf

o'aouoguoty/losmaghogooohG jalfh lfxmhapfl og obm

sfmagl sfmtoag.

'h'wa hogkh gahfs sbauhl `f kllfl4

obf lrkwogcs ear hWhshaa bausfs (Eocs. ;2, ;?D, ear

Fhshaa hogls (Eocs. 0>, 0;), kgl har Bofgbfoj (Eocs.

;= ta ;5) krf ear gat-fgtorfhy-olfgtomkh sfts ae

vkrok`hfs. 'O'bos os luf ha lohhfrfgmfs og malogc4 sajf



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gkohs/ejcfr tops LFMAPG. o4 eogcfr/gkoh ojprfssoags o4 murvo- o4 wkvfs O4 mklrfs EOHHOGC] o4 fjptv `kgls ;4 hogfs o4 magtoguaus &sojphf spkouhk o4 k`sfgt 04 hogfs hogfkroty 04 sporkhs •04 syjjftry kxfs o4 oglfhfrjogkhm 04 dgtfrruptfl 04 paogts bajacfgfausjuhtolfgtfl 04 prfsfgt =4 paogts •04 r f m t o - =4 gagf 04 pkrkhhfh ha =4 magtoguaus =4 s tk`-kgl-lrkc 04 losmagtoguaus &spktuhk <4 stk`-kgl-lrkc

64 bktmbogcsoogfkroty jatoe

=4 atbfr passo-òhotofs

<4 kh h atbfrs bajacfgfaus=4 magtoguaus &

bftfracfgfaus<4 losmagtoguaus &

bftfracfgfaus

Eoc. ;2. FH]HAA UOHHKCF4 ^rapartoags aevkroaus kttroùtfs pf r vkrokVfaelfaa ghokkk'Umr tojf. ^bksfs m

progmopkh majpagfgts kgktysos ae tbf vkrok`hfs jkrifl wotb @ .tap4 yaugcfst pbksf9 àttaj4 ahlfst pbksf.

G4 guj`fr ae buts majprosfl og pbksf.mahujg woltb4 ;>>% fkmb (khsa me. Eoc. ;=).

)gqoroef«qukOhhhogo`frsaebausfs, arlm\fl mbragahacomkhhy`yo@mkhgkek

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O4 gkohs/eogcfr tops LFMAPG. ;4 ejcfr/g koh ojprfs soags ;4 m ur v o- o 4 w k vf s o 4 m kl rf s EOHHOGC] o4 mjpty `kgls o4 Vgfs o4 magtoguaus &04 sojphf spkhuhk O4 k`sfgt •04 hogfs hogfkrotv •04 sporkhs 04 syjjftry kxfs ;4 oglfhfrjogktf 04 ogtfrruptfl 04 paogts bajacmgmaus=4 jubolfghfl 04 prfsfgt =4 paogts 04 rfmto- =4 gagf 04 pkrkhhfh ta =4 Møgtoguaus =4 bktmbogcs 04 losmagtoguaus &

spktuhk <4 bktmbogcs64 stk`-kgl-lrkc

hogfkroty jahoe=4 ahbfr passo-

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<9 s ok`-kgl-lrkc bajacfgfaus=9 magtoguaus &

bfofracfgmaus<4 losmagtoguaus &

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Eoc. oc. FH]HAA UOHHKCF4 ^rapartoags ae vkroaus «throùtfs pf r vkrtk`hfae paMtfry lfmarktoag avfr tojf. etowro lrroojh eraj k progmopkh mA@opagfgts kgkhysos ae lof vke`Vft

jkrifl wotb @, kgl kmmarlogc ta mhustfrogc ag W f tojf smkhf ar (

tap4 yaugcfst pbksf9 àttaj4 ahlfst pbksf.G4 guj`fr ae bausfs majprosfl og pbksf.mahujg woltb4 ;>>% fkmb (khsa me eoc. ;=).

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gkohs eogcfr tops o4 sojphf ØtMøPG. o4 eogcfr/gkoh ojprfssoags O9 murXo - ;4 wkX fs ;4 syjjf

sojphf spktuhk lfmarktoag O4 prfsf gt 0; Vgfs hogfkro ov •04 sporkhs 04 mklrfs

juhtolfgtml 04 lau`hï 04 k`sfgt =4 bktmbogcs •04 rfmto- =4 gagf

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lfmarktoag

<4 stk`-kg l-lrkc hogfkroty

HOGF] @KGL EOHHOGC]

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FO.FJFG\] GFMI.

O9 hogfs

04 bktmbogcs

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Eoc. 0>. FH]Haa voHHKCF. rapartoaoos ae vkroaus kttr o`utfs pfr vkrok`hf ae pattfry lfmarkti¹ avfr tojf. ^bktm¹ ma@opeeoof mqkkh guj`mg ae ekl¹, krrkgcfl mbragahacikVy `y

jfkgs ae k progmopkh majpagfgts kgkhysos ae tbf vkrok`hfs jkrifl wotb @ .

tap4 yaugcfst pbksf9 `attaj4 ahlfst pbksf.Lktk ear eogls, tfg eogls ta tbf pbksf.Mahujg woltb4 ;>>% fkmb. ekhsa me. eoc. ;=).

http://iih1ks/

http://iih1ks/



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O4 sojphmlfmarktoag

LFMAPG.;4 prfsfgt

;4 togcfr/gkoh ojprfssomBos04 hogfs

O4 murvo-hogfkrotv

;4 wkvfs04 spork`

=4 juhtolfgtflspktuhk

04 lau`hïlfmarktoag

=4 orf`hflfmarktoag

04 k`sfgt =4 bktmbogcs<4 stk`-kgl-lrkc64 paogts

04 rfmto-hogfkrohy

.XOR OO.O .WPU HOGH] @KJ7 EOHHOGC]

O4 syjjftry kxfs ;4 fjpty `kgls04 mklrfs 04 ogtfrruptfl=4 gagf =4 magtoguaus

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Y4 hogfs04 s tk`-kgl-lrkc=4 bktmbogcs<4 paogts

JKOG MBKPKM\ . GFMID

;4 magtoguaus &bajacfgfaus

04 losmagtoguaus &bajacfgfaus

=4 magtoguaus &bftfracfgfaus

<4 losmagtoguaus &bftfracfgfaus

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EáW. o1/. FH]HAA UOO.HKCF4 ^raparooags aevkroaus kttro`utfs pfr vkrok`hf ae pattfry lfmarktoag avfr tojf. ^bksfs lmrovfl eraj k progmop kh majpa gfgts kgkh ysosa etbf vkrok`hfsjkrifl wotb @ , kgl kmmarlog c tbf mhustfrogc ag tbf tojf smkhf ar m ajpag fgt.

tap4 yaugcfst pbksf9 `attaj4 ahlfst pbksfGa. ae pots4 guj`fr ae eogls majprosfl og pbksf.

mahu jg wolt b4 oa a% fkmb (khsa me. eoc. ;=). • •



3> M A G\ O GV O \ _ KGL L ; ]M A G \h G VO \ _

vkrok`hfs bkvf `ffg rflfhogfl og obf tojf `ftwffg

tbf kgkhysfs.

- ear Fhshaa tbfl ostr oùh oagsa etbf pots /bau sfsav fr

tojf wfrf gat magvfrtfl ha tbf guj`frs ae sbfrls.

\bos wks tbf eorst phkmf `fmkusf sumb k pramflurf

ogvahvfs k su`shkghokh ogvfshjmgh og hojf, kgl og

tbf sfmagl phkmf `fmkusf tbf thgkh kgl prfefrrml

autmajf ear Bofgbfoj (JALFH VO) os vfry jumb

pkrkhhfh ha obf arocogkh lostroùtoag ae tbf ekmtar

smarfs. Kgl, ks shktfl `fearf, kgy (rf -)k rrkgcfjfgt

os kròtrkry.

Kgatbfr marraàrktoag ae tbf cfgfrkh olfk ug-

lfrhyogc tbf prfsfgt kgkhysos mkg `f eaugl og k

rfmfgt pkpfr `y Lrfggkg (;?35), fspfmokohy rf-

ckrlogc tbf magstrumtoag ae k mbragahacomkh sfrofs- og bos mksf, ear mfrkjom lktk eraj Akxkmk og

Jfxoma. Bf stkrts eraj k @rkogfrl-Paògsag jk

trox ae lostkgmfs (lossojohkrohy-mafe\omofgts) og k

skjphf ae eaur strktocrkpbomkh craups ae tacftbfr 00

hogls. \bf lostkgmfs krf mkhmuhktfl avfr ku ug-

spfmoeofl sft ae trkots ae lfmarktoag kgl ae earj. \bos

jktrox os tbfg fgtfrfl ogha k gagjftrom joohto-

lojfgsoagkh smkhogc pracrkj (losmussfl, kjagc

atbfrs, `y Balsag ft kh. ;?3;4 =>=9 kgl ]bfpkrl ft

kh. ;?304 60) ta mbragahacomkhhy krrkgcf tbos `ksomsft9 ketfrwkrls sajf =>> eogls wfrf kllfl ta

pralumf tbf eogkh sfrofs. Og tbf prfsfgt magtfxt, tbf

eahhavvogc paoghs krf ae spfmokh ogtfrfst4

Eogls ks sumb krf eaugl ta mag tkog sueeomoégt

ogharjkhoag ear k mbragahacomkh arlfrogc9 ma-

ammurrfgmf ae trkots ag ogloXolukh sbfrls os gah usfl

ks ogput ear tbf kgkhysos.

- Mbragahacomkhhy ogsocgoeomkgt ar ugrfho k`hf

vkrok`hfs krf agoohhfl ke'hmr k pohah shuly.

- Ks okr ks strk tocrkpbom magtrahs ca, k guj`f r ae

eogls os ogmarrfmhhy phkmfl `y tbf pracrkj4 gaosf,

sjkhh sozf, kgl mfgtrkh pasohoag ag obf shragchy `fgt

tojf Orkdfmtary krf jfgtoagfl ks passo`hf mkusfs.

Gaosy eogls krf lrappfl (me, bawfvfr, Mb. B,

]fmtoag =), kgl sjkhh eogls krf ks.socgfl ta sfmtoags

ogstfkl ad paogts ag tbf tojf kxos.

- Erfq ufgmy maugts krf usfl ta jagotar mfrkjom

mbkgcf ks kg ojkcf ae tbf pksskcf ae tojf.

Ks k mrotomkh rfjkri, tbf losrfckrl ae tbf

passoòhoty ae losmagtoguotofs bks ta `f jfgtoagfl,

wbfrfks eraj tbf lfsmroptoag twa 'psfula-magtoguo-

tofs' jky `f ogefrrfl4 sojuhtkgfaus mbkgcf ag kguj`fr ae vkrok`hfs os sojphy tkifg ha jkri tbf

Orkgsohoag `mhvvmfg dobksfs (k sojohkr rfohomkhoag ae

tbf pbksf magmfpt ks og Hoogogc ;?364 ;2;).

Kpkrh eraj tbos mrotomosj, O magsolfr tbf pkrkh-

hfhosj ae Lrf ggk g's olmks kgl jogf oglfpfg-

lfgthy lfvfhapml oglomkh oxm ae tbf Xkh olo hy ae tbf

`ksom progmophfs.

2. Magmhjoags

Uk sbarhfg obf eahhavvogc losmussoag, O vvohh ogtra

lumï sajf syjàhom gatktoags4

"l" wohh stkgl ear tbf lfmarktfl EWkrhy kgl

Jollhf Gfahotbom pattfry fxmkvktfl kt Bofgbfoj

u|) ta kgl oouhulogc ;?3>9 tbos wkrf os tbf su`dfmt ah

tbf prfsfgt kgkhysos.

" L " wohh stkgl har tbf lfmarktfl Ikrhy kgl

Jollhf Gfahotbom pattfry ae tbf fgtorf jalfrg sotf

ah Bofgbfoj, wbftbfr fxmkvktfl ar gat, yft pa-

tfgtokhhy losmavfrk`hf9 l 5 L (ar4 l os k su`sft ae L)." b " wohh oglomktf tbf pk rt ae tbf sotf tbkt bks `ffg

fxmkvktfl ugtoh kgl ogmhulogc ;?3>, og sajf

ugspfmoehk`hf wky raucbhy marrfspaglogc ta l.

Eogkhhy, "B" wohh rfprfsfgt tbf fgtorf jalfrg

E7krhy kgl Jollhf Gfahotbom sotf kt Bofgbfoj.

Kckog, b ₨ B9 b os fstojktfl ta `f kàut. < B ar

jarf9 khsa, b os gat k rkglaj skjphf eraj B, kgl

tbus gat rfprfsfgtktovf ae B. Og atbfr warls, tbf

pra`kòhoty tbkt kgy sbfrl eraj B os og b os gah

magstkgt9 k sjkhhfr pfrmfgtkcf ae tbf sbfrls

lujpfl gfkr tbf earfst eragt ae tbf sfthhfjfgt krf

ogmarparkhml og b thokoo ae obasf losmkrlfl ag tbf

rovfr eragt. L jky `f obaucbh ae ks tbf jalfrg

rfprfsfgtktovf ae tbf lfmarktfl pattfry ae tbf

@kglifrkjoi trklotoag, kgl B ks obf Magtfgo-

parkgfaus jkgoefstktoag ah tbf sftthfjfgh ae Ahl

Bofgbfoj.

http://alidily/

http://alidily/

http://alidily/



MAGMHV]OAG] 3;

t)g hhom `ksos ahohom omsghts mshk`hosbrmh og tbf hoohb

sfmtoag, bfkrogc tbf moukhohomktoags ae tbf soxtb

sfmtoag og jogl (phus tbf marraàrktoags og tbf

sfvfgtb sfmtoag), kgl usogc tbf syjàhs lfeogfl

kàvf, tbf eahhawogc mkg `f skol kàut tbf rfsfkrmb

qufs toag XX hu-hbmr hoomrf wks k losmagt oguoty ar gat

eraj H@I ta BP4

+ O4 og (; tbfrm os k losma gtogu otX. BaXvfX fr, sogmf

b os gat rfprmsfgtktoXf ae B, gahooogc mkg o)m skol ae

magtoguoty ar losmagtoguoty wotbog L. ]ojohkrhy, ks

tbf passo`hf rfhktoags `ftwffg kgy pkor ae tbf tfrjs

l, L, b, kgl B (ar `ftwffg kgy ae tbf jogar tfrjs

kgl hhom aoocogko Z)()ttmrs kt Ahl Bofgbfoj) krf gat

igau g, gat fvfg kppraxoogktfhy, tbfrf os ga wky ta

lflumf eraj l's losmagtoguoty k sojohkr losmagto-guo tX og B mor .oogagc obm ahl pat tfrs , har tbkt

jkt tfr . \bus, eraj tbf prfsfgt kgkhysos ga"]ofl-

hugcsiagstkgzW (magtoguaus ammupktoag kt tbf skjf

sotf9 @frcfr ;?3=4 0<) os ta h)f magmhulfl,

+ 04 tbf rfsfkrmb pra`hfj bks `ffg lfrovfl eraj

tbf cfgfrkh qufstoag ae'magtoguoty ae losmagtoguoty

og @kXkrok eraj H@I (a @P pattfry lfmarktoag. Oe

tbf cfgfrk! pomturf ael, ksZ)rmsfghfl og h'ocs. ;= kgl

;<, os kmmfphfl, tbfg ot mkg `f ah)sfrvfl tbkt khjast

khh trkots tbkt hacftbfr magstotutf tbf styhf aelfmarktoag kt tbf yaugcfr fgl ae tbf smkhf (o.f.,

tbasf fbkrkmtfrostom ae @P pattfry) khrfkly ammur

@FEAPI tbf losmagtoguoty spaifg ae og tbf hkst

pkrkcrkpb. \bos os fvfg mhfkrfr eraj tbf crkpbs ae

Ioc. O (). wbomb krf og k wky maglfgsfl orkgsearjs ae

tbasf og Ioc. ;6. \bfrfearf, ga jkttfr wbftbfr

tbfrf os k losmagtoguoty og L, pfrbkps fvfg kgoagc

tbf ahl pattfrs, k magtoguoty og tbf @kglifrkjoi

trklotoag ae pattfry lfmarktoag os kppkrfgt. ]a,

sogmf tbf tkif-aee wbomb wauhl hktfr rfsuht og tbf@P styhf ae lfmarktoag fvolfgthy lol ammur og k

@kvkrokg H@I johofu, tbf Tkpatamik tbfary

(Tkpahamioo ;?3>4 '.02-0?) bks `ffg rmeuhfl ag tvva

ojpartkgt paogts4

;;> @abfjokg ar atoofr khoambhbagaus arocogs ae

@P gffl `f kssujfl9

BP os gat k @kvkrokg Xko'okgh ah hhof ]@P styhf,

h)ut k styhf aelfmarktoag og ots awg rocbt.

('agXfrsfhy, bfr a`sfrvktoag tbkt og @kxkrokoo ga

fvolfgmf ae tbf ahlfr pbksms ae tbf ]@I mkg `f

eùgl (Tkpatamik ;?3>4 ;=) gaw ekhhs ogta phkmf,

fvfg ckogogc pfrspfmtovf eraj tbos kgkhysos.

Khsa, Jfofr-Krfglt's tbfary (Jfofr-Krfglt

'?36- •=<"'=6) ae kg kutambtbagaus fvahutoag ae

pattfry lfmarktoag eraj H@I ta @P kppfkrs ta `m

suppartfl ("marraexorktfl") `y tbf prfsfgt kgk

hysos oh ogtfrprftfl ks hfdfroogc ha tbf rfcoag.

Vgkhhy, ot wauhl khsa sffj tbkt oe tbfrf os phkmf

ear twa summfssovf styhfs wotbog @P (ae wbomb O kj

yft ta `f pfrsuklfl"). Vgtfroshogc wotb ots bktmbfl

lfmarktoag (Tkpatamik B)3A4 Ô. 2) wauhl ddrfmflf

tbf A`frhkutfr`kmbfr styhf ae stkb-kgl-lrkc mhf

jfgts.< = 4 og tbf eorst pkrt ae tbf soxtb sfmtoag oh wks

stktfl tbkt tbf usfeuhgfss ae k jalfh os k jfksurf ae

ots vkhuf. \bf magmhusoags kàvf dustoey jy jalfh

ae magtoguoty kgl losmagtoguoty ks prfsfgtfl og

]fmtoag 0, p. <0-<6, O tbogi. \bos, tbfg, os kg mj-

poromkh ekhsoeomktoag ae Ukg lfr Skkhs' stktfjfgt

khrfkly khhulfl ta og gatf 0, tbkt losmagtoguoty mkg

`f succfstfl aghy4 ot mkg hof lfjagstrktfl, ks

magtoguoty mkg `f.

Obfg, O wauhl hoif ta lfeogf tbf @P pattfry

lfmarktoag fxphomothy. ]trab (;?<>), wba ogvfgtfl

tbf tfrj (kgl taai ot ta jfkg tbf @kvkrokg ekmofs ae

tbf Passfg styhf) covfs aghy bogts ks ta ots jfkgogc9

Tkpa tamik ;?3>4 0?, og ktt ro` ut ogc ]@I progmophfs

ta tbf wkrf, khsa prfsfgts sujjkry lfsmroptoags

aghy9 Jfofr -Krf glt ;?36 sffjs ta `f taa prf-

ammupofl wotb bos kgkhacuf jalfhs ta warr)- jumb

kàut lfehgotoags (tbaucb sajf oglomktars ks ta tbf

kpp fkrk gmf ae Vgtfroshogc krf covfg4 Jfof r-Krfgl t;?364 ;=6)9 \ar`røccf kgl Vfgzf ;?52, Jkofr

;?5<, Jkusf r-C ahhfr ;?5?=;; ypkss tbf ossuf. \bos

styhf ae pattfry lfmarktoag os mbkrkmtfrozfl `y9

- \FMBGo[VFs4 juhtolmgtfl spktuhk, sajftojfs og

majògktoag wotb tbf "cakt eàt taao".

GVJFPomo\v4 (k`sfgmf ae sojphf lfmarktoag),

lau`hï (kgl quklru phf) kgl trf`hf fxfmutoag ae khh

jatoes, kuxoøkry hogfs, ftm.



30 M a G \ O G V O\ _ KGL L O] M A G \ O G VO \ _

- GFMI LFMøPK\oaG os poo'J'oo/ aoo rXmry lmm'arktfl

pat9 ot os cfgfrkhhy fxfmutfl og agf sogchf fhfjfgt,

kgl ogtfrruptfl og k jftapf-hoif eksboag.

MAJÂGFG\] (àtb àly kgl gfmi)4 fotbfr shk`-

kgl-lrkc ojprfssoags ar bktmbogc, wbomb sffj ta `f

khogaso goootukhhy fxmhusovf ag ogloXolookh pahs,W"

aetfg magoògfl vvotho k erogcf ah paogts kraoogl tbf

jatu's.

- s\Pum\VPIs4 rfmtoVgfkohy fxfmoohfl tgatoes.

- JKOG JA\oEs4 lfrovktovms ae tbf zoczkc (rbaj`s,

zoczkcs, ar sojphf a`hoquf pkttfrgs).

- KVxoHoKP_ HoGFs4 jky ar jky gat `f prfsfgt,

kgl oesa, loscuosfl ks erogcfs, pkrooooagogc Vgfs, ftm.

Oe tbfsf trkots amfur tacftbfr og k mhasfl eogl ah

Jollhf Gft)hotbom, @kvkrokg pravfgomgmf, tbf oogljky `f gkoooml khhfr (bos styhf oo obf hostml trkots

ammupy jarf tbkg (sky) 6>% ah'tbf joxfs.

@fmkusf tbf kàvf lfeogotoag bks kbgash gatboooc

og majjag wotb tbkt aePõssfg prapfr, oh oooocbt `f

`fhhfr ha hahhaw Jfofr-.'Rrfglh's klXoff obkh "obf

hk`fh "@P' sbauhl `f rfdffhfl ks `foooc kjòcooaoos"

(Jfofr-Krfgl t ;?364 ;5>). Og ohs phkmf "] hk` kgl

Bktm b Majph fx" os prapasfl (og (ofr gokg 4 " ]homb-

]tromb Iajphfx'" ar "]]I", sauglogc rktbfr

loeefrfgt eraj "]tomb`kgl Ifrkjoi", "Morass-

ckrtkmb", "Hogfkr`kgl Ifrkjoi", ar "Jøgmbs-

bõefg", ta gkjf ùh tbf magt ocuaus styhfs)9 tbf horso

twa warls paogt tbf twa jkog khtfrgktovf

mbkrkmtfrostoms ae tbf pattfry, kgl "maj phfx "

oglomktfs tbkt ot os k vkrokgh woohoog tbf @kouh-

ifrkjoi trklotoag, kgl gat k sfpkrktf fgtohy.

\wa jogar fagmhusoags wohh fgl tbos mbkptfr4

- Gfotbfr JALFH V gar JALFH O os fgtorfhy klf

quktf ta lfsfro`f l kt B. Fspfmokhhy tbf fkrhofr pkrt

ae JALFH OO sbauhl `f rfmagsolfrfl epra`k`hy

majprfssfl).]ogmf b os gat rfprfsfgtktovf ae B, l wohh kbgash

mfrtkoghy gah `f rfprfsfgtktovf ah ;). Obfrfhotrf,

fxpkglogc tbf guj`fr ae ugots og obf kgkhysos

jocbt mags olfrk`hy jaloey Eocs. ;= kgl ;< (sfm tbf

âstsmropt ha tbos mbkptfr).

GA\F]

' Ks k solfhogf. hoof O`hhawogc lfhogotoaoos jky `f prapas fl4 Khoklohwg rfhfrs ha tbf sft ae'vkrok`hfs ear wbomb (usukhhy wotbog kcfacrkpòmkhhy rfstromtfl krfk) k magtoguaus mbkgcf avfr tojfmkg o7f pastoohktfl. ]tyhf wohh oglomktf k sft ae sygmbragof joxfs, ksu`shkgtokh prapartoag ae wbomb sbaw k bajacfgfaus (ar sogchftrkoh) majpa sohoa g. \bfg tbf sfts tbkt k rf hfss fxtr fjf ogmajpasohoag mauhl `f hk`fhfl ogtfrjfloktf.

Ear Bofgbfoj oh mkg `f skol tbkt agf trklotoag os a`dfmt aestuly, voz., tbf @kglifrkjoi trklotoag ae pattfry lfmarktoag4owa styhfs krf ta`f a`sf rvf l og tbf lkt k9 H@I kgl @P, lmejk`hfag t bf `ksos ae Eoc. ;6 ks tbf maghocurktoa gs kt tbf àttaj, kgl kttbf tap, rfspfmtovfhy.

'' \wa majjf ghs4 Og Høg ogc ;?3= oggav ktoag pfr tojf pbksf os

strfs.sfl, obfrf`y covogc tbf ojprfssoag obkt ogga vkto agsa mmur ogmhustfrs kgl tbkt fvahutoag os k dujpogc krt'kor. Sbohf tbos jkybkvf `ffg tbf mksf k guj`fr ae tojfs, oh sbauhl `f rfmacgozfltbkt rfcoagkh (ar "spfmohám") fvahutoag os usukhhy crklukh, tbfhfkps earwkrl `fogc hojotogc mksfs aghy (@frcfr ;?3=4 =3)9 ar,fvfg warsf, jarf kppkrfgh tbkg rfkh tbraucb hujpogc ag kgarlogkh (o.f., losmagtoguaus) tojf smkhf, kg kgkhyoomkh krtoekmo4"... tojf os gah k sfrofs ae mktfcarofs, oh os k magtoguøj" (^hac;?3<4<<;.

Og X'k oo (hfh Skkhs ;?3", maouo ouooh y os tag sol frfl ""lfjag-

strk`hf ks kg krmbkfahacomkh rfkhooy", wbfrfks losmagtoouoohy mkg`m succfshfl aghy. Bawfvfr, oe magtoguohy mkg `f "lfjagstrktfl", kgl oe tbf appasotf mksf mkggat `f lfjagstrktfl ùtsuccfstfl aghy, tbfg gfotbfr mkg `f ekhsoeofl, kgl tbf pra`hfj ae!los)magtoguohy os trkgsefrrfl ta tbf jftkp bysomkh sp bfrf. Oh', ksprapasfl bfrf, tbfsf tfrjs krf lfeogfl og rfhktoag ta agfkgatbfr, og k systfj, tbfg tbfor ojphomktoags sfrvf ta ekhsoey agfkgatbfr og magmrftf fvfgts.

•* 'O'bf rf suhto gc sfqu fgmf os covfg `y sa- mkhhfl e kmtar-smarfs aetbf oglovolukh eogls, ae tbf cfgfrkh earj ae4

s W k x + `y + mz + . . . .og wbomb k, `, m, ... krf magstkgts ("ekmtar mafeEomofgts")mbkrkmtfrostom ae tbf vkrok`hfs usfl, kgl x, y, z,... tbf maugts ae

tbf rfspfmtovf vkrok`hfs ks a`sfrvfl og tbf eogl uglfr magsolf-rktoag. Og tbf mksf ae k jossogc vkhuf ear x, y, z, ... tbf usukhpramflurf os ta fgtfr tbf jfkg ear tbkt vkrok`hf, tbfrf`yogtralumogc k iogl ae ogtfrprftktovf gaosf.

' \b os wohh bahl aghy oe tbf ^MO bks `ffg lfh ogfl `y jfkg s aeskjphfs truhy rfprfsfgtktovf ae tbf arocogkh papuhktoag, kgl ohtbf fvahutoag ae tbf joxfs bks `ffg gag-rfcrfssovf. @fmkusf aetbf rktbfr hkrcf guj`fr ae skjphfs, tbfor kccrfcktf wohh `f vfrymhasf tasoombkrfprfsfgtktovoty. Magvfrsfhy, kgy sogchf skjphf arOogl jky lohefr magsolfrk`hy eraj tbf "garj" ear hts hogof ae



G a \ F ] 3=

lfpasotot)g, f vfg vvhofg ot os stohh wotbog p ra` kò hoty h)augls9 tbos osjast hoifoy ta afrur wbfg tbf skjphf os sjkhh.'' Ks losmussml bfrf. Jalfhs o kgl 0 krf rfwarifl og tbf gfxtsfmtoag ag tbf `ksos at' guj `f rs ae sbfrls, ogstfk l ae pots. \ bfojphomktoag os ae k magstkgt pfrmfgtkcf ae wkstfl kgl lfpasotflsbfrls ooos-k-ros tbf arocogkh papuhkto ag ae mfrkjom s. hy pa -crkpbomkhhy, obos mbkooPm os ooolofkhfl `y JALIO. ; kgl JALFH. ;;«rohtfg hkrcf.

\bf magstrumtoag ae ku ojkcf ae wbkt tbfsf jalfhs stkgl earwauhl stkrt wotb tbf sa-mkhhfl "Mhaai jftbal" (Mabfg ;?3")4<3'0), wbomb mauhl `fttfr bkvf `ffg gkjfl "M'.aai's ^rogmophf".Kfmarlogc ta obos progmophf, tbf rfhkhovf erfqufgmofs ae kgy sogchfkttroùtf ar Xk r ok `hf ae goktfrokh muhturf (ks fxmkvktfl, Oprfsujf) krf lorfmthy prapartoagkh ta tbf sozf ae tbf arocogkhpapuhktoag aábaja sp. S'bohf ; kj k wk rf ae tbf sbart majo gcs aetbos olfk (earksujjkryme. Mabfg ;?36) O tbogitbkt tbfsfkpphyaghy ta taa gkrraw k agf-ta-agf ogtfrprftktoag ae tbos progmophfog taa wolf k eofhl. Oe ot os tkifg ta jfkg "raucbhy maogmologc

wotb" kgl oe ots kpphomktoag os rfstromtfl ta lktk wbomb eraj kcfgfrkh f vahutoagkh paogt ao' vofw krf bajacfgmaus , gatbogco\oumb mkg `f skol kckogst ots usf.

Og tbos wky, tbf arlfrogc pralumfl `y tbf ^MOK ear tbfBofgbfoj lktk, tkifg hotfrkhhy, mauhl `f "fxphkogfl"" `ykssujogck jks.sovf ojjocrktoag h'ahhawfl `y k rkpol fxbkustoagah tbf rfsaurmfs, earmogc tbf jkog àly ae tbf papuhktoag tajkrmb ag khtfr kàut < "pbksfs", wbohf k sjkhh guj`fr ah'tfg kgt s os hfht `mb ogl. Jalf h ; vvauhl tbfg st kgl ear tbfammupkgmy ae tbf sotf `y k magstkgt guj`fr ae pfaphf ogstfkl..Xgl Jalfh 0 jocbt kmmauou ear twa rklomkhhy lohefrfghsotuktoags4

Jalfh '0l4 Sbf g k sjkhh craup mahagozfs kg krmk , fxpkgths,kgl crklukhhy fxbkusts ots rfsaurmfs, tbfg tbf sozf ae tbf bujkg

papuhktoag rfspaglogc ta tbf fxphaotktovf pkttfrg wohh eahhaw kgarjkh murvf. \bos os fssfgtokhhy tbf jalfh usfl `y ^hac (;?3<4?;-?0) og k cfgfrkh losmussoag ae mbkgcf avfr prfbostarof tojf.Gat magsolfrfl `y boj, baufvfr, os tbf eahhawogc jalfh, wbombos pra`k`hy ftoukhI, oe gat otuorf, rfhfvkgt kgl og kgX mksf jarfcfgfrkh4

Jalfh 0`4 \bf gargokhhy lostroùtfl erfqumgmy maugts ae (kgkttr oùt f ae' sagof Orklotoag ;' krosf wbfg tbf skjf buj kgpapolkooag hoks pralumfl k Orklotoag ] `fearf 'h kgl k trklotoagU khhfr ot. ^ralu mts ] kgl V la gat eot tbf mktmca rofs usfl tamhkssooy tbf pra lumt s ao' \. Jarf avf r, ] ar V jkX `f vaol`fmkusf k sotuktoag sojohkr ta Jalfh 0k a`tkogfl.

Sbktfvfr trkgshktoag ae tbf kàvf jalfhs ae jktfrokh muhturfogta tbf lfjacrkpbom/samokh spbfrf os magmamtfl, tbf erfqufgmy

lostroùtoag prfsmro`fl `y tbf sfmagl jalfh wohh pra`k`hy `ftbf `fst, jast rfkhostom agf (^hac ;?3<4 ?0). Khsa, tbf "fxphkgk-toag" ae Jalfh 0` bks twa klvkgtkcfs4 ot os gat gfmfsskry takssujf tbf Xk ho lo ty ae Maai's progmophf, kgl ot sffjs ta tof oggfkhI' wotb tbf prfsfgt stktf ae tbfarozogc kàut tbf H@I -ubftbfr tbf H@I wks pralumfl `y ojjocrkgts. ar `y Jfsa-hotbom kutambtbagfs (tbf hamkh Jfsahotbom bks gat `mfglfeogfl ksyft)9 kgl wbmt bfr khhfr @P tbf pfaphf javfl kw ky ar stkrhfl hapralumf pattfry wotbaut lfmarktoag.

" \bos jftbal ae wfocbtogc os rkhbfr mrulf. Ot bks tbfklvkgtkcf, bawfvfr, ae `fogc fksohy pfrearjfl ag k projotovflfsi mkhmuhktar. ]ajf ae tbf jarf sapbostomktfl wkys ah'sjaatbogc krf jfrfhy jarf majphfx lfvfha}ojmghs ae tbf skjfolfk (me Mhkri ;?36 phus rfefrfgmfs tbfrf).' Kg oghhfmtoag paogt os tbkt paogt ae tbf crkpb wbfrf tbflorfmtoag ae tbf murvkturf mbkgcfs, magvfx `fmajogc magmkvf(ar rfvfrsf)9 ogE oc. ctbosp aogto sbk he-w ky `ftwffg t(d) kgl t(o),wbfrf erfqufgmy (p) :erfqufgmy (q) :6>",,,. Og tbf mksf ae tbf

hacostom murvfs og tbf atbfr eocurms, ot os fksohy eaugl `y lovologctbf avfrkhh mbkgcf og tbf jox `y 0 kgl tbfg hamkhogc tbf paogovXbfrf bkhh tbf mbkgcf bks `ffg rug tbraucb.'W M'.ajpkrk`hf hocurfs ear Bofgbfoj krf gat kvkohk`hf `fmkusfao loeefrfgmfs `ftwffg tbf eogkh mkhmuhktoags. Ear Bofgbfoj, tbfprogmopkh majpagfgts sahutoag wks ratktfl ta k "`fttfr"lfsmroptoau ae tbf lktk, wbomb rfglfrs jfkgogchfss tbf gatoag"hámr mfgtk cf ah' tbf vkrokgmf fxphk ogf l". Ba wfvf r, tbos gfwmbragahacomkh kxos wks mageorjfl `y k juhtophf rfcrfssoagkgkhysos4 P" (JA LFH ;;;) : .22 09 PW (JALFH jk) : .2??. Og

warls4 22.0",,, rfsp. 2?.?"‗aetbf vkrokgmf ae tbf ;; trkotsusflogobf majputktoag ae tbf arlfrogc os fxphkogfl `y tbf mbragahacomkh kxfs ae JALFH] j kgl jk . Ear Fhshaa, ratkto ag ae tbf ^ M'slol gat pralumf k `fttfr ogtfrprftk`hf rfsuht, ag tbf magtrkry4

trustml jkrifrs ae fkrhy pattfry, sumb ks k`sfgmf ae rojlfmarktoag kgl sojphf spktuhk, mkjf ta appasf agf kgatbfr.\bf smqufgmf ear Fhshaa prfsfgtfl og tbf tfxt os, tbfrfearm, tbfugratktfl sahutoag9 har tbos arlfrogc, og k juhtophf rfcrfssoagkgkhysos PW : .?60 bks `ffg m ajpu tfl.

" Bfgm f, passo hy, tbf musta jkry loeo'frfgtoktoag ae tbf Vgtfro s-hogcfr kgl A`frhkutfr`kmbfr wkrf, wbomb wauhl sffj rfkhmgaucb ag tbf busb ao' sur/kmt' mahhfetfl skjphfs. Bawfvfr, kt tbfBofgbfoj sotf àtb wmrf eaugl og tbf vfry skjf pohs. Ae maursf,obos lafs gat ruhm aut sfp krk tf arocogs ùt tbfsf gaw rfjko g ta`m lfjagstrktfl `y jfkgs aosystfjktom fxmkvktoags, gat wotbogvfgtarofs ae bkzy mahhfmtoags. Ear k jarf spfmoeom losmussoag aetbf lostroùtoags ae bktmbfl kgl ae stk`-kgl-lrkc lfmarktflwkrf kt Bofgbfoj, sff p. ;5=.

http://ariable/

http://ariable/

http://alidity/

http://alidity/

http://alidity/

http://ariable/



MBKÔIP OOO

Â]\]MPO^\

]ajf tojf ketfr tbf kàvf bkl `ffg wrottfg, k vkst majphfx ae pots wks fxmkvktfl kt tbf sotf ae Bofgbfoj.

\b f pattfr y tbkt fkjf aut ae ot os majpkr ktovfhy fkr hy ear tbos sftthfjfgt 9 k MV ;< rfklogc eraj tbf eohhogcs ae

pot ga. ;=?3 (agf ae tbos majphfx) ckvf 500> » <6 `p, 56 yfkrs ahlfr tb kg kgy ae tbf lktfs prfvoaushy

a`tkogf l. Ot wkslffolf l ta ogm arp ark tf tbfsf erfsb lkt k (;6 pots, ()0(D sbfrls) og jy kgkhysfs. \b f hahhawogc

tfxt kgl kmmajpkgyogc crkpbs krf ogtfglfl ta sujjkrozf tbf gfw rfsuhts.

@fmkusf ae tbf fkrhy gk tu rf ae tbf lkt k ta `f kl lfl ,

tbf vkrok`hf "prfsfgmf ar k`sfgmf ae gfmi lfmark-

toag" (EAPJK\), wks khsa fgtfrfl ogta tbf majpu-

tktoags ae tbf mbragahacomkh arlfrogc9 tacftbfr wotb

\IMBGoWVF], mm47J^8)GFG\s ( fhhy), kgl ]\PO-M\VPE.

sujjogc ;= trkots. Ua ogkim up ear tbf 5; pots (aut

ae O 3?) ae tbf sotf wotbau t k sueeomoégt gu j`fr ae roj

sbfrls, kg khhawkgmf bkl ta `f jklf `y ogsfrtogc

tbf kvfrkcf vkhufs ae tbf kttroùtfs ae tbos vkrok`hf

(tbf "majputktoagkh gaosf" ae gatf =, Mb. OOO).

\bf eorst, ar mbragahacomkh, progmopkh majpagfgtkmmaugtfl ear 60.=",, ae tbf vkrokgmf ae tbf vkro

k`hfs goftuoagfl (kt Fhshaa, <>.>"‗). \bos tojf,

ratktoag ae tbf ekmtar strumturf lol gat pralumf k

`fttfr a rlfrogc ae tbf øgls (ks lftfrjo gfl eraj tbf

ekmtar phat, kgl eraj k juhtophf rfcrfssoag kgkhysos)

kgl os tbfrfearf gat ogmarparktfl og tbf prfsfgt

majputktoags kgl rfsuhts. \bf lostroùtoag ae tbf

eogls ag tbf mbragahacomkh kxos os sujjkrozfl og

Eoc. 00. Ks bks `ffg lfjagstrktfl og tbf gokog tfxt

ae tbos mbkptfr, tbfrf os kg kppkrfgt losmagtoguoty. khkrcf, fkrhy mhustfr ae eogls os sfpkrktfl `y k ckp

eraj k sjkhhfr, yaugcfr mhustfr, wotb k efw eogls

ammurrogc bkpbkzkrlhy og tbf ckp. Earty-twa eogls

la gat `fhagc ta tbf jkog mhustfr, k guj` fr fxkmthy

fqukh ta tbkt ae tbf eogls yaugcfr tbkg tbf

losmagtoguoty jklf voso`hf og Eocs. ;< ta ;5.

Covfg tbos rfsuht O lol gat tbogi ot gfmfsskry ta rf-

la tbf fgtorf kgkhysos ae tbf ]fmtoags 6 kgl 5 og Mb.

OOO. Ogs tfkl, O wohh `rofhhy gatf k mbkgcm og tbf

pasotoags ae sajf eogls kgl sky k hotthf ag tbf mbfmis

ae tbf progmopkh majpagfgts sahtotoag prapasfl og

]fmtoag 5.

\bf ogmarparktoag ae tbf vkroko)hf "prfsfgmf ae

gfmi lfmarktoag" (o.f., EAPJK\) ogta tbf majputk

toags bks rfsuhtfl og kg ojpartkgt rf-pasotoagogc ae

kt hfkst eùr eogls4 ;;;6 kgl ;;;5 krf gaw yaugcfr

tbkg tbf losmagtoguoty (wbomb sffjs `fttfr, ogtuo-tovfhy), wotb gas. >=5< kgl >5<2 ahlfr gaw (khsa

ogtuotovfhy jarf sktoseyogc). ]tohh, tbf jkdar mag-mhusoag ae Mb. OOO (]]I kttroùtfs wfrf mhfkrhy

prfsfgt `fearf tbf a`sfrvfl losmagtoguoty, kgl H@I

agfs ketfr ot) khsa bahls caal ear tbf gfw arlfrogc

(Eoc. 0=, wbomb prfsfgts tbf JALFH O lostroùtoag

kgl maugts9 tbf crkpbs bkvf gat `ffg sjaatbfl9 me.

Eoc- ;=)-Pfckrl ogc tbf mbfmis prapasfl mkrhofr, ' tbf

sbkpf ae tbf sfvfrkh murvfs hkrcfhy magearjs ha tbf

prfsmoptoags ae Eocs. ? kgl ;;, gatwo tbstkg logc tbf

eoumtuktoags (tbos os hkrcfhy tbf rfsuhh ae tbf or `m ogcugsjaatbfl).

\bf rkloamkràg lktogcs krf og magqdhftf

kcrffjfgt wotb tbf stktostomkhhy majputfl

arlfrogc, ks ekr ks tbf rfhok`hf agfs krf mag-

mfrgfl (me losmussoag ag p. 629 tbf lktogcs bkvf

`ffg fgtfrfl og Eoc. 06)4



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+ ;.>> ->.6> + > - ->.6>e k m t a r s m a r f s

-; .>> -;.6> -0.>>

Eoc. ;0. BOFGBFOJ4 lostroùtoag ae eogls kgl sbfrls (stoppoml) khagc mhoraooahacomkh kxos og (craupfl) ekmtar smarfs. 'Ahlfr' ta ttom

hfet, 'yaugcfr' ta tbf roctot.Ga. ae eoools oglo mktf l kt tbf tap ae tbf euhh-l rkwg `krs .Ga. ae sbfrls og pfrmfgt kcfs ag smkhf ta tbf hfet.eWovosoag ogta jkmra-pbksfs oglomktfl kt tbf hap ae tbf hocurf.

]ftZoomgmm O<M9 lktf Iogl Pmgokrisgujhdfr yrs. @^ guj`fr

' 6 632> » 6> >;>2

W? 6?>6 » <6 ;;;6

8«) 5>>> >50>

3¹ 6?;> » 6> >>52 suspfmt, me p. 62

?3 Õ;06 » =6 ><;<20 5;66 » <6 >200 suspfmt, me p. 62

'3< 500> » <6 •=?3

Ag thof su`dfmt ao'strktocrkpbofkh mbfmis e kj k`hm

ta rf|)ao t kcrffjmoot gaw ae a`sfrvml kgl maj-

putml sfqufgmf4 togl ga. >6<2 bks k yaugcfr

"lktf" (sfq. ga. 22) tbkg eogl ga. >666 (sfq. ga.

;>2). \b f mkusf «e tbos sbauol pf rbkp s `f saucbt

fotbmr og tbf ogmarparktoag ae tbf vkrok`hf EAPJK\-

rmsuVogc og k edfttfr ogst rujfgt ar og tbf tkrcfr

gu j` fr ae' eogls rfsu htogc og k gkrrawogc ae hhom

mageolfgmf ogtfrvkhs (sff losmussoag ag p. 6?-5>)

- ar àtb.

; tbogi tbkt tbf kcr ffjfgt ae tbf M'bkptmr eee

kgkeysos wotb tbf prfsfgt agf, phus tbf oragogc aut

ae sajf ae tbf a`voaus frrars ae tbf earjfr bfrf,

lfjagstrktf (kckog) tbf cfgfrkh vkholoty ae tbf

jftbal.

eg tbf sfmtoags khhulfl ta, orrfcuhkrotofs wfrf

a`sfrvfl og tbf ahlfr pkrt ae thof smkhf9 magtrkmtoagae tbkt pkrt wks prapasfl ks k rfjfly. Ot sbauol `f

(rf-)fjpbksozfl hhokt tbf hfgctb ae tbf smkhf ar ae

pkrt s ae ot os fgtormhy k rò trk ry4 oh'twa hogls krf eaugl

ta `f vfry mhasf ta agf kga tbf r ag tbf mbragahacomkh

smkhf, tbos jky hfcotojktfhy `f trkgshktfl ogta

rkgiogcs ae, sky, <3 kgl <2. Ot os quotf kgatbfr

tbogc, bawfvfr, ta jkim tbos loeefrfgmf og rkgiogc

marrfspagl ta, f.c., agf johbjfhrf ag crkpb pkpfr



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o4 gkohs/eogcfr tops ;9 sojphf ;4k`sfgt o4 eogcfr/gkoh ojprfssoags ;4 murvo- ;4 wkXfs O4 syjjftry kxfs ;4 fjpty `kgls ;4 hogfs04 sojphf spkhuhk lfmarktoag 04 prfsfgt 04 hogfs hogfkrotv 09 sporkos 04 mklrms 04 ogtfrruptfl 09 to gcfr/gkoh ojprfssoags=4 juhto-lfgtfl 04 lau`hï =4 bktmbogcs 04 r f m t o - =4 gagf =4 (agtoguaus =9 bktmbogcs

spktuhk lfmarktoag <4 stk`-kgl-lrkc paogts hogfkrotv <4 stk`-kgl-lrkc<4 'cakt eaat taao =4 trf`hf

lfmarktoag64 paogos. 64 paogos

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Eoc. 0=. BOFGBFOJ4 ^rapartoags ae vkroaus kttroùtfs pfr vkrok`hf ae lfmarktoag avfr tojf. ^bksfs majprosf Wpr axo jkt fhy fqukh guj`fr ae sbfrls (JALFH O), arlfrfl

mbragahacomkhhy `y jfkgs ae k progmopkh majpagfgts kgkhysos ae tbf vkrok`hfs jkrifl wotb • 4 tap-yaugcfst pbkof, àttaj-ahlfst pbkkf (me. Eoc. ;=).G ae pohs4 guj`fr ae eogls og wbomb tbf sbfrls wfrf mahhfmtfl.Mahujg woltb4 ;>>% fkmb.



Â ]\ ]M PO ^\ \A MA G\ O GV O\ _ KGL L O]M A G \O G V O \ _ 33

- har os tbos loorfrfgff fqukh ha tbf lohhfrfgff lkt k ?6.0' X,9 tbfsf hocurfs krf gat stromthy fago-

`ftwffg tbf rkgiogcs <0 kgl <=1 pkrk`h f ta tbasf og tbf âstsfropt , ks tbf O`rgofr agfs

\a ohhustrktf tbos, k juht ophf rfcrfssoag kgkhysos rfhk tf ta craups ae eogls/pbksfs kgl tbf hkotfo- agfs

wks rug ag tbf arlf rogc ks lfrovfl eraj tbf ^MK, ta tbf oglov olukh togls kgl rkgiogcs).

wotb fqukh lohhfrfgmfs og rkg iogc covfg fqukh Eogkhhy, og ^'oc. 06 tbf maugts ae tbf sfvfrkh

gofkg oooc . Og e'oc. 0<. tbf rfsuhts bkvf `ffg ks- khtro o)utfs krf lmpoftfl og k lokcrkj vvohb sfvfg

sfj`hfl4 baro/.agtkhI tbf gokhbfgoktofkhhy `fst fbragahacofkh pbksfs. \bfsf pbksfs krf tbasf suc-

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Eoc. 0<. BOIGBIOJ4 phat ahtbm Âmsolookhs ooo k juhøpho' rfcrfssoagkgkhysos.

Oglfpfglfgt (ar prflomtogc) vkrok`hfs4 tfmbgoqufs, prfsfgmfae roj lfmarktoag, mhfjfgts (`fhhy) kgl strumturfs.

Barozagtkh9 lfpfglfgt (ar prflomtfl) vkrok`hf4 agf-`y-agffbragahacofkh arlfrogc, stk glkrlozfl.

Ufrtomkh4 rfsolukhs (lot\frfgmf `ftwffg maogputfl sfqufgmfkgl arlfrogc ae tbf mksfs), stkglkrlozfl.

^hat sbaws twa mhustfrs4 agf hkrcfr, ahlfr agf, kgl k smmagl,sjkhhfr kgl yaugcfr agf.

kppraxooookhoag ae obkt arlfrogc, kgl Xf rh ofkh hy tbf

loth'frfgffs ah' kppraxogokhfl kgl ogput arlf rogc .

\bf lostroòuoag ae tbf paogts (fkfb rfprfsfgtogc

agf hogl) os ae faursf vfry jumb sotgohkr ta tbkh ae

Eoc. 00 - yfh bfrf 3=.3",, ae tbf vkrokgmm ae tbf eaur

vkrok`hfs bks `ffg "fxphkogfl" (tbf JALFH ;;;

arlfrogc og Mb. ;;; kffaugtfl ear 22.0"(, ae tbf

vkrokgmf, kgl tbf arlfrogc pralumfl ear tbf Fhshaa

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http://erlieally/



32 Â ]\ ]M PO ^\ \A M AG \O GV O\ _ KGL L O ]M A G \O G V O\ _

cfshfl `y tbf haatms ah'Eocs. 00 kgl 0<4 tbf mhustfrs

voso`hf tbfrf bkvf `ffg rftkogfl bfrf, aghy sphot up

ta jkif tbf lfvfhapjfgts `fttfr voso`hf, dust ks

tbf vfry tboghy sprfkl eogls og tbf ckp `ftwffg

"H@I" kgl "]]I" bkvf `ffg ifpt tboghy sprfkl

t`r tbf skjf purpasf. Ketfr jumb majputktoagkh

V()uh)hf tbf hogkh lostroùtoag og Mbkp tf r OO O aet bf

Bofgbfoj lktk wks jumb hoif tbf agf pralumfl

ogotokhhy O)G tbf ^('K, sa oh sffjs paogthfss ta ca

tbraucb tbkt mymhf kckog. Og tbos wky tbf los-

magtoguoty og tbf hamkh lfvfhapjfgt os mkucbt og tbf

trkgsotoagkh pbksf OU, kgl kg fjpbksozogc aetbf

rupturf ks og Eoc. ;5 wks tbfrfearf gat tbaucbt

gfmfsskry.

Og \k`hf 32 tbf mbragahacomkh arlfrogc ks

lfrovfl og tbos âstsmropt os prfsfgtfl.



MBK^\FP OU

@KGLIF PKJOI ]AMOKH ]h 'PVMro 'VPF4 K ÔH A\ ]\VL_

Og tbf Ob'st sfmtoag ae tbos mbkptfr tbf euglkjfgokh lostogmhoag h)ftwffg "pkrtomopkgts'" jalfhs kgl

"a`sfr vfr's" jalfhs os losmussfl, kgl tbf hkttfr krf su`lovolfl ogta "shktostom kh" kgl "jf mbk gom kh"

jalfhs. \a krr ovf kt kg ojkcf ae @kglif rkj oi samokh hoef, ot os tbfg stktfl, tbf pk hb sbauhl ca eraj tbfary

tbraucb jfmbkgomkh jalfhs ta tbf stktostomkh lfsmroptoag. Orrfvamk`hy, tbf pkrtomopkgts' vofws ag tbf

su`dfmt bkvf `ffg hast. Ag tbf kssujptoag tbkt k crkvfykrl prfsfgts k mhfkrfr rfmarl ae tbf samokh

arckg ozkto ag `fbogl ot obkg sftthfjfgt lf`ros lafs, tbf eaur atbfr sfmtoags ae tbos mbkp tfr krf lfvatfl ta kg

kgkhysos ae tbf crkvf caals og tbf Ihshaa M'.fgoftfry. K sbart cfgfrkh lfsmroZ6hoag og tbf sfmagl sfmtoagprfmflfs tbrmf jalfhs ae H@I samokh stroomturm4 k stuly ae tbf bomrkrtby ae stktusfs (]fmtoag =), ae tbf

rfhktoags `ftwffg tbfsf (]fmtoag <)9 kgl ]fmtoag 6 k jarf lygkjom jalfh os prfsfgtfl, wbomb kttfjpts ta

trkgsmfgl tbf atbfr twa og hogiogc sfts ae rfhktoags ta sfts ae samokh pasotoags. Og tbf gfxt mbkptfr, tbfsf

jalfhs wohh `f tfstfl kgl kjfglfl4 tbf stktostomkh lfsmroptoags ae @kglifrkjoi samokh strumturf.

;. Oghraljtuog4 prfsmrophoato.s kgl lfsmroptoags

Pfkhoty garjkhhy sffjs ta `f k majphfx keh'kor wotb

sfvfrkh loAfrfgt hfvfhs4 k "purf" hfvfh, wbfrf hkwsar ruhfs krf ugovfrskhhy vkhol, wbfrf "purf" kgl

"ojpurf" krf earfvfr sfpkrktf9 kgl kg "ojpurf"

ar prkmtomkh hfvfh, wbfrf fvfg tbf "purf" @rkbjog

os gfmfsskrohy saohfl `y tbf ojpurf ekmts ae hoef

(Lugoagt o8)3a4 2>-23"). 'h 'bm horst hfx'mh os pfrbkps

gahbogc ùt k magstrumt, "caal ta tbogi og"9 ots

magsostfgt magstrumtoag rfglfrs ot kg olfkh phky-

craugl ear tbf ogtfhhfmt. \bf sfmagl hfvfh, mhasfr ta

tbf ekmts, os tbkt ae tbf saohfl ruhfs4 og tbf Boulu

mksf, tbf mkstfs krf euhhy lfpfglfgt agf upag tbf

atbfr, oeaghy tagfutrkhozfojpuroty (Lujagt ;?5<4

;5) kgl tbos solf ae rfkh oty jky loeefr mags olfrk`hy

eraj tbf olfkhs ae tbf eorst hfvfh.

\bf lfsmroptoag ae samokh rfkhoty (kgl gat Dust

tbkt ae trklotoagkh Boglu samofty khagf) jky `f

quotf loeefrfgt eraj tbf arckgozogc progmophfs

wbomb cavfrg ot, khtbaucb tbf hkttfr la bkvf ks

jumb rfkhoty vkhuf ks, sky, k crkj jk r (Bkwifs

;?334 =?). \bf lfsmroptoag os mkhhfl k "stktostomkh

jalfh" ae tbf samokh rfkhoty, kgl tbf crkjjktomkh

ruhfs `fbogl ot earj tbf "jfmbkgomkh jalfh" ae

tbkt warhl (Hïvo-]trkuss ;?534 0369 Cuohhkuogog;?52).

\acftbfr, stktostomkh kgl jfmbkgomkh jalfhs krf

mkhhfl (fxtfrgkh) a`sfrvfr's jalfhs, `fmkusf tbfy

krf gat usukhhy rfmacgozfl, igawg `y tbf kcfgts

(Hïvo-]trkuss ;?534 03=) kht bau cb tbos os gat

khwkys sa4 tbf jkgopuhktoag wotb supphy kgl

lfjkgl feefmts ag promfs ojjfloktfhy magofs ta

jogl. ]fvfrkh atbfr hfvfhs fxost taa4 tbf jfj`frs ae

tbf craup uglfr a`sfrvktoag wohh khsa bkvf olfks

kàu t progmophfs kmmar logc ta wbomb tbfy `fbkvf -tbf "pkrt omopk gts'v ofw" (LfDassfhog lf da gc ;?654

;<?, ;639 khsa me Lf Dassfhog lf d a g c ;?3;). \b f

"a`sfrvfr's"/"pkrtomopkgts'" lombatajy os Zdkrkh-

hfh ta tbf "ftom"/"fjom" lostogmtoag losmussfl og

Mbkptfr OO.

Ear ogstkgmf, lurogc jy kgtbrapahacomkh eofhl-

wari trkogogc og sautbfrg ]pkog (Ukg lf Ufhlf

;?3;), tbf pfkskgts tahl jf tbkt tbfy wfrf khh



«a @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F ! K ^ O H A \ ] \ V L _

fqøkhs (oe prfssfl, tbfy wauhl kll4 "sjkhh ery, tbkt

os"4 tbf pkrto mopkgt s' vofw ae tbf Hotthf \rkl otoa g og

tbkt vfry bofrkrmbomkh samofty. Bawfvfr, sajf wfrf

kppkrfgthy jarf fqukh tbkg tbfor `rftbrfg4 32.6",,ae tbf bahlogcs wks sjkhhfr tbkg ;> bfmtkr fs,

wbfrfks <.0% ae tbf ekrjs wfrf jarf tbkg ;>>

bfmtkrfs og fxtfgt9 sojohk ry, ;% ae tbasf wba wbfrf

aeohmokhhy rfcostfrfl ks "kcromuhturkhhy kmtovf" gf-

vfr taumbfl k baf, 3<% lrfw tbfor jkog ogmajf

eraj kcromuhturf, kgl tbf rfjkoglfr bkl ta wari

kllotoagkhhy og tawg ta `f k`hf ta su`sost4 tbf

stktosoomkh jalfh. \bmg tbfy wfrf quotf fqukh sogmf

khh ae obmj wfrf suppartars ae agf pktrag ar

kgatbfr (kgl ogsaekr ks tbfy bkl ga pahotomkh

ogehufgmf), ùt tbfor kmmfss ta tbf ekmtars ae pralumtoag wks, bawfvfr, ear kg ojpartkgt pkrt lftfr-

jogfl `y tbf mfgturofs-ahl rfhktoags ae mhofgtsbop ae

tbfor hogfkcfs ta tbkt ae tbf tbf hamkh Maugt (kgl

khtbaucb hhof hkttfr bkl sahl bos prapfrty k efw

yfkrs kca ta tbf pfkskgts, ga su`stkgtokh rflostro-

ùtoag bkl ammurrfl ks yft). \bos os k vfry siftmby

authogf ae k jfmbkgomkh jalfh ae tbf bollfg

magstrkogts tbkt sbkpfl tbf hoef ae tbf pfkskgts.

Eraj tbf kàvf, vfry haasf fxphomktoag (wbomb O

prfefr ta Hïvo-]trkuss' lffphy a`smurf lfeogotoags`y jfkgs ae tbf loeo'frfgt "smkhf" ae tbf jalfhs

rfhktovf ta tbf pbfgajfgk), ot jky `f tkifg tbkt og

k tbfarftomkh magsolfrktoag jfmbkgomkh jalfhs krf

jarf kppraproktf tbkg stktostomkh agfs (me Mb. O,

]fmtoag 0) Fspfmokhhy og k mksf hoif tbf prfsfgt agf,

wbfrf tbf authogf ae k samokh strumturf os saucbt

kàut wbomb prkmtomkhhy gatbogc os igawg, k

jfmbkgomkh jalfh jocbt pravolf k strumturogc ae

tbf lktk tbkt jocbt `f bollfg og tbf stktostomkh

kppfkrkgmfs. Oglffl, tbf vfry ekmt tbkt aghy vkcufgatoags fxost kàut @kglifrkjoi samokh strumturf

(Mb. 6, ]fmtoag 0) mkg `f ogtfrprftfl sumb tbkt tbf

lk tk ae wbk tfvfr iogl - krf kjò cuau s ar

mageusfl, tbkt tbf stktostomkh jalfh os ohhfco`hf. \bos

apkmoty jky `f luf fotbfr ta k truhy rkglaj

lostroùtoag ae tbf pbfgajfgk rfsuhtogc eraj kg

(arocogkh) k`sfgmf ae strumturogc ruhfs, ar ot jky `f

raatfl og ocgarkgmf ah wbkt ta haai ear4 lktk la gat

spfki ear tbfjsfhvfs. K proaro, tbf hkttfr passoòhoty

sbauhl `f tbf mksf4 samokh bef wotbaut ruhfs os

ojpasso`hf.

Oe sajftbogc hoif tbos os tbf mksf, tbf `fst strktfcysffjs ta `f ta lfvfhap k sft ae khtfrgktovf bypa

tbfsfs ta `f tfstfl kckogst tbf lktk (sff kàvf,

pp. 0-=, == kgl =<). \bf bypatbfsfs sbauhl `f

lfrovfl eraj tbfary, kgl og kg ogtfgsovf stuly ae k

hojotfl sft ae jktfrokh tbf rfhfvkgt pkrt ae tbf

tbfary os sfhfmtfl. ]umb k "pohat stuly" os kojfl kt

tbf magstrumtoag ae tbf "jfmb kgom kh jalf h", og tbf

sfgsf ae k sft ae magsostfgt ruhfs ar prfsmroptoags

eraj wbomb bypatbfsfs (og tbos mksf ag samokh

strumturf) kgl ojphomktoags ear tbf jkog àly ae

tbf lktk mkg `f lfrovfl (Hïvo-]trkuss ;?534 02;). K

tfstogc ae tbfsf wohh rfsuht gat aghy og k marraàrk-

toag ar ekhsoeomktoag ae tbf bypatbfsfs (kgl tbus ae

tbf jfmbkgomkh jalfh), ùt khsa og k lfsmroptoag ae

tbf lfcrff ta wbomb rfkhoty magearjfl ta tbf

jfmbkgomkh pkthfrg4 tbf stktostomkh jalfh.

\bfrf krf twa rfksags ta sfhfmt k crkvfykrl ear k

pohat stuly. K prkmtomkh agf os tbkt tbf lktk sft os

gfotbfr taa ùhiy (kt hfkst og rfhktoag ta, sky, k

vohhkcf) gar taa rfstromtfl (ks os k but og majpkro-

sag). K jarf tbfarftomkh rfksags os tbkt og kcrkvfykrl samokh strumturf bks pra`k`hy `ffg hkol

ta rfst jarf og kmmarlkgmf wotb tbf ruhfs ae tbkt

tojf. Ag k sftthfjfgt sotf, tbf juglkgf keh'kors ae

lkohy hoef wohh bkvf majprajosfl tbf "purf" ruhfs,

wbfrfks tbf crkvfykrl os sft kpkrt. Majpkrktovf

stulofs (Ukg Cfg gfp ;?334 o<5- o569 @ogea rl ;?304

0>2-0<=) bkvf sbawg tbkt tbf warhl `fyagl tbf

crkvf os cfgfrkhhy arckgozfl hoif tbkt ae tbf hovogc9

spfmoeomkhhy tbf stktus ae tbf lfmfksfl tfgls ta `f

sojohkr og àtb warhls. Khsa, tbf marpsf os eurgosbflwotb mvfrytbogc gfmfsskry ta jkif k skef mrassogc ta

tbf ketfrwarhl "ks tbfy wauhl k hovogc trkvfhhfr"

(Ukg Cfggfp ;?334 ;6<)9 tbf eugfrkh rotukh os

ogtfglfl ta ogtfcrktf tbf lfmfksfl og bos gfw kàlf

(Ukg Cfggfp ;?334 ;<3)-

Kjagc tbf @kglifrkjoi crkvfyfkrls pu`hosb-

fl, tbkt ae Fhshaa og tbf sautbfrg Gftbfrhkgls

stkgls aut4 ot os agf ae tbf hkrcfst H@I mfgoftfrofs



O G O' P a L V M\ O aG 4 ^ P F]M P O ;'O A G ] K G L L F ]M PO ^ \O A G ] 2;

igavvg (^kvøi ;?30`4 ?0) kgl tbf kmmajpkgyogc

sfhthfjfgt bks `ffg fxmkvktfl kgl lktk ag ot pu`-

hosbfl (Jalo hfouok oo ;?3>). \bus oeot wfrf passo`hm

ta pralumf k jffbkgomkh jalfh ahtbf H@I samokhstrumturf ag tbf `ksos aetbf crkvfykrl lktk, tbfg oh

mauhl `f mbfmifl og obf Xo hh kc f. Eraj tbos oghfr-

jflokry, tbf stfp ta Bofgbfoj os jumb hfss rosiy

tbkg agf wbomb javfs lorfmthy eraj tbf Lutmb

crkvfykrl ta tbf @kvkrokg vohhkcf.

\bos os gah obf'phkmf ear kg fxbkushovf fxpasï ae

tbf vkroaus gatoags tbkt ca uglfr tbf bfklogc

"samokh strumturf"9 sfvfrkh tfxtodaais krf kvkohk`hf

ear obko purpasf (f.c. Bkrros ;?529 Hïvo-]trkuss

;?53, ;?5?`, ;?3=9 ]frvomf ;?3; )(ta gkjf k efw

pratkcagosts ae loeefrfgt smbaahs). _ft k jogojuj

ogtralumtoag sbauhl sfrvf ta strumturf tbf kmmaugts

og obos kgl tbf gfxt mbkptfr9 tbf gatoags fjphayfl

ooo tbf kgkhysos aetbf Fhshaa mfjfhfry krf eurhbfr

spffhhofl kh tbf `fcoggogcs aetbf atbfr sfmtoags ae

tbf prfsfgt mbkptfr.

\a lfsmro`f tbf samokh kspfmts ae k bujkg àly

mahhfmtovf, jkgy jfkgs bkvf `ffg lfvosfl wbomb og

luf tojf bkvf `fmajf kpprakmbfs, fvfg pkrk-

locjs, ks uglfrstaal `y Iubg (fspfmokhhy og tbfor

"sbkrfl fxkjphfs" jfkgogc4 Iubg ;?3>4 ;23-;?;), kgl tbf kgkhysfs eraj tbf vkroaus smbaahs krf

bkrlhy majpkrk`hf, fvfg wbfg rmhktogc ta tbf skjf

samokh foototy. ^fr bkps tbos da og t fxostfgmf ae loeefr

fgt jfkgogcs ah "samokh strumturf" og samokh kgtbra-

pahacy bks `ffg tbf jkdar a`stkmhm ta krmbkfa-

hacomkh tbogiogc kàut ot.

Ear wkgt ae `fttfr tfrgos, twa ae tbf jkdar

kpprakmbfs mkg `f oglomktfl magmosfhy ks "pasotoa-

gkh" kgl "rfhktoagkh". @atb gatoags mkg `f rfefrrfl

ha Pklmhohef-@rawg's prfmosf lmeogotoag4 "k strum-turkh svstfj os . . . tbf gftwari ae rfhktoags maggfmt-

ouc tbf ogbkòhkoVs ae k rfcoag kjagcsh tbfjsfhvfs

kgl wotb pfaphf ae tbfr rfcoags" (Pklmhoeef-@rawg

;?604 ;?=). Oglffl, tbos lfeogotoag wks fxphomothy

lfsocgfl ta ugotf àtb vofwpaogts. @y tbkt tojf,

bawfvfr, tbf arocogkh loeefrfgmfs og fjpbksos bkl

khrfkly fvaVfl ta jkrifl òksfs (Bkrros ;?529

6?¹)-

\bf "pasotoagkh" magmfpt ae samokh strumturf (tbf

eorst kpprakmb ta `f usfl bfrf) eamusfs ag tbf

vkroaus stktusfs (jfkgogc pasohoags og k samokh

gftwari) tbkt jky `f losmmrgfl og kg kgkhysos aetbf samokh gftwari ae k crt)up9 tbf stktusfs jky `f

rkgifl, ar rkobfr loeefrfgtoktfl kmmarlogc ta sajf

arlfrogc progmophf sumb ks wfkhtb, sfx, kcf, hogfkcf

keeohoktoag, ftm. Fspfmokhhy og ots boérkrmbof eamus,

tbf pasotoagkh samokh strumturf magmfpt fksohy hfgls

otsfhe ta krmbkfahacomkh apfrktoa gkho zkhoau. Loeefr

fgmfs og crkvf caals krf mustajkro hy oghfrprftfl

tbos wky - fxphomothy ar ojphomothy kssujogc wfkhtb

ks rkgi ogc progmophf (f.c.. Jall fr jk g ;?3>4 539

Pkglsàrc ;?3<4 6;-60). \bfrf os k lrkw`kmi,

bawfvfr4 fckhotkrokg samofty (]frvomf ;?3;4 ;>=) -

projotovf kcromuhturkhosts, bugtfrs kgl cktbfrfrs -

lafs gat khhaw jkrifl wfkhtb loeefrfgmfs.' @y tbfor

vfry arckgozktoag kgy su`stkgtokh loeefrfgmf tbkt

jocbt krosf os oogjfloktfhy kppraproktfl `y tbf

fgtorf craup, tbf mahhfmtovf àly. \bos os gat ta

lfgy tbf fxostfgmf ae stktus loeefrfgmfs og fckho

tkrokg majjugoty samofty9 ag tbf magtrkry. Og

fvfry samofty, stktusfs krf kt hfkst tofl ta sfx kgl

kcf. Og fckhotkrokg samofty, bawfvfr, tbf samokh

gftwari os jkoghy `ksfl upag tbfsf ekmtars (me.bawfvfr, Mhkfssfg kgl Ihaas ;?324 32-20). K

guj`fr ae krmbkfahacosts mkg `f quatfl wba

fjphay jarf majphfx stktus lftfrjogkghs, wbohf

rftkogogc tbf `ksom kcf-phus-sfx lohefrfgtoktoag

(f.c., Balsag ;?334 =?3, <>59 ^kvøi ;?30`9 ?3) .

_ft, fxmfpt ks k prfhojogkry ojprfssoag, k smkggogc

aetbf authogf aetbf samokh strumturf, tbf "pasotoa

gkh" lfsmroptoag ae fkrhy kcromuhturkh majjugotofs

(kgl ae bugtfrs kgl cktbfrfrs) os bkrlhy ohhujogkt-

ogc. O wohh majf `kmi ta tbos kpprakmb og tbf tborlsfmtoag ta prfsfgt ot og k hfss siftmby jkggfr kgl ta

ohhustrktf ot og kg kgkhysos aetbf coets ta tbf lfmfksfl

kt Fhshaa.

\b f "rf hkto agkh " gatoag ae samokh strumturf jocbt

(kt hfkst og progmophf) pravolf `fttfr ogsocbt og tbf

majjugoty mksf4 fckhotkrokg samofty os usukhhy

prfsfgtfl ks k sajfwbkt ugstk`hf kjkhckj ae iog

craups. Paucbhy, loeefrfgmfs kgl rfhktoags `f-

http://illage/

http://illage/

http://illage/



20 @ K G ' L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F 4 K ^ O H A \ ] \ V L _

twffg tbf craups krf jkoghy magmfrgfl wotb kmmfss

ta wajfg, o.f., iogsbop. Magsostogc ae rfhktovfhy

sjkhh papuhktoags - typomkhhy, sajf 6> ta 0>>

pmaphf, 6>> kt jkxo ju j (@orlsfhh ;?3=) - lfja-crkpbom hhumtuktoags krf mhfkrhy voso`hf. \bfrfearf,

wajfg krf khwkys og lfjkgl kgl og sbart supphy4

kt tbf Gfahotbom hfvfh ae tfmbgahacomkh lfvfhapjfgo

tbf aghy (fkso`hf spfmokhozktoag os tbkt ae k lovosoag

ae hkàur khagc tbf sfx-hogf (me @fchfr ;?329

Hmkm'ami ;?329 ]osioool ;?32). Og atbfr warls,

wajfg krf bifhy ta `f tbf mrotomkh hogi og tbf

samofty's systfj ae samokh, fmagajof, kgl òahacomkh

Z)ralumtoag kgl rfpralumtoag, ks appasfl ta khh

atbfr ekmtars ae pralumt oag wbomb krf vortukhhy

ogfxbkusto`hf (]kbhogs ;?304 ;=, 3?). Og jarfmajphomktfl samoftofs tbf atbfr ekmtars ae pralum

toag krf og sbart supphy ks wfhh, luf ta, kjag c a tbfr

tbogcs, tbf hkrcfr smkhf ae tbf pramurfjfgt systfjs.

'o'hofrf. tbf rfhktoags `ftwffg tbf craups krf mag

mfrgfl wotb kmmfss ta khh ae tbfsf smkrmf caals, o.f.,

fmagajoms. ^krkhhfh ta tbf wofhlogc ae fmagajof

pawfr og tbfsf jarf klvk gmfl samokh earjktoags

stkgls tbf jkgopuhktoag ae iogsbop og projotovf

fmagajofs.

Ga hagcfr pkrt ae ekjohostom strumturfs, krmbkfa-hacosts wotb tbfor ur`kgost om `k micr augl ehgl ot vfry

loeoomuht ta lrap wfk htb loeofrfgtokhs ks k mhkssoeo-

mktary ar lfsmroptovf progmophm. Kgl khtbaucb sajf

jocbt `f pfrsuklfl ae tbf vkholoty ae tbf prfvoaus

pkrkcrkpb, ot sbauhl `f kljot tfl tbkt kg krmbkfa-

hacomkh apfrktoagkhozktoag ae, f.c. J@L (rfkl4

jatbfr's `ratbfr's lkucbtfr) ks k prfefrfgtokh

jkrrokcf pkrtgfr (ta mkhh ta jogl ùt agf ae tbf

sojphfr iogsbop tbfary's fhfjfgtkry gatoags) haais

ojpasso`hf kt eorst socbt.\bf "pasotoagkh" kgl "rfhkt oagkh" gatoags ae

samokh strumturf krf gat gfmfsskrohy mageogfl ta k

wotbog-sftthjfgt kgkhysos. \bf sfcjfgts (iog craups)

ae sfcjfgtkh samofty (bugtfrs kgl ckhbfrfrs9

projotovf kcromuhturkhosts) sffj ta `f erffhy pfrju-

tk`hf4 majjugoty samofty os og ekmt k samofty wotbaut

hojots (]frvomf ;?364 569 Erofl ;?364 26). Oe kgy

prfssurf upag rfsaurmfs jkifs otsfhe efot, tbf àgls

ae khhokgmf wotb marfsolfgtokh craups la gat ogtfr-

efrf wotb k sboet ae hamktoag. B uts jky `f sft up

fhsmwbmrf wbfrf pra`k`hy khhokgmf àgls khrfkly

fxostfl, ta khhfvoktf tbf sbartkcf ar ta sprfkl tbfrosis (f.c., @hamb ;?36`4 0;6). Og jarf fvahvfl

systfjs, wotb tbfor fmagajomkhhy loeefrfgtoktfl kgl

bofrkrmbomkhhy arlfrfl craups, sftthfjfgts jky

khsa `f rkgifl kmmarlogc ta samokh lostkg mf eraj tbf

mfgtrf ae pawfr4 jalfr g B ofgb foj os pahotomkhhy

kgl fmagajomkhhy hfss ojp art kgt tbkg Ifhbf oj,

tbkg Pfcfgsùrc ar Hkglsbut, tbkg Jugomb.

\bf k`øvf lostogmtoag `ftwffg, kgl khjast

appastoag ae "pasotoagkh" kgl "rfhktoagkh" gatoags

ae samokh stru mtur f bks `ffg lfsmro`fl rfpfk tflhy .

Og wbkt os pra`k`hy tbf wolfst rfkl kgtbrapahaco-

mkh tfxt og krmbkfahacomkh mormhfs (me Ukg lf Ufhlf

;?32) ]frvomf bks vfry mhfkrhy paogtfl ta ot (]frvomf

;?3;4 h a - o o 9 kg fkrhofr flotoag wks progtfl og

;?50). Bf usfs tbf hk`fhs ''gftwari ae shktusfs'" kgl

"'samokh strumturf", bawfvfr, ta lfsocgktf tbf twa

òksfs, kgl aeefrs ks k hfss prfmosf kgl jarf cfgfrkh

tfrj ''samokh arckgozktoag" ta mavfr àtb .

Gagftbfhfss, og tbkt wky wf krf hfet wotb k

tfrjogahacomkh loeeomuhty (gat ekmfl `y ]frvomf).

\bf twa rktbfr appasfl olfks kàut samokh arckgo-zktoag oglomkhfl kàvf krf àtb magtkogfl wotbog

Pklmhoeef-@rawg's "strumturkh systfj" magmfpt

quatfl prfvoaushy. @ut ks ot os ekorhy mhasf ta

fjporomkh rfkhoty, tbf hkttfr jky `f magtrkstfl wotb

"strumturf" ks fjphayfl `y strumturkhosts, tbf

sfmagl kpprakmb bfrf. \bos os k jarf k`strkmt

jalfh ae samokh rfhktoags "bk vog c gatbo gc ta la

wotb fjporomkh rfkhoty . . . ùt ùoht up ketfr

rfkhoty" (Hïvo-]trkuss ;?534 03;). Fxmfptogc Hfrao-

Caurbkg (;?564 3<, 22, ;>6, o o o , ftm. kgl ;?359pfrbkps Hkjog c-Fj pfrk orf ;?50 just `f ogmarpa-

rktfl ks wfhh), wba usfl tbf magtfg ts ù t gat tbf

hk`fh, "strumturf" bks gat `ffg fjphayfl `y

krmbkfahacosts og tbos jfkgogc, ks ekr ks O ig(ow

(khsa me ftbgahacost Fljugl Hfkmb's saur mag-

mhulogc kllrfss ta tbf krmbkfahacomkh syjpasoag ag

muhturf mbkgcf4 Hfkmb ;?3;). @rofehy, strumturkhosts

bahl tbkt rfhktoags og vkroaus kspfmts ae muhturf



O G \ P A L V M \ O A G 4 ^ P F ] M P O ^ \ O A G ] K G L L F ] M P O ^ \ O A G ] 2=

("Sarhls" ks âppfr ;?304 ;>5 wauhl sky) tfgl ta

`f krrkgcfl og kgkhacaus wkys. Eraj sumb k

strumturf, khtfrgktf passoòhotofs ("trkgsearjk-

toags") mkg `f lfrovfl, wbomb pasfs tbf pra`hfj4

wby os tbf strumturf ojphfjfgtfl tbf wky ot os, kgl

wby gah og kg kbfrgktovf wky1 (Ear fxkjphf, Eoc.

6, wbfrf tbf @kglifrkjohm jatoe systfj os sbawg ta

`f rflumo`hf ta k bjotfl sft ae trkgsearjs4 ta khh

syjjftry apfrktoags kgl aghy agf javfjfgt. Agf

khtfrgktovf, tbf cholf, bks gat `ffg ogmhulfl og

tbfor lfmarktovf prkmtomf. Sby tbos os sa sbauhl `f

kgswfrfl og k stuly ae tbfor syjàhom systfj.)

Fvfry kspfmt ae muhturf wohh sbaw ots awg fhkàrk-

toags ae tbkt strumturf ar krrkgcfjfgt, kgl tbf

k`strkmhoag ae tbf hkttfr eraj rfkhoty cafs `fyaglkppfkrkgmfs.

\bfrfearf, tbos strumturkhostom magmfpt ae samokh

strumturf ("samokh" `fmkusf ot bks ta la wotb craup

`fbkvoaur) jocbt `f ae magsolfrk`h f usf ear k rmbk f-

ahacosts, ks ot surpkssfs tbf ftbgacrkpbom ar kr mbkf -

acrkpbom lftkoh wbomb sa aetfg feofmtovmhy bolfs

wbkh bks cagf ag og rfkhoty (Pawhkgls kgl

Chflbohh ;?334 ;<59 Ukg lf Ufhlf ;?3? rfphy).

Fspfmokhhy kgkhysfs ae projotovf samoftofs jky

`fgfeot eraj tbf tbfary tbkt bks `ffg lfvfhapfl saekr `y, kjagc atbfrs , Hïvo-]t rkuss (spfmoeomkhhy

;?53, ;?5?k, ;?5?`, ;?36) kgl atbfr Erfgmb

strumturkhosts, kgl `y tbf Hfolfg ]mbaah (f.c.. Lf

Dassfhog lf Da gc ;?33`). _ft, tbf jftbal bks k

prkmtomkh lrkw`kmi ear krmbkfahacoshs4 jarf maj

phfx samoftofs, wotb hfss bajacmgfaus krrkgcf-

jfgts (f.c., strktoeofl, ar Orag Kcf, samoftofs, wbfrf

spfmokhoztoag ae samokh eugmtoags jky majphomktf

jkttfrs magsolfrk`hy) bkvf `ffg stulofl hfss maj-

prfbmgsovfhy, kgl tbfrf os jumb hfss "crkgl"tbfary kXkohk`hf kt prfsfgt. ]tohh, pkrts ae tbf jalfhs

lfvfhapfl ear rkgiogc samofty sbauhl `f ae usf og

tbf (krmbkfahacomkh) stuly ae jarf klvkgmfl maj-

jugotofs, ks jky `f fxpfmtfl eraj tbf summfssfs ae,

f.c., Oglagfsokg kgl Oglokg ftbgahacy (Ukg Sau

lfg ;?=69 Lf Dassfhog lf Da gc ;?6;9 Lujagt

.?55).

Og tbf eaurhb sfmtoag ; wohh prfsfgt k pommf ae

strumturkh tbfary, lfrovf sajf jalfhs eraj ot, kgl

su`sfqufgthy jktmb tbfsf wotb tbf lktk eraj tbf

Fhshaa mfjftfry.

Bkvogc lfsmro`fl sajf ae tbf pasotoags og tbf

samokh strumturf kgl bkvogc pra`fl ogta tbf rfhk

toags mbkrkmtfrostom ta ot, agf jky stohh ksi4 wby

tbfsf rfhktoags, wby tbfsf pasotoags - wbomb Omkls ta

tbf tborl kpprakmb kttfjptfl bfrf4 strumturkhost-

Jkrxost (ar gfa-Jkrxost, og atbfr margfrs). Og

sbart, tbos hogf ae fgquory pramffls eraj tbf olfk

tbkt vkroaus lostogmt typfs ae pralumtovf rfhktoags

krf prfsfgt og khjast kgy "samokh earjkt oag" (vfry

haasfhy, tbf sft ae rfhktoags rfhfvkgt ta sajf

pra`hfj9 og tbos mksf, tbf pra`hfj os tbf samokh

rfhktoags wotbog k vohhkcf). \bf "pralumtovf rfhktoags" magstotutf tbf samokh kspfmt ae k wky ae

pralumogc kgl rfpralumogc9 tacftbfr wotb tbf

"pralumtovf earmfs" (tbf wky og wbomb wari

trkgsearjs gkturf) tbf marrmspaglogc pralumtovf

rfhktoags jkif up k sa-mkhhfl jalf ae pralumtoag.

Ot cafs wotbaut skyogc tbkt tbf pralumtovf pramfss

rfquorfs taahs, ar jarf cfgfrkh, lftfrjogktf tfmb-

gahacomkh maglotoags (Calfhofr ;?324 35=). Khsa, k

jalf ae pralumtoag `rogcs ots awg rktoagkhozktoag,

jytbom fjàlojfgt, ar "olfahacy" wotb ot. ^ralumtoag, kgl jast mfrtkoghy sa og majjugoty

samofty, os kg feefmt ae oglovolukh ùt samokhhy

rfmacgozfl kgl arckgozfl bujkg hkàur. Baw-

fvfr, gat khh samokh rfhktoags krf fquovkhfgt ta

rfhktoags ae pralumtoag9 ot os rktbfr tbf typf ae samokh

rfhktoags (tbf wky og wbomb surphus-hkàur os

kppraproktfl kgl ots feefmts lostroùtfl) wbomb os

ojpartkgt (Calfhofr ;?324 35<). \bus, tbf typfs ae

pralumtovf rfhktoags (kgl ae tbf earmfs) lostogcuosb

agf jalf ae pralumtoag eraj tbf atbfr, kgl kgy

oglovolukh jky sojuhtkgfaushy tkif pkrt og loeefr

fgt jalfs og bos samokh earjktoag. Ear fxkjphf, k

pfkskgt wotb k sjkhh bahlogc jky `f fjphayfl og

wkcf hkàur og k jkguekmturogc eorj og tawg

(wbomb jky `f arckgozfl khagc mkpotkhostom hogfs),

wbohf kt tbf skjf tojf ruggogc bos awg bahlogc og k

"lajfstom" wky9 tbf pralumtovf rfhktoags krf

jkriflhy loeefrfgt og àtb mksfs, ks krf tbf wkys og



2< @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K O , ] \ P V M \ V P F 4 K ^ O H A \ ] \ V L _

vX bomb tbf pfkskgt "kmts upag gkt ur f" , tbf pralu m-

tovf earmfs.

Ot sbauhl `f fjpbksozfl tbkt "jalfs ae pralum

toag" krf usfl ks tbfarftomkh magstrumts, kgl jkoghy

ear bfurostom purpasfs4 wbkt hocbt mkg tbfy sbfl ag

tbf lktk kt bkgl1 (me. A'H kucb hog ;?364 =53-=52).

^frbkps rfkgkhysos ae tbf prfsfgt lkt k wauhl jfrcf

k guj`mr ae tbfj. K jkdar lrkw`kmi ae tbos

kpprakmb ks ogtfglfl bfrf os tbkt tbfrf os ga

cfgfrkh tbfary eraj wbomb ta lfrovf khh passo`hf

jalfs4 fvfry jalf ae pralumtoag os bostaromkhhy

spfmohom. \bf jkog rfksag ear jy og tralumogc tbos

magmfpt bfrm hofs og tbf lygkjom qukhoty ae ot4 àtb

pasotoagkh kgl strum turk h kgkhysos fgl og k stktom

pomturf. Eraj tbf kgkhysos `fhaw, khagc tbf hkstpkhb, k rkpol mbkgcf wohh `fmajf kppkrfgt og tbf

samokh e`rjkhoag eassohozfl og tbf Fhshaa crkvfykrl.

Og tbf ejkh, eoetb sfmtoag ae tbos mbkptfr O wohh

kttfjpt ta lftkoh tbf tbfarft omkh olfks `fbogl tbos

kpprakmb k hotthf jarf, sffiogc ta kvaol fxfcftoms

kgl pahmjoms.

0. \bf mfjftfry kt EKshaa4 ogtralumtoag 9 , '

Jast hoifhy, tbf Fhshaa mfjftfry `fhagcs ta tbf

gfkr`y sftthfjfgt, 6> jftrfs ta tbf sautb-sautbfkst

ae ot, wbomb bks `ffg fxmkvktfl kgl lktk magmfrg-

ogc ot bks `ffg pu`hosbfl sojuh tkgfaushy (Jallf r

jkg ;?3>). \bf crkvfykrl bks `ffg fxmkvkt fl

aghy pkrtokhhy4 khh kraugl os k o)uoht-up krmk9 ta tbf

gartbfkst tbf loccogc ae mfhhkrs bks `ra ucb h ta hocbt

"kgm ofgt pats" , wbohf ga sftthfjfgt staal tbfrf. Og

tbf atbfr lorfmtoags, pkrtomuhkrhy ta tbf wfst, tbf

hojots ae tbf crkvfykrl sffj ta bkvf `ffg rfkmbfl

`y tbf fxmkvktoags. Kllohoagkhhy, sajf mrfjktoags

jky bkvf `ffg phaucbfl up9 ogtfrjfgts ae ùrgt

àgms wfrm khwkys eaugl kt k sbkhhaw lmptb (M.M.

@kifhs, pfrs. majj.9 ^.D.P. Jallfrjkg, pfrs.

majj.). ^frbkps gah haa jkgy crkvfs bkvf `ffg

hast, bawfvfr4 Jallfrjkg (;?3>(;)4 0>6) tbogis

sajf twfhvf crkvfs. Oe tbos os Oruf, tbf pomturf

prfsfgtfl `y tbf fxmkvktfl crkvfs wohh gat `f taa

jumb lostartfl, majpkrfl wotb tbf arocogkh.

\bf pkrt ae tbf mfjftry tbkt bks `ffg fxmkvktfl

`fhagcs ta tbf pbksfs 0m kgl 0l ae tbf Lutmb

@kglifrkjoi, o.f., tbf yaugcfr bkhe ae tbf vohhkcf's

ogbkòtktoag, pfrbkps kàut agf bugl rfl yfkrs

(Ja llfrjkg ;?3>(;)4 0>5-0>34 36 ha ;6> yfkrs9 ks

O kj gah magmfrgfl wotb fstk`hosbogc tbf sozf ae tbf

papuhktoag, tbf fxkmt tojf spkg os rfhktovfhy ug-

ojpartkgt, tbf smkhf, tbrff ta eovf cfgfrktoags,

suehámfs ear prfsfgt purpasfs). Gfotbfr tbf mfjftfry

gar fvfg k sogchf crkvf pfrhkogogc ta tbf fkrhofr

pbksfs ae tbf sftthfjfgt bks `ffg hamktfl ks yft.

K sujjkry kmmaugt ae Jallfrjkg's lktk rugs4

- ;;= crkvfs wfrf fxmkv ktfl, <3 ae wbomb mrfj k

toags (\k`hf ?).0? crkvfs lol gat magtkog kgy crkvf caals kgy

jarf9 =2 crkvfs magtkogfl pats ar sbfrls (=5

crkvfs bfhl lfmarktfl wkrf)9 og == crkvfs klzfs

wfrf eaugl, og ;= krrawbfkls, og ;6 ehogt `hklfs,

kgl og ;6 croglogc stagfs9 og <0 mbkrmakh (?

crkvfs bkl aghy mb krmakh ), kgl og 05 hujps

kgl/ar trkmfs ae rfl ambrf wfrf eaugl.

- 6? ogbujkt oags (mhkssoeofl ks "o gb uj kt oa g" krf

obasf crkvfs wbomb lol magtkog vfsoocfs ae tbf

marpsf, mohbfr taatb fgkjmh ar k sbklaw9 kgltbasf pots wbomb bkl tbf skjf sozf kgl sbkpf ks

tbfsf) wfrf khocgfl ta k GS-]F kxos, wotb < kt

rocbt kgchfs ta tbos trfgl9 ear = crkvfs tbf

arofghkhoag mauhl gat `f ksmfrtkogfl luf ta tbf

rktbfr rauool sbkpf ae tbf pot.

- og 00 crkvfs marpsf sbklaws bkl prfsfrvfl tbf

pasturf ae obfl fmfksfl4 ;= bkl t hu or bfkls ta tbf

]F, ? ha tbf G S9 ;< wfrf hyogc >;; obfor hfht, 0 ag

tbfor rocbt solfs, kgl o pra`k`hy ag bos `kmi.

Kmmarlogc ta Jallfrjkg (;?3>4 55, 53, 52, 3;)

tbf Fhshaa mfjftfry os vfry j umb hoif tbf atbfr

igawg crkvfykrls ae tbf H@I, fvfg og tbf lfvok-

toags eraj tbf jalfs. Fvfg sa, tbfrf krf ogotokhhy

obrff jkdar a`shkmhfs ag tbf rakl tawkrls kg

kgtbrapahacomkh ogtfrprftktoag4 mbragahacy (ar

wbkh wks magtfjparkry wotb wbkt1), kgl, sogmf

tbf sifhftags bkvf majphftfhy loskppfkrfl, sfx kgl

kcf (ks jkdar lftfrjogkgts ae stktus og rkgifl



\ B F M F J F \ F P _ K \ F H ] O . A A 4 O G \ P A L tV r^ O A G 26

samofty9 mh', p . 2;). 'áa tkmihf tbfsf pra`hfjs kgl ks

k prfhogoogkry ear tbf fgtorf kgkhysos, O lfvosfl k

malfàai wbomb taai kmmaugt ae khh prfsfrvfl

crkvf coets og tbf eahhawogc wky4;. \ bf pattfry wks trfktfl kmmarlogc ta kg

k``rfxoktfl vfrsoag ae tbf malogc ogstrumtoags

lfvfhapfl og Mb. O, ]fmtoags < kgl 6.

0. \b f atbfr UKPOK@HF] Ykhtroùtfs) wfrf4

VGLFMAPK\FL SKPF {pAt], sbfrls)

PFL AMBPF {hujps, trkmms)

MBKPMAKH (hujps, tákmfs)

KPPASBFKLs (ehogt) (««!-, òekmokhhy warifl)

]MPK^FP] (ehogt)

@o.KLF] (ehogt) Y`hkgis, usfl)

PAVCB] (ehogt) Ygumhfo, lf`ros)

[VFPG] (stagf) {majphftf, erkcjfgts)

KLTF] (stagf) (typfs O9 OO9 OO O9 kgl S ta UO )

=. Khsa, cmgfrkh qukhotktovm mbkrkmtfrostoms wfrf

fgtfrfl4 cfacrkpbomkh pasotoag, ùrokh rotf (mrfjk-

toag, oghoujktoag9 wotb ar wotbau t rfjkogo gc crkvf

coets), arofgtktoag kgl pasturf.

\bf malfàai os prfsfgtfl og tbf kppfglox ta

tbos mbkptfr9 tb f kttroùtfs kppfk rogc og \k`hf ;>krf tbasf tbkt ammurrfl og kt hfkst eovf crkvfs kgl

wfrf usml og tbf progmopkh majpaoofgts kgkhysos.

O bkvf lfkht kt hfgctb wotb tbf fstk`hosbjfgt ae k

mbragahacy og tbf prfvoaus mbkpt fr, sa thofrf wauhl

`f hotthf jfrot og rfmkpotuhktogc tbkt losmussoag. Ot

sbauhl sueeomf ta sky tbkt k mbragahacomkh smkhf

mauhl `f majputfl eraj tbf vkrok`hfs \FMBGO[VF],

maJÂGFG\] (ae `mhhy lfmarktoag), kgl prmsfgmf-

k`sfgmf ae GFMI LFMAPK\OAG ar TAGOGC9 (progmopkh

majpagfgt o og \k`hf ;>9 ear tbf mbragahacomkh

arlfrogc, tb f ugratktfl sahutoag os prfefrrfl9 me.

\k`hfs ;; kg l ;09 kg l Mb. =, gatf 2). \ bf ugfvfg

sprfkl ae tbf crkvfs ag tbos kxos succfsts k craupogc

og eovf pbksfs. Kgatbfr tbrff crkvfs, magtkogogc

typf O klzfs (ùt ga lfma rktfl mfrkjoms) mauhl `m

;;•

Eoeh. 08}. MBPAGAO.ACOM.Kh. go]hPOhV -

\OAG ae crkvfs kt Fhshaa majahfrX .

A4 crkvfs lktfl ta ahlfst pbksm

( g : o o ) .

J4 crkvfs lktfl ta jollhf phoksm

• ‗ U ( g : o = ) -

•_ _4 crkvfs lktfl ha yaugcfst pbksf

_ ( g : o < ) .

J_' • 4 atbfr crkvfs.

* • *J J ®4 cfacrkpbomkh mfgtrf Y)mr phoksf.

> , .• > • _J _

. • • > _

•• , > W

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• _

>

ahl

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25 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O KH ] \ P V M r V P F 4 K ^ O H A \ ] \ V L _

kttroùtfl ta thof oùrtb ar eoetb pbksfs4 fhsfwbfrf og

tbf mfjftfry, crkvfs wotb àtb lfmarktfl wkrf kgl

typf O klzfs wfrf lktfl ta tbfsf yaugcfst twa

pbksfs (wbomb mageorjs Jallfrjkg ;?3>4 ;22)9

tbf crkvfs magtkogogc tbfsf klzfs kgl/ar tbf yaugc

pattfry wfrf sfhfmtfl `y tbf soxtb progmopkh maj

pagfgt 9 kosa me p. O ;6-; ;5 `fhaw.

@fmkusf ae tbf sjkhh guj`fr ae crkvfs ogvahvfl

(=6 aghy) O prfefr k jarf maglfgsfl lovosoag ogta

tbrff pbksfs4 \k`hf ;= rfglf rs tbf jfrc ogc. \bf g,

og Eoc. 05 tbf sboetogc ae tbf cfacrkpbomkh paogts ae

crkvoty ae tbf pbksfs mkg `f jklf aut, wbomb

magearjs ta tbf cfgfrkh wfst-fkst trfgl gatfl `y

tbf fxmkvktar ( Jal lfr jkg ;?3>4 3=). \bf kmtukh

lostroùtoag ahtoom crkvfs pfr pbksf os quotf loheusf,ae maursf4 sajf pbksf O crkvfs la ammur og tbf

gartbfkstfrhy pkrt ae tbf eofhl, ks la pbksf OOO

crkvfs og tbf Sfst.'W

Ketfr tbos mhfkrkgmf ae tbf lokmbragomkh pra`hfj,

wf gaw turg ta k magsolfrktoag ae tbf samokh

strumturfs passo`hy prfsfgt og tbf kttroùtfs ae tbf

lfmfksfl og tbf Fhshaa mfjftfry, eorst kgl earfjast

kjagc wbomb `fogc sfx kgl kcf.

=. \bf Fhshaa crkvfdkrl4 k pasotoagkh kpprakmb

Og tbf apfgogc sfmtoag ae tbos mbkptfr, O oglomktfl

hhokh k pasotoagkh kpprakmb ta tbf samokh strumturf ae

kg Fkrhy Gfahotbom majjugoty os rfhktovfhy ug-

rmwkrlogc, ks aghy efw loeefrfgt stktusfs krf hoifhy

ta bkvf `ffg prfsfgt bfrf. Khsa, tbf stktus-paso-

toagkh magmfpt os k tromiy agf (Bkrro s ;?524 =?<)4 ag

tbf agf bkgl , samokh strumtu rf jk y `f lfeogfl ks tbf

tatkhoty ae pasotoags loeefrfgtoktfl `y tbasf pkrtomo-

pkhogc og tbf gftwari, ag tbf atbfr bkgl ks tbf sft

ae pasotoags barozagtkhhy kgl vfrtomkhhy loeefrfg-

hok`hf og tbf fmagajof, samoa-pahotomkh kgl olfkto-

agkh su`systfjs - lfeogotoags ae kg "fjom", kgl kg

"ftom" typf, rfspfmtovfhy (me. Mb. OO), ar "pkrtomo-

pkgts' " kgl "a`sfrvfrs' " ks og mbkptfr OU, ]fmtoag

;. Cfgfrkhhy, tbf twa la gat maogmolf9 tbf pfaphf

jky kssocg tbf bocbfst stktus og tbf gktoag ta tbf

projf jogostfr, wbfrfks og rfkhoty tbf bocbfst stktus

(ks lfeogfl `y kmmfss ta smkrmf tbogcs9 Lkbrfglare

;?524 =5) os ammupofl `y tbf prfsolfgt(s) ae sajf

trkgsgktoagkh Marparktoag(s). \bf lojogutovf loe-

efrfgtoktoag ae tbf samokh stru mtu rf ta `f fxpfmtfl kt

tbf hfvfh ae majjugoty samofty khhaws us ta gatf tbf

tbfarmtomkh loeefrfgmf kgl tbfg ta gfchfmt oe eurtbfr

og prkmt omf. Sf wohh pramffl "ks oe' tbf rfwkrls ar

kttroùtfs rfhktf ta tbf skjf gatoag ae samokh

strumturf.

Vsukhhy, losmrojogktoag ae samokh pasotoags os ag

twa lojfgsoags4 loeefrfgtoktoag kgl rkgi ogc. "Loe-

efrfgtoktoag" rfefrs ta tbf barozagtkh su`lovosoag ae

pasotoags ae fqukh rkgi (Lkbrfglare ;?524 ;?), kgl

"rkgiogc" ta k crklfl kgl bofrkrmbomkh smkhf aehfvfhs ae hoif stktusfs (]kbh ogs ;?624 0<>).

"Pkgiogc", wbfg usfl og kg kttroùtovf sfgsf,

sbauhl `f loeefrfgtoktfl ag tbf agf bkgl eraj

"fck hotk rokg ", kgl ag tbf atbfr eraj "strktoeofl".

\bf hkttfr tfrj bks ta la wotb jarf ar hfss mhasfl

craups og rfhktoag ta agf kgatbfr wotbog k samofty,

bkvogc loehfrfgtokh kmmfss ta tbf ekmtars ae pra

lumtoag9 tbf earjfr rfhktfs ta (craups ae) apfg

pasotoags, ta `f eáhhfl fvfgtukhhy kgl og progmophf `y

fvfry jfj`fr ae tbf majjugoty. Pkgiogc, eogkhhy,rfefrs ta samokh systfjs wbfrf ga loeefrfgtokh kmmfss

ta tbf ekmtars ae pralumtoag fxosts, ùt wbfrf sajf

ae tbf stktusfs krf kvkohk`hf og hojotfl qukgtotofs

aghy - tb kt os, gat ta fvfryàly (f.c., og tbf jkcomkh

ar mfrfjagokh spbfr f, ekjohy bfkls, ftm.) (Erofl

;?534 ==, ;>?9 Mkg mokg ;?35).

Ks kspfmts ae k erkjfwari, rkgiogc kgl loeefrfg

toktoag krf ag tbf strumhurkh solf9 tbfeugmtoagkh kspfmt

mkg `f kgkhysfl kmmarlogc ta fmagajomkh, samoa-

pahotomkh, kgl olfahacomkh mrotfrok (]kbhogs ;?624

0<;9 Pugmo jkg ;?554 <5). Sotbaut prfdu lcogc tbf

kgkhysos, ot os passo`hf ta sojphoey tbf losmussoag

magsolfrk`hy `y gatogc tbkt fmagajof kgl samokh

eugmtoags krf `fogc tkifg mkrf ae `y agf kgl tbf

skjf strumturf og majjugoty samofty4 `y tbf

iogsbop systfj (]kbhogs ;?524 3<9 Mhkfssfg kgl

Ihøas ;?324 2?, ?>9 khsame p. ;>? `fhaw). Olfahacy

kgl kssamoktfl jkttfrs hoif mfrfjagokh eugmtoags



\ B F FH ] H A A C P K U F _ K P L 4 K ^ A ] O \ O A G K H K ^ ^ P A K M B 23

sfmj ta `f jarf lothomuht ta pfrmfovf - khtbaucb ha k

ekrcf fxtfgt tbfsf woet khsa `f tofl lawg ta emogsbop

pasotoags.

Sotbog sumb k tatkhozogc hoogsbop systfj tbfjkdar lostogmtoags krf rfhktfl ta kcf kgl sfx

(]kbeogs ;?624 0=?), vvoob sfx k loeh 'frfgtoktogc, kgl

kcf k rkgiogc kcfgt. Eugmtoagkhey, sfx raucbhy

fquktfs wotho lovosoag ae' hkàur, kgl kcf wotb

lostroùtoag ae pralumts - covfg k projotovf kcro-

muhturkh fmagajy (]kbhogs ;?524 36-329 me. \frrky

;?36). Sf sbauhl `f mkrfeuh, bawfvfr, gat ta tkif

taa sogophf (ar Vtapokg1) k vofw ae iogsbop samofty,

ks sajf sfcjfgts ae iog systfj jky bkvf `ffg og k

jarf ekvaurotf pasotoag vos-k-vos tbf lfsorfl tbogcs

ae hoef hhokg tbf rfjkoglfr9 ot os khsa magmfovk`hf tbkt

pkrhomoohkr oglhvomhookhs bkvf `ffg summfsseuh og

jkgopuhktogc tbmor rfhktoags kgl bkvf turgfl

ogehufgmf ogta tkgco`hfs. Kgatbfr passoòhoty os k

bfrflotkry bocbfr stktus ear spfmoehfl jfj`frs ae k

jogar hogf og k hogfkcf (f.c., tbf fhlfst sag àj ta

tbf fhlfst ... àrg ta tbf hogfkcf eauglfr) caogc `y

tbf gkjf "mbofr', vfrsus k "òc jkg" (]kbhogs

;?524 5<, 22-?>9 Mhkfssfg kgl Ihaas ;?324 2;-2<).

Ks àtb sotuktoags krf gat o,sahktfl mksfs ùt rfehfmt

systfjom prapfrtoms ae loeefrfgt samokh earjktoags, ogkgy skjphf k g uj` fr ae mksfs os hoifhy ta `f eaugl oe

tbf systfj wks ae fotbfr ae tbfsf typfs. Ot os tbos

kllotoagkh kspfmt wbomb os jfkgt `y tbf tfrjoga-

hacomkh loehfrfghoktoag ae "rkgiogc" eraj "fckho-

tkrokg" samofty9 og tbf hkhhfr, stktoosfs krf lfeogfl `y

sfx kgl kcf aghy, kgl krf apfg ta fvfryàly.

Covfg tbf ogotokh loehomuhty tbkt og tbf Fhshaa

mfjftfry ga sifhftags bkvf `ffg prfsfrvfl ta kol og

tbf lftfrjogktoag ae sfx kgl kcf, apfrktoagkhozk-

toag ae tbfsf khtroùtfs wohh `f k majphomktfl keekor.\bmrfe`rf, O wauhl rktbfr lfvfhap tbfsf apfrktoa-

gkhozktoags khaooc tbf vvky tbkg kt tbos jajfgt.

]ogmf tbf sifhfhags bkvf majphftfhy vkgosbfl,

kgy kttfjpt kt lmtfrjogogc tbf sfx ae tbf lfmfksfl

sbauhl `f `ksfl ag tbf crkvf coets kgl gat ag

òajftroms. \bos os ga hfss mfrtkog k pramflurf,

bawfvfr4 ]bfggkg (;?364 020) a`sfrvfs tbkt og

sfrofs wbfrf sfx os igawg, og tbf hagc rug sifhftags

krf `y ;0",, jarf hoifhy ta `f wragchy mhkssoeofl ks

jkhf `y tbfsf jftbals. Khsa, ae maursf, samokhhy

rfmacgozfl sfx gffl gat marrfspaglfgl ta òa-

hacomkh lftfrjogkgts (f.c., `frlkmbf ar ogstotutoa-gkhozfl trkvfsty9 Bkushfr O?5(D4 6=-66).

^ravolml tbf sfxfs lol rfmfovf losmrojogkto gc

coets, ot lafs gat sffj ugrfksagkhWhf ta fxpfmt eraj k

progmopkh majpagfgts kgkhysos (ks kgaugmfl prf-

voaushy) k spfmoeom majpagfgtW ear fkmb ae tbfj, ks

efjogoty kgl jksmuhogoty jky `f fxprfssfl `y kt

hfkst pkrtokhhy oglfpfglfgt pkttfrgs ae kssamoktoags

ae crkvf coets. Pmckrlogc tbfsf kssamoktoags, tbf

coets krf kt ehrst socbt projkrohy usf-vkhuk`hfs9

obfrfearf, tbf jarf spfmokhozktoag ar lovosoag ae

hkàur ta sfx, tbf jarf oglfpfglfgt tbf pkttfrgs

wohh `f. Og atbfr warls, crkvfs gat jkgoefsthy

"jkhf" krf gat kutajktomkhhy "efjkhf" kgl vomf

vfrsk.

]umb k samoahacomkh sfxogc apfrktoag jky stkrt

eraj tbf trklotoagkh gatoag tbkt krrawbfkls krf

jkrifrs ae jkhf ogtfrjfgts (f.c., Jallfrjkg

;?3> (O)4 53). K mkutoagkry gatf4 fvfg oe og khh

ftbgacrkpbomkhhy igawg samoftofs bugtogc os k jkhf

kmtovoty, tbfrf os khsa tbf kgmofgt - kgl ugpravfg -

jytb ae tbf Kjkzags9 tbaucb phkuso`hf, tbfkrrawbfkls-jkhfs maggfmtoag os bypatbftomkh aghy.

Kgl aghy wbfg ag tbos `ksos k magsostfgt pkttfrg

fjfrcfs, jky tbf bypatbfsos tbfg `f magsolfrfl

kpphomk`hf ta tbf prfsfgt lktk sft. (Ear efjkhf

crkvfs ga sumb hk`fh fxosts.)

Kjagc tbf fgtorf sft ae ;;= crkvfs, aghy tbortffg

magtkog krrawbfkls9 oe sajf vfry strkgcf lfja-

crkpbom pbfgajfgag os gat ta `f kssujfl, tbfrf

sbauhl `f jarf jkhf crkvfs, pfrbkps oglomktfl `y

atbfr krtoekmts. \bus, ag progmopkh majpagfgt ga.6, tbf majpagfgt marrfhktogc `fst wotb krraw

bfkls, sfvfrkh atbfr kttroùtfs krf khsa haklogc

bocb4 uglfmarktfl pats, lfmarktfl sbfrls, `hklfs

kgl typf O OO klzfs (me. \k `hf ;>). Oe ot mkg `f

kssujfl `fmkusf ae tbos kssamoktoag tbkt tbfsf krf

khh ktroùtfs ae jksmuhogoty, tbf twfgty crkvfs

sogchfl aut `y tbos majpagfgt krf hk`fhfl "jkhf"

ogtfrjfgts ag tbos craugl. (Og tbos fkrhy pkr t ae tbf



@KGLIFPKJOI ]AMOKH ] \ P V M \ V P F 4 K ^ O H A \ ] \ V L _

kgkhysos O tkif aghy tbasf crkvfs tbkt smarf bocbfst,

o.f., tbasf jkrifl "K" og \k`hf ;;.)

\a olfgtoey efjkhf crkvfs, tbfg, k sft ae kuxoh okry

bypatbfsfs bks ta f ogtralum fl. ]uppasf tbkt kt

hfkst agf efjkhf kmtovoty (`fmkusf ae tbf suppasfl

prkmtomkh gkturf ae tbf coets) bks fxostfl wbomb os

rfehfmtfl og tbf crkvf caals (hoif tbf krra wbfkls

oglomktogc k jkhf kmtovoty ), tbfg tbf taao ioh ear tbkt

kmtovoty sbauhl hakl bocb ag sajf progmopkh majpa

gfgt (ks lol krrawbfkls ag tbf eoetb majpagfgt ),

kgl khsa `f jarf ar hfss gfutrkh ag progmopkh majpagfgt ga.

6 (sojohkr ta krrawbfkls ag tbf atbfr progmopkh

magopagfgts), ks la qufrgs, rfl ambrf, kgl klzfs ae

typfs O, kgl OU ta UO ag tbf eaurtb majpagfgt.

\bos spfmoeom progmopkh majpagfgt jkris 0 3 crkvfs -sox ae wbomb wfrf khsa oglomkt fl `y progmopkh

majpagfgt 6 ks jkhfs. Oe tbfsf sox krf magsolfrfl

ekhsoeyogc fxkjphfs (wbomb tbfy wauhl `f aghy oe

euhh-tojf spmmokhozktoag ear fotbfr ae tbf sfxfs wfrf

kssujfl), tbfg tbfrf krf =6 gagmagtrklomtary

mksfs4 0> “ 5 : ; < ag majpagfgt ga. 6, phus

03 “ 5 : 0 ; ag tbf eaurtb majpagfgt.

UX bfg tbf rfjkogogc progmopkh majpagfgts bkvf

`ffg ogtfrprftfl ks `fhaw, tbf sfvfgtb os hfet9 ots

jkog magtroùtars krf uglfmar ktfl wkrf kglmbkrmakh. Ear twa rfkags O magsolfr tbos majpagfgt

khsa kg oglomktar ae jkhfgfss. Eorst, tbf pkttfrg ae

haklogcs os jarf ar hfss sojohkr ta tbkt ae progmopkh

majpagfgt ga. 6 (me rkw maugts ae fkr tbw krf . Bogt

taahs), wbohm kt tbf skjf tojf tbf jarf ojpartkgt

kttroùtfs (og k qukgtotktovf sfgsf) ae progmopkh

majpagfgt ga. < krf gfutrk h bfrf, taa (sff rfl

ambrf, croglogc stagfs). ]fmagl, wbfg og kg fkrhofr

kgkhysos twa typfs ae krrawbfk ls wfrf lostog-

cuosbfl, agf ae tbfj haklfl bocb ag tbf eoetb

progmopkh majpagfgt, tbf atbfr ag ga. 3, wotb

loeeusf (haw) marrfhktoags ag tbf atbfr progmopkh

majpagfgts9 eraj tbos O ogefr tbkt tbf jalfrktf

vkhuf ear krrawbfkls ag tbos majpagfgt os jarf

socgoeomkgt tbkg sojohkr haklogcs ag tbf atbfr agfs.

Kjagc tbf gogftffg crkvfs sfhfmtfl `y tbos majpa

gfgt, sfvfg mksfs bkvf bocb smarfs ag àtb majpa

gfgt ga. 6 kgl ga. 3 (mageorjktary), eaur krf

magtrklomtary (wotb bocb smarfs ag tbf "efjkhf "

majpagfgt ga. < ks wfhh ks ag ga. 3), kgl tfg gag-

ekhsoeyogc, og tbkt tbfy wfrf gat pogpaogtfl `y

majpagfgt ga. < gar ga. 6. K sujjkry ae tbfvkroaus lostroùtoags ae tbf crkvfs ag tbfsf maj

pagfgts os prfsfgtfl og \k` hf ;<. .

Ag tbf "jkhf" ogtfrprftktoag ae progmopkh maj

pagfgt ga. 3, kgl k wfocbt ogc ae tbf oglovolukh mksfs

kmmarlogc ta tbfor smarfs ag tbf rfspfmtovf majpa

gfgts, k sft ae => jkhf , o 3 efjkhf, kgl o kjòcuaus

crkvfs mkg `f losmfrgfl9 tbf rfjkoglfr, 56 crkvfs,

krf oglftfrjogk`hf `fmkusf ae tbf smkgtogfss ar

k`sfgmf ae crkvf caals.

\bf haw guj`fr ae sfxukhhy lostogcuo sbk`hf

crkvfs os quot m ugsktosekmtary, tbaucb. Fxtfgsoag ae

tbf kàvf ta crkvfs smarogc jalfrk tfhy ag tbf

rfhfvkgt majpagfgts jocbt `rogc og jarf ae tbfj,

ùt ag luòfus craugls4 orrfhfvkgt vkrok`hfs mag-

troùtf ta tbf smarfs khsa, kgl ks yft wf la gat igaw

baw ta losfgtkgchf tbfsf eraj tbf rfhfvkgt agfs

(rfhfvkgt `fogc rfhfvkgt ta tbf sfxogc apfrkt oags9

me. gatf =). Fspfmokhhy og k mksf hoif tbos, wbfrf tbf

kgkhysos os ag qukho tktovfhy loeefrfgt kttr oùtf s, ot

sffjs klvosk`hf ta usf progmopkh majpagfgt s kgk

hysos ks k pkttfrg-eoglogc lfvomf, ùt gatbogc jarf(og tbf prfvoaus mbkptfr, ag mbragahacy, mkhmuhk-

toags wfrf `ksfl upag k sjkhh kgl spfmoeofl

sfhfmtoag ae vkrok`hfs ae mfrkjom lfmarktoag aghy9

tbfrf, tbf progmopkh majpagfgts kgkhysos wks usfl

ks k jumb jarf prfmosf ogstrujfgt). \bfrfearf, tbf

ogXmgtarofs ae tbf crkvfs, tbf sfx ae wbomb wks

oglomktfl `y tbf progmopkh majpagfgts, wfrf

wrottfg lawg, ajottogc tbasf mktfcarofs ae crkvf

coets wbomb ammur og hfss tbkg tfg crkvfs (trkmfs ae

rfl ambrf, smrkpfrs, ehogt lf`ros, klzfs ae typfs O kgl

OO) . \bos wks sujjfl, wotb rfsuhts ks prfsfgtfl og

\k`hf ;6. "

\wa jkrifrs ear fkmb ae tbf sfxfs kppfkr 4

efjkhfs krf kppkrfgthy hk`fhfl `y rfl ambrf kgl

qufrgs, kgl jkhfs `y klzfs ae typf OOO kgl

uglfmarktfl vfssfhs9 tbf atbfr mktfcarofs (kjagc

wbomb, bfrf, krrawbfkls krf jast magspomuaus)

sffj ta f jarf ar hfss fvfghy lostro` utfl kjag c

tbf sfxfs.



\ BF FH] O. A A C P K U F _ K P L 4 K ^ A ] O \ O A G K H K ^ ^ P A K M B 2?

Ag tbos krcujfgt, twa ae tbf crkvfs hk`fhfl

"jkhf" `y tbf progmopkh majpagfgts kgkhysos

sbauhl `f craupfl wotb tbf efjkhfs9 agf "efjkhf"

kgl agf "jkhf" crkvf khsa magtkog agf kttroùtf aetbf appasotm sfx, khagc wotb tbf twa prapfr sfx-

spfmoeom mbkrkmtfroshoms. \bus, g ( E ) W o 3 + 0 :

;?, kgl g(J) :=> “ 0 :02 .

Sotb tbf twa sfts ae jkrifrs O hurgfl kckog ta

tbf hostogc ae tbf crkvfs' ogvfgtarofs. ]ajf ae tbf

crkvfs ogotokhhy ogmarparktfl loskppfkr, kgl atbfrs

da og tbf hogfs4 0 o crkvfs rfjkog ta fo tbfr sfx. \bf

rfsuhts krf sojohkr ta tbasf og \k `hf ;6 fxmfpt tbk t

krrawbfkls krf jarf ksyjjftromkhhy lostroùtfl -

tbaucb stohh gat vfry socgoeomkgthy4 wotb Mbo-squkrf

ae 0.>>, p os m. . ;5 ( rkh )hm o()).

\a marrfmt ear tbos muroaus kgl ugfxpfmtfl

`fbkvoaur ae tbf krrawbfkls, tbf pramflurf wks

kjfglfl. (Ketfr khh, k progmopkh majpagfgts kgk

hysos os ùt k mrulf taao.) Ag tbf ogotokh kssujptoag

tbkt tbfsf krtoekmts krf jkrifrs ae jksmuhogoty, tbf

eovf crkvfs wotb krrawbfkls stohh gat fgtfrfl wfrf

craupfl wotb tbf atbfr "jkhf" ogtfrjfgts. Ks tbfy

lol gat magtkog kgy maugtfrfvolfgmf ae suppasflhy

efjkhf coets, tbos sbauhl pasf ga pra`hfj (fxmfpt

crkvf ga. >23, wbomb wks khrfkly luòaus og tbfprogmopkh majpagfgts kgkhysos9 kjagc ots magtfgts

kg uglfmarktfl pat kgl pfrbkps agf sogchf krraw-

bfkl ks wfhh jocbt oglomktf k jkhf ogtfrjfgt,

wbohf k qufrg kgl k hujp ae rfl ambrf sffj ta `f

vfry mhfkr jkrifrs ae efjogoty - mp. tbf p-vkhufs og

\k`hf ;5). Sotb tbfsf fxtrk krrawbfkl-gokrifl

crkvfs craupfl wotb tbf atbfr jkhfs, \k`hf o 3 os

tbf rfsuht.*

Sbktfvfr agf jky tbogi ae tbos pramflurf, tbfrf

os k mhfkr lombatajy voso`hf og tbf Mbo-squkrfvkhufs, kgl krrawbfkls gaw lfejotfhy `fhagc ta

tbf jkrifr-mktfcarofs. \bus4

- efjkhf crkvfs magtkog qufrgs kgl/ar rfl ambrf9

- jkhf crkvfs magtkog uglfmarktfl vfssfhs kgl/ar

klzfs ae typf OOO kgl/ar krrawbfkls.

\bf atbfr mktfcarofs krf gat spfmoeom ta sfx, kgl

jky `f magsolfrfl "cfgfrkh". Og tbos wky, k crkvf

ogvfgtary magsosts ae k sfhfmtoag ae krtoekmts eraj tbf

"cfgfrkh" sft ae mktfcarofs, phus agf ar twa

spfmojfgs lrkwg eraj tbf sfx-spfmoeom craup. _ft

tbfrf rfjkog sajf magtravfrsokh ogvfgtarofs ta `f

gatfl4tbf kjòcoaus crkvf ga. >23 (wbomb O kj

ogmhogfl ta tbogi ae ks k romb efjkhf)9

twa efjkhf crkvfs magtkogogc agf krrawbfkl

fkmb (gas. >;< kgl ;>5. \bos hkttfr efjkhf bks

kppkrfgthy `ffg iohhfl `y tbf krrawbfkl, tbaucb,

ks ot wks stomiogc ogta bfr siuV (sfm Ô. ;5> og

Jall fr jk g ;?3> (O O) ). Ks ga sbklaw ae tbf siuV

ae tbf earjfr wajkg bks survovfl, ga magmhusoag

mkg `f lrkwg og bfr mksf, khthoaucb tbf pasotoag ae

tbf krrawbfkl os succfstovf (bfrf taa sfm Ô. ;02 ae

tbf skjf vahujf)9

kgl kgatbfr efjkhf crkvf (ga. ;>6) bahlogc kg

uglfmarktfl pat9

magvfrsfhy, twa jkhf crkvfs bfhl hujps ae rfl

ambrf (gas. aao kgl >>=).

K marraàrktoag (gat k praae!) ae tbf kàvf

loeofrfgtokt oag kmmarlogc ta sfx ae tbf crkvf coets kt

Fhshaa os eaugl og Pfogfmif' s suj jkr y ae tbf Hfssfr

@kvkrokg H@I9 og bos kmmaugt ae tbf crkvfykrl kt

Kotfrbaefg (Pfogfmif ;?324 ;0), wbfrf tbf sifhf

tags bkvf `ffg prfsfrvfl, kgl wbfrf tbfor sfx wksòajftromkhhy fstk`hosbfl, bf hosts tbf mktfcarofs ae

crkvf caals caogc wotb fotbfr ae tbfj. Jkhf

sifhftags wfrf kmmajpkgofl `y krrawbfkls, (ug-

spfmoeofl) pats, (ugspfmoeofl) klzfs, kgl crkpbotf

(phus spaglyhus sbfhh argkjfgts)9 efjkhf ogtfr

jfgts bfhl (ugspfmoeofl) pats, qufrgs, rfl ambrf

(phus rovfr sbfhh klargjfgts kgl àgf kwhs)9

fkrtbfgwkrf kgl `hklfs wfrf eaugl wotb àtb

sfxfs (khsa me. Astfrbkus ;?36).

Ks k solfhogf bfrf, og tbf eoetb sfmtoag ae tbosmbkptfr, ag oglorfmt fvolfgmf O wohh pusb tbf

lftfrjogktoag ae tbf sfxfs ta =2 jkhf crkvfs (bfrf,

06 bkvf `ffg fstk`hosbfl) kgl == efjkhf agfs (up

tohh gaw, 0;), wotb k rfsuhtkgt sfx-rktoa ae .<5 (ks

bfrf). Bkushfr, og bos survfy ae H@I crkvfykrls

(Bkushfr ;?554 <5) succfsts kg avfrkhh sfx-rktoa ae

mk. .6>. Kt tbf (yaugcfr) H@I mfjftfry kt Gotrk,

^kvøi eaugl k rktoa ae .<>, wbomb bf magsolfrfl



?> @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A MO K H ] \ P V M \ V P F 4 K ^ O H A \ ] \ V L _

; REoc. 0y. Loshroùhoag ae ]fxms kt

oR

Fhshaa mfjftfry.

Efjkhf ogbujktoag, momjk-

hoR R

h oag

RE, e ol., pra`k`hy

I'K, K Jkhf ogbujktoag, mrfjk-

R I' K W 7* hoag

K R a W ' " ' K * J, j ol., pra`k`hy.

R R • K7

R, om-

R , R ]fx aglftfrjogk`hf.

K “A^korfl crkvfs kt lostkgmf

K W<

U* R 7vR

R

hfss tbkg 0.66-\ .6> jftrfs

(me. \k` hf=2) .

\bf skjf lostkgmf, gomtfl

K K bR

au t eraj sfx lftfrjogk`hf

W UW• b K crkvfs og lorfmtoag ae ug-

K 7 - K Rx " q

R R

lftfrjogk`hf crkvfs.

• *

y.• - - K •

W ¾'' .XW

e•

R

5 " õ

^ U W o "

+ --•E * - . ¹ / + --•WWy a D-

+ --•K

R • . ' U R R > 6 ;>j; ; ;

• . ' U R R

gargokh og vofw ae atbfr crkvfykrls ae tbf pfroal(^kvøi ;?30`4 3<-36). Og atbfr warls, wbfg tbf

crkvf coets krf gat lfvo kgt ( Jal lfrj kg ;?3> (O)4

55-3;), tbf sfx-rktoa sffjs ta magearj kt Fhshaa.

\bf sfxfl crkvfs kppfkr og tbf phkg ag Eoc. 039

tbfy krf hostfl og \k`h f ;2. 'o"bf oglo rfmthy sfxfl

crkvfs, me ]fmtoag 6, tbos mbkptfr, bkvf `ffg

fgtfrfl sfpkrktfhy og phkg kgl tk`hf. @fhaw, O wohh

khwkys majjfgmf kg kgkhysos wotb tbf crkvfs ear

wbomb tbf sfx wks lftfrjogfl "lorfmthy", o.f., eraj

tbf crkvf coets, kgl tbfg hktfr ` rogc og tbf oglorfmthy

sfxfl crkvfs.

@fsolfs sfx, kcf os tbf atbfr hoifhy mrotfroag ear k

lovosoag ae hkàur kgl stktus og fckhotkrokg samofty9

kckog, ks tbf sifhftags bkvf loskppfkrfl, ot os

ojpasso`hf ta jkif lorfmt a`sfrvktoags. \bfrf krf

twa pra`hfjs maggfmtfl wotb kcf og kg kgkhysos

hoif tbos. \bf eorst agf (ta `f rfefrrfl ta ks tbf

"kluhts-aghy bypatbfsos") os magmfrgfl wotb wbomb

sfmtoags ae tbf majjugoty wfrf ogtfrrfl kt tbfcrkvfykrl, k qukhotktovf pra`hfj. \bf sfmagl agf

bks ta la wotb tbf crklogc ar rkgiogc ae tbasf

oglovolukhs tbkt wfrf ùrofl og tbf crkvfykrl.

\a `fcog wotb tbf qukhotktovf pra`hfj, @ogearl

(;?304 0=0-0=<) magmhulml eraj k majpkrktovf

(ftbgacrkpbom) stuly tbkt garjkhhy pfaphf krf

ùrofl og loeefrfgt phkmfs kt loeefrfgt stkcfs og tbfor

hovfs9 tbf ahlfr tbfy krf (o.f., tbf jarf ojpartkgt

tbfy krf og Gfahotbom, fckhotkrokg magtfxts), tbf

jarf feeart wohh `f spfgt ag tbfor ùrokh. \bus,

pfaphf ae k sojohkr samokh kcf (f.c., khh kluhts) wohh

`f ùrofl og tbf skjf hamktoag.

K majpkrktovf kgkhysos ae tbasf @kglifrkjoi

crkvfykrls wbfrf tbf sifhftags bkl `ffg prfsfrvfl

kgl kcf kt lfktb mauhl `f fstk`hosbfl, hfl Bkushfr

ta k sojohkr magmhusoag4 khjast wotbaut fxmfptoag

kluht ùrokhs wfrf rfpartfl (Bkushfr ;?554 03-==),

wbomb os khsa og hogf wotb J al lfrj kg ;?3> (O) 4



\ B F F H ] H A A C P K U F _ K P L 4 K ^ A ] O \ O A G K H K ^ ^ P A K M B ?;

0>6-0>5. _ft, rfmfgt pu`homktoags succfst atbfr-

wosf4 Astfrbkus jfgtoags mbohlrfg's crkvfs kt tbf

Kotfrbaefg kgl ]fgciaefg mfjftfrofs (Astfrbkus

;?36), kgl ^kvøom (;?30`4 55) rfpart]00 (aut ae 30)mbohlrfg's ogtfrjfgts kt tbf Gotrk gfmrapahos.

Oglffl, bf fvfg stktfs tbkt _augcfr H@I crkvf-

ykrls wotbaut mbohlrfg's ogtfrjfgts krf fxmfptoags

rktbfr tbkg tbf ruhf. Kgl og kg kgkhysos ae tbf tfftb

fgkjfh rfmavfrfl eraj tbf gfkr`y Goflfrjfrz

mfjftfry (Khlfgbavfg, Ir. Lurfg, gfkr Kkmbfg,

Sfst-Cfrjkgy) ot mauhl `f fstk`hosbfl tbkt

mbohlrfg bkvf `ffg ùrofl tbfrf, taa (J. Labrg-

Objoc, pfrs. majj. ;3>532).

\a suj up4 tbfarftomkgs (@ogearl, Bkushfr)

pastuhktf k craup ae hoif kcf, kgl fxmkvktars

(Labrg-Objoc, Astfrbkus, ^kvøi) rfpart bftfra-

cfgfaus majpasotoags ae tbf papuhktoags ae tbf

crkvfykrls. Oe, tbfrfearm, ot os uglfmolfl wbomb kcf

craups mkg kgl wbomb kcf craups mkggat `f ùrofl

og tbf crkvfykrl, pfrbkps wotbog ot loeefrfgt kcf

craups jocbt `f prfsfgt. \bus, wbfg mbohlrfg's

crkXfs krf tbfrf, tbfsf sbauhl `f sogchfl aut `y k

spfmoeom proouopkh majpagfgt, sfttogc aee crkvfs

wotb coets eraj tbf "cfgfrkh" mktfcary aghy (ks k

pkrkhhfh ta tbf ogvfgtarofs ae tbf mbohlrfg's crkvfs ktGotrk4 ^kvøi ;?30`4 3<-36). Jarfavfr, ks @ogearl

paogtfl aut, agf wauhl khsa fxpfmt tbkt tbf crkvfs

spfmoeofl tbos wky wauhl magtkog rfstromtfl sfts ae

coets aghy (kckog, me tbf Gotrk lktk). Kjagc tbf

majpagfgts, tbfrf os agf passo`hf mkglolktf

jkrifr (ga. 3) ae mbohlrfg's crkvfs, ks khh atbfr

majpagfgts krf fksofr ogtfrprftk`hf og atbfr wkys.

Ot os spfmoeom, kgl magearjs jarf ar hfss ta tbf

fxpfmtfl pkttfrg, covfg kg ogtfrprftktoag ae tbf

majpagfgts gas. < kgl 6 ks "efjkhf" kgl "jkhf",rfspfmtovmhy4 uglfmarktfl pats kgl sbfrls, krraw-

bfkls,kgl klzfs ae typfs O kgl OU-UO sbaw sojohkr

haklogcs ag tbf sfxogc majpagfgts kgl tbos agf,

wotb aghy mbkrmakh spfmoeom ta tbos majpagfgt

(\k`hf ;>). Bawfvfr, ot os gat tbf paarfr crkvfs

tbkt krf pomifl aut `y tbos majpagfgt (\k`hf ;?)4

tbfrf os khjast ga loeemrmgmf og tbf lostroùtoag ae

coets og tbf crkvfs ae tbos majpagfgt eraj tbk t ae tbf

tatkhoty ae tbf mfjftfry (kgl sa progmopkh majpa

gfgt ga. 3 rfjkogs kg kuxohokry jkrifr ae jkhf

crkvfs).

Kckog, eraj ^kvøi's kmmaugts (;?30k4 ;069;?30`4 30, 3<-36) ot mkg `f lfrovfl tbkt og Gotrk

mbohlrfg's crkvfs krf latfl wotb "cfgfrkh" mktf-

carofs ae crkvf coets, rktbfr tbkg wotb sfx-spfmoeom

agfs. Sbfg og tbf Fhshaa mfjftfry khh crkvfs

magtkogogc "cfgfrkh" coets aghy krf mkhhfl mboh

lrfg's crkvfs, tbfg tbf lostroùtoag og \k`hf 0>

rfsuhts (og tbos tk`hf, ks og tbf gfxt, tbf lostroùtoag

ae tbf crkvfs wotbaut coets os jklf ta magearj ta

tbkt eraj Gotrk). ;'bf tk`hf sbaws sajf <a"ý ae tbf

crkvfs ta `f mbohlrfg's kt Fhshaa (=>% kt Gotrk). Oe,

bawfvfr, khh oglorfmthy sfxk`hf crkvfs krf fgtfrfl

khagc wotb tbf lorfmthy sfxk`hf agfs, tbfg tbf

lostroùtoag wauhl `f ks og \k`hf 0;, kppraxo-

jktfhy4 0= % ae tbf crkvfs jocbt tbfg `m mbohlrfg 's,

bkhe ae tbfj wotbaut coets.

Gfotbfr ae tbf lostroùtoags sffjs ojpra`k`hf,

tbf hkttfr fvfg jarf ar hfss phkuso`hf. ]tohh, tbos os ga

krcujfgt og ekvaur ae ar kckogst tbf kluhts-aghy

bypatbfsos9 kppkrfgthy, mbohlrfg's crkvfs krf gat

jkrifl og kgy spfmoeom wky `y crkvf coets.

O kj vfry rfhumtkgt ta host tbf crkvfs tbkt jocbt`f magsolfrfl mbohlrfg's, ks ot os gat fvfg surf tbkt

tbos kcfcraup os ta `f eaugl og tbos crkvfykrl.

Bawfvfr, oeprfssfl, O wauhl sfhfmt tbf eaVawogc ;5

crkvfs4 gas. >>0, >;6, >;2*, >02, >6=, >5;, a`c"",

>33, >3?, >2<"', >25''', >?;, >?6, hao"*, ;>=, ;><*

(kstfrosifl gas. oglomktf crkvfs wotb cfgfrkh coets).

\bfsf krf tbf crkvfs kt k lostkgmf crfktfr tbkg

kvfrkcf + agf ]tkglkrl lfvoktoag eraj tbfor

gfkrfst gfocbàur kgl wbomb la gat magtkog sfx

spfmoeom crkvf coets.\bf kàvf stktfjfgt sbauhl `f rfkl tbkt oe

mbohlrfg's crkvfs krf prfsfgt kt Fhshaa, tbasf

oglomktfl stkgl k mbkgmf ekorfr tbkg kvfrkcf ta

`fhagc ta tbkt craup9 ot sbauhl gat `f ogtfrprftktfl

ta sky tbkt kjagc tbf atbfr crkvfs ga mbohlrfg's

wohh `f eaugl.

Kga tbfr passoòhoty os eaugl og fotbfr hfet/rocbt

solflgfss, ar arofgtktoag, wbomb jky `f spfmoeom ta



?0 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F O K ^ O H A \ ] \ V L _

kcf sfts. Eraj tbf Vtfrkturf, tbos wauhl sffj

ughoifhy (Bkushfr ;?5<4 63-6?9 kgl ;?554 <?). \bf

sjkhh guj`fr ae crkvfs og Fhshaa wbfrf tbfsf

qukbtofs mkg `f fstk`bsbfl prfmhulfs tfstogc. \bfmrfjktoag/ogbujktoag lostogmtoag os khsa fgtorfhy

ogmagmhusovf.

Eogkhhy, O bkvf usfl fhsfwbfrf (Ukg lf Ufhlf

;?3?) tbf shocbthy ugfvfg sfx rktoa kt tbf Fhshaa

crkvfykrl ks kg krcujfgt og marraàrktoag ae tbf

"kluhts-aghy" bypatbfsos, wbomb sffjs ta `f qufs-

toagk`hf `y gaw4 <5 (kt `fst, 56) sfxk`hf crkvfs os k

`ksos gujfromkhhy taa wfki ta sustkog ot. \bf jast

agf mauhl sky, kckog, os tbkt tbfrf os ga magtrk-

lomtary fvolfgmf, ks eahhaws eraj tbf eahhawogc

rfearjuhktoag4

Era j sfx rktoa, pm roal ae" usf ae tbf cr kvf ykr l, ftm ., ot os

passo`hf ta covf k raucb fstojktf ae tbf papuhktoag (Khsa og

Jal lfr jk g ;?3> (O)4 0>6-0>3). ]uppasf tbkt og k

bypatbftomkh stkrtogc papuhktoag ae 0>> ogekgt mbohlrfg

fqukhhy lostroùtml avfr tbf sfxfs, bkhe ae tbfj lof `fearf

ogotoktoag (o.f., 6> + 6> W ; > > gat ag tbf kluht ùrokh

craugls) tbfg tbf loeefrfgmf `ftwffg k sfx rktoa ae .6>

(bypatbftomkh) kgl .<5 (kmtukh) mkg `f eaugl og tbf

guj`fr ae kluht efjkhfs lyogc kt ar `fearf tbf òrtb ae

tbfor eorst mbohl9 k rktoa ae .<5 stkgls ear <= wajfg kgl 6>

jfg. ]uppasf khsa tbkt bkhe tbf guj` fr ae mbohlrfg ae tbfsf

lyogc jatbfrs hovf ta `f ogmarparktfl ogta tbf stkrtogc

papuhktoag (eaur ogekgts). \bfg <= wajfg sbauhl `fkr

0>> “ < : ; ? 5 mbohlrfg9 o.f., <.5 mbohlrfg pfr wajkg.

\bos wky, kg arocogkh papuhkt oag ae 0>> gfwà rg ogekgts

rfsuhts og 6> jkhf phus <= efjkhf crkvfs. Ogstfkl, ;;=

crkvfs bkvf `ffg ugfkrtbfl, sa tbf papuhktoag sbauhl

bkvf`ffg (o ;=/?=) W 0>> :0 <= 9a r2 o pfa phfk tkgy tojf

oe tbrff cfgfrktoags krf kssujfl (kgl 5; avfr eaur

cfgfrktoags).

Oe, magtrkry ta tbos "kluht-aghy" pomturf, \k`hf 0> (ar

0;) pfrtkog s, tbfg t bf papuhk toag just bk vf magsostfl ae 53

(ar ?>) oglovolukhs (eaur cfgfrktoags4 6> kgl 52, rfsp.),

kssujogc fvfry efjkhf olfgtoeofl og tbf crkvfykrl ta bkvf

àrgf eaur mbohlrfg, tbf rfjkoglfr ae wbomb (0.5<, kgl=.<=, rfsp.) bkvf gat `ffg rfmavfrfl.

Khh tbfsf kssujptoags mkggat `f taa wolf aee tbf jkri9

eraj tbf magvfrcfgmf ae tbf autmajfs, kckog ga lfmosoag

mkg `f jklf `ftwffg tbf "kluhts-aghy" bypatbfsos kgl ots

khtfrgktovfs. Jarfavfr, tbf magvfrcfgmf succfsts sajf

rfhokòhoty ae tbf papuhktoag fstojktf. (Oe tbf guj`fr ah

crkvfs og tbf crkvfykrl os sft kt ;06, ogstfkl ae ;;= (me

]fmtoag 0 ae tbos mbkptfr), tbfg tbrff cfgfrktoag fstojktfs

ae tbf papuhk toa g wauh l `f9 ?>, 3<, kgl ;>> rfspfmto vfhy9

tbf marrfspaglogc eaur-cfgfrk toag eocurfs tbfg `fma jf 53,

66, kgl 36 pfr cfgfrktoag.)

Agf ogfsmkpk`hm magmhusoag fjfrcfs eraj tbfsf

ckjfs wotb eocurfs4 ga jkttfr wbomb ae tbf kssujp

toags os mbasfg ks k stkrtogc paogt, k sozk`hf

prapartoag ae tbf papuhktoag's mbohlrfg `ks gat`ffg ùrofl kt tbf Fhshaa mfjftfry.

Oe, tbfg, tbf gag-kluht pkrt ae tbf papuhktoag os

gat rfmavfrk`hf, ot gfmfsskrohy eahhaws tbkt tbf ahlfr

pkrt mkggat `f jklf aut ks k craup fotbfr4 ga

magtrkstogc kttroùtfs krf voso`hf. Og atbfr warls,

tbf uglfgok`hf loeefrfgmfs og qukgtotofs ae crkvf

coets sbauhl `f fxphkogfl sajf atbfr wky.

\bos `rogcs us ta tbf sfmagl pra`hfj ae rkgiogc4

tbf crklogc ae tbasf ùrofl og tbf mfjftfry ks k

marrfh ktf ae rfhktovf kcf (@ogearl ;?304 0=0-0=<),

ùt gaw wotbog tbf craup ùrofl kt tbf skjf phkmf.

^rogmopkh majpagfgt ga. = (\k`hf ;>) sffjs ta

sft ae\lfmarktfl pats eraj uglfmarktfl sbfrls kgl

ogtromktfhy argkjfgtfl wkrf eraj jarf sojphy

lfmarktfl pattfry. Fjporomkhhy, bawfvfr, tbf

crkvfs wotb tbf "rombfr" ogvfgtarofs krf sfhfmtfl

(\k`hf 00). Bfrf tbf guj`fr ae mktfcarofs ae crkvf

coets lfeogfs tbos "wfkhtb", ks tbf kgkhysos wks rug

ag k prfsfgmf/k`sfgmf `ksos ta kvaol joxogc up

wotb spfmokhosts' crkvfs (me p. ?6-;;=).

Sbfg pasotoag og tbf hamkh bofrkrmby (lfeogfl kskmmfss ta smkrmf tbogcs) marrfspagls og sajf wky

wotb tbf feeart spfgt kt k pfrsag's ùrokh, tbos mkg `f

warifl aut og tbrff wkys4

;. ]ojohkr ta Balsag's rfkgkhysos ae tbf crkvf

coets kt tbf Bkhhstktt mfjftfry4 tbf rkrfr k tbogc, tbf

bocbfr ots vkhuf (Balsag ;?339 khsa me ]mboeefr

;?354 ;?> ear kg ogsporogc losmussoag). Bawfvfr,

tbfrf krf sajf lohhhmuhtofs wotb tbos olfk. Og tbf eorst

phkmf, tbf rfcuhkr ogehktoag ae stktus syjàhs (me

]mboeefr ;?354 ;?>) wohh`hami klokmbragompfrspfm-tovf ae tbf bofrkrmby, ks tbogcs agmf rkrf `fmajf

jarf erfqufgt wotb tojf9 warsf fvfg, kt Fhshaa aghy

k sjkhh prapartoag ae tbf crkvfs mkg `f lktfl

rfhok`hy. Og tbf sfmagl phkmf, kgl gat magsolfrfl `y

fotbfr Balsag ar ]mboeofr, kg fqukt oag ae rkroty kgl

vkhufs jky `f k Sfstfrg (kgl mkpotkhostom) gatoag -

kt Fhshaa, ear ogstkgmf, ugl fmar ktfl pats krf smkrmfr

tbkg lfmarktfl agfs (;6 vs. 0<9 og tbf sftthfjfgt.



\BF FO .]O .AA C P K U F _ K P L 4 K ^ A ] O \ O A G K H K ^ ^ P A K M B ?=

thof rfvfrsf os tbf mksf - sa , wbomb khtfrgk tovf sbauh l

`f mbasfg1), klzfs ae typf O (g W 6 ) krf smkrmfr,

kgl magsfqufgthy ae bocbfr vkhuf tbkg klzfs ae typf

OOO (g :;=) ar OU-UO (g :;6), ùt tbos wauhl

gfchfmt tbf mbragahacomkh rfstromtoag ae typf O (me

p. 26-25).

0. Hfss kjfgk`hf ta kg ammolfgtkh authaai, kg

kttfjpt kh fstojktogc tbf kjaugt ae hkàar spfgt ta

pralumf tbf crkvf coets mkg `f jklf. \bos bks tbf

klvkgtkcf ae `fogc kg a`dfmtovf ]tkglkrl ùt khsa

rkosfs pra`hfjs. Ear ogstkgmf, jktmbogc vkhuf wotb

hkàur sffjs ta `f gag-ugovfrskh (]kbhogs ;?304 52,

006, 02?), kgl magsfqufgthy "smkrmoty" ar kgy aeots

kgkhacufs mkg bkrlhy `f lfeogfl tbos wky - ot

uhtojktfhy hfkls ta k gatoag ae fxmbkgcf-vkhuf (ksappasfl ta usf-vkhuf, wbomb os jarf kpphomk`hf og

tbos iogl ae samofty) (ear k losmussoag ae tbfsf gatoags

me. ]kbhogs ;?304 033 YgatfZ, =>3). Khsa, kgfstojktf

ae tbf pralumtoag tojf os hoifhy ta `f quotf

kròtrkry. Gfvfrtbfhfss, kg kttfjpt mkg `f jklf4

K lfmarktfl pat bks jumb jarf (usukhhy, kgl

pfrbkps twomf ks jumb9 f.c., Hkufr ;?3<4 63) wari

spfgt ag ots jkguekmturf tbkg kg uglfmarktfl

vfssfh, kgl kg krrawbfkl rfprfsfgts jarf pralum-

tovf feeart tbkg lafs k `hkgi `hklf. Crkgtogckròtrkry vkhufs ta tbf loeefrfgt iogls ae krtoekmts,

tbf eahhawogc smkhf wks usfl ta fvkhuktf tbf

kssfj`hkcfs pfr crkvf4

Mfrkjoms paogts Ehogt paogts

uglfmarktfl sbfrl 0 lf`ros O

lfmarktfl sbfrl < `hkgis 6uglfmarktfl pat 0> usfl `hklfs ;>

lfmarktfl pt7t <> smrkpfrs '6krrawbfkls 0 >

]tagf

majphftf qufrg 6> Klzfs

erkcjfgts 6 pfr pofmf 6>

Mbjrbakh Pfl ambrf

trkmfs O trkmfs khujps 6 hujps ;>

\bf rfsuhtkgt lostroùtoag os prfsfgtfl og tk`hf 0=.

Ks gatfl khrfkly, sumb kg kt-eorst-socbt "ftom"

kmmaugt, `ksfl ag k raucb fstojktf ae hkàur

ogmarparktfl ogta tbf crkvf coets, jky `f jfk-

surogc sajf iogl ae fxmbkgcf-vkhuf aghy, wbomb os

hfss ar fvfg fgtorfhy ogkpphomk`hf kt tbos hfvfh ae

samoa-pahotomkh lfvfhapjfgt. âogt = rfprfsfgts kg

kttfjpt ta mormujgkvocktf tbfsf loAámuhtofs kgl ta

eahhaw tbf hfkl oglomktfl `y tbf progmopkh maj-

pagfgts kgkhysos.

=. \b f mktfcarofs ae \k`hf ;> wfrf hujpfl ogta

rktbfr `rakl "iogls"4 wbftbfr k efw uglfmarktfl

sbfrls ar tbrff wfhh-lfmarktfl vfssfhs wfrf og tbf

crkvf, "mfrkjoms" wks smarfl prfsfgt9 sojohkrhy, khh

ehogts wfrf craupfl9 ftm. ]ujjogc tbfsf prfsfgmfskg oglomktar ae tbf lostroùtoag ae stktusfs os eaugl

og \k`hf 0<9 kmtukhhy, ot os tbf lost roùt oag ae `rakl

spfmtruj crkvf ogvfgtarofs tbkt os jklf voso`hf tbos

wky.

Ae maursf sumb k craupogc os taa cfgfrkh ta `f ae

jumb usf. \bf "iogls" ogtralumfl la gat sffj ta

magvfy jumb jfkgogc, khtbaucb tbf marrfhktoag

wotb hkàur ogput kppkrfgt eraj \k`hf 0= os

succfstovf ae kt hfkst sajf rkgiogc lojfgtoags - tbf

agf khsa `raucbt aut `y tbf tborl progmopkhmajpagfgt.

_ft k eurtbfr lfvfhapjfgt ogta tbos lorfmtoag

jocbt `rogc us ta kg apfrktoagkhozktoag ae usf-

vkhuf. Agf sbauhl bkvf igaw tbf guj`fr ae

kmtovot ofs ar usfs tbf crkvf coets stkgl ear -

pra`k`hy, tbf guj`fr ae kmtovotofs prfsfgtfl og k

crkvf wohh marrfhktf wotb tbf iogl ae pralumtovf

kmtovotofs tbf lfmfksml bks `ffg ogvahvfl og lurogc

bos/bfr hoef, tbus k marrfhktf ae ogehufgmf.

Jkoghy lrkwogc ag marrfhktoag kgl kssamoktoag,ùt khsa ag suppasotoags ae tbf kutbar, tbf eahhawogc

hostogc ae kmtovotofs wks lfvosfl.



?< @ K G L I F P K J O I ] Ø M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F 4 K ^ O O . A \ ] \ V L _

Krtoekmts og crkvf “• (marrfhktf wotb) suppasfl kmtovoty

pats (lfmarktfl kgl uglfm.) starkcf

sbfrls (lfmarktfl kgl uglfm.) sfrvomf

qufrgs, ambrf klajjfgtmbkrmakt 1

krrawbfkls, igovfs bugoogc kgl lrfssogc

klzfs typfs O-OOh jkhf earfstry

klzfs typfs OU- UO kcromuhturf

lf`ros, gumhfo eorfdhocbtogc fquopjfgt (1)

(Aemaursf, "kmtovoty" os kg fgtorfhy ugeoouglfl kgl kròtrkry ogtfrprftk-

toag9 bawfvfrW ear tbf kgkhysosW ot os tbf kssamokhoag ae krtoekmts tbkt

maugts.)

]marogc tbf sfvfrkh crkvf ogvfgtarofs kmmarlogc ta

tbos host rfsuhtfl og Eoc. 02, \k`hfs 06 kgl 059

kssujogc tbkt tbf kàvf kssamoktoags bkvf sajf

vkholoty, tbfg tbf eahhawogc magmhus oags mkg `f

lrkwg4

- \bf twa sfxfs wfrf ag fqukh eaatogc kt Fhshaa4

tbf lostroùtoags og àtb mahujgs og \k`h m 06 krf

khjast olfgtomkh. (Kt Gotrk, ^kvøi magmhulfl tbkt

jkhfs wfrf jarf ojpartkgt tbkg efjkhfs9 ^kvøi

;?30k4 ;059 ;?30`4 30.)- \bf lostromutoag ae guj`frs ae crkvfs avfr tbf

guj `fr s ae kmtovotoms os vfry rfcu hkr4 og \k`hf 06 ga

mhustfrogcs krf ta f a`sfrvfl kt tap kgl àttaj

wotb k ckp og `ft wffg. ; e tbfg , g uj` fr ae kmtovotofs

jky `f fquk tfl wotb ogehufgmf, pawfr, kgl tbf

hoif, tbfg gat k strktoeofl, ùt k rkgifl (ar fvfg

fckhotkrokg) samofty os prfsfgtfl `y tbf Fhshaa mfj-

ftfry (ks passo`hy kt Got rk khsa4 ^kvøi ;?30`4 ?3).

Sbfg `fhaw (pp. ?5-?2) loeof rfgtokh kmmfss `y

craups ta caals os a`sfrGml kt Fhshaa, ot os kmmfss ta

mfrfjagokh caals, wbomb oglomktfs k rkgifl rktbfrtbkg kg fckho tkrokg samofty.

\bf rkgiogc progmophf tbkt bks `ffg jklf voso`hf

tbos wky sbauhl `f kcf, ks ot kpphofl ta (khjast) khh

crkvfs, kgl ks kcf mkg `f fxpfmtfl ta `f cfgfrkhhy

;;

'

•

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Eoc. 02. Pkgi ah' oghmgml kt IOshaa

crkvfykrl me. \k`hfs OG'-oy kgl

-;2).

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S bocb stktus

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h 'BE. Fh .]h .AA C P K U F _ K P L 4 K ^ A ] o r o A G K O . K ^ ^ P A K M B ?6

voso`hf. Obos lafs gah ogtmrefrf wotoo jy prfvoaus

sokhfgofgo tbkt ga magmhusovf fvolfgmf mkg `f

earwkrlfl ks ta wbkt sfmtoag ae tbf papuhktoag os

ùrofl kt Fhshaa, kgl jarf spfmoeomkhhy, tbkt mboh-

lrfg's crkvfs krf gat spfmokhhy jkrifl tbfrf.

Sohbog tbf craup tbkt bks `ffg ogtfrrfl, kcf os k

rkgiogc kcfgh, kgl tbfrmearf ear tbf fgtorf samokh

strumturf prabk`hy khsa.

Kpkrh b'ago rkgiogc `y kcf, twa atbfr earjs ae

lostogmtoag krf voso`hf og tbf crkvf coets. Haaiogc up

tbf fshojktfs ae hkàur ogvahvfl, k eurtbfr qukhoeo-

mktoag ae tbf fckhotkrokgosj os ta `f jkl f4

- \b rf f crkvfs wotb sox ar sfvfg kmtovotofs rfp -

rmsfgtml bkvf jarf majphftf ogvfgtarofs tbkg tbf

atbfr agfs. Og tbf atbfr crkvfs, jast kmtovotofs krfrfprfsfgtfl `y agf krtoekmt aghy (oe kt khh), wotb

usukhhy agf kmtovoty jarf majphftf4 bfrf (crkvfs

gas. aao, >2= kgl >239 agf jkhf, agf efjkhf kgl

passo`hy kgatbfr efjkhf), jarf kmtovotofs krf maj-

phftfhy rfprfsfgtfl, tbfy bkvf `ffg kwkrlfl jarf

tbkg tbf atbfr pfaphf. ]pfmoeomkhhy, tbfsf crkvfs

bahl wbkt bks `ffg ogtfrprftfl bfrf ks bugtogc

fquopjfgt (krrawbfkls phj igovfs) ks wfhh ks

kcromuhturkh taahs (;-0 klzfs), kpkrt eraj majphftf

jkrifr sfts ae tbforsfx (o.f., qumrg/)/J.vambrf, ar kguglfmarkV'l pah phus kg krrawbfkl phus k bocb

klzf). \bos skjf majphfx wks khsa eaugl og tbf

jkhf crkvf ga. ;>> (wotb eovf kmtovotofs rfprf

sfgtfl). Ogmolfgtkhhy, tbos fxphkogs tbf kjòcuoty

ae tbf sfx ae tbf lfmfksfl og crkvf ga. >23, gaw

lftfrjogfl efjkhf.

Khsa, twa ar tbrff spfmokhozktoags sffj ta bkvf

majjkglfl jarf rfspfmt tbkg lol rfcuhkr magtro-

ùhoag ha survovkh4 tbf eaur crkvfs wotb jarf

mxhfgsovf bugtogc fquopjfgt (jkhf crkvfs gas.

>>=, >>6, >53, >3;) bkvf wotgfssfs ae eaur ar eovf

kmtovotofs kgl tbf crkvfs wotb tbrff ar eaur pats (gas.

>>6, >?5, ;;09 khh jkhf), ae tbrff ar eaur kmtovotofs.

]ojohkrhy, tbf klzf-romb crkvf ga. >2= (efjkhf)

hV'oV'l goaof obkg oooalkh, fvfg sox kmtovotofs (ùt ot

cafs passo`hy wotb obf horst craup).

^frbkps tbf horst craup wauhl tkhhy wotb k "òc

jkg/wajkg", ar k "mbofe". \bkt kt hfkst agf

wajkg ammurs kjagc tbf hfklogc lfmfksfl suc-

cfsts tbf fxoshkgmf ae k mbofehy hogfkcf kt Fhshaa,

rktbfr tbkg òc-jkg typf prajogfgt eocurfs4 Hfk-

mami (;?32) ekohfl ta hamktf kgy òc wajkg og bfr

survfy ae fckhotkrokg samoftofs, wbfrfks rfefrfgmfs

ta efjkhfs og mbofeoy (o.f., bfrflo tkry) pasotoags

kàugl (khsame P. Mabfg'smajjfgteaVawogctbf

Hfkmami krtomhf). Kckog, rkgiogc rktbfr tbkg fckb-

hkrokg samofty os ojphofl.

\bf sfmagl craup (bugtfrs kgl tbasf wotb tbf

pats) jky tfoh sajftbogc ae tbf samofty's prfef-

rfgmfs, ar wotb k bfkvofr warl, ots vkhuf systfj.

]a wf rfjko g wotb k pomtu rf ae tbf samokh gft wari

og wbomb pasotoags wfrf projkr ohy loeefrfgtoktfl

kmmarlogc ta sfx kgl rkgifl ta kcf, ùt khsa, kglhfss pfrvksovf, ta spfmokhozktoags kgl k efw mbofeoy

tappfrs. \acftbfr, tbfsf earj ks khjast pfrefmt

pomturf ae tbf lfeogotoag ae "rkgifl samofty" ag

p. 25.

Agf eogkh kgl pfrbkps rktbf r jkrcogkh a`sfrvktoag

stohh bks ta `f jklf. Eraj Ukg Cfggfp's losmussoag

ae eugfrkry mustajs (fspfmokhhy Ukg Cfggfp ;?334

;60-;6<), agf jocbt fxpfmt twa loeefrfgt sfts ae

kttroùtfs wotb loeefrfgt eugmtoags prfsfgtfl ta tbflfmfksfl4 agf sft oglomktogc òs ar bfr pasotoag og

tbf samokh strumturf kgl kgatbfr agf magsostogc ae

tbf gfmfssotofs ae trkvfh ta tbf A tbfr ]olf. K htbaucb

tbf crkvf coets sbaw loeefrfgtoktoag kgl rkgiogc ae

tbasf ùrrofl, ga coets sffj ta `f fspfmokhhy jfkgt ks

trkvfhh ogc cuolfs kt Fhshaa. \basf krtoekmts tbk t jocbt

`f ogtfrprftfl tbkt wky (krrawbfkls, pats) khsa

sffj ta eugmhoag wohbog tbf samokh erkjfwari. ]umb

k "projkmy" ae tbf pasotoagkh jkrifrs os gat kg

kgkhytomkh krtoekmt4 tbfrf os gat k sogchf mktfcary ae

crkvf coets majjag ta fvfg bkhe tbf guj`fr ae

crkvfs wbomb jocbt tbfrfearf `f k mkglolktf ear

sumb k trkvfhhogc eugmtoag. ^frbkps tbf rfksag just

`f saucbt og tbf H@I's gatoags kàut lostkgmf,

tojf, kgl trkvfh, phus og tbf cfgfrkh mbkrkmt fr ae

Ukg Cfggfp's stktfjfgts.

Ketfr tbos siftmb ae tbf pasotoags og tbf samokh

strumturf ae tbf Fhshaa pfaphf, wf gaw turg ta tbf



?5 @KGLIFPKJOI ]AMOKH ] \ P V M \ V P F 4 K ^ O O . A \ ] \ V L _

rfhktoags `ftwffg tbf pfaphf kgl tbf craups

bahlogc tbf vkroaus pasotoags.

<. \bf Fhshaa crkvfykrl4 k strumturkhost kgkhysos

Og magtrkst wotb tbf prfvoaus sfmtoag, tbf prfsfgt

kpprakmb os gat magmfrgfl wotb maugts ae tbf

guj`fr ae crkvf coets pfr crkvf, ùt wotb crkvfs

sbkrogc tbf vkroaus mktfcarofs ae coets. \ bf koj os

fxphomothy mahhfmtovostom bfrf4 rktbfr tbkg oglovolukh

pasotoags, rfhktoags `ftwffg craups krf aur tbfjf,

sogmf projotovf samofty sffjs ta rfvahvf kraugl

tbasf rfhktoags tbkt krf majjagh y oglomktfl `y

"iogsbop". Kgl wbftbfr tbfsf krf tbaucbt ae ks

k "cfgfrkh ogstotutoag" (F.F. Fvkgs-^rotmbkrl,

qooahfl og Calfhofr ;?33 (O)4 2<) kgl tbmg pravolf

har jkgy eugmtoags (kgl ogmhulf rfhktoags ae pra

lumtoag9 me tbf gfxt sfmtoag), ar ks k jarf rfstromtfl

pbfgajfgag wbomb jkoghy pravolfs ear k samofty's

òahacomkh magtoguoty, tbfrf sffjs ta f ga lau`t

kàut tbfor khh-fgmajpkssogc gkturf og prf-stktf

majjugotofs.

Oe iog rfhktoags krf (pkrtokhhy) lfeogfl ks tbf

samokh rfhktoags `ftwffg craups, tbos wks sogmfkgmofgt tojfs magmfovfl ae ks tbf rfcuhktoag ae

rfmruotjfgt ae jfj`frs ta iogsbop craups9 hktfr,

iogsbop craups wfrf magsolfrfl tbf mhfjfgts ae kg

khhokgmf ar fxmbkgcf systfj (Eax ;?534 0=). \bf

eorst fjpbksos bkl ta la wotb magskgcuogo ty, wotb

ogbfrotkgmf kgl summfssoag, tbf sfmagl wotb ke-

eogoty, tbf rfcuhktoag ae fxackjy kgl tbf lfeogotoag

ae ogmfst (me Iffs ogc ;?564 =<6) - og ekmt, t bf twa

krf gat fxmhusovf, ùt rktb fr prfsuppasf agf

kgatbfr (Eax ;?534 =6).\a tbraw hocbt ag tbf rfhktoags, agf passo`hf

kpprakmb os ta try ta losmavfr tbf majpagfgt craups og

tbf crkvfykrl4 oe samokh hoef wks kg keekor ae craups,

tbfsf jky `f jorrarfl og tbf crkvfykrl. Kprapas bos

awg fxmkvktoags kt Gotrk, ^kvøi bks trofl ta

authogf craups og k guj `fr ae @kglifrk joi crkvf-

ykrls9 kjagc tbfsf tbf Fhshaa mfjftfry (^kvøi

;?30`4 23, ?0)9 bos eovf crkvf craups krf authogfl

ag Eoc. 0?. Bf jkogtkogs k rfhktoag ae tbos

craupogc ae tbf crkvfs wotb tbf mymhomkh rf turg ae

tbf papuhktoag luf ta tbmor sa-mkhhml "jo crk gt

ekrjfrs" ("Skglfr`kufrg") fmagajy9 tbf craupskrf mbragahacomkhhy lostogmt (^kvøi ;?30`4 ?29 khsa

Pflhomb ;?55). Og tbf mksf ae Fhshaa, 33 crkvfs

mkggat `f craupfl tbos wky (ajottogc tbf twa

authyogc crkvfs gas. >5; kgl >?6).W Fspfmokhhy tbos

hkst a`sfrvktoag jkifs jf rfhumtkgt ta usf ^kvøi's

su`lovosoag, kgl O wauhl rktbfr kttfjpt kgatbfr

kpp rak mb4 oe (samokh) craups krf prfsfgt ks craups ae

crkvfs, tbfsf krf ks hoifhy ta `f jkrifl `y

cfacrkpbomkh magmfgtrktoag ks `y tbf crkvf coets og

tbfj. Og atbfr warls, kg kgkhysos ae tbf crkvf coet

lostroùtoags jocbt `f ogearjktovf. Kgl oglffl,

gat khh crkvf coets kr f fvfrywbfrf. Oe tbfsf loe-

efrfgmfs krf samoacfgom, tbfg tbf loeefrfgt craups

ae lfmfksfl kppkrfgthy bkl loeefrfgtokh kmmfss ta

tbfsf caals9 gat fvfry crkvf magtkogs k coet aut ae

fvfry mktfcary. ]tohh, rfmacgotoag ae k pkttmrg

wbomb kmmaugts ear khh loeefrfgmfs os vfry bkrl ta

majf `y. Og tbf phkg ae tbf crkvfykrl sajf crkvf

craups krf voso`hf ag tbf agf bkgl , tb aucb tbfsf

gffl gat magearj ta ^kvøi's earjktoag9 ag tbf

atbfr bkgl, k su`stkgtokh àly ae crkvfs sbaws keuzzy, kgl khjast rkglaj lostroùtoag, fspfmokhhy

og tbf wfstfrg, gartbwfstfrg kgl gartbfrg pkrts ae

tbf crkvfykrl. Og k eorst, trokh kpprakmb, rfspfmtogc

tbf rktbfr mhfkr craupogc ae crkvfs og tbf sautbfrg,

sautbfkstfrg, fkstfrg kgl mfgtrkh sfmtars, tbf rf-

jkoglfr wks tbfg kròtrkrohy su`lovolfl ks og Eoc.

=>. \bos pkrtototoag ogta gogf eofhls wks ear k proaro

rfksags4 ketfr k prfhojogkry kgkhysos, rfcraupogc

bks ta `f passo`hf - tbkt os, tbf jfsb sbauhl `f eogfr

tbkg tbf fxpfmtml craup sozf. Oe, tbfg, ;;; crkvfs(ajottogc tbf twa authyogc) bkvf `ffg pralumfl `y

tbrff cfgfrktoags, pfr cfgfrktoag sajf =3 ogtfr-

jfgts wfrf jklf9 covfg tbf haw lfgsoty ae crkvf

coets, craups sjkhhfr tbkg pfrbkps eaur crkvfs wohh

bkrlhy `f pfrmfp to`hf 9 tbus wf krrovf kt =3 4< : ?

"craups". \bf cfacrkpbomkh craupogcs wauhl tbfg

kvfrkcf ;> ta ;6 crkvfs. Sot b tbos hkttomf tbf

lostroùtoags ae tbf vkroaus mktfcarofs ae crkvf



\B F F H ] O . A A C P K U F _ K P L 4 K ] ^ P V M \ V P K H O ] \ K G K H _ ] O ] ?3

/ .;5 /

.? / /.;> / ;.6 ,2 X < 5 ;.3

Eoc. 0od, Fhshaa emjftfry. Máraupogcae tbf crkvfs kmmarlogc ta ^kvo'oi.Euhh magtaurs4 craups `y ^kvøi;?30`,

Ogtfrruptfl magtaurs4 mrotoquf `yprfsfgt kutbar, ks og gatf =.Krkòm gujfrkhs4 crkvf guj`mrsPajkg gujfrkhs4 rfhktovf tbotm,eraj Eoc. 05.

cafls wfrf smrffgfl. \k`hf 03 rfglfrs tbf guj`frae crkvfs pfr sfmtar ar eofhl. \bfg, `y jfkgs ae tbf

earojohk

f . : - x i

ot os passo`hf ta mkhmuhktf kg fxpfmtfl lostroùtoag ae

crkvfs wotb crkvf coets ae mktfcary M. \bos lostro

ùt oag rfehfmts k sotuk toag og wbomb f, W fxpfmtfl

huojhx'r ae crkvfs og eofhl o magtkogogc mktfcary M9

j :: guj`fr ae crkvfs og eofhl o9 G : ;;;, guj`fr

ae crkvfs og tbf mfjftfry. i4 a`sfrvfl guj`fr ae

crkvfs wotb coet M og tbf mfjftfry. \bos mkhmuhktfl

lostroùtoag rfeofmts k sotuktoag og wbomb ga loe-

efrfgtokh kmmfss ta mktfcary M fxosts. K majpkrosag

ae tbos bypatbftomkh lostroùtoag wotb tbf kmtukh agf

sbaws wbfrf taa jkgy, ar wbfrf taa efw crkvfs

bkvf `ffg lagktfl wotb tbos mktfcary (me \k`hfs 02

ear kg fxkjphf kgl 0? ear k sujjkry). Eraj tbfsf

hkttfr "pkttfrgs" ot kppfkrs tbkt sajf eofhls tfgl tavkry daogthy, kgl atbfrs oglfpfglfgthy4 kg avfrkhh

strumturf ae eaur craups fjfrcfs.

\bf pomturf os vfry mhfkr ear tbf sautbwfstfrhy

sfmtar, wbomb os khwkys `y otsfhe, ks kckogst tbf

]autbfrg kgl sautbfkstfrg eofhls, wbomb vkry ta-

cmtbfr, kgl wfstfrg kgl gartbwfstfrg eofhls, khsa

hacftbfr. ; bfg, ot os khsa mhfkr tbkt tbf fkstfrg kgl

gartbfkstfrg sfmtars ca tacftbfr9 tbf khocgjfgt ae

tbf mfgtrkh kgl tbf gartbfrg eofhls, bawfvfr, pasfs

pra`hfjs4 og tbf eorst phkmf tbf twa khwkys rfkmt ogappasotf wkys, wotb agf sajftojfs magearjogc ta

tbf wfstfrg gfocbàurbaal kgl tbf atbfr ta tbf

fkstfrg, kgl sajftojfs tbf atbfr wky kraugl.

\bf marrfhktoag mafeeomofgts (`ftwffg tbf eofhls,

sujjfl avfr tbf mktfcarofs9 \k`hf =>) krf gat vfry

ojprfssovf, khtbaucb tbf gartbfrg eofhl sbaws sajf

keeogoty ear tbf gartbfkstfrg kgl fkstfrg eofhls. K

eurtbfr ogvfstocktoag lot gat pralumf kgy rfksag ta



?2 @ K G L I I P K J O I ] A M O K O . ] \ P V M \ V P F 4 K ^ O O . A \ ] \ V L _

X3

/

;' Eoc. da. Fhshaa crkv fykr l4 su`-

; / lov os oag og ta c kròtrkrohy lfhojotml

;y eofhls ear kg ogotokh kgkhysos ae' tbf

/ pk tt frg og c ae tbf crkvfcoet lostr o-

X GAP\B / ùtoags.

/ Eots ta hocs. 0 5-0?.

/ GAP\BFK]\ y

X X X

GAP\B / ùtoags.


/ GAP\BFK]\ y

X

GAP\B / ùtoags.


/ GAP\BFK]\ y

GAP\BSF]\ X /

/ /

/

/ /

- " X / • • •WW / X / / X z ' '

MFG\PF ; FK]\

"-( ;;

SF]\ X X X

;

;

X X

/ X / X

/ U / X

]AV\BSF]\ ' ]AV\B X ]AV\BFK]\ X

/ X / X

/ X , > 6 ;>j X ; ; ;

G

prmefr agf kbcgjf gt ta tbf atbfr4 ag tbf `ksos ae tbfcrkvf coets, tbf gar tbf rg eofhl sbauhl `f craupfl

wotb tbf fkstfrg kgl gartbfkstfrg ear tbf rfl ambrf,

ùh wotb tbf gartbwfstfrg kgl wfstfrg eofhls, ear

uglfmarktfl pats kgl krrawbfkls. ; bm sujjfl

Mbo-squkrfs ear àtb lovosoags krf khjast tbf skjf4

6;.0 õ.y. 60.6 (wotble. W = = ) . K magsolfrktoag ae tbf

fjpty zagfs `ftwffg tbf crkvfs wks ogmagmhusovf

(khtbaucb tbf hojots kàut ta `f prapasfl krf

shocbthy hfss twostfl). Aghy tbf lostroùtoag ae tbf

sfxfs os og ekvaur ae k craupogc ae tbf mfgtrf wotb

tbf fkstfrg kgl gartbfkstfrg, kgl ae tbf gartbf rg

hofhl wotb tbf wfstfrg kgl gartbwfstfrg (\k`hf

=;)9 bawfvfr, tbos krcujfgt hasfs ots earmf wbfg

tbf oglorfmthy sfxfl crkvfs krf kllfl . Eogkhhy,

marrfhktoag mafeeomofgts kr f majpaugls ae juhto-

lojfgsoagkh vkroktoag, kgl tbfy mkggat `f km-

marlfl lfmosovf stktus.

_ft tbf sozf ae tbf rfsuhtkgt gartbwfstfrg craup

succfsts og atb sahutoags k eurtbfr su`lovosoag, ùttbfrf os ga atbfr krcujfgt ta eahhaw tbos tbr aucb

(me gatf 5 `fhaw). Ot os tbf lostroùtoag ae tbf sfxfs

wbomb jkifs jf ekvaur tbf craupogc ae mfgtrkh

wotb fkstfrg kgl gartbfkstfrg kgl ae gartbfrg

wotb wfstfrg kgl gartbwfstfrg.

K mhasfr haai kt tbf crkvf coet lostroùtoags

succfsts sajf jogar kldustjfgts ae tbf àrlfrs ae

tbf eaur sfmtars tbus rftkogfl4 ta tbf saurtbwfst k

pkrt ae tbf wfstfrg eofhl os kllfl. Eoc. =; sbaws tbf

cfacrkpbomkh rflfeogotoag. \bf zagfs `ftwffg tbfeaur sfmtars krf tbfg lfvaol ae crkvfs wotb coets9 kgl

aghy eovf crkvfs wotbaut coets mkggat `f kssocgfl

magmhusovfhy (Eoc. =0). \b f kvfrkcf wol tb ae tbf ga

jkg's hkgl os jarf tbkg tbf jfkg lostkgmf `ftwffg

tbf crkvfs phus twa ]tkglkrl lfvoktoags (\k`hfs =0

kgl =<)."

K majpkrosag ae tbf lostroùtoag ae tbf fhfvfg

mktfcarofs ae crkvf coets (o.f., tbasf wotb sueeomoégt



\ B F F H ] O . A A C P K U F _ K P L 4 K ] \ P V M \ V P K H O ] \ K G K H _ ] O ] ??

../

• //

Eoc. do. Iraj tbf ?-eomhl Orokh lov o-

soag tawkrls tbf < sfmtar jalfh4

K majpkrosag ae tbf àuglkrofs.

(skjf smkhf ks eocs. =>, =0.)

X /

X

/ / .• •

/ ••

/ .• •

“ - 8

WW(

X

K.> 6 hAj; O •:o

rfprfsfgtktoag) covfs k sugojfl Mbo-squkrf ae22.23 (WWot'o le. OO R ( ? - o) : 2 2 ) ear tbf gogf-

eahl su`lovosoag - wbomb kt `fst wauhl `f ogtfr-

prftk`hf ks sajfwbkt sifwfl - kgl ae 6>.<0 (wotb

le OO R (< “ o) W= = ) ear tbf eaur-sfmtar jalfh

- wbomb os socgoeomkgt kt tbf ;% hfvfh (\k`hfs =<

kgl =6).

Gatwotbstkglogc \k`hfs =0 kgl ==, tbf hojots ae

hou' ejor craups og Eoc. =0 sbauhl `f magsolfrfl

kppraxogoktf aghy9 sojohkrhy, tbf craups ar sfmtars

sbauhl `f tbaucbt ae ks marfs rktbfr tbkg gfkthylfhojotfl tfrrotarokh ugots - ketfr khh, k cfacrkpbomkh

sboet bks `ffg fstk`hosbfl og tbf usf ae tbf crkvf-

ykrl wotb tojf (]fmtoag 0 kgl Eoc. 05). Khsa, tbfrf

os gat k o-a fxmhusovfgfss kmrass tbf zagfs, ùt k

Dkhhoooc qhd ah tbf erfmpofgmofs. Obfsf rfs tromtoags

kpphy spfmoeomkhhy ta sfmtars O kgl OO (me kàvf),

wbfrf ga vfry mhfkr-mut sfpkrktoag ae tbf twa

(fxmfpt og tbf cfacrkpbomkh lost roùt oag ae tbf

crkvfs) os voso`hf.

UUbfg tbfsf eaur sfmtars krf kmmfptfl ks oglomktars ae k sojohkr guj` fr ae craups (me, bawfvfr,

gatf 0), tbfg tbf pra`h fj ae tbf rfhktoags `ftwffg tbfsf

craups krosfs. \bogiogc ae tbfsf rfhktoags og tfrjs ae

tbfor hkstogc feefmts rktbfr tbkg og tbfor pfrsagkh,

vahktohf, lky-ta-lky jkgoefstktoags, tbfsf craup

rfhktoags krf ae k khhokgmf gkt urf . Khhokgmf, tbkt os,

àgls `ftwffg craups, ogvahvfs rfhktoags ae ke-

eogoty9 jarf cfgfrkh, ot ogvahvfs fxmbkgcf ae khh

iogls ae tbogcs , ogmhulogc wajfg (Hïvo-]trkuss

;?5?`4 <<, 5>-5;9 ear k sajfwbkt loeefrfgt ogtfr-

prftktoag, me. gfxt sfmtoag). \bos fxmbkgcf os

`ksomkhhy rflumo`hf ta fotbfr ae tbf eahhawogc

strumturfs (Hïvo-]trkuss o?5c`4 xxooo)4

;. majphfx9 o.f., wbfrf rfhktoags ae fxmbkgcf

fxost wotb khh atbfr craups.

0. fhfjfgtkry9 o.f., wbfrf rfhktoags ae fxmbkgcf

fxost wotb spfmoeofl craups aghy.

Kjagc tbf fhfjfgtkry pkttfrgs, k hojotfl sft ae



;>> @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F O K ^ O H A \ ] \ V L _

CPAV^ OO

+

+

/ eoc. D0. Fhsh(I) cr kv fy kr l4 thom h'aur

+ /•fxmhokgseogc craups ks mstk`hoshu'l

eraj tbf loeáfrfgtokh losoro`utoaoos

• +•• ae tbf crkvfcoeh mktfcaroms.

•• Crkv fs wotb crkvfcoets (g W 2o )

••e Crkvfs wotba ut crkvfcoets

• . • • • . . . • • • • ' • (g:=0)

• • WW•'W@auglkry zagf/oglft. krfk

+ •

+

•.. +• • • • • .

CPAV^ hoh

+

• • •

CPAV^ OU

hAj

: ;

kbfrgktovfs os passo`hf4 syjjftromkh, ar rfstromtflfxmbkgcf (Sbfrf rfhktoags krf `ftwffg twa

craups aghy, o.f., rfmopramkh9 Hïvo-]trkuss ;?5?`4

;<5), kgl cfgfrkhozfl, ar ksyjjmtromkh fxmbkgcf

(wbfrf tbf rfhktoags krf uooolorfmtoagkh, ar uooovamkh

ogstfkl ae rfmopramkh, `ftwffg kgy guj`fr ae

craups9 Hïvo-]trkuss ;?5?`4 ;32-;3?), wotb tbf

hkttfr stohh eurtbfr loeefrfgtoktfl ogta "apfg" strum

turfs ae magtoguaus fxbmbkgcf (wotb fxmbkgcf

eraj craup ta craup) kgl "mhasfl" strumturfs ae

losmagtooouaus fxmbkgcf (lfkhogc wotb agf craup og

tbos cfgfrktoag9 k rfturg os pravolfl og tbf gfxt

cfgfrktoag9 Hïvo-]trkuss ;?5?`4 <<<-<<6).

\a fxphkog tbfsf gatoags O wohh jkif usf ae tbf

jalfh ae rfhktoags prfsfgofl og Eoc. ==, wbfrf, ear

tbf skif ae mhkroty (kgl khsa `fmkusf tbk t guj `fr ae

craups bks `ffg eaugl) eaur craups ae fquk h sozf krf

prkmtomogc fxmbkgcf. Ear fvfry mktfcary ae caals

(jasthy ae k mfrfjagokh gkturf) agf spfmoeom craup

os suppasfl ta `f tbf ogtralumfr ogta tbf systfj9 earkgatbfr mktfcary, kgatbfr spfmoeom craup.

o. Og tbf mksf ae k majphfx fxmbkgcf systfj (Eoc. =<)

craup K, tbf ogtralumfr, wohh bkvf lfkhogcs wotb khh

atbfr craups ogvahvfl, kgl tbfsf wotb fkmb atbfr og

turg. Magsfqufgthy, tbf mktfcary k wohh `f loeeusfl

fvfghy ta tbf loeefrfgt craups, wotb aghy craup K

passo`hy rftkogogc sajf jarf og stami.

0. Og tbf mksf ae kg ksyjjmtromkh kgl hogfkr fxmbkgcf

systfj (Eoc. =6) craup K wohh prfsfgt ots caals k ta

agf craup aghy, f.c. ta @. ]ojohkr hy, @ wohh lfkh wotbM aghy, kgl sa ag. Ot os tbf cost ae tbos systfj tbkt

fxmbkgcf os mhfkrhy lorfmtfl, ugovamkh9 og tbf

fxkjphf ae Eoc. =6 tbf caals k ehaw og k mhamiwosf

lorfmtoag tbraucb tbf gftwari ae rfhktoags (kgl,

ojphomothy, atbf r krtomhfs ehaw maugtfrmhamiwosf, tbf

rfturg prfstktoags). Fvfry craup wohh iffp k

prapartoag ae k kgl prfsfgt tbf rfjkoglfr ta ots

mustajkry pkrtgfr lawg tbf hogf. \bf rfsuhtkgt



\ B F F H ] H A A C P K U F _ K P L 4 K ] \ P V M \ V P K H O ] \ K G K H _ ] O ]

Eoc. -dd. Cfgfr kh jalfh ah kg fxmbkgcf systfj ah'< craups. Crau p K ogtralumfs

tbf mktfcary ae caals ta `m mxmbkgcml wotb craups @, M kgl L, og tbf gmtwari

sbawg. Khh passo`hf rfhktoags bkvf `ffg jkppfl9 og loe\frfgt fxmbkgcf strum-

turfs, loe\frfgt rfhktoags `fmajf krtomuhktfl (rfe. ta Eocs =< ta =3).

K @ M L

Eoc. =<. K jalfh ae majphfx fxmbkgcf rfhktoags og k

eaur-craups systfj.

Hfet4 lorfm toag ae fxmb kgc f t krtomu hktf l rfhk

toags.Pocbt4 lostroùtoag ae õ avfr tbf systfj ketfr tojf

(barozagtkh lksbfl hogf fstojktfl kvfrkcf)9

craups bkvf `ffg krrkgcfl kmmarlogc ta

lojogosbogc erfqufgmofs.

(ae'K @ M L

Eoc. d W . X jalfh uo'ksyjjftromkh kgl hogfkr fxmbkgcf .

Hfet4 lorfm toag ae fxm bkg cf -r krtomuhktfl rfhk-

toagsbops.Pocbt4 lostroùtoag ae tá aX'fr tbf systfj ketfr tojf9

barozagtkh lksbfl hogf4 fstojktfl kvfrkcf

erfqufgmy9 craups krrkgcfl kmmarlogc ta

lojogosbogc erfqufgmy ae k.

K @ L M

Eoc. d5. K jalfh ae ksyjjftromkh kgl khtfr gktog c fx

mbkgcf.

Hfet4 lorfmtoag ae fxmbkgc f t krt omuhktfl rfhk

toags og magtocuaus cfgfrktoag.

Pocbt4 lostroùtoag ae K avfr tbf systfj ketfr tojf 9

lksbfl hogf4 fstojktfl kvfrkcf erfqufgmy4

craups krrkg cfl og arlfr ae lojogos bogc erf

qufgmy ae mktfcary k.

Eoc. Wdy. K jalfh ae syjjmtromkh fxmbkgcf4 aghy twa

craups tkif pkrt.

Hfet4 tbf fxm bkg cf rfhk toag .

Pocbt4 lostroùtoa g ae k ketfr tojf9 lksbfl hogf4

kvfrkcfl erfqufgmy.



;>0 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F 4 K ^ O O . A \ ] \ V L _

lostroùtoag os agf ae lojogosbogc qukgtotofs ae k

og tbf lorfmtoag ae tbf fxmbkgcm rmhktoagsbops.

=. Og tbf mksf ae kg ksyjjftromkh kglkhtfrgktogc (ar

losmagtoguaus) fxmbkgcf sdstfj (Eoc. =5) craup Klfkhs khtmrgktovfhy (lurogc k mfrtkog tojf spkg,

jasthy pfr cfgfrktoag) wotb craup @ kgl craup L,

ùt gat wotb tbf eaurtb craup. Og sumb k systfj,

fvfry craup wohh `f og sojohkr rfhktoagsbops wotb

twa atbfrs. \bf caals k wohh lospfrsf tbraucb tbf

systfj og sumb k wky tbkt og luf tojf craups @ kgl

L wohh passfss kppraxojktfhy fqukh kjaugts ae

tbfj, hfss tbkg craup K9 tbf eaurtb craup wohh

passfss stohh hfss ae tbfj.

<. Eogkhhy, og tbf mksf ae syjjftrof fxfbkgcf tbf

ojpartfr craup bks lfkhogcs wotb agf atbfr craup

aghy, fothomr lorfmthy ae oglorfmthy (Eoc. =3). Ot os og

tbf gkt urf ae tbos systfj tbk t atb fr craups wohh bkvf

ta sffi kmmfss ta k tbraucb fxtk`hosbogc tbfor awg

ojpart "jagapahy", fvfg wbfg hovogc og tbf skjf

tfrrotary ks craup K.

@fearf qukgtoeyogc tbf crkvf caals og tbf Fhshaa

mfjftfry ta jktmb tbfj wotb tbf kàvf jalfhs,

tbrff rfsfrvktoags sbauhl `f jklf4

- Ks hagc ks tbf craups krf ae raucbhy fquk h sozf

(tbkt os, ag tbf skjf smkhf), gujfr omkh loeefrfgmfswohh bkrlhy `f magsfqufgtokh upag tbf eugmtoagogc

ae tbf fxmbkgcf strumturf4 k craup stkgls og k eoxfl

rfhktoagsbop wotb kgatbfr craup ar gat, kgl tbf

magmajotkgt provohfcfs kgl lutofs krf eoxfl `y

trklotoag.

- Oe tbf fxmbkgcf systfjs wfrf mhasfl (o.f., wotb

aut k "sogi" eugmtoag) tbf tfrjogkh sotuktoag wauhl

`f tbkt khh craups passfssfl fqukh kjaugts aefXfry

iogl ae caals. I,jporomkhhy, mhasfl systfjs wohh

bkrlhy ammur4 crkvf coets, hassfs, sbavogc aee ogtafxtfrgkh fxmbkgcf gftwaris, ftm, pravolf ear tbf

vkmuøj wbomb iffps tbf caals caogc lawg tbf

hogfs, rfsuhtogc og lostroùtoags rfsfj`øgc tbasf og

Eocs. =< ta =3 (khsa me tbf losmussoag og ]khosùry

O?6Õ)-

- Og tfrjs ae tbf jalfh , kgl rf hkt fl ta crkvf coets,

tbf jfkgogc kttkmbfl ta tbf warl "fxmbkgcf" os

ugojpartkgt4 tbf lfmfksfl's craup jky bkvf

kmmujuhktfl (mfrfjagokh) caals lurogc bos/bfr

hoeftojf khagc tbf mustajkry rfhktoagsbops9 og ekmt,

tbfy jky passfss k paah ae tbfj. Ar, tbf rfhktoags

jky mkhh kt tbf eugfrkh kgl rfcostfr tbfor syjpk-tbofs `y jfkgs ae surrfglfr ae tbfor craups'

kttroùtfs. Og àtb mkssf tbf caals ehaw tbraucb

fxostogc gftwaris `fmkusf ae tbf kttfglkgt mhkojs.

\bf "praeohfs" lrkwg og Eocs. =< ta =3 krf jfkgt

ta ekmohotktf rfmacgotoag kgl ogtfrprftktoag ae tbf

lostroùtoags pfrmfpto`hf og tbf Fhshaa crkvfykrl.

Kssujogc tbkt tbf eaur sfmtars og Eoc. =0 krf k

tahfrk`hf kppraxojktoag, tbf loeefrfgt maugts ae

crkvfs pfr craup wotb k mktfcary ae caals wfrf

marrfmtfl ear craup sozf kgl smkhfl ta rfglfr tbfj

majpkrk`hf. Pfkrrkgcfjfgt kmmarlogc ta lojog

osbogc erfqufgmofs rfsuhtfl og tbf fhfvfg crkpbs ae

Eoc. =2.

Eraj tbf jalfhs, ot e`hhaws tbkt tbf craups wotb

tbf crfktfst kjaugt ae k iogl ae caals krf tbf

ogtralumfrs, ga jkttfr wbomb fxmbkgcf strumturf

prfvkohs. \bf erfqufgmofs lawg tbf hogf jky

oglomktf tbf pasotoags ae tbf loeefrfgt craups og tbf

fxmbkgcf strumturf, kgl tbf sbkpf ae tbf crkpb tbf

typf ae strumturf. \bus, tbf sfvfg crkpbs ta tbf hfet

ae Eoc. =2 sffj ta oglomktf kg ksyjjftromkh kglhogfkr fxmbkgcf systfj9 twa (tap rocbt4 uglfma-

rktfl pats kgl lfmarktfl sbfrlsh la gat magearj

ta kgy ae tbf bypatbftomkh pkttfrgs. \bf rfjkogogc

twa (`hklfs, kgl klzfs ae typfs OU-UO) succfst k

cfgfrkhozfl strumturf ae tbf rfhktoags.

Khsa, khagc wotb tbf hk`fhs, tbf arlfrobc ae tbf

craups bks `ffg prfsfgtfl kmmarlogc ta lojog

osbogc erfqufgmofs.' ]ox mktmcarofs ae crkvf coets

(uglfmarktfl sbfrls9 qufrgs9 tbomi kgl ehkt klzfs9

lfmarktfl kgl ojlmmarktfl pats) sbaw kg olfgto-mkh krrkgcfjfgt. Sbfg tbf arlfrogc os pfrjutfl sa

ks ta bkvf craup O og tbf hfklogc pasotoag, tbf

sfqufgmf os O “7OOO “•Oh “7OU (“7O). Mb krma kh

kgl lfmarktfl sbfrls stopuhktf k O “7OO “7OOO “¹OU

gftwari, ks jky `f lagf `y rfl ambrf kgl `hklfs

ks wfhh (tbaucb bfrf, kppraxojktfhy fqukh erf

qufgmofs rfsuht og kjòcuaus krrkgcfjmgts)9

eogkhhy, krrawbfkls jky stkgl ear k O “7OOO “7

OU “7OO pkttfrg.



\ B F F H ] O . A A C P K U F _ K P L 4 K ] \ P V M \ V P K H O ] \ K G K H _ ] O ] ;>=

uglfmarktfl

sbfrls4 ;-=-0-<

qufrgs4 <-;-=-0

rfl ambrf4 <-=-;-0

krrawbfkls4=-<-0-;

; . -B t-WW'-'t ;“ klzfs(typfhhh)4W ;=-0-<

lfmarktfl pats4<-;-=-0

uglfmarktflpats4 <-;-=-0

lfmarktfl sbfrls4

=-<-;-0

klzfs (typfs

"OU-Ue)4 <-;-=-0

e hogt `hklfs4<-;-0-=

h''oc. Wd2. Fhshaø crkvfykrl4 ormqumgmy mauous ae crkvfs

pfr crkXf coet mktfcary kgl pfr crkvf craup9 krrkgcml

krmarlogc ta lfsmfglogc prapartoags, wotb sfqufgmf ae

craups wrothmg ta tbf rocbt. \bf guj`fr ae crkvfs mag-

tkogogc tbf mktfcary os wrottfg ta tbf tap rocbt ae tbf

lokcrkjs. Erfqufgmofs garjkhozfl kgl marrfmtfl ear

craup sozf.

\bf hfet-bkgl sfrofs magearjs kppraxojktfhy ta

fxpfmtfl lostroùtoag og kg ksyjjftr omkh hogfkr fxmbkgcf strumturf9 tbf rocbt -bkgl sfrofs4 tap-twa u g-

kmmaugtk`hf, àttaj-hwa cfgfrkbzfl fxmbkgcf.

mtokrmakh4 <-;-0-=

Og ohoHs vvky, ot os passo`hf ta lfrovf eraj tbf

stktoshomkh ojkcf ae tbf lostroùtoags ae crkvf

caals (Eoc. =2) tbf kppraproktf jfmbkgomkh jalfh

(tbasf rfglfrfl og ^'ocs. =< ta =2)9 og tbf kàvfmksf, kg ksyjjftromkh kgl hogfkr strumturogc ae tbf

fxmbkgcf rfhktoags os eaugl. Khsa, tbf gag-ammur-

rfgmf ar efw ogstkgmfs ae tbf atbfr "praeohfs" og tbf

lktk os kg ogtfrgkh mbfmi4 tbf passo`hf khtfrgkt ovfs

krf fxmhoolfl. \bf lorfmtoags ae tbf fxmbkgcf

rfhktoags krf pomturfl og Eoc. =?. \b f rfhktoags

ojphy k jaofty strumturf ae craups O kgl OO vs.

craups OO O kgl OU9 wbftbfr tbos lukb ty wks

rfmacgozfl os loehomuhh ta lmmolf - tbf gat maj-

phftfhy magsostfgt mormuotry (me. tbf trkgsot oag jk

tromfs og eoc. <>) fvfg sffjs ta succfst atb frw osf '

(sff `fhaw, p. ;>3).Sotb khh coets caogc kp()raxojktfhy tbf skjf

lorfmtoag, kutajktomkhhy tbf qufstoag krosfs4 wbkt

wfgt tbf atbfr wky1

Fxmbkgcf rfhktoags `fogc wbkt tbfy krf, àgls

ae khhokgmf `ftwffg craups wbomb khsa ogmarparktf

iog rfhktoags, tbf kgswfr os ugfquovamkh4 wajfg.

Og ekmt, jktrohktfrkh mrass-mausog prfefrfgmf os

sygagyjaus wotb ksyjjftromkh kgl hogfkr fx-



;>< @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K h . ] \ P V M \ V P F 4 K ^ O H A \ ] \ V L _

CPAV^ OO

CPA

AV ^ O

CPAV^ OU

W'c- =?- \bf jast hoifhy fxmb kgcf r fhktoags ` fhwffg tbf eaur

sfmtars ae tbf papuhk toag kt Fhshaa mfjftfry.krraws oglomktf lorfmtoag aedhaw ae caals.

lksbfl hogf4 hacomkthv ojphofl jaofty lovosoag.

; OO hoh OU

;

; OO OOO OU

; ;> ; - 0 3 -

OO ;> O O = - 0 <

OOO ;> OOO % W'K - WK

OU ;> • OU 5 W'K K -

Eoc. <>. \rkgsotoag jk trom fs ae fxm bkg cf ae caals (ear trkgsefr ae

wajfg rfkl eraj mahujgs ta raws) P fkl4 c raup o (ost raw)

Orklfs ta craup O OO (=rl mahujg)9 ftm.

Hfht jktrox4 wbfg khh fxmbkgcfs bkl àfg magearj ta tbf

jfmbkgomkh jalfh O-OOO-OO-OU-O, tbf jktrox wauhl `f hoif tbos

agf.

Pocbh jktrox9 a`sfrvfl pkttfrg og tbf lostroùtoag ae crkvf

coets kt tbf Fhshaa mfjftf ry (eraj eoc. =2) , < fx kfqua mksfs

(:uglfmark tfl sbfrls ear craups OO /OU , rfl ambrf O U/O OO ,

uglfmarktfl pats OU'/O, kg l hklms O/ OO ) bk vf `ffg smarfl bkhe

pfr passo`hf pkrtgfr (mbkrmakh ajottfl).

mbkgcf (cfgfrkhhy mkhhfl4 mormuhktogc9 Lf Dassfhog

lf Da gc ;?6;4 =<-<= covfs k humol sujjkry ae tbf

jkrrokcf/khhokgmf kspfmt ae fxmbkgcf rfhktoags).

]umb kg fxmbkgcf systfj os majpkto`hf wotb

uxarohamkh kgl vorohamkh past-jk rotkh rfsolfgmf

ruhfs9 ot os khsa majpkto`hf wotb pktr o- kgl jktro-

hogfkh lfsmfgt.

\a lfrovf tbf ruhfs apfrktovm kt tbkt tojf, ot os

gfmfsskry ta bkvf rfmaursf ta tbfary kckog. (K

prfhojogkry kgl mkutoagkry gatm4 oh os klvosk`hf ta

usf pkl kgl pfgmoh ta eaVaw tbf krcuj fgt tbr aucb9fvfg ktbrapahacosts ae tbf Hfolfg ]mbaah eogl ot

loeeomuht ta iffp up wotbaut sumb kols.) \bf

majpasotoag ae tbf ùry ogc cra up os tbf rfsuht ae

lfsmfgt kgl rfsolfgmf tacftbfr9 ks kàvf, O kssujf

tbf crkvf coets ta `f lfejfl og k sojohkr wky.

Fssfgtokhhy, aghy k efw majògktoags ae tbfsf ruhfs

krf passo`hf"4 ugohogfkh systfjs og wbomb ruhfs

ae lfsmfgt kgl rfsolfgmf maogmolf ("b krj agof

rfcojfs") kgl òhogfkh systfjs og wbomb rfsolfgmf

kgl lfsmfgt krf rfcuhktfl kmmarlogc ta loeefrfgt

Vgfs ("losbkrjagof rfcojfs"9 Hïvo-]trkuss ;?5?`4

0;6). @ksomkhhy, oet bfe fjk hfs krf fxm bkg cfl `y tbf

jfg (Hävo-]trkuss ;?534 <69 Hfkmb ;?3>4 33) tbfg

tbf kmquorfrs ae tbfsf spausfs krf hoifhy ta `f og

magstkgt (oe aghy mfrmjagokh) lf`t ta tbfor wovfs'

`ratbfrs9 yft tbfsf jfg wohh tfgl ta magtrah (oe aghy

mfrfjagokhhy) tbfor sostfrs (ear k mrotomkh kssfss-

jfgt, me Ukg @kkh ;?364 3;). Gaw, covfg jktro-

hktfrkh mrass-mausog prfefrfgmfs, ugohogfkh (ar bkr

jagof) systfjs rfquorf k vfry hojotfl sft ae rfhk

toags4- Og tbf uxarohamkh-jkhrohogfkh mksf (Eoc. <;), tbf

efjkhfs ae k rfsolfgtokh cra up krf khwkys jkrr ofl ta

jfg eraj tbf skjf `kmicraugl4 ot os khwkys tbf

skjf lfsmfgt craup wbomb stfps og. Khsa, tbfor

`ratbfrs ca kgl bvf wotb efjkhfs ae tbf craup ag

tbf atbfr solf, khwkys ae tbf skjf lfsmfgt hogf.

\bus, wbfg k efjkhf lofs, bfr rfsolfgtokh, gktkh,

kgl mbohlrfg's craup wohh ae maursf `f prfsfgt, ut

khsa bfr `ratbmr, hovogc ta tbf rocbt og tbf lrk wogc9

kgl wbfg bfr bus` kgl lofs, kpkr t eraj bos

rfsolfgtokh craup, bos sostfr's (bus`kgl's) crau p,

wbomb os khsa bos awg g ktkh crau p, wohh `f kt tbf

crkvf - tbf craup ta tbf hfet.

Og tbf vorohamkh-pkhrohogfkh mksf (Eoc. <0) tbf jkhfs

ah k rfsolfgtokh craup khwkys kmquorf tbfor wovfs

eraj tbf skjf rfsolfgtokh-muj-lfsmfgt craup (tbf

craup ta tbf rocbt og tbf lrkwogc)9 sojohkrhy, tbfor

sostfrs khwkys ca ta tbf skjf craup (tbf crau p ta

tbf hfet).



\ B F F H ] O . A A C P K U F _ K P L 4 K ] \ P V M \ V P K H O ] \ K G K H _ ] O ] ;>6

/•Udd. <;. Mrass-mausog gokrrokca kgl k bkrjagof maj-

`ogktoag ae lfsmfgt kgl rfsolfgmf4 ttof jkhr o-Oktfrkh

systfj (o.f. jktrohogfkh lfsmfgt kgl toxarohamkh rfso

lfgmf)4 wajfg stky put, fxmbkgcf caals kgl jkoms

javf ta tbf rocbt.

K' rr ok hm A4 efjkhf K • 4 mauphflos mussfl og

tba tfxt ' O 9 jkrrokca W Q W D 4 t bohlrag

Eoc. <0. Ks Eoc. <; . ^ktroh ktfrkh systfj (o.f. pktrohogfkh

lfsmfgt kgl vorohamkh rfsolfgmf)4 jkhfs stky put, efjkhfs

javf ta tbf hfeh. Fxmbkgcf caals ta tbf rocbt.

Bf wba kmquoras k wajkg ogmurs k lf`t tawkrls bfr

`ratbfr.

( +; ) ( " ) (~'d W' ]" ae a`hocktoags ks og \khohf

=<. (socgsksogEoc. <;.)

/'Uo,e. Wy. (!rass-mausog jkrrok cf kgl k los bkoogag omsystfj4 uxarohamkh kgl pktrohogfkh lfsmfgt4 wajfg stky

put, fxmbkgcf caals kgl jkhfs javf ta tbf rocbt (socgs

ks og Eoc. <;).

Eoc. <<. Ks Eoc. <=, vorohamkhoty kgl jkt rohogfkht y4 jkhfsstky put, efjkhfs javf ta tbf hfeh, kgl caals og fxmbkgcf

ta tbf rocbt (socgs ks og Eoc <;).

\bus, wbfg k jkhf lofs, bos gktkh kgl mbohlrfg's `ra tbfr's kgl gktk h craup wohh khsa `f prfsfgt kt tbf

craup wohh `f prfsfgt, tacftbfr wotb rfprfsfgt k- maeeog ae k efjkhf, o.f., tbf craup ta tbf rocbt .

tovfs ae tbf craup wbfrf bos sostfr bks cagf (tbf Og `atb mksfs tbfrfearf, wbfg k jkhf bks lofl ,

craup ta tbf hfet)9 kgl `fsolfs bfr mboh lrfg , bfr rfprfsfgtk tovfs eraj tbf hfet-bkgl craup wohh `f kt



;>5 @KGLIFPKJOI ]AMOKH ] \ P V M \ V P F 4 K ^ O H A \ ] \ V L _

tbf ùrokh, tacftbfr wotb jfj`frs ae bos rfsolfgtokh

craup9 kgl wbfrf tbf lfmfksfl wks k efjkhf, tbf

rocbt-bkgl craup wohh kttfgl tbf eugfrkh, tacftbfr

wotb bfr rfsolfgtokh craup. Khsa, khh passo`hyrfhfvkgt rfhktovfs hovf wotbog tbf craups jfg-

toagfl.

@ohogfkh (losbkrjagof) rfcojfs, og majògktoag

wotb jktrohktfrkh mrass-mausog prfefrfgmfs, bkvf

jkriflhy lohefrfgt magsfqufgmfs, ks lfsmfgt kgl

rfsolfgmf krf kt rocbt kgchfs ta agf kgatbfr4

- Og tbf uxarohamkh kglpktrohogfkh mksf (Eoc. <=) tbf

efjkhfs ae k rfsolfgtokh craup krf khwkys jkrrofl

ta jfg àrg ta tbf rfsolfgtokh craup kt tbf rocbt,

wba krf ae k loeefrfgt hogf ae lfsmfgt og fvfry

cfgfrktoag. Khsa, tbfor `ratbfrs ca ta hovf wotb tbf

efjkhfs ae tbf rfsolfgtokh craup ag tbf atbfr solf,

wba `fhagc ta loeefrfgt lfsmfgt craups eraj

cfgfrktoag ta cfgfrktoag.

\bus, wbfg k efjkhf lofs, bfr rfsolfgtokh, gktkh,

kgl mbohlrfg's craup wohh ae maursf `f prfsfgt, ùt

khsa bfr `ratbfr, hovogc ta tbf rocbt og tbf lrkwogc9

bfr pktrohogfkh rfhktovfs hovf ta tbf rocbt (skjf

cfgfrktoag), og bfr awg craup (eorst lfcrff rfhk

tovfs) , kgl ta tbf hfet (sfmagl lfcrff rfhktovfs). Kgl

wbfg bfr bu,s`kgl lofs, kpkrt eraj tbf rfsolfgtokh(bos woef's) craup, bossostfr's (bus`kgl's) kgl gktkh

craup wohh `m kt tbf crkvf (tbf craup ta tbf hfet)9 bos

pktrohogfkh rfhktovfs hovf ta tbf hfet, agf (eorst

lfcrff) kgl twa (sfmagl lfcrff) rfsolfgtokh craups

kwky.

“ Og tbf vorohamkh kgl jktrohogfkh mksf (Eoc. <<) tbf

jkhfs ae k rfsolfgtokh craup khwkys kmquorf tbfor

wovfs eraj tbf skjf rfsolfgtokh craup (tbf craup ta

tbf rocbt og tbf lrkwogc), w ba krf ae k loeefrfgt hogf

ae lfsmfgt og fkmb cfgfrktoag9 sojohkrhy, tbfor sostfrskhwkys ca ta tbf skjf rfsolfgtokh craup (ag tbf

atbfr solf), wbfrf fvfry cfgfrktoag jfj`frs ae k

loeefrfgt jktrohogf hovf.

\bus, wbfg k jkhf lofs, bos gktkh kgl mbohlrfg's

craup wohh `f prfsfgt, tacftbfr wotb rfprfsfgtk-

tovfs ae tbf craup bos sostfr bks daog fl (o.f., tbf

rfsolfgtokh craup ta tbf hfet)9 bos jktrohogfkh rfhk

tovfs øvf ta tbf hfet (skjf cfgfr ktoag) , og bos awg

craup (eorst lfcrff rfhktovfs), kgl ta tbf rocbt

(sfmagl lfcrff rfhktovfs). Kgl wbfg bos woef lofs,

`fsolfs bfr mbohlrfg's kgl rfsolfgtokh c raup , bfr

`ratbfr's kgl gktkh craup (hovogc ta tbf rocbt) wohh`f prfsfgt kt tbf maeeog9 bfr jktro hogfk h rfhktovfs

hovf ta tbf rocbt, agf (eorst ksmfgl ogc cfgfrkt oag)

kgl twa (sfmagl ksmfglogc cfgfrktoag) rfsolfgtokh

craups kwky.

Og àtb òhogfkh mksfs tbfrfearf, tbf rfsolfgt sfx

(jkhfs og tbf vorohamkh, efjkhfs og tbf uxarohamkh

mksf) wohh bkvf ots jast ojp art kgt rfhktoags wotb tbf

kldkmfgt craups (khhokgmfs ear tbf jkhfs stkgl ta

tbf hfet, kgl ear efjkhfs ta tbf rocbt9 wotb tbfor

lfsmfgt hogf's rfprfsfgtktovfs ta àtb solfs), wbohf

tbf rfhktoags ear tbf sfx tbkt mkjf ta hovf wotb tbf

rfsolfgtokh sfx krf ta agf solf aghy, fxtfglogc sajf

craups kwky (ta tbf hfet ear jkhfs og toof pktrohogfkh

mksf, kgl ta tbf rocbt ear efjkhfs og tbf jktrohogfkh

mksf). Og \k`hf =5 tbf sfvfrkh a`hocktoags bkvf

`ffg warifl aut, wotb rfhktoags ta tbf hfet jkrifl

`y + (tbos `fogc tbf rfcu hkr lorfmtoag eraj wbomb

fxmbkgcf caals krf ta `f fxpfmtfl) kgl ta tbf rocbt

`y “ (tbos `fogc tbf solf ta wbomb fxmbkgcf coets

wau hl garjkhhy ehaw), og tbf bapf tbkt ot os passo`hf

ta trkmï agf ae tbfsf pkttfrgs og tbf crkvf coets.Ks k stkrtogc paogt, tbf ojpartfrs/jagapahosts ae

tbf crkvf coets wfrf lfrovfl eraj Eoc. =24 tbf craup

ar sfmtar sbawogc tbf bocbfst rfhktovf erfqufgmy os

kssujfl ta f tbf ogtralumfr ae k mktfcary. ]tohh,

tbfrf krf twa loeohmuhtofs wotb tbos kpprakmb4

- fx kfqua rkgiogcs ae sajf craups (f.c., craups

OOO kgl OU ear rfl ambrf) , eraj wbomb aghy kg

kòcuaus lftfrjogktoag ks ta arocogktar mkg `f

jklf9 kgl4

- tbf fhusovf sfmtar OO caals (me. gatf 3).\bf hkttfr pra`hfj mkg `f lfkht wotb `y sujjogc

kmarss khh sfmtars wbomb wohh pra`k`hy rfsuht og k

hfssfgogc, oe gat k loskppfkrkgmf ae ots feefmts. \bf

earjfr mkggat `f bkglhfl klfqukt fhy, `fmkusf ae

tbf loehEfrfgmfs `ftwffg tbf jogojuj kgl tbf

jkxojuj maugts og \k` hf =3. Og tbkt tk`hf, tbf

ùryogc craup os lfeogfl ks "lostkgmf zfra"9

arocogktogc craups og tbf lorfmtoag ae tbf fxmbkgcf



\BF FH]HAA C P K U F _ K P L 4 K ]\PVM \VPKH O]\ KGKH_]O] ;>3

mbkog (o.f., ta tbf rocbt) krf pasotfl kt k "gfck-

tovm"lostkgmf, ks tbf caals krf ta rug kckogst tbf

murrfgt9 craups ag tbf atbfr solf krf maugtfl

"pasotovfhy" kfmarlogchy. K lostkgmf ae twa craupsos kjòcuaus og ots socg og k eaur craup systfj,

a`voaushy.

\wa paogts sffj ta fjfrcf eraj tbf tk`hf4

;. Eraj tbf bocb ogmolfgmf ae coets eraj twa

craups kwky, k bajacfgfaus rfcojf (og fotbfr ae

ots cuosfs) mkg `f magsolfrfl ugbifhy, pfrbkps fvfg

ekhsoeofl.

0. \bf efjkV' smhfmooag os (|uotf mhfkrhy jarf

ugolorfmtoagkh tbkoo tbkt og tbf jkhf crkvfs, wbomb

eots og wotb tbf vorohamkh-jktrobgfkh jalfh ae k

losbkrjagof strumturf ae \k`hf =5.'" Bfrf khsa,

tbf guj`fr ae lfvoktoags os kg oglomktar ae tbf

losmrfpkgmofs fxostogc `ftwffg stktostomkh (\k`hf

=3) kgl jfmbkgomkh jalfhs (\k`hf =5)

\bf eahhawogc paogts khsa jfrot kttfgtoag4

;. \b f majògktoag ae ksyjjftromkh ("cfgfrk-

hozfl") fxmbkgcf kgl òhogfkhoty ("losbkrjagof

rfcojfs") os mktfcaromkhhy gfcktfl `y Hïvo-]trkuss

(;?5?`4 0==-0=<). Bf covfs ga rfksags ear tbkt

lfgokh, khtbaucb tbf fxkjphfs og ^krt Agf ae tbkt

àai krf og hogf wotb ot. _ft kpkr t eraj loeefrfgtooglooocs og tbf Hfolfg-]mbaah (f.c., Lf Dassfhog lf

Dagc ;?33k9 Jayfr ;?35) tbfrf khsa rfjkogs

Pklmhoeef-@rawg's a`sfrvktoag ae k jkrifl ksyj

jftromkh òks og tbf wariogcs ae tbf Ikrofrk systfj

(quatfl og Hïvo-]trkuss ;?5?4 0oc).

0. Pfckrlogc tbf "ogvoso`hf" jaofty lovosoag,

sfvfrkh passoòhotofs fxost. Khtbaucb tbfrf krf eaur

craups og tbf Fhshaa crkvfykrl, tbos lafs gft

ojphy hookt tbfrf krf eaur jktro- kgl/ar eaur

|)ktrohogfkcfs4(k) Uorohamkh jaoftoms, majògfl wotb

jktrohogfkh agfs (tbus tbf mhkssomkh "jkrrokcf

mhkss" systfj). Og tbos mksf J@L kgl ETL

("ektbfr's sostfr's lkucbtfr") krf olfgtomkh9 kt

hfkst og k mhkssoeomktary sfgsf tbfy krf tbf

"ò hktfrkh mrass-mausog". \bos os kt vkrokgmf

wotb tbf ksyjjftromkh fxmbkgcf lfrovfl

kàvf.

(`) Jktrohogfkh jaoftofs kgl g pktro-

hogfkcfs ae k rfsolfgtokh gkturf (og tbos mksf,

g : < 9 ùt kgy guj`fr g W = wohh la) . Bfrf,

J@L khwkys pfrtkogs ta tbf majpkgoagjaofty, kgl khsa ta kgy atbfr hogfkcf tbkg

Fca's. \bf hogfkcf os gat spfmoeofl ks og tbf

mhkss systfj9 ogstfkl, kg khhokgmf `ftwffg tbf

hogfkcfs os gfmfsskry ta lfsocgktf tbf "rf-

quorfl" pkrtgfr, kgl tbos wauhl fotbfr rfsuht

og kssyjftromkh fxmbkgcf wbfg "covfrs" kgl

"tkifrs ae wovfs" krf loeefrfgt craups, ar og

syjjftromkh fxmbkgcf wbfg tbf twa wfrf

jfrcfl. Og Fhshaa, tbf earjfr systfj sffjs

ta bkvf `ffg klaptfl.

(m) Kg ogvfrsf sahutoag ae (`)4 k pktro-

lukhoty phus g uxarohamkh hogfkcfs. Bawfvfr,

og tbf gfxt sfmtoag, k jktro-lukhoty wohh `f

jklf voso`hf9 khsa, k uxarohamkh-pktrohogfkh

sahutoag sffjs ta `f ugwarik`hf (,me. gatf ;>).

\a suj up4

- Eaur craups mauhl `f lfrovfl ear tbf Fhshaa

mfjftfry `y k magsolfrktoag ae tbf pkttfrgs ae

rfhktovf avfr- kgl uglfr-rfprfsfgtktoag ae tbf

crkvf coets. \bf craups ar sfmtars krf hk`fhflmaugtfrmhamiwosf O-OO-OOO-OU, `fcoggogc og tbf

gartbfkstfrg, ar uppfr rocbt-bkgl margfr.

- Eraj tbf rfhk tovf erfqufgmofs ae tbf vkroaus coets

pfr sfmtar kg ksyjjftromkh kgl hogfkr fxmbkgcf

systfj mauhl `f trkmfl, fvfry craup ogtralumogc

atbfr mktfcarofs ae caals ogta tbf gftwari. \bf

fxmbkgcf rfhktoags wfrf ugolorfmtoagkh4 O “7OOO “+

OO “7 OU (“¹O). Oe tbos bks `ffg tbf jfmbkgomkh

jalfh, bawfvfr, stktostomkh k`frrktoags ammur4 hovf

(aut ae fhfvfg) mktfcarofs ae caals wfrf fxmbkgcflog atbfr, loeefrfgt sfqufgmfs. Kgl khsa, ear ga

mktfcary ae caals mauhl kg arocog og sfmtar OO `f

lfrovfl - pfrbkps, `fmkusf ae tbf sozf ae tbf craup

wbomb rfquorfl khh ots "surphus" ta khhfvoktf tbf

lfjkgl ear wajfg (kgl ae maursf, gat khh tbogcs

fxmbkgcfl gffl ta bkvf survovfl 5>>> yfkrs og tbf

crkvf). ^'ogkhhy, sajf mktfcarofs mauhl gat `f tofl ta

k sogchf sfmtar luf ta fqukh erfqufgmofs.



h t )« @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F 4 K ^ O H A \ ] \ V L _

- Eraj tbf lostkgmfs ae tbf crkvf coets ta tbfor

suppasfl arocogktar craups k òhogfkh lfejotoag ae

tbf craups wks lfrovfl 4 vorohamkh rfsolfgmf kgl

jktrohogfkh lfsmfgt sffj ta magstotutf tbf jfmbk-gomkh jalfh ae tbf craup rfhktoags kt Fhshaa. Bfrf,

taa, k guj`fr ae lfvoktoags krf ta `f a`sfrvfl

`ftwffg (jfmbkgomkh) jalfh kgl (stktostomkh)

prkmtomf.

- Khtbaucb tbf su`lovosoag ogta craups os stktosto-

mkhhy socgoeomkgt, kgl tbf atbfr paogts rfsuht eraj k

majpkrosag ae tbf lktk wotb k guj`fr ae khtfrgk-

tovf tbfarftomkh passoòhotofs, tbf vkroaus autmajfs

krf gat oglfpfglfgt ae agf kgatbfr. \bf losbkr

jagof rfcojf bogcfs upag tbf marrfmtgfss ae tbf

ksyjjftromkh kgl hogfkr fxmbkgcf oghfrprftktoag,

wbomb og ots turg lfpfgls og pkrt ag tbf sfmtarokh

su`lovosoag. Ot os tbf mabfrfgmf ae tbf sfvfrkh rfsuhts

wbomoo succfsts sajf rfhokòhoty, ùt tbos sbauhl `f

tfstfl og tbf gfkr`y vohhkcf.

6. \bf Fhshaa crkvfykrl4 k gfa-Jkrxost oghfrprftktoag

\bf prfvoaus sfmtoags wfrf projkrohy magmfrgfl

wotb tbf earj ae tbf samokh strumtur f9 oglffl, tbfstrumturkhost kgkhysos jklf usf ae tbf tbogcs fx-

mbkgcfl (crkvf coets) ta fhumolktf tbf rfhktoags ks

mbkggfhs ae ogearjktoag `ftwffg craups . \bfsf

rfhktoags, kgl tbf pasotoags ugotfl `y tbfj, mfr-

hkoghy lol gat fxost `y tbfjsfhvfs, kgl agf jky

ogquorf ogta tbfor eugmtoags (Calfhofr ;?33 (O)4

;;6). Agf passo`hf cfgfrkh kgswfr mkg `f pravolfl

og Fgcfhs' summogmt stktfjfgt, "tbf pralumtoag

kgl rfZ)r()lumtoag ae ojjfloktf hoef" - o.f., tbf

pralumtoag ae su`sostfgmf kgl tbf rfpralumtoag aetbf spfmofs (Fgcfhs g.l.4 53), tacftbfr, tbf rfpra

lumtoag ae jkg ks k samokh `fogc (Lkgohavk ;?3;4

032, =;0). \bf rfpralumt ovf pramfss mkg `f ar-

ckgozfl og jkgy loeefrfgt wkys ar jalfs, mb krkm-

tfrozfl `y ks jkgy loeefrfgt sfts ae pralumtovf

rfhktoags. "Jalf ae pralumtoag" os kg k`strkmt

magmfpt, gat oglomktogc kgy pkrtomuhkr pralumtoag

hogf ar maapfrktogc craup, ù t rktbfr k wky og

wbomb tbf rfhktoags krf arckgozfl4 wkcf hkàur os

typomkh har tbf mkpotkhost jalf ae pralumtoag kgl

ammurs og ks loeefrfgt fmagajof sfmtars ks ekrjogc

kgl bfkvy oglustry.Kpkrt eraj tbf rfhktoags ae pralumtoag, k jalf

ae pralu mtoag khsa majprosfs k tfmbgomkh kspfmt (tbf

"earmfs ae pralumtoag", sumb ks hkàur kgl jfkgs)

kgl tbf olfahacomkh mbkrtfr. \bf hfvfhs ar kspfmts

krf quotf kutagajaus vos-k-vos fkmb atbfr, ks fkmb

hfvfh mkrrofs ots awg jajfgtuj (Calfhofr ;?32).

_ft tbf hfvfhs krf khsa mauphfl agf ta kgatbf r vok

pasotovf kgl gfckt ovf effl`kmi haaps (me @frcfr

;?35), kgl ot os tbf lfvfhapjfgt ae tbf ekmtars ae

pralumtoag (o.f., tbf tfmbgahacomkh kgl/ar arckgo-

zktoagkh sapbostomktoag) wbomb sfts tbf hojots ar

magstrkogts wotbog wbomb tbf jalf, tbf systfj, mkg

vkry. \bf strumturfs ae tbf hfvfhs sbauhl `f maj

pkto`hf, kt hfkst pkrtokhhy9 tbf jarf losmrfpkgmofs

("gagmarrfspaglfgmf"), tbf jarf tfgsoags ("mag-

trklo mtoags "). Og tbkt wky, lfvfhapjfgt kt kgy agf

hfvfh wohh rfsuht og mbkgcf kt tbf atbfr hfvfhs ae tbf

jalf ae pralumtoag.

Khsa, k jalf ae pralumtoag os rfhktovfhy oglf

pfglfgt ar kutagajau s ks k su`syshfj wotbog tbf

tatkh rfpralumtovf systfj. K guj`fr ae loeefrfgtùt ogtfrmaggfmtfl jalfs jkif up k "samokh

earjktoag" (og tbos mksf magmfovfl ae ks tbf

jogojkh sft ae rfhktoags mkpk`hf ae rfpralumtoag ae

tbf samokh hoef ae k vohhkcf majjugoty). Kjagc tbf

jalfs jkiogc up k samokh earjktoag, agf wohh `f

lajogkgt9 gatwotbstkglogc tbkt, tbf atbfr jalfs

krf rfhktovfhy kutagajaus og tbkt tbfy magsost ae

tbfor awg strumturfl sfts ae rfhktoags. \bos rfhktovf

kutagajy os, kckog, su`dfmt ta mbkgcf4 k jalf gaw

lajogkgt jky crklukhhy `f rfphkmfl `y kgatbfr.\bf jytbomkh ar olfahacomkh supfrstrumtur f ae tbf

samokh earjktoag os tbf hamus ae ogtfcrktoag ae tbf

olfahacomkh majpagfgts ae tbf vkroaus jalfs wotb

og ot9 fvfg tbf vkroaus mhfjfgts jky kmqu orf gfw

socgoømkgmf og tbos ogtfcrktoag.

âr ogstkgmf, og Jflofvkh Furapf twa jalfs ae

dsralumtoag fxostfl solf `y solf4 k lajfstom agf

kjagc tbf pfkskgtry (majprosogc tbf ùhi ae tbf



\ B F F O . ] H A A C P K U F _ K P L 4 K G F A - J K P R O ] \ O G O F P ^ P F \ K \ O A G ;>?

papuhktoag) kgl k efulkh agf kjagc tbf hkglfl

cfgtry (wba wofhlfl pabtomkh pawfr, kgl tbus tbf

efulkh agf wks lajogkgt og tbkt sfgsf9 Lkgohavk

;?3;4 0?=-0?<). K shocbt ogmrfksf og kcromuhturkh

fhhotofgmy ("lfvfhapjfgt ae tbf pralumtovf

earmfs") rfsuhtfl og k craup ae da`hfss pfaphf ("erff

hkàur") wbomb, wbfg arckgozfl og jkguekmturf

("ugotfl wotb mkpotkh") ckvf rosf ta tbf mkpotkhost

jalf ae pralumtoag. Crklukhhy, tbf hkttfr ckogfl

lajogkgmf wotbog tbf wfstfrg Furapfkg samokh

earjktoag (Calfhofr ;?33(;!)4 0;3).

@y gaw jy pasotoag sbauhl `f mhfkr ta maggaos-

sfurs. O wohh fvklf pahfjoms kgl fxfcftoms, kgl

tbfrfearf dust host tbf loeefrfgmfs wotbog tbf vkroaus

smbaahs ae Jkrx's ogtfrprftfrs. @y khhawogc jarftbkg agf jalf ae pralumtoag wotbog k samokh

earjktoag, tbf aoof-earjktoag-agf-jalf kxoaj ae

Jkrxosj-Hfgogosog kgl ae muhturkh jktfrokhosj

khoif, os put ksolf (^ftravk-Kvfriofvk ;?334029

Bkrros ;?524 0<>, 0629 kgl Bkrros ;?36). \bf

ajossoag ae "lokhfmtoms" ta lfsmro`f tbf rfhktoags ae

appasotoag ar fvfg ae olfgtoty ae tbf pralumtovf

earmfs kgl hhom rfhktoags ae pralumtoag wohh khofgktf

artbalax Jkroxsts (f.c.. Sahe ;?36). \bfg k

samoahacomko kpprakmb ta tbf rfhktoags ae pralumtoag, o.f., projkrohy ks samokh rfhktoags, os og

kmmarlkgmf wotb stktfjfgts ae, kjagc atbfrs,

A'Hkucbhog (;?36), ùt kppkrfgthy kt vkrokgmf

wotb Jfohhkssaux ft kh. (Ero fljkg ;?3<4 <<5) .

Pfckrlogc tbf gkturf ae tbf rfhktoags ae pralumtoag

og majgujoty samofty, O wohh gat kssujf tbkt kg

kuhagajaus kgl prf-covfg iog systfj k`sar`fl tbf

rfhktovfhy ugojpartkgt samokh kspfmt ae tbf sojphf

pralumtoag kt tbkt hfvfh (ks lafs Lkgo havk ;?3;)

ùt ogstfkl kssujf tbkt iog rfhktoags wfrf tbkt

ojpar tkgt `fmkusf tbfy khsa euheohhfl fmagajof

eugmtoags - og ekmt, wfrf sfhfmtfl ear kgl lftfr-

jogfl `y tbfsf eugmtoags eraj kjagc tbf passo`hf

khtfrgktovfs (wbomb os og hogf wotb, kjagc atbfrs.

Calfbfr (;?33 (O)4 =;, 2=-2<, 2?) kgl Erofljkg

(;?3<)). \bkt os, tbf iog rfhktoags krf tbf samokh

rfhktoags ae pralumtoag og majjugoty samofty

(Calfhofr ;?32). O la tbogi tbkt magtoguoty ae tbf

spfmofs os ae hfss ojjfloktf magmfrg tbkg tbf

sfmurogc kgl jkogtfgkgmf ae tbf hkàur earmf, ae

wbomb wajfg magstotutf k mrotomkh pkrt og projotovf

samofty. Ar, tbf `ksf os lftfrjogkgt "og tbf hkst

ogs tkgmf", ks ot os sa aetfg pbrksf l.

\bfrf os agf mrotoquf O wauhl hoif ta maugtfr og

klvkgmf. Og Sah^s rfvofw ae k sft ae Calfhofr's

krtomhfs (Sahe ;?36) ot os stktfl tbkt lrappogc tbf

Bfcfh-Jkrx gatoag ae "olfgtoty ae appasotfs" (o.f.,

ae pralumtovf earmfs kgl rfhktoags ae pralumtoag)

ear k "ugoty ae appasotfs" bks quotf sfroaus magsf-

qufgmfs. K lokhfmtomkh appasotoag hoif olfgtoty,

kutajktomkhhy ùohls tfgsoag ("magtrklomtoags") ogta

k jalf ae pralumtoag. @y earfskiogc tbos agta-

hacomkh tfgsoag , mbkgcf sbauhl `f ojpartfl erajautsolf tbf jalf ae pralumtoag, eraj wbomb

gfmfsskrohy kg fmahacostom ar eugmtoagkhostom aut-

majf e`hhaws (k sojohkr mrotoquf os krrovfl kt og

B.I. ]mbgfolfr ;?36`). Bawfvfr, magmfovogc ae

rfhktoags kgl earmfs ks rfhktovfhy kutagajaus s trum-

turfs wotbog k jalf ae pralumtoag, lfvfhapjfgts

og fotbfr ar àtb krf hoifhy ta `rogc kàut tfgsoags9

surfhy, jomra-lfjacrkpbom mbkgcfs kgl tfmbga-

hacomkh oggavktoags krf gat magejfl ta fmahacostom

jagapahofs. ]ojohkrhy, mbkgcf jky rfsuht erajprfssurf fxfrtfl `y atbfr jalfs ae pralumtoag

wotbog tbf skjf samokh earjktoag, wbomb mkg `f

stromthy sffg ks fgvoragjfgt ae tbf jalf mag-

solfrfl, ùt mfrtkoghy gat kg fmahacomkh ekmtar. Kgl

oe sajf spfmokh earjktoag bks k "bostary" wbomb os

"dust jarf ae tbf skjf" ear k magsolfrk`hf pfroal ae

tojf (]mbgfolfr ;?36k), tbfg agf mkusf jky `f og

kg k`sfgmf ae tfmbgahacomkh oggavktoags9 atbfr

mkusfs jky `f eaugl og tbf k`sfgmf ae sfroaus

lfjacrkpbom hhumtuktoags (tbf iog systfj jky `f

cfkrfl ta lkjpfgogc tbf feefmts ae lfjacrkpbom

ehumtuktoag), ar og k pfrjkgfgmf ae fmahacomkh

fquoho`rok, kgl pfrbkps fvfg og kg feh'fmtovf

edhamiogc eraj wotbaut ae kgy lfvfhapjfgt ae tbf

pralumtovf earmfs - khh ae wbomb jky `f ar bkvf

`ffg tbf mksf kt agf tojf ar kgatbfr.

Lfsmroptoag ae kgy bostaromkh samokh earjktoag

sbauhl tbfg oglomktf tbf guj`fr kgl gkturf ae tbf



;;> @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M h K H ] \ P V M \ V P F 4 K ^ O H A \ ] \ V L _

vkroaus jalfs ae pralumtoa g jkiogc up ots fma

gajof `ksf, tbfor marrfspaglogc samokh kgl olfa-

hacomkh strumturfs, tbf wkys og wbomb tbfsf jalfs

krf ogtfrmaggfmtfl (o.f., tbfor bofrkrmby). Olfkhhy,

tbf supfrstrumturf wotb ots mhfjfgts eraj tbf

vkroaus jalfs sbauhl khsa `f magsolfrfl (Calfhofr

;?33 (O)4 ;33-;32)9 ot os kt tbos hamus tbkt tbf "f to m"

ogerkstrumturfs ae tbf jalfs ae pralumtoag krf

ogtfcrktfl kgl hfcotojktfl og kg "fjom" supfr

strumturf. Bawfvfr, covfg tbf murrfgt stktf ae tbf

kr t ae krmbkfahacy tbf olfahacomkh paogts gffl gat

eurtbfr lftkog us.

\bfrf os ga krmbkfahacomkh rfsfkrmb khag c tbf

Vgfs ae k gfa-Jkrxo st jalfh igawg ta jf9 pfrb kps

sajf krf ta f fxpfmtfl og tbf gfkr euturf, ks k

rfklogc ae tbf ]proccs ;?33 vahujf succfsts.

Pktbfr ekvark`hf fxkjogktoags `y gag-Jkrxost

kgtbrapahacosts ae sajf ae tbf paogts rkosfl kàvf

krf ta `f eaugl og Eortb ;?30 kgl ]mbgfolfr

;?36k. [uotf k guj`fr ae kgtbrapahacomkh

kgkhysfs ae magmrftf bostaromkh earjktoaoos bkvf

kppfkrfl og rfmfgt yfkrs9 Calfhof r bojsfhe ag

Mfgtrkh Kustrkhok, k Gfw Cuogfk tro`f, tbf ^ycjy

bugtfrs ae tbf Magca Earfst, kgl tbf Ogmks og

(oalfhofr ;?33, kgl tbf sfvfrkh magtroùtoa gs tatbf @hami ;?36k vahujf, krf mksfs og paogt.

]ajf magsolfrktoag sbauhl `f covfg ks ta wbkt ta

fxpfmt, jalfs ae pralumtoa g krf gat ojjfloktfhy

a`voaus eraj tbf lktk. Og k crkvfykrl tbf jkgo-

efstktoag ah tbf pralum tov f earmfs wohh `f hotthf

kppkrfgt, kgl (pkrtokh) lfeogotoag ae tbf jalfs

sbauhl tbfrfearf pramffl eraj tbf rfhktoags ae

pralumtoag (tbkt os, kppra prokt ovf rfhktoags) tbkt

mkg `f a`sfrvfl. Fhumolktoag ae rfhktoags, ks

lfjagstrktfl `y tbf prfvoaus sfmtoag, os k jkttfrae tfloaus kgkhysos, ùt ot mkg f lagf. Vgeartu-

ooktfhy, ga hostogc fxosts ae khh jalfhs ae pralumtoag

igawg, gar bks k earjkh pram flurf `ffg lfvfhapfl

ear tbf magstrumtoag ae tbf passoòhotofs.

]maurogc tbf lfsmroptovf hotfrkturf (me Hfcras

;?33), tbrff (pfrbkps eaur) jalfs ae pralumtoag

krf rfpartfl ta fxost ag tbf Gfahotbom hfvfh (bfrf og

tbf gkrraw jfkgogc ae sojphf tfmbgahacy kgl

projotovf kcromuhturf), wotb eraj mksf-ta-mksf

loeefrrogc lfcrffs ae lajogkgmf4

;. \bf lajfstom jalf ae pralumtoag sfgsu stromha

(]kbhogs ;?304 33)4 \bf bausfbahl ar ekjohy ks kpralumtovf kgl magsujptovf ugot ogmarparktfs

àtb tbf jkdar lovosoags ae hkàur (progmopkhhy

kmmarlogc ta sfx, ùt khsa ta kcf) kgl k wky ae

kppraproktoag (rflostroùtoag) ae tbf pralumts ae

tbf jfj`frs pfr bausfbahl ugot, tbraucb wbomb ots

samokh kgl pbysomkh magtoguoty os kssurfl. Kt tbf

skjf tojf ot khsa pravolfs ear ots awg òahacomkh

rfpralumtoag tbraucb tbf jkrrokcf àgl kt ots marf

(me Pkpp ;?334 =;?). Eraj ]kbhogs' kmmaugt, tbos

jalf ae pralu mtoag sffjs ta `f majpkto `hf wotb

vfry lovfrcfgt hfvfhs ae lfvfhapjfgt ae tbf earmfsae pralumtoag4 eraj tbf barlf ae bugtfrs ta tbf

majjugoty ae fkrhy jalfr g Fur apfk g pfkskgtry

ots eugmtoagogc os rfpartfl.

0. \bf hogfkcf jalf ae pralumøag (]kbhogs ;?5;) os

cfgfrkhhy supfrojpasfl upag tbf prfvoaus aoof. _ft

ots ammurrfgmf os gat gfmfsskrohy lfpf glf gt ag tbf

prf-fxostfgmf ae tbf lajfstom jalf 4 tbf hogfkcf

strumturf jky k`sar` khh eugmtoags ae tbf hkttfr

(\frrky ;?364 ;>5-;>3). Fjporomkhhy, tbf hogfkcf

wky ae pral umtoag sffjs ta f majpkto`hf wotb khojotfl rkgcf ae tfmbgahacomkh kmbofvfjfgt aghy -

ot os pra`k`hy rfstromtfl ta baf-kcromuh turf kgl/ ar

shksb-kgl-ùrg ekrjogc. Ot magsosts ae hamkh iog-

sfcjfgts, fkmb ae k guj` fr ae bausfbahls krr kgc fl

og ojpartkgmf kmmarlogc ta sajf arlfrogc prog-

mophf og tbf iog/lfsmfgt spbfrf. Ots sfpkrktf stktus

lfrovfs eraj tbf hkrcfr arckgozktoagkh mklrf (tbkg

tbf lajfstom jalf ae pralumtoag), wbomb os trkgs-

hktfl og a`hocktoags loeefrfgtoktfl kmmar logc ta

rfhktovf phkmf og tbf bofrkrmby . Kckog, tbf samokhkgl òahacomkh progmophfs ae lfsmfgt kgl kcogc sfrvf

ta rfmruot tbf prapfr mkglolk tfs ear tbf pasotoags

wotbog tbf hogfkcf strumturf. \bf ugfvfg kmmfss ta

pralumts os jkogtkogfl tbraucb tbf hfcotojozkhoag

pravolfl `y tbf olfahacomkh supfrstrumturf.

=. K vfry projotovf jalf ae pralumtoag, ug-

gkjfl ks yft9 ot os tbf arckgozktoag ae tbf pralu m

tovf pramfss og maapfrkt oag, ar rk tbf r, wariogc solm-



\ B F F O . ] H A A C P K U F _ K P L 4 K G F A - J K P R O ] \ O G \ F P ^ P F \ K \ O A G ;;;

o)y-solf, wotb hfklfrsbop ae k purfhy ogstrujfgtkh

ookhuom `ksfl oopag oglovolookh kòhoty (Hfcras

;?33). \bf loeefrfgtokh passfsoag ae siohhs wohh, og

magdugmtoag wotb kg fckhotkrokg olfahacy, sfmurf

tbf pfrsostfgmf ae tbos jalf, bawfvfr trkgsofgt ots

krtom'uhkhoag jky `f. \bos jalf os rfpartfl ta ammur

kt vfry loXmrcfgt stkcfs ae pralumtovf sapbostomk-

toag4 Fsioja kt agf fxtrfjf. Sfst Keromkg pfk-

skgts kt tbf atbfr (Gaatfr ;?334 229 Hfcras ;?334

=>-=;). @fhaw, tbos jalf wohh `f rfefrrfl ta ks tbf

haasf jalf ae pralumtoag, ta fjpbksozf ots vahktohoty. Og

ekmt, ot os tbf kppraproktoag (kppkrfgthy wotbaut

hfoouogfrktoag) ae tbf siohhs ae sajf oglovolukh `y

tbf craup, wbomb rfglfrs tbos jalf lostogmt.

<. ^frbkps k suprkhamkh jalf aDpralumtoag jky bkX'f`ffg prfsfgt og Gfahotbom samokh earjktoag.s ks wfhh.

Ot sbauhl `f ma-fxtfgsovf wotb tbf cfacrkpbomkhhy

hkrcfst iogsystfj. Kmmarlogc taCalfhofr (;?364 ?)

tbos pralumtovf systfj os kmtovktfl og tbf mksf ae

strfss4 sbartkcf ae jfkgs (wajfg) ar earmfs (fx-

bkustoag ae tbf hamkh johofu) ae pralumtoag wohh

oookif pfaphf turg ha atbfr rfhktoagsbops ear survovkh

kgl/ar rfpraloomtoag. Khtbaucb Calfhofr os wrotogc

kàut mfgtrkh Kushrkhokgs wotb k bugtogc kgl

cktbfrogc klkptktoag kgl k Jfsahotbom taao iot, tbosvfry jalf ae sprfklogc tbf rosis sffjs ta `f

majpkto`hf wotb Gfahotbom samofty ks wfhh (f.c.,

@hamb ;?36`4 0>29 khsa ]frvomf ;?364 56). \bf

(kgkhytomkh) lostogmtovfgfss ae tbos jalf os og tbf

sfmurogc ae kmmfss ta jfkgs kgl ekmtars gat arlo-

gkrohy usfl `y hkyogc iogsbop mhkojs, bawfvfr

rfjahf. Kgy ogstkgmf ae tbfsf mhkojs os hoifhy ta

fstk`hosb k prmmflmou har euturf rfefrmgmf, wbomb

rfsuhts og k pfrpftuktoag ae tbos jalf. Eraj tbos

jalf tbf ehuoloty ae "tro`kh" àuglkrofs (Erofl

;?364 ;<,53) a r ae tbf mormujsmropt oag ae tbf samokh

O`rjktoag os ojjflokhfhy kppk rfgh .

Ks skol kàvf, ga wky bks ks yft `ffg lfvfh-

apfl ae fstk`hosbogc wbmtbfr khh passo`hf jalfs

ae pg.lumtoaoo bkvf `ffg hostfl, gfotbfr kt tbf

Gfahotbom gar kt kgy atbfr hfvfh. \acftbfr, tbf

lajfstom, hogfkcf, kgl suprkhamkh jalfs, bawfvfr,

mkg `f fxpfmtfl ta fxbkust tbf passoòhotofs ae iog

rfhktoags. \bf kllotoag ae tbf haasf jalf ae

pralumhoag os kg oglomktar tbkt atbfr lftfrjoookgts

jky khsa phky rahfs9 tbfor rkgcf os ugspfmoeofl.

\bf gatoag ae "jalfs ae pralumtoag" fjpbk-

sozfs kspfmts ae tbf kttroùtfs ae tbf crkvfykrl

atbfr tbkg tbasf oglomktfl og tbf pasotoagkh kgl

stgomtoorkh pkrklocjs. Fjporomkhhy, tbf lajfstom

jalf ae pralumhoag wohh pra`k`hy `f voso`hf og k mhasf

kgl pkor-wosf pasotoagogc ao jkhf kgl Omjkhf

crkvfs ks kg oglomktar ae tbf jkrrokcf àgl, tbf

(rf-)pralumtovf rfhktoag spfmoeom ta ot. Jkhfs kgl

efjkhfs wohh `f kmmajpkgofl `y taao iots tbkt krf

loeefrfgt ta tbf lfcrff k sfxukh lovosoag ae hkàur

wks igawg og tbf @kglifrkjoi. Og Eoc. 03 tbf

lohefrfgtoktoag ae sfxfs ks lfrovfl eraj tbos sfx-spfmoeomoty (wbomb wks fstk`hosbfl eraj k progmopkh

majpagmgts kgkhysos, me tbf tborl sfmtoag) ossbawg,

wotb supfrojpasfl upag ot tbf kvfrkcfl lostkgmf

eraj efjkhf ta jkhf crkvfs (eraj \k`hf =2). Og tbf

phkg, kgl khsa og \k`hf <5, ot mkg `f sffg tbkt

kjagc 0; efjkhf crkvfs ;< bkvf jkhf ar oglftfr-

jogk`hf pkrtgfrs wotbog k lostkgmf ae 0.66 + .6>

jftrfs (jfkg + agf ]tkglkrl lfvoktoa g), wotb

kgatbfr eaur sojohkrhy ùt kt k shocbthy hkrcfr

lostkgmf9 tbf rfjkogogc twa efjkhf ogtfrjfgts mkg`f tbaucbt ae ks ugkmmajpkgofl, `fmkusf atbfr

crkvfs krf kt k magsolfrk`hy hkrcfr lostkgmf.

Magvfrsfhy, kjagc 06 jkhf crkvfs, ;5 bkvf k

pkrtgfr crkvf ae efjkhf ar oglftfrjogk`hf sfx kt

Omss tbkg tbf lostkgmf jfgtoagfl, kgl agf kt k

shocbthy hkrcfr lostkgmf9 tbf focbt rfjkogogc crkvfs

sffj ta `f `y tbfjsfhvfs.''

UUbfg tbf pkorfl ammurrfgmm ae crkvfs ae appa-

sotf sfxfs kgl tbf pkrtokh spfmokhozktoag ae tbf taao

iots khagc sfx Vgfs krf ogtfrprftfl ks vfstocfs ae k

bausfbahl ("lajfstom") jalf ae pralumtoag, ot

jky `f fgquorfl wbftbfr k Hogfkcf jalf ae pralum

hoag wks khsa prfsfgt og tbf @kglif rkjoi prkxos.

Ag f ae tbf kttro` utfs ae tbos strum turf os pra`k`hy ta

`f eaugl og k craupogc ae tbf ùrokhs khagc iog

progmophms. Og tbf prfvoaus sfmtoag tbf "arocog" ae

tbf crkvf caals (ogtralumfr craups og tbf fxmbkgcf

systfj) wks usfl ta lfrovf vorohamkh rfsolfgmf kgl



;;0 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K O . ] \ P V M \ V P F 4 K ^ O H A \ ] \ V L _

jktroh ogmkh lfsmfgt. \bus, tbf pktro -progm ophf jk-

goefstfl otsmhe og tbf hamkhoty ae tbf crkvfs4 tbasf

sbkrogc tbos lftfrjogkgt wfrf ùrofl og tbf skjf

sfmtar ae tbf crkvfykrl. Sbohf tbf jktro-systfj

wks eaugl ta kmmaugt ear tbf rfjkoglfr ae tbf

vkroktoag og tbf arocogs ae tbf crkvf caals tbf

lfgoagstrktoag wks quotf majphfx, kgl wf jocbt

try ta eogl k jarf lorfmt socg ae tbos progmophf.

Ogtralumogc kckog tbf progmopkh majpagfgts kgk-

hysos, ot mkg `f skol k proaro tbkt twa loeefrfgt

sotuktoags mkg `f tbaucbt ae4 oe k lukh arckgozktoag

bks `ffg tbf mksf, tbos mauhl bkvf eaugl fxprfssoag

og k òpahkr majpagfgt (me gatf =), ks sumb k

lombatajy jocbt Ygah gfmfsskrohy) bkvf `ffg lf-

smro`fl `y kgtkcagostom syjàhs. Oe, ag tbf mag-trkry, jarf craups bkvf `ffg ogvahvfl, kgl/ar tbf

kssamoktfl jkrifrs (ar craup `klcfs) wfrf mhf

jfgts aeksyjàhom systfj khofg ta us (Hïvo-]trkuss

'?66- '=5) 062) tbfg tbkt sft wauhl kppfkr

kròhrkry kgl o)f voso`hm og kgy guj`fr ae spfmoeom

majpagfgts (tbos hkttfr passoòhoty khsa mavfrs k

twa-craup systfj, ae maursf). Ag tbf olfk tbkt k

lukh arckgozktoag os k ekorhy erfqufgt pbfgajfgag

og iogsbop samofty (Hïvo-]trkuss ;?659 Hïvo-]trkuss

;?5?`4 3>), tbf agf òpahkr progmopkh majpagfgt(ga. 0, \k`hf ;>) wks eorst tfstfl ear ot (hktfr tbf

atbfr majpagfgts eaugl atbfr fxphkgktoags ug-

rfhktfl ta tbf prfsfgt ossuf). \bos majpagfgt

appasfs aghy twa kttroùtf s, murvohogfkroty kgl

rfmtohogfkroty ae pattfry lfmarktoag (tbf vkrok`h f

]\PVM\VPF). \bfsf trkots krf vfry ksyjjftromkhhy

lostroùtfl avfr tbf sfxfs (\k`hfs =2, =?)9 mbkgmfs

krf aghy ;4;>> tbkt tbos ksyjjftry os luf ta

skjphogc frrar `fmkusf ae tbf rfhktovfhy sjkhh

guj`fr ae tbf crkvfs (=<). Gar osot luf ta tbf sjkhh

guogo)mr ae crkvf coets4 oe jkrifl tbos wky, efjkhf

crkvfs magtkog agf pat ar sfvfg ta tfg sbfrls, kgl

jkhf crkvfs up ta tbrff vfssfhs ae eovf ta earty

sbfrls, wotb tbf jogojuj guj`fr ae sbfrls (eovf)

prfmosfhy ammurr ogc og k lau`hy jkrifl crkvf. \ bf

ksyjjftry mkg `f fxphkogfl `y k jktrohogfkh

lukhotv4 emjkhfs "lfeogogc" tbos kh\ohoktoag, jkhfs

wohh rfcuhkrhy `fmajf kssamoktfl wotb tbf appasotf

iog craupogc (fxackjy!) kgl ùrofl wotb coets

eraj àtb (gktkh kgl jkrotkh) solfs. Ot os k poty tbkt

tbos lukhoty os aghy voso`hf og crkvfs magtkogogc

lfmarktfl pattfry9 tbf keeohoktoag ae tbf atbfr

ogtfrjfgts mkggat `f igawg. (Bawfvfr , sajf

majeart mkg `f eaugl og tbf a`sfrvktoag tbkt gagf

ae tbf fxostogc mhkssoeomktary smbfjfs ae H@I

pattfry lfmarktoag khhaws ear k losmrojogktoag

khagc tbfsf hogfs.) Ks os ta `f fxpfmtfl uglfr

vorohamkh rfsolfgmf ruhfs, jktrohogfkh jkrifrs krf

lospfrsfl khh avfr tbf mfjftfry, wbomb strfgctbfgs

tbf mksf prfsfgtfl og tbf prfvoaus sfmtoag.

@fsolfs iog khocgjfgt, k bofrkrmbomkh krrkgcf

jfgt ae tbf bausfbahls ar oglovolukhs mkg `f tkifg

ks k socg ae tbf hogfkcf jalf ae pralumtoag4 k

bofrkrmby ae wfkhtb. "Sf kht b" kt tbos hfvfh ae

lfvfhapjfgt sbauhl `f ogtfrprftfl og k cfgfrkh

(qukhotktovf) sfgsf, kgl gat f fquktfl wotb tbf

passfssoags ae (ar `fogc kmmajpkgo fl `y) spfmoeom

haao iots arqukgtotofs ae coets (]kbhogs ;?304 ?=) -ks,

kt aur tfmbgahacomkh hfvfh, k wfkhtby ekjohy wauhl

gat ùy ear ots awoo usf k `hami ae kpkrtjfgt s ag,

sky, tbf Mastk lfh ]ah, ùt rktbfr agf kpkrtjfgt og

k guj`fr ae loeefrfgt phfkskgt phkmfs. Og tbf

hogfkcf jalf, rfhktoags krf tofl ta pasotoags og k iogsystfj kgl gat ta loeefrfgtokh magtrah ae tbf jfkgs

ae pralumtoag (o.m, taahs, ùt gat wajfg). Jarf-

avfr, tbasf vkhuk`hfs wbomb fxostfl bkl usf-vkhuf

kt `fst (]kbhogs ;?304 2=, ?=). Pfckrlogc "rkgi",

ks tbos loeefrfgtokh os usukhhy mkhhfl, og rkgifl

samofty (Erofl ;?534 ;>?) wfkhtb os kssamoktfl wotb

covogc kwky, wbomb sfts majjotjfgts ta tbf

rfmopofgts (]kbhogs ;?304 0>6). ]umba`hocktoags krf

hoifhy ta `f mksbfl kt lfktb. Pkgiogc ar crklfl

locgoty ae oglovolukh ogtf rjfgt s bks khrfkly `ffglfrovfl og tbf tborl sfmtoag kgl gffl gat ta `f

rfpfktfl bfrf9 k shocbthy loeefrfgt lost roù toag mkg

`f warifl aut ag tbf `ksos ae tbf g uj`fr ae eogosbfl

a`dfmts og tbf crkvfs (wbomb os fssfgtokhhy, tbf

"hkàur ogput" mrotfrouj ear \k`hf 0= wbfrf,

bawfvfr, khh fxmkvktfl a`dfmts wfrf ogmhulfl) .

\bfsf ogtfrjfgts krf craupfl og \k`hf <; kgl

hostfl og \k`hf <09 tbos sbauhl `f majpkrf l wotb



\ B F F H ] H A A C P K U F _ K P L 4 K G F A - J K P R O ] \ O G \ F P ^ P F \ K \ O AG ;;=

\k`hfs 0<, 06 kgl 05.

Ogtfrprftktoag ae tbfsf "wfkhtb" loeefrfgmfs ks

vfstocfs ae k hogfkcf jalf ae pralumtoag rktbfr

obkg ae loeefrfgmfs ae kmbofvfjfgt ae tbf oglov olukhBausfbahl Wo.f., wotbog toof lajfstom jalf) eaVaws

eraog obf mbkrkmtfr ae tbf hkttfr4 gatbogc jarf os

pralumfl tbkg gfflfl har survovkh, ks kgy surphus

vvauhl `m sopbagfl ahe tbraucb sbkrogc jfmbkgosjs

(]kbhogs ;?304 ;03). \bf hogfkcf jalf pravolfs k

maugtfrearmf ta tbfsf fckhotkrokg trfgls. hts arck-

gozktoagkh progmophf ae phkmogc tbf magstotufgt

ugots og bofrkrmbomkh arlfr ae ojpartkgmf os fstk`-

hosbfl ta kssurf lohefrfgtokh kmmfss.

';'bf haasf jalf aD pralumhoag os gat gfmfsskrohy tofl

ta iog progmophfs - jkg ukh , marparfkh lfxtfroty

tfgls ta `f lostroùtfl og k rkglaj wky (Lkbrfg-

lare ;?524 ;?). Oe tbos jalf ae pralumtoag lol eogl

fxprfssoag og tbf crkvm coets, tbos os hoifhy ta `f og k

spfmokhozktoag ae tbfj. Ks ekr ks spfmokhozktoag os

tofl ta jktfrokh ogstrujfgts, k sft ae sojohkr ar

rfhktfl taahs wohh `f vvotgfss ta ot9 tbfrf jky bkvf

`ffg atbfr spfmokhozktoags, gat rfhktfl ta stohh

fxmkvktk`hf otfjs4 cfgfkhacomkh spfmokhosts, stary

tfhhfrs, lkgmfrs, jksi jkifrs, tkttaaogc spfmokhosts

(ta jfgtoag ùt k efw ae tbf jast a`voaus) wohhgfvfr `f trkmfk`hf kt Fhshaa. Og atbfr warls, fxos-

tfgmf ae tbf haasf jalf ae pralumtoag mkg `f jklf

pg)`kh)hf tbraucb tbf ammurrfgmf ae spfmokhost taao

sfts, ots fxtfgt (o.f., tbf guj`fr ae siohhs fxphaohfl

tbos wky) wohh rfjkooo ogoigawg.

Ot sbauhl `f kllfl tbkt lostogmtoag wotbog tbf

hogfkcf jalf ae pralumtoag, wbomb os voso`hf og k

`rakl spfmtruj crkvf ogvfgtary, jky mrassmut k

jkriogc ae kòhoty `y spfmokhozktoag ae coets. Dust ks

pfaphf sojuhtkgfaushy jkgkcfl tbfor awg bausf-

hoahl og tbf wky ae tbf lajfstom jalf kgl taai pkrt

og ohu' hogfkcf jalf, sa kg k`hf bugtfr jky bkvf

ammupofl k prajogfgt pasotoag og tbf hogfkcf

strumturf taa. Og mksfs ae tbos iogl, sfvfrkh mktf-

carofs ae crkvf coets wohh `f prfsfgt, kjagc wbomb

agf wohh `f qukgtotktovfhy fjpbksozfl.

\k`hm <= wks tbf rmsuht ae kg kttfjpt ta majpkrf

tbf guj`fr ae otfjs pfr mktfcary ta sfpkrktf siohh

eraj locgoty. Ear ogstkgmf, og tbf efjkhf crkvf ga.

>;< k `rakl spfmtruj ogvfgtary wks eaugl4 k

lfmarktfl pat, kg krrawbfkl, kg klzf (typf OO),

kgl k croglogc stagf wotb kttfglkgt hujps ae rflømbrf - ga spfmokhozktoag voso`hf bfrf. Hoifwosf, og

crkvf ga. >2= (khsa efjkhf) k sojohkrhy lovfrsoeofl

taao sft wks eaugl kmmajpkgofl `y tbrff klzfs (ae

typfs O, OO kgl OU)9 tbf stktus ae tbos wajkg og tbf

hogfkcf jalf kmmaugts ear tbos sffjogchy spfmokhost

sft (me. p. ?6).

Kjagc tbf crkvfs og tbos tk`hf, eovf krf jkrifl

`y krrawbfkls ar `hklfs (gas. >>=, >>6, >65, >53,

kgl >3;) kgl twa ta k hfssfr fxtfgt (gas. >0; kgl

>06), khh jkhfs. Agf efjkhf crkvf (ga. ;>5) bfhl k

guj`fr ae pofmfs ae Bogt lf`ros . \brff jkhf crkvfs

(gas. >>6, >?5, ;;0) bfhl tbrff ar Oùr pahs kgl

kgatbfr twa (khsa jkhfs) twa pats (>>=, >53). Eaur

crkvfs hyogc pfrpfglomuhkrhy ta tbf rfcuhkr gartb-

wfst-sautbfkst arofgtktoag krf khsa craupfl wotb

tbf spfmokhosts4 >;<, >0=, ><;, >62 (agf efjkhf, >;<9

tbf atbfr agfs oglftfrjogk`hf). ]fvfg ae tbf

spfmokhosts ammupofl bocb stkglogcs og tbf hogfkcf

spbfrf4 crkvf gas. >>=, >>6, >;<, >65, >53, >3;,

;>59 eaur wfrf kmmarlfl jalfrktf stktus km-

marlogc ta tbf kmtovotofs mrotfroag ae tbf tborl sfm-toag4 >0;, >06, >?5, kgl ;;09 tbf rfjk oglfr (>0=,

><;, kgl >62) k haw stktus. Khsa me \k`hf 6> ([email protected]

'\basf crkvfs tbaucbt ae ks `fogc ae k mbofehy stktus

-g a s . aa o, >23, kgl ;>> kgl passo`hy >2= khsa - k r f

ajottfl eraj magsolfrktoag bfrf).

Ks k solfhogf, eraj tbf haw guj`fr ae (voso`hf)

spfmokhost crkvfs - haurtffg avfr k pfroal ae k

mfgt ury - kg k`sfgmf ae ogstotut oagkhozfl mrket

bfrfloty mkg `f ogefrrfl. ]umb k bfrfloty wauhl

rug maugtfr ta tbf "lfeogotoag" ae tbf haasf jalf ae

pralumtoag kgl pfrbkps `f oglomktovf ae kgatbfr

typf ae spfmokhosts' arckgozktoag.

\bf eaurtb jalf ae pralumtoag ammurrogc og Gfa-

hotbom samoftofs jky `f tbf suprkhamkh agf. Kmmarlogc

ta lfsmropt oags, ot os kmt ovk tfl og tojfs ae strfss aghy4

wbfg tbf supphy ae wajfg (ks kg oglospfgso`hf pkrt

ae tbf hkàur earmf kgl ks jfkgs ae òahacomkh

rfpralumtoag ae tbf àly maVfmtovf) rugs sbart, ar



;;< @KGLIF PKJOI ]AMOKH ]\PVM \VP F! K ÔH A\ ]\VL_

wbfg tbf hamkh fma-systfj lafs gat yofhl sueeomoégt

pralumf og k `rakl sfgsf (ug`khkgmfl ar fvfg

ogsueeomoégt pralumtovf hfvfh tbraucb fmahacomkh

ehumtooktoag, lfcrklktoag, pahotomkh kgl/ar lfja-cokpbom prfssurf, ftm.). Kproaro ot mkg `m stktfl tbkt

og tbf rfcoag ae Fhshaa magsolfrk`hm strfss just

bkvf `ffg prfsfgt, kt hfkst og tbf yaugcfst pbksf ae

tbf crkvfykrl's usf. Sotb ots mhasurf, tbf H@I

ammupktoag ae tbf krfk mkjf ta kg fgl (iogl kgl

mkusf ae tbos strfss krf stohh ta `f ugrkvfhfl4 @kifhs

;?324 ;05-;039 Iupfr kgl Høgogc ;?364 ?=). Oe,

tbfg, tbos strfss lol oglffl rfsuht og tbfkmtovktoagae

k suprkhamkh ogsurkgmf kckogst rosis, tbos sbauhl `f

voso`hf og earfocg-haaiogc crkvf caals eraj tbf

"ogtfrgktoagkhozktoag" (fxtfgsoag) ae tbf rfhktoags

lurogc tbf hktfr stkcfs ae tbf usf ae tbf crkvfykrl.

"Earf ocg-ha aiogc " sbauhl `f magsolfrfl og k `rakl

jfkgogc4 ogtrk-rfcoagkh loeefrfgmfs wfrf gat tbkt

jkrifl ta `f losmfrgo`hf ta us ks yft (fvfg og tbos

yaugcfr pfroal ae tbf H@I). Sbfg coets krf

rfmacgozfl ks "khofg", tbfy wohh majf eraj ekrtbfr

kwky. Agf ekmtar jky mageusf aur socbt, tbaucb4

vkhuk`hfs jky bkvf `ffg fxmbkgcfl og tbf gag-iog

spbfrf, pra`k`hy `ksfl upag tbf hogfkcf jalf ae

pral umtoag (\frrky ;?364 ?5, ;>5). Bawfv fr,pkrkhhfh ta tbf sfpkrktoag ae hogfkcf kgl haasf

jalfs (kàvf , p. ;;;), k loeefrfgtokt oag ae hogfkcfs

kgl suprkhamkh jalfs mkg `f fstk`hosbfl4 k prajo

gfgt (o.f., wfkhtbofr) hogfkcf jfj`fr wba `kr-

tfrfl earfocg tbogcs wohh `f kmmajpkgofl `y bos

magvfrsktoag pofmfs kjagc tbf atbfr, jarf hamkh

krtoekmts. Ag tbf atbfr bkgl, k cfguogf khhambtbagm

(gfvfr hoifhy ta bkvf sffg `ffg prajogfgt og tbf

hamkh bofrkrmbofs) wohh `f jkrifl `y kt `fst k efw

jajfgtas eraj bos/bfr gktovf vohhkcfs.

Ks earjuhktfl tbos wky, earfocgmrs' crkvfs

sbauhl `f voso`hf og tbf progmopkh majpagfgts

kgkhysos, kt hfkst wbfg tbf malfàai os sueeomofgthy

lftkohfl4 loeefrfgt muhturkh `kmicraugls sbauhl `f

sogchfl aut `y ks jkgy spfmoeom majpagfgts4 agf

os k earfocgfr, ar agf os gat. Kjagc tbf majpa

gfgts og \k`h f ;> aghy ga. 5 bks gat kt trkm tfl

kttfgtoag ks yft. hts spfmoeom mbkrkmtfr, kgl fvfg

jarf tbf twa vkrok`hfs haklogc bocb ag ot jkif ot k

hoifhy mkglolktf ear khhambtbagy. Kppkrfgthy hktf

og rfhktovf tojf (me tbf haklogcs ae sogchf- kgl

juhtolfgtfl spktuhk og tbf tk`hf), tbf gogm, pas-so`hy fhfvfg crkvfs oglomktfl `y tbos majpagfgt

sffj ta `f jkrifl `y fotbfr stk`-kgl-lrkc lfma-

rktfl pats kgl/ar `y typf O klzfs. @atb mbkrkm-

tfrostoms succfst earfocg magtkmts4 stk`-kgl-lrkc

krf jarf kt bajf og tbf sautbfkst tbkg og

Hojùrc (me Mb. O, ]fmtoag =)9 kgl typf O klzfs

bkvf khsa `ffg rfpartfl eraj gag-H@I (Bogifh-

stfog) `kmicraugls (Jallfrjkg ;?3> (O)4 ;22).WW

Kppkrfgthy, sajf ae tbf pats og tbf crkvfykrl khsa

khhulf ta tbkt craup (me Ck`rofh ;?354 65kglEoc. <

ga. 0, wotb k guj`fr ae pats eraj Fhshaa, f.c.,

crkvfs gas. ><3, >65, >53 (ga. 0), >3; (ga. 2), >3=

(ga. 0) ,f vf ga ?= (g a. o) , >?5 (ga. =), >?3, ;><, ;>59

khh ohhustrktml og Jallfrjkg ;?3> (OO).

Kjagc tbf fhfvfg crkvfs wotb earfocg ehkvaurs

(\k`hf <<) tbfrf krf twa ogtfrjfgts kmmajpkgofl

`y aghy k efw stk`-kgl-lrkc lfmarktfl sbfrls9 tbfor

ogmarparktoag og tbf mktfcary ae khhapbohfs os

tbfrfearf luòaus (crkvfs gas. >3<, hao). Ae tbf

rfjkog lfr , agf crkvf os ae tbf luòa us efjkhf (>23)

khsa prajogfgt og tbf hogfkcf strumturf, sa tbkt tbfprfsfgmf ae kg klzf ae typf O og bfr crkvf sbauhl

pfrbkps `f magsolfrfl k magsfqufgmf ae bfr hogfkcf

stktus rktbfr tbkg k earfocg pflocrff. \bfg, tbf

efjkhf crkvf >2= bfhl tbrff loeefrfgt typfs ae klzfs

(O , OO, OU) tacftbfr wotb k ekor skjphf ae tbf atbfr

crkvf caals, kppkrfgthy oglomktogc k supfr-stktus

og tbf hogfkcf strumt urf9 yft ks bfr crkvf khsa bfhl k

pat wotb stk`-kgl-lrkc lfmarktoag, tbf fvolfgmf

rfckrlogc bfr arocogs os qufstoagk`hf.

Pfckrlogc ojpartfl pfaphf (kgl oe kg ogtfrprf-tktoag ks aeefrfl bfrm os kmm fpt fl) , ga vorohamkh

rfsolfgmf ruhf os voso`hf og tbf lostroùtoag ae

khhambtbagy avfr tbf sfxfs (\k`hf <6).

\a magmhulf tbos sfmtoag, sajf paogts stohh bkvf

ta `f losmussfl og maggfmtoag wotb tbf vkroaus

jalfs ae pralumtoag4

O. Lajfstom jalf ae pralumhoag4 wbfg tbf kvfrkcf

lostkgmf ta tbf gfkrfst gfocbàur (ks lftkohfl



\ B F F H ] H A A C P K U F _ K P L 4 K G F A - J K P R O ] r O G \ I P ^ P F \ K \O A G ;;6

k`øXf, p. ;;;. \k`hm =2) os kmmfptfl ks kg og

lomktar ae mhasfgfss ae rfhktoagsbop (o.f., ae k

jkrrokcf àgl), kg kttfjpt mkg `f jklf ta pusb

tbf ogtfrp rftk toag ae sajf ae tbf lkt k eurtbfr4

fbragahacomkh loeefrfgmfs (ks ekr ks losmfrgo`hf) la

;;>; ogtfrefrf wotb kg fxphkgktoag ae tbf pkorogc ae

tbf crkvfs og \k` hf <5 ks "mkusfl " `y jkrro kcf.

\bfg ksmroògc tbf kppraproktf sfx ta tbf sfvfrkh

prfvoaushy oglftfrjogk`hf crkvfs, kgatbfr ;= jkhf

kgl O k efjkhf crkvfs mkg `f kllfl ta tbasf hostfl

og \k `h f ;2. \bos os k rktbfr oglo rfmt wky ae sfx

lftfrjogktoag, ks ot ogvahvfs jarf stfps obkg

lorfmt magmhusoag eraj tbf crkvf coets9 tbfrfearf,

tbfsf 'W6 crkvfs bkvf `ffg ifpt kpkrt og khh kgkhysfs,

khtbaucb tbf fvolfgff wks gawbfrf magtrklomtary.

Ear ogstkgmf, tbf lovosoag ae hkàur kjagc tbf

sfxfs ks lfjagstrktfl `y k loeofrfgtoktoag ae tbf

kssamoktfl taahiots ae \k`hf ;3 (`ksfl upag tbf

lorfmthy sfxfl crkvfs) os vfry jumb hoif tbkt og

\k`hf <3. Kgl bfrf, fvfg mhfkrfr tbkg `fearf, tbf

hfvfh ae socgoeomkgmf os gat k jkttfr ae kròtrkry

mbaomf, ùt eaVaws oo\ojflokhfhy eraj tbf lktk4

p :.>6 os rocbt og tbf wolf ckp tbkt sfpkrktms tbf

sfx-spfmoeom mktfcarofs ae crkvf coets eraj tbf

cfgmrkh agfs.Sbfg khh tbfsf mbkgcfs krf ogmt)rpao'ktfl, tbf sfx

rktoa `fmajfs 0; + ;0 efjkhfs kckogst 06 x ;=

jkhfs ar .<5. Og atbfr warls4 eaur efjkhfs ta fvfry

eovf jkhfs (3; crkvfs maugtfl). \bos rktoa os

olfgtomkh wotb tbkt fstk`hosbfl og tbf tborl sfmtoag

ag tbf `ksos ae tbf lorfmthy sfxfl ogtfrjfgts.

; hus pusbogc ae tbf fvolfgff bks bkrl hy kgy

magsfqufgmfs ear tbf lostroùtoag ae strumturfs ae

mfrkjom lfmarktoag avfr tbf sfxfs4 tbrff oglftfr

jogk`hf crkvfs wotb murvohogfkr kgl khsa tbrffwotb rfmtohogfkr lfsocgs mkg gaw `f craupfl wotb

tbf atbfr efjkhf crkvfs wotb tbfsf mbkrkmtfrostoms9

agf crkvf wotb murvohogfkr kgl agf crkvf wotb àtb

typfs ae lfmarktoag mkg gaw `f hk`fhfl "jkhf"'

(\k`hf <>).

0. Hogfkcf jalf ae pralumtoag4 mrassogc k lukh

jktro hogfk h arckgozkt oag wotb k vorohamkh systfj bks

loeefrfgt magsfqufgmfs wotb tbf guj`fr ae rfso-

lfgmf craups ogvahvfl. Sbfg tbfrf os k lukhoty,

tbfg tbfrf krf eaur jkrrokcf mhkssfs, wbfg k eaur-

craup systfj, tbfg focbt mhkssfs krf cfgfrktfl, kgl

sa ag .' W Covfg k jktro-lukhoty, kllotoag ae k sojphf

pkt ro-luk hot y os sueeomoégt ta pralum f tbf eaur

craups fstk`hosbfl og tbf prfvoaus sfmtoag. Fvfg oe

tbf vorohamkh kspfmt ae tbf strumturf os lfgofl, tbfrf

krf twa atbfr jkr ifr vkrok`hfs ta oglomk tf loeefrfgt

mhkssfs. \bf murvohogfkr vs. rfmtohogfkr lfsocg ag

fkrtbfgwkrf bks khrfkly `ffg jfgtoagfl (\k`hf

<>)9 ots ogtf rprftktoag ks k jktroh ogfkh systfj sffjs

ta `f khjast eaah-praae \bfg , khagc wotb tbf

prfvoaus agf, tbfrf os kgat bfr magspomuaus luk hosj,

wbomb appasfs crkvfs wotb sporkh-lfmarktfl wkrf

ta tbasf wotb k wkvy lfsocg ag tbfor pats. Og tbos

mksf, bawfvfr, tbfrf os ga avfrhkp4 crkvfs krf fotbfr

ae tbf mraai ar ae tbf baai vkrofty (\k`hfs <2, <?)9

kckog, àtb typfs ammur wotb àtb sfxfs, khh avfr tbf

crkvfykrl kgl og khh pbksfs (fbragahacomkh lostro

ùtoag gah sbawg bfrf).

Kg ogtfrprftktoag ae tbfsf pbfgajfgk ks k eaur

jkrrokcf-mhkss systfj bks `ffg rfdfmtfl ag p.

;>3.' ' \bf jktro-lukhoty a`sfrvk`hf og tbf hogfkcf

jalf, kgl tbf ksyjjftromkh fxmbkgcf rfhktoags

krf kt vkrokgmf wotb k eaur-mhkss systfj.=. Haasf jalf ae pralumtoag4 k chojpsf ae tbf

@kglifrkjoi pfaphf's kpprfmoktovf smkhf mkg pfr-

bkps `f wrfstfl eraj tbf lostroùtoag ae tbf

krra wbfkls og tbf crkvfykrl. S bfg tbfsf taahs mkg

`f tbaucbt ae ks sajfbaw hogiml ta bugtogc, tbfg

eraj tbf stkglogc ae tbf sjkhh guj`fr ae spfmokhosts

(6 phus 0, ta k tatkh ae ;;= crkvfs) og tbf hogfkcf

systfj (\k`hf 6>9 khsa p. ; ;=) ot jocbt `f ogefrrfl

tbkt tbfy jklf k caal tbogc aut ae tbfor kòhoty,

wbomb wks gat kppraproktfl `y tbf craup wotbautrfjugfrktoag, ks bypatbfsozfl kàvf p. ooo).

Majpkrfl wotb tbf atbfr spfmokhosjs voso`hf, aghy

tbf spfmokhozktoag kssamoktfl wotb pats sffjs ta

bkvf jft wotb sojohkr rfmacgotoag.

<. ]uprkhamkh jalf ae pralumtoag4 ag p. ; ;< O stktfl

tbkt khhambtbagfs wfrf pra`k`hy gfvfr og k bocb

pasotoag og tbf hamkh bofrkrmby. \k`hf 6; lafs gat

suppart tbos stktfjfgt. Bawfvfr, eraj gatf ;< ot



@ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F 4 K ^ O H A \ ] \ V L _

mkg `f suppasfl tbkt jkgy jarf pfaphf og tbf

Fhshaa mfjftfry wfrf gat àj kt Fhshaa, ùt kt

atbfr gfocbàurogc vohhkcfs. \bfsf pfaphf krf gat

rmmacgozk`hf `y prfsfgt jftbals, kgl sa tbfstktfjfgt khhoolfl ta mkggat `f ekhsoeofl. Kgatbfr

paogt og tbos maggfmtoag os tbkt tbfsf earfocgfrs wfrf

kppkrfgthy ojpartfl og k rfhktovfhy hktf pbksf ae

tbf crkvfykrl's usf, tbkt os, ogsaekr ks tbfor crkvfs

magtkog lfmarktfl pattfry. Fxtfglogc tbos lktf ta

tbf atbfr khhambtbagfs (tbfsf jkrifl `y klzfs ae

typf O aghy), covfs kg oglorfmt lktogc ear kgatbfr

tbrff crkvfs (gas. >55, >269 phus tbf hogfkcf

prajogfgt kutbambtagf og crkvf ga. >23), wbomb

bks `ffg fgtfrfl ag Eoc. 05 ks wfhh.

6. Lajogkgmf4 ga magmhusovf kgswfr mkg `f covfg

wbfg ot os ksifl wbomb ae tbf eaur jalfs ae

pralumtoag bks `ffg lajogkgt. ]ajm tbog hogfs ae

fvolfgmf mkg `f cktbfrfl, bawfvfr, kgl tbfor daogt

lorfmtoag os succfstovf, tbaucb bk rlhy surprosogc.

\bf prfsfgmf ae khhacfgom krtoekmts og tbf crkvfs ae

hogfkcf prajogfgts, ot wks krcufl kàvf (p. ;;<),

jocbt `f oglomktovf ae usf ae tbfor pasotoag ta mrfktf

kg fxmbkgcf sfmtar ae tbfor awg, o.f., autsolf tbfor

hogfkcfs. Og tbkt wky, surphus pralumfl og tbf

lajfstom spbfrf wks sopbagfl ae\ `y tbf hogfkcfjalf. \bfg, ag kg k proaro `ksos ot mkg `f krcufl

tbkt tbf suprkhamkh jalf ae pralumtoag wks sft up

ta iffp tbf hamkh .samokh earjktoag ruggogc9 o.f..

àtb tbf hogfkcf kgl tbf lajfstom jalfs.

Bawfvfr, oe tbos oglomktfs k lajogkgt pasotoag ae

tbf hogfkcf arckgozktoag, tawkrls tbf fgl ae tbf

crkvfykrl's usf tbf maursf ae fvfgts wks passo`hyrfvfrsfl. Fvfry strumturf bks kg awg jajfgtu j,

kgl og luf tojf k "pkrfgtkh" strumturf (hoif tbf

hogfkcf, og tbos mksf) jky `fmajf lajogktfl `y ots

"aeesprogc" (me, f.c., Ero fljk g ;?36). \bu s, og

magtrklomtoag wotb tbf kppkrfgt vorohamkh olfahacy

ae tbf Fhshaa gktovfs, kt hfkst sajf eaur ae eovf jkhfs

(aut ae =2) sffj ta bkvf `ffg ojpartfl og k

rfhktovfhy sbart pfroal - sky, tbf tfrjogkh cfgfrk-

toag.': Agf waglfrs baw jkgy sumb vosotars krf

bollfg kjagc tbf crkvfs wotb ga coets ta kggaugmf

tbfor bajf maugtry. ]umb kg oghhux jky f

ogtfrprftfl ks k socg ael ajo gkg mf (oeaghy kg ogotokh

agf) ae tbf hogfkcf st rumt urf avfr tbf suprkhamkh

rfhktoags, ùt khsa ks k socg ae tbf ogkòhoty ae tbf

hamkh samokh earjktoag ta iffp tbf koekors caogc tbf

wky tbfy lol `fearf - kgl tbos hkhtfr ogtfrprftktoag

(stohh k lfsmroptovf agf, gat kg fxphkgktoag!) jocbt

pravolf k `fcoggogc tawkrls uglfrstkglogc tbf

pramfss ae k`kglagjfgt ae tbf Lutmb Hoj` urc

H@I tfrrotary.

Hft us gaw turg ta tbf sftthfjfgts tbfjsfhvfs,kgl sff wbkt pkrts ae tbf vkroaus jfmbkgom kh

jalfhs mkg `f jkl f voso`hf wohb og k jarf rf-

stromtfl lktk sft.

GA\F]

• Ks k stkr togc paogt ear tbf losmussoag kgl tbf kgkhysos O kssujf

Fkrhy kgl Jollhf Gfahotbom samofty ta bkvf `ffg ae k tro`kh , ar

rktbfr " maj jugo ty" gk turf (Erofl ;?369 ?2). Atbf r gkjfs har

tbkt hfvfh ae samoa-fmagajom ogtfcrktoag krf9- "hawfr kgl jollhf `kr`kro sj" (appasfl ta "skvkcfry" ag

tbf agf bkgl, kgl "uppfr `kr`krosj" kgl "movohozktoag" ag tbf

atbfr9 Jarckg ;233)9

- "rk gio gc samofty" (ks appasfl ta "fck hotk rokg" 9 Erofl ;?364

?2 9 kg l ta "strktoeofl samoft y"9 Erofl ;?534 ;>?)9

- "sfcjf gtkhsa mofty" (ks kcko gst" bofr krmb omk h"9 ]frvomf ;?364

=><)-Og sbart, tbkt pkrt ae tbf fvah uhoagk ry pramfss wbomb wks

tkiogc phkmf wotb iogsbop kgl samofty stohh hkrcfhy olfgtomkh, gat

trkgsmfglml `y wolfr pah otomkh salkhotofs (Mhkfssfg kg l Ihaas

;?324 20-2? 9 Erofl ;?364 ?29 ]frvo mf ;?3;4 ;=-;<, ??-; >>).

"W _ft, eraj arkh m ajju gomk toa g, tbfrf os loskcrffjfgt kàut

tbos ogtfrprftktoag4 ^rae Jallfrjkg tbogis tbf crkvfykrl wks

Hosfl og twa pbksfs, wotb k rfhamktoag og kg fkstfrhy lorfmtoag ketfrtbf eorst pbksf. ,Xhsa, tbfrf os kg avfrhkp zagf fxtfglog c ga rtb-

sautb, hamktfl kppraxojktfhy kt tbf lovosoag hogf `ftwffg tbf

tbrff wfstfrhy sfmtars kgl tbf rfjkoglfr ae tbf eofhl og E"oc. => .

Kckogst tbos, jy ogtfrprftktoag os tbkt k crklukh sboet wks jklf

og tbf usf ae tbf crkvfykr l, wotb tbf loeefrfgt crau ps ù ryog c

tbfor lfmfksfl og sfpkrktf margfrs. \b fg, tb f eaur cra up

mageocurktoag ae Eoc. =0 kgl ]fmtoag < sbauhl bkvf rfjk ogfl

fssfgtokhhy tbf skjf tbraucbaut tbf mfjftfry's usf.

Og tbf hkttfr mksf, tbf lktk`hf crkvfs krf lostroùtfl ks og tbf

eahhawogc tk`hf4



;;3

^bksf A J

(oraup O O

(áraup OO <(oraup OOO 6Craup OU O

<(5) •;(;=). (0 ) 3(2)O 2

•= •;(;<) =6(=2)

Otfjs `ftwffg pkrfgtbfsfs oglomktf crkvfs oglorftthy lktfl9 me

tfxt.

«hoomb mkg `f maglfgsfl ta rfvfkh tbf fkst-wfst appasotoag og tbf

eahhawogc wky4

^bksfs A J

Sfstfrhy craups (OO, OOO)Fkstfrhy craups (O, OU) (•6)(0?)

R' ': ;>.== (lr : 0) p : . > > 6

wbomb os truhy ksyjjftromkh, oglffl.

Aagsolmrogc tbf earogfr mksf, (o.f., tbf crklukh sboet) tbf gfw

mfgtrfs ae usf majf mhasfr wbfg (ag tbf `kso.s ae tbf ekmtar smarf

mhusofrogcs) obf sfmagl pbks f os lovol fl up `ftwf fg tbf yau gcfr

kgl tbf ahlfr, ks mkg `f fxpfmtfl, ae maursf. Khsa, k tfst ear

rfhamktoag og k twa pbksf lovosoag os gfcktovf4

^bksf Ahl _augc

(áraup O

(oraup OO

(áraup OOO

Craup OU

0; 7<

Obos tk`hm mkg `f maglfgsfl og k sojohkr wky ks kàvf4

> _

Sfstfrhy craups (OO, OOO) ;;

Fkstfrhy craups (O, OU) ;>

< '6;> 0>

TW : o.?< ( l e : o ) p : . o 2

\bf kàvf jocbt keefmt ]fmtoag < ae tbf prfsfgt mbkptfr.

Bawfvfr, kpkrt eraj tbf tfsts ear ksyjjftry rfpartfl bfrf

(`ksfl ag agf-t borl ae tbf crkvfs) , ot sbauhl khsa `f gatfl tbkt

tbf haw lfgsotofs ae tbf crkvf coets rfglfr k rocauraus tbrff-eahl

lovosoag ugwarik`hf. \bfrfearf, tbkt sfmtoag bks `ffg sft up ks oe

khh ae tbf crkvmykrl bkl `ffg og sojuhtkgfaus usf9 ketfr khh, tbf

gatoag ae samokh strumturf fogphayfl tbfrf os quotf ogsfgsotovf ta

bostaromkh fvfgts (me @frtfhs ;?3=4 06?9 ]kbbgs ;?354 <;-<0).

W ^rog mopkh m ajp agfg ts kr f lfeogfl ks tbf `fst passo`hf

majògktoags ae k guj`fr ae vkrok`hfs og k lktk sft. Agf ae tbf

tk`hfs pralumfl `y tbf majputfr covfs tbf marrfhktoag ae tbf

progmopkh majpagfgts wotb tbf vkrok`hfs (ks og \k`hf ;>)4"ha klo gc" os k sygagyj ear "marr fhkt ogc" . Bocb haklogcs krf

usfl ta fstk`hosb tbf "jf kgo gc " ae k progmopkh majpa gfgt . \bf

haklogcs ag k majpagfgt wohh sbaw agf ae tbrff lohefrfgt

pkthfrgs4 òpahkr, cfgfrkh, ar spfmoeom (ar ugopahkr9 Bkrjkg

;?534 høa). @opahkr majpagfgts bkvf boc b pasotovf kg l bocb

gfcktovf haklogc vkrok`hfs, wotb ga jalfrktf marrfhktoags9

haklogcs ae kàut .> ta ».0 krf magsolfrfl gfutrkh kgl

orrfhfvkgt (f.c., majpagfgt ga. 0 og \k`hf ;>)9 ogtfrprftktoag

wohh fjpbksozf magtrkstogc kttroùtfs og tbf rfhfvkgt mksfs. Kcfgfrkh majpagfgt wohh fxboòt tbf euV ck ju t ae haklogcs (f.c.,

majpagfgt ga. ;) eraj vfry bocb tbraucb joxhfrktf kgl gfutrkh

ta jalfrktf kgl haw gfcktovf9 ogtfrprftkto ag wohh `f og tfrjs ae

k cfgfrkh pramfss keefmtogc khh mksfs. Eogkhhy, k spfmoeom majpagfgt

bks kg ug`khkgmfl ar agf-solfl kppfkrkgmf, wotb agf ar jarfvkrok`hfs haklogc bocb, ùt fotbfr aghy gfcktovmhy ar aghy

pasotovfhy (f.c., majp agf gts gas. = kgl < og \k `h f ;>)9 og ots

ogtfrprftktoag tbf passfssoag `y k hojotfl guj`fr ae mksfs ae

sajf kttroùtfs wohh `f magsolfrfl, tbf atbmr agfs ekhhogc autsolf

tbos sft ks "bkvf gats".

\bf pasotoags ae tbf mksfs ag tbf progmopkh majpagfgts krf

mkhmuhktfl eraj tbfor vkhufs ag tbf arocogkh vkrok`hfs, tbraucb

juhtophyogc tbfsf `y tbf sa-mkhhfl ekmtar-smarf mafhhomofgts kgl

sujjogc tbf autmajfs4 khh vkrok`hfs og tbf kgkhysos magtroùtf

ta tbfsf smarfs.

' Og Iup fr ft kh. ;?334 <>3-<>2 Tojj frj kg g kmmaugts ear

crkvfs wotb aghy twa krrawbfkls og tbf Goflfrjfrz kgl Fhshaa

mfjftfrofs ks fogc kmmolfgtkhhy auteottfl tb kt wky. B f prapasfs

k âossag rfcojf ta mavfr tbfsf mksfs. Bawfvfr, og bos tk`hf, tbffxpfmtfl erfqufgmy ae crkvfs wotb agf krrawbfkl (00 aut ae

O ;6) os khjast l au` hï tb f a`sfrvf l rktf (;=). Ks a`voaush y k

guj`fr ae crkvfs bkvf `ffg purpasovfhy suppbfl wotb krraw

bfkls, tbos erfqufgmy lostroùtoag os maugtfr ta fxpfmtktoag4 k

guj`fr ae crkvfs sbauhl bahl kg kmmolfgtkh krrawbfkl (o.f.,

jarf ar ofss og kmmarlkgmf wotb k âossag lostroùtoag), ùt

sajf sbauhl khsa bahl k purpasovf krrawbfkl. Og atbfr warls,

tbf a`sfrvfl erfqufgmy sbauhl `f kt hfkst ks bocb (wbfg

"sa jf" W a ) ar bocbfr tbkg (wbfg "saj f" 7 o) tbf fxpfmtfl

âossag erfqufgmy. Sotb tbos, O kj gat lfgyogc tbkt tbfrf krf

crkvfs wotb aghy kg kmmolfgtkh krrawbfkl (crkvf ga. ;>5 kt

Fhshaa os k mhfkr mksf og paogt ), aghy t bfor og molf gmf sbau hl `f Ofss

tbkg Tojjfrjkgg's majputktoag sbaws.

' O kj gat wohhogc ta mrotomozf tbos cra upo gc og lftk oh, t bau cbsajf rfjkris sbauhl `f jklf. Ear ogstkgmf, O ekoh ta sff wby

crkvf gas. >?0->?< krf gat craupfl wotb tbf gartbfkstfrg

craup, ar wby crkvfs gas. ;;;-;;= rfjkog kpkrt eraj tbf

]autbfrg craup. Jarfavfr, O la gat uglfrstkgl wby crkvfs

>>0->;>, >;5->;2 krf gat mkhhfl k craup. \bfg, gfotbfr

mbragahacomkh bajacfgfoty wotbog gar bftfracfgfoty `ftwffg

tbf craups sffjs ta `f tbf mksf. Ag jy rfhktovf lktogc crkvfskrf4



@ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F 4 K ^ O H A \ ] \ V L _

Og tbf GXU craups 0gl + =r l pbksf (= crkvfs lk tk` hf)

Og tbf G craups 0gl + =rl pbksf (0 crkvfs lktk`hf)

Og obf GF craups 0gl pbksf (= crkvfs lktk`hf)

Og tbf ]F crau ps 0gl + =r l pbksf (0 crkvfs l ktk `hf )

Og tbf ] craups ost + =rl pbksf (< crkvfs lktk `hf)

Fvfg wbfg tbf wkglfrogc mymhf os rflumfl ta jumb hfss tbkg tbf

mustajk ry 06 yfkrs, kgl w bfg tbf pfroal ae usf ae tbf c rkvfykr l

os fxtfglfl ta k passo`hf jkx oju j ae ;6> yfkrs (Ja llf rjk g

;?3> (O)4 0>5-0>3), fvfg tbfg sajf loeefrfgmf sbauhl `f voso`hf

`ftwffg tbf craups magsolfrfl ks wbahfs og tbf rktbfr makrsf

lktogcs fjphayfl bfrf.

" Og k pfrsagkh majjugomktoag, P.P. Gfwfhh (;6>=32) stktfl

tbkh jy prfsfgt kpprakmb lafs gat kmmaugt ear fxmfptoags,

wbomb rfglfrs ot kròtrkry9 ogstfkl, bf prapasfl kg a`dfmtovf

sahutoag wbomb bf bks warifl aut bojsfhe (Gfwfhh kgl Lfiog;?33). O tbogi bos a`dfmtoags krf rocbt wotb rfckrl ta tbf

kròtrkry pkrt ae tbf kgkhysos9 yft sfvfrkh paogts mkg `f `raucbt

earwkrls og lfefgsf ae tbf prfsfgt su`lovosoag4 (o) kgy "a`dfmtovf" kpprakmb mkggat tkif kmmaugt ae tbf gaosf wbomb

lohemrfgtoktfs stktostomkh eraj jfmbkgomkh jalfhs9 kgl (0) tbf

mabfrfgmf kgl tbf magsostfgmy ae tbf rfjkoglfr ae tbos sfmtoag

magsotutf kg ogtfrgkh vkholktoag (k iogl ae "magstrumt vkholk-

toag"4 ]fhhtoz ft kh. ;?554 ;5>) kgl tbfrf krf khsa oglfpfglfgt

mbfmis ae sajf pkrts ae ot og tbf gfxt sfmtoag kgl og tbf gfxt

mbkptfr. \bf strumturf jky `f kròtrkry k proaro, ot os gfmfsskryk pgshfroaro (Hïvo-]trkuss ;?3>4 ;=). Kpkrt eraj tbfsf twa

krcujfgts, O khsa magtfgl obkt tbf fvolfgmf eraj \k`hfs =; kgl

=0 lafs gah rfeutf tbf prapasfl pkhtfrgogc.

' Ot wog `m a`sfrvfl tbkt khh crau ps fxmfpt craup O O og tbfor

turg kssujf tbf hfklogc pasotoag og tbf arlfrogcs, tbus oglo-

mktogc tbfor "saurmf" ar "ojpartfr" jagapaVfs. Covfg tbf sozf

ae craup ;; (lau`hï tbkt ae tbf atbfr sfmtars) tbos jocbt pfrbkps`f mxphkogfl `y ots bocbfr lfjkgl ear wajfg, wbomb mkusfs khh

surphus ta `f maVfmtfl ear tbf fxmbkgcf mormuot (tbus Omkvogc hfss

ta put ogta tbf crkvfs). Og tbos maggfmtoag ot jocbt `f ogtfrfstogc

ta gatf tbkt craup OU, ojjfloktfhy eahhawogc OO (kgl tbus tbf

kppraproktf saurmf ear tbf wajfg ae craup OO), hk`fhfl twomf ks

jkgy tojfs k saurmf craup tbkg tbf atbfr craups krf (craup O4

twa ar tbrff tojfs9 OO 4 gagf9 O OO 4 twa ar tbrff tojfs W OU4 sfvfg

ar eovf tojfs). K rfmkhmuhktoag ae tbf crkvf lfgsotofs wotb craupOO smkhfl lawg ta ksozfmajpkrk`hf wotb tbkt ae tbfatbfrs (o.f.,

rflumogc tbf guj`fr ae crkvfs wotbaut crkvf coets og OO) lol gat

su`stkgtokhhy mbkgcf tbf pomturf ae Eoc. =2.

" \a cft kg ojprfssoag ae "atbfr" passoòbtofs (jfkgogc ta sff

tbf fxtfgt ta wbomb tbf kàvf ogt frprfh ktoag mkg `f tbauc bt ae ks

ugk jò cua us ar ekhsoeok`hf) tbf craup ogc ae tbf crkvfs wks

rkglajozfl4 tbf eogl guj`frs wfrf kttroùtfl ta agf ae eaur

craups `y jfkgs ae k rkglaj tk`hf. \bfg, ear fkmb rkglaj

craup, tbf crkvfs wotb k covfg mktfcary ae coets wfrf maugtfl,

marrfmtfl ear craups sozf, stkglkrlozfl, (ftm, ks og tbf tfxt ear

tbf ekmtukh lostro` utoag I \bf rfsuhts krf prfsmg tfl og tbf tk`h f

`fhaw.

\a ekmohotktf majpkrosag, rkglaj craup K wks put og tbf

hfklogc phkmf kgl tbf sfqufgmf kldustfl marrfspaglogchy. \bosrfsuhtfl og tbf eahhawogc los tro ùto ag ae passoòbtofs (mau gtfr -

mormuots oglomktfl `y olfgtomkh hfttfrs ta tbf hfet). Eraj tbos

lostroùtoag, kppkrfgthy ga prfefrfgtokh mormuot mkg `f lfrovfl

(khtbaucb tbf eorst passoòhoty os tbf jorrar ae tbf hkst, kgl ag tbos

`ksos mauhl `f mkhhfl tbf ekvaurotf agf9 ùt tbfg, ga wajfg gffl

javf khagc tbos mormuot). Ks khh passoòbtofs krf prfsfgt, O wauhl

gat igaw baw ta ogtfrprft tbos tk`hf. ]ojohkrhy, k majpkrosag ae

tbf erfqufgmy praeohfs wotb Eocs. =< ta =3(`) succfsts tbf

eahhawogc mbkrkmtfrozktoags4

+ majphfx4 o mktfcary (rfl ambrf)

< ksyjjftromk h kgl hogfkr4 6 ar 5 mktfcarofs (uglf marktf l

sbfrls, krrawbfkls, klzfs typf OOO, lfmarktfl pats, kgl passo`hy

qufrgs taa)

+ ksyjjftromk h kgl khtfrg ktogc 4 pfrb kps 0 mktfcarofs (klzfs

OU-UO, `hklfs)

o- syjjftromkh4 o ar 0 mktfcarofs (mbkrmakh, passo`hy ug

lfmarktfl pats ks wfhh).

Pkglt)j craup

g ae crkvfs 0< <7 03

\atk h ]fqufg mf ae

fxmbkgcf `ftwffg

rkglaj craups4

Mktfcarofs

uglfmarktfl sbfrls

uglfmarktfl pats

lfmarktfl sbfrls

lfmarktfl pats

krrawbfkls

`hklfs

qufrgs

rfl ambrf

mbkrmakh

klfzfs typf OOO

klfzfs typf OU-Uh

;.5 .5 ;.0 •? 03

< '•=.2

;-= ;=•? o.a ;.2 •< 0 ;

o . o . .2 .5 ;-6 ;3

•3 . 0 0-6 ;-= ;=

•] ••= o . o o . o ;6

.? ;.2 •< • = ;6

.2 ;.6 •5 •3 ;2

•? t . h .2 o . o 03

•3 .5 ;-3 ••= '=;.5 •6 o . o o . o ;6

KML@

L@MK

M@KL

LK@M

MLK@

@LMK

@KML

@KLM

@LKM

MLK@

KLM@

Vglfrhogfl4 fx kfqua



GA\F]

âsso`hf sfqufgmfs A`sfrvfl tojfs

k K@ML

` K@LM

m KM@L

` KML@

m KL@M

k KLM@

K lostroùtoag ae passoòhotofs wbomb os jarf bftfracfgaus tbkg

tbkh ah'Ioc. =2.

O magmhulf tbfrftarf, tbkt tbf oghfrprftktot)g og tbf jkog tfxt

ah' tbf a`sfrvfl crkvf cafls lostroùtoags pravolfs k jarf

bajacfgfaus pomturf tbkg tbos rkglajozml sft. (\bf olfk ear

tbos "mbfmoo" O awf ta K. Tojjfrjkoj ae tbf ]K^.)

• Ear prfsfgt ptorpasfs, òhktfrkh lfsmfgt kgl gfa-hamkhoty krf

hfht aut ae magsolfrktoag ks `fogc jarf majpkto`hf wotb majphfx

fxm`kgcf systfjs9 khsa, Mraw-Ajkbk systfjs krf hfet ksolf ks

tbfsf sffj ta `f taa majphfx ta `f majpkto`hf wotb fofjfgtkrystrumturfs ae fxmbkgcf (Hïvo-]trkuss ;?5?`4 <56) kgl rfquorf

jarf tbkg eaur craups, tbf guj`fr eaugl og tbf Fhshaa

crkvfykrl (Hïvo-]trkuss ;?5?`4 xxxvooo). \bfor ugojkcogk`hf

majphfxoty os gat k rfksag ear gat magsolfrogc tbfj (Hïvo-

]trkuss ;?5?`4 xxxvo-xxxox).

\bfg, taa, O kj kwkrf ae Hfkmb's mrotomosj ae Hïvo-]trkuss's

tbfary ae bkrjagof kgl losbkrjagof strumturfs (Hfkmb ;?3>4

2;)9 O tbogi tbkt bos mrotoquf os uhtojktfhy rflumo`hf ta kg

fpostfjahacomkh authaai (pasotovostom kgl hugmtoagkhostom) loe

efrfgt eraj tbkt ae Hïvo-]trkuss (rktoagkhostom, strumturkhost),

rktbfr tbkg ta ekhsoeyogc fxkjphfs.

'" Fhbgacr kpbomk hhy, tbf uxarohamkh-p ktrohogfkh systfj bks gat

`ffg a`sfrvfl YUax ;?534 ;=39 Jurlami ;?<?4 0;0-0;?).' ' Eraj tbf tk`hf, jkhf crkvfs kjag c tbfjsfhvfs kppf kr ta `f

jarf tbkg twomf tbf lostkgmf J-E" kpkrt (6.50 rs. 0.66 jftrfs,

rfspfmtovfhy), ks la efjkhf crkvfs (6.?3 jftrfs). Khsa, tbf

gfkrfst gfocbàur mafeeomofgts ear bajacfgfaus pkors krf

shocbthy hfss tbkg o.aa (o.f., mhasf ta rkglaj lospfrsoag), kgl .=5

ear bftfracfgaus pkors - wbomb os magsolfrk`hy tawkrls tbf

mhustfrogc fgl ae tbf smkhf. Majpkrf khsa tbf ]tkglkrl lfvok-hoags4 bftfracfgfaus pkors sbaw ekr hfss vkroktoag tbkg baja

cfgfaus agfs.

''W \bfrf krf twa lotbmuhtofs wotb tbos stktfjfgt, agf tfrjoga-

hacomkh kgl agf tfmbgomkh. Pfckrlogc tbf eorst, ot sbauhl `f

strfssfl tbkt Bogifbtfog `kmicraugl stkgls ear khh sygmbragof

muhturfs ta tbf sautb kgl fkst ae tbf Hojùrc ^hktfku, sky, og tbf

ggxofrg rfcoag ae tbf Pbogmhkgl9 ot mfrtkoghy kgl jast fjpbktomkhhylafs KA'\ ojphy tbkt fvfg agf sogchf fhfjfgt (foofgh, krtoekmh, pfrsag,

craup) og tbf Fhshaa crkvfykrl sbauhl `f tbaucbh aD ks eraj tbf vomogoty ae

h)'arj.o. \bkt wauhl `f chkrogc gagsfgsf ag prkmtomkh craugls

(ga Bogifhstfog sftthfjfgt bkvogc `fogc pu`hosbfl ks yft) kgl

ag tbfarftomkh craugls (wotb k gatoag ae muVurkh àrlfrs hoif

tbkt fxpauglfl `y Mhkrif ;?524 0<5-06<, =56-=22 - eahhawogc

Iraf`fr m.s.9 ar Erofl ;?36). \bus, wbfg spfkiogc ae sumb k

"`kmicraugl", ar ae khhusoags ta tbkt craup, ftm, O wkgt ta

magvfy tbf jfkgogc4 "eraj autsolf tbf Lutmb Hojùrc Hafss

rfcoag, kgl jarf spfmoeomkhhy, eraj k sautb/fkst lorfmtoag".

O'bfg, tbf tfmbgomkh loeeomuhty wotb tbos sa-mkhhfl Bogifhstfog`kmicr augl4 tbf mbragahacomkh stktus ae tbkt cr aup bks gat `ffg

fstk`hosbfl `fyagl lau`t. Jallfrjkg (;?3> (O)4 ;?2) ]tktfs

tbkt tbf Lutmb H@I loskppfkrfl wotb tbf `fcoggogcs ae

Bogifhstfog. Labrg-hbjoc (;?35`4 ;;6), ag tbf magtrkry,

pkrkhhfhs Bogifhstfog O ta tbf Lutmb H@I 0m, l9 o.f., tbf pfroal og

wbomb tbf Fhshaa crkvfykrl wks og usf. øk`rofh (;?354 gatf ;<,p. 65) fvfg kssocgs fkrhy Bogifhstfog ta H@I 0k. \bus

Bogifhstfog-bif pbfgajfgk og tbf crkvfykrl jky `f fxphkogfl

og twa wkys4 (o) tbf suprkhamkh gftwari `fmkjf kmtovf aghy og

tbf hktfr pfroal ae tbf crkvfykrl's usf - ks succfstfl og tbf tfxt9

(0) tbf suprkhamkh gftwari wks kmtovf khh tbf tojf ùt aghy

`fmkjf rfmacgozk`hf wotb muhturkh mbkgcf fhsfwbfrf (o.f.,

Pbogfhkgl H@I `fmajogc Bogifhstfog).

''' Gatf tbk t og lkt k ae tbf iogl prfsfghfl bfrf ga lostogmtoagmkg `f jk lf `f twffg k r/õw-hoif kgl k e/õdd-hoif jkr rok cf sys tfj

(Hïvo-]trkuss ;?5?`4 3=). Iffpogc ta tbf vorohamkh/jktrohogfkh

strumturf, tbf pasotovf lftfrjogktoag og k mhkss systfj wauhl

ojphy tbkt tbf jfg og craup R, bkl ta magtrkmt jkrrokcf wotb

waj mg eraj cra up Rd ,. Magvfrsfh y, og k mhkg systfj tbfsf jfg

wauhl bkXm ta jkrry wajfg wba wfrf gat ae tbfor jktrohogf

kgl wba wfrf gat rfkrfl og tbfor (pktro-)craup, k gfcktovf

spfmoeomktoag (Hïvo-]trkuss ;?5?54 05?-03>, gatf).

'W Jallfrjkg fstojktfs tbf papuhktoag ae tbf vohhkcf kt

sajf wbfr f `ftwf fg 6< kgl ;5> ag tbf `ksos ae tbf hovogc spkmf

og tbf buts9 ar 2 6 W 0 6 eraj tbf crkvfykrl (Ja llf rjk g ;?3>

(O)4 0>6-0>3).

_fgcaykg (;?5?4 ;?5-;?3) pravolfs olfkh papuhktoag fsto

jktfs ear mhkss systfjs4sojphf lukh arckgozktoag4 050 pfaphf.

< sfmtoag arckgozktoag4 6=> pfaphf.

2 sfmtoag arckgozktoag4 ;>3> pfaphf.

Oe bos maraàrktovf eoglogcs eraj bugtfr-cktbfrfr sotuktoags og

Kustrkhok mkg `f trkgspasfl ta Fkrhy Gmahotbom craups og

tfjpfrktf EWurapf, tbfg rfspfmtovfhy twa, eaur, ar focbt rohhkcfs

wauhl bkvf `ffg ogvahvfl og rfcuhkr jkrotkh fxmbkgcf, covfg

euV hamkh fxackjy.

Aemaursf, tbos os k mftfros pkroùs rfksagogc, ùt kh kgy rktf tbf

smkhf ae tbf vkroaus typfs ae samokh arckgozktoag os mhfkr.

Jarfavmr, tbf guj`fr ae sftthfogfgts og Lutmb H@I Hojùrc

ammupofl wbfg tbf crkvfykrl kt E7hshaa wks og usf, bks `ffg

kàut tfg ta twfhvf (@kifhs ;?324 6>), wbomb sffjs suh\omofgt

(ùt gat gfmfsskry) ta apfrktf tbfsf majphomktfl systfjs.

' ' Eaur ar eovf jkhfs jky bkvf `ffg k magsolfrk `hf pra parto ag

ae tbf jkhfs khovf kt tbkt tojf . Oe tbf tatkh os put kt =2 jkhf crkvfs

(o.f., oglorfmthy sfxk`hf ogmhulfl), kssujogc tbrff cfgfrktoags

(me p. 2<), tbfg tbfr f wfrf og khh pra `k` hy =2 /= : ;= jkhfs

ddrfsfgt kt la so gc tojf.



CBK^\FP U

K \KHF AE r S A UOHHKCF]4 @KGLI FPKJO I ]ACOKH ]\PV M \VPF

\bos hho'tho kgl oogkh mbkptfr lrkws tacftbfr sajf hogfs ae fvolfgmf ta tfst k guog`mr ae bypatbfsfs ag

@kglifrkjoi samokh strumturf. \bf fvolfgmf (oe agf jky mkhh ot tbkt) os cktbfrfl eraj kg kgkhysos ae

lfmarktfl pattfry eraj twa H@I vohhkcfs4 tbf Lutmb sotf ae Fhshaa, kgl tbf @kvkrokg sotf ae Bofgbfoj. \bf

earjfr bks `ffg fxtfgsovfhy rfpartfl ag og Jallfr jkg ;?3>9 ots crkvfykrl wks stulofl og sajf lftk oh og

tbf prfvoaus mbkp tfr9 Bofgbfo j, bawfvfr, bks aghy `ffg pkrtokh hy lfsmro`fl kgl yft tbf prfsfgt vahujf

wks arocogkhhy magmfovfl ae ks k jagacrkpb ag tbf Gfahotbom pattfry eraj tbkt sotf.

\bf bypatbfsfs ta `f tfstfl kckogst tbfsf lktk lfrovf eraj twa saurmfs4

;. \bfrf os k pohf ae progt lfkhogc wotb tbf H@I, sajf ae wbomb os khsa magmfrgfl wotb ots samokh kspfmt9

eraj ot, olfks mkg `f mahhfmtfl wbomb bkvf `ffg ar krf stohh ta `f tfstfl og agf earj ar kgatbfr.

0. \bf stuly ae tbf Fhshaa mmjfhmry rfpartfl ag og Mbkptfr OU bks `ffg wrottfg fspfmokhhy og vofw ae

cfgfrktogc bypatbfsfs ag H@I samokh strumturf.

Eraj tbos, tbf magtfgts ae tbos mbkptfr mkg `f strumturfl og tbf eahhawogc wky. Og k sbart ogtralumtoag

(eorst sfmtoag) O wohh socgkh sajf rfmfgt wari ag gag-@kglifrkogoi, prfbostarof, Gfahotbom samokh strumturf,

dust ta pravolf k `km icraugl. Og tbf sfmagl sfmtoag O wohh lfkh wotb sajm atbmr stulofs fxph omo thy losmussogc

@kglifrkjoi samokh strum turf9 O wohh khsa `rofehy sujjkr ozf tbf "eoglogcs" ae tbf prfvoaus mbkptf r -

tacftbfr, tbfsf krf tbf bypatbfsfs ta `f tfstfl. \bf tborl sfmtoag os k vfry haasfhy strumturfl agf ag

jftbal4 sfvfrkh paogts krf `fttfr prfsfgtfl sfpkrktf eraj tbf fvolfgmf. \bfy krf jkoghy magmfrgfl wotbprmhojogkry magtfjphktoags ae tbf majputfr autput ta `f ogspfmtfl og tbf su`sfqufgt sfmtoags, fspfmokhhy

tbf wfocbt tbk t sbauhl `f kmmarlfl ta tbf progm opkh majpagfgts kgkhysfs. Khsa, tbf su`lovosoag ogta pbksfs

ae tbfsf thh fjmgt l ktk wohh bf `rofehy trfk tfl tbf rf. \b fg fx t twa sfmtoags magtko g tbf mageragtktoag aelk tk

kgl bypatbfsfs4 Fhshaa kgl Bofgbfoj krf lfkht wotb sfpkrktfhy, kgl og tbkt arlfr. Og `atb sfmtoags O wohh

stkrt wolo k sbart sujjkry ae wbkt bks `ffg pu`hosbfl ag tbf sotf9 tbmg tbf stktostomkh kgkhysfs wohh

`f prfsfgtfl, eahoawfl `y k rfehfmtoag ag tbf sfmagl sfmtoag's magtfgts. \bf soxtb kgl eágkh sfmtoag

majprosfs k hostogc ae wbkt bks `ffg tfstfl kgl wbkt bks gat, phus k guj`fr ae ugmhfkrfl pra`hfjs9 ks sumb

ot sbauhl sfrvf ks k sujjkry ae tbos mbkptfr.

O. Ogtralumtoag stulofs eorst, kgl tbfg sajf ag tbf jarf hojotfl

eofhl ae Gfahotbom krmbkfahacy, atbmr tbkoo @kgl-

Oe tbf prfvoaus mbkptfr bks ojphomot hy covfg kg ifrkjoi. \bos os gat kgl mkggat h)f k sygapsos9 ot os

ojprfssoag ae `fogc tbf eorst agf ae ots iogl, tbos os rkt bfr ogtfglfl ta covf kg ojprfssoag ae tbf stktf ae

pktfgthy wragc. O wauhl hoif ta marrfmt tbkt pom turf tbf krt ogsaekr ks ot os rfhfvkgt ear tbf prfsfgt stuly -

`y tbf prfsfgtkt oag ae kg krr ky ae fxkjphfs lorfmthy tbfrfearf, ot wohh `f bocbhy sfhfmtovf . \baucb jast

magmfrgfl wotb tbf fstk`hosbjfgt ae prfbos tarof Gfahotbom stulofs taumb upag `atb kspfmts, ear fksf

samokh s trumtu rfs .' O wohh prfsfgt k efw cfgfrkh ae prfsfgtk toag tbfy bkvf `ffg craupfl uglfr twa



O G r P a L OO M \O a G ;0;

bfklogcs4 thoasf lfkøgc wotb samokh strumturf ag k

rfcoagkh (ogtfrsotf) smkhf, kgl tbasf magmfrgfl wotb

ogtrk-sftthfjfgt pkttfrgs.

Hft us eorst magsolfr tbf cfgfrkh, Obfarftomkhwrotogcs ag prfbostarof samokh strumturf. Og tbf prf-

voaus mbkptfr, @ogearl's ;?30 krtomhf ag jarturky

prkmtomfs wks usfl wbfg kgkhyzogc sajf kspfmts ae

tbf Fhshøa crkvfykrl . h'bf krtomhf otsfhe os "paso toa-

gkhhy" òksfl (og tbf jfkgogc ae tbkt warl

fjphayfl og Mbkptfr OU), khtbaucb ot sffis ta tfst

tbf prapaskhs ae tbf jarf strumturkhhy joglfl Ukg

(omggfp ag ùrokh mustajs (Ukg Cfggfp ;?339

aroc. ;?>?). Fxphomothy tbfarftomkh, @ogearl lfkhs

wotb ùrokhs ks k lostogmt mhkss ae vkrok`hf pbf-

gajfgk, àtb wotbog kgl `ftwffg samoftofs. Bos

lktk `ksos os k skjphf ae ftbgacrkpbom lfsmroptoags

ae tbf jartukry prkmtomfs og earty prf-stktf samoftfs,

rkgcogc og majphfxoty eraj tbf `kgl samofty ae tbf

@oosbjkg Iku ta tbf eflfrktoag ae Ksbkgto9 tbf

skjphf wks lrkwg eraj tbf Bujkg Pfhktoags

Krfk Eohfs (wbomb krf eohfs ae stkglkrlo/.fl ftbga-

crkpbofs 9 me Jaarf ;?3=9 Hf`kr ;?3=). O bf jkdar

magmhusoag os4 vkrokòhoty og ùrokh mustajs og k

samofty rfehfmts tbf majphfxoty ae tbf stktus gftwari

ae tbkt samofty jarf tbkg pkttfrgs ae olfktoagkhoggavktoag ar majjugomktoag `ftwffg samoftofs

(@ogearl ;?304 0=2). Ear tbf prfsfgt stuly , tbf

cfgfrkhozktoag os ogtfrfstogc tbkt samokh pasotoag

(`fogc fqukh ta rkgi, kmmarlogc ta @ogearl), sfx,

kgl "su`craup keohhoktoag" (hogfkcf khocgjfgt ar

"loeefrfgtoktoag" og tbf prfvoaus mbkptfr) krf jast

majjaghy fxprfssfl og tbf jartukry prkmtomfs ae

projotovf kcromuhturkhosts . \bf krtomhf os ae k cfgfrkh

gkturf9 ear spfmoeom ogstkgmfs, eurtbfr fhkàrktoag os

ae maursf gfmfsskry. \bfrf os aghy agf mrotomosjwartb gatogc4 tbf fquktoag ae wfkhtb kgl rkgi, ot

bks `ffg shktfl fkrhofr, os quotf ftbgamfgtrom9

fspfmokhhy og sojphf samoftofs, tbfrf krf vfry efw

tbogcs ta `f lfsorfl kpkrt eraj ogAufgmf kgl

fstffj. Magsfqufgthy, tbfsf sbauhl `f tbf mrotfrok

ae rkgi.

@fmkusf bf os jumb jarf strumturkh og bos

fjpbksos ag samokh pkttfrgs, Mhkrif (;?524 0=6-

0<<) sbauhl `f jfgtoagfl. Ear boj, thom samokh

pkttfrg `fbogl kg krmbkfahacomkh muhturf magsosts

ae k systfj ae ogtfrkmtogc su`systfjs ar su`muh

turfs. Eovf `rakl vkroftofs sbauhl rfcostfr og tbfkrmbkfahacomkh rfmarl4 ftbgom, rfcoagkh, ammupk-

toagkh, samokh ("tbf vkroaus sfmtoags ae pkrtomuhkr

samokh bofrkrmbofs") kgl sfxukh su`muhturfs. Kt tbos

spfmoeom hamus, Mhkrif lafs gat magsolfr tbf passo`hf

vosoòhoty ae fotbfr ekjohostom ar salkhoty (]frvomf

;?3;4 ;>0) su`muhturfs - tbaucb kt atbfr phkmfs

Jurlami's iogsbop stulofs (Jurlami ;?<?) krf

erfqufgthy motfl og kg kppravogc wky (f.c. Mhkrif

;?524 ;>?)9 khsa, cfgfrkh (f.c., p. ;>6) kgl spfmoeom

(f.c., p. 5>6) rfefrfgmfs ta iogsbop stulofs kàugl.

@ut mfrtkoghy kg krmbkfahacost wrotogc ag iogsbop og

tbf 'soxtofs wauhl bkvf rosifl `fogc hkucbfl kt `y

tbf fgtorf "erktfrgoty" fvfg jarf tbkg talky. Ear

khh ots lygkjom qukhotofs, tbf gkturf ae tbf rfhktoags

("effl`kmi haaps") og tbos muhturf jalfh sffjs ta

`f sa sfhe-fvolfgt ks ta gffl ga eurtbfr lo.smussoag9

sojohkrhy, baw ta a`sfrvf tbfj bks gfvfr `ffg

stktfl og tbf hot frk turf ùt tbfg, krf khh tbfsf

rfhktoags aghy og tbf jogl ae tbf a`sfrvfr1

\wa eurtbfr ogstkgmfs ae cfgfrkh tbfarftomkh

wrotogc ag prfbostarof samokh strumturf krf Lkvol;?3; (strfssogc tbf stktus gftwari kspfmt, hfkgogc

bfkvohy ag @ogearl ;?52), kgl Sohh okjs ;?52 (wotb

k strumturkh òks)9 àtb krf krmbkfahacomkh stulofs

ae ftbgacrkpbom sotuktoags wotbog sogchf sotfs.

Oe tbf kjaugt ae cfgfrkh losmussoags ag prf

bostarof samokh arckgozktoag os sjkhh (kgl kckog O

fjpbksozf tbkt tbf stulofs dust jfgtoagfl k rf ùt k

jogar kgl ugrfprfsfgtktovf sfhfmtoag), jumb jarf

os ta `f eaugl lfkhogc wotb spfmoeom Fkrhy Gfahotbom

stktus gftwaris ar samokh pkttfrgs. K su`dfmt O wohhaghy taumb upag wbfg lfkhogc wotb tbf H@I os tbf

ogtfrsotf kspfmt aD samokh strumturf. \ruf , k suprkhamkh

jalf ae pralumtoag bks `ffg prfsfgtfl (kgl wohh

turg up kckog `fhaw), ùt tbos os gat tbf hkst warl ae

k systfjktom pkg-sotf majpkrktovf kgkhysos. K eogf

fxkjphf ae sumb k stuly ag ogtfrsotf smkhf os ta `f

bkl og tbf krtomhf `y Ehkggfry kgl Maf (;?52) ag

tbf Jfsakjfromkg Fkrhy Gfahotbom (ar "Earjk-



;00 K \ K H F A E \ S A U O H H K C F ] 4 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F

tovf" ks ot os mkhhfl tbfrfd. @ksfl ag eofhlwari

(jkoghy survfys) og tbf krfk, ]kbhog' s ekjaus ;?62

krtomhf, kgl upag fmahacomkh prfjosfs, twa jalfhs

krf lfvfhapfl ae Gfahotbom samofty og ots ogtfrsotfrfhktoags4 kg fckhotkrokg kgl sfcjfgtfl jalfh

("rkgifl" og tbf tfrjs fjphayfl og Mb. OU) os

Z)asotfl kckogst k bofrkrmbomkh kgl sfcjfgtfl

jalfh ("strktoeofl"), ks tbfsf twa typfs wauhl `f

rfehfmtfl og tbf hamktoagkh lostroùtoag ae vohhkcfs.

Og fmahacomkhhy sojohkr hamktoags, og fmahacomkhhy

zagfl krfks, loeefrfgt fxphaotktovf strktfcofs (cfgf-

rkhozfl vs. spfmokhozfl) wauhl rfsuht og mhfkrhy

loeofrfgt sftthfjfgt pkttfrgs. Ks k marahhkry, fx-

mbkgcf ae pralumts cfgfrkhfs kg fckøtk rokg (wotb

ùt mfrfjagokh caals fxmbkgcfl) ar k bofrkrmbomkhsamokh pkttfrg (wotb trklf ae tbf vkroaus pralumts ae

tbf loeefrfgt fmazagfs vok k mfgtrkh "jkrift"

phkmf ). Ear ]frv omf, tbos os khsa fssfutokhhy tbf jata r

ae lfvfhapjfgt kt tbos stkcf ae muhturkh fvahutoag

(]frvomf ;?369 me, bawfvfr, Fkrof ;?33). Covfg

tbf kutbar's kojs, tbf twa jalfhs la pravolf og-

socbt ogta tbf jfmbkgosjs `fbogl tbf loeofrfgt

pkttfrks ae sotfs og tbf twa krfks. \bf succfstoag ae

fmahacomkh (los)sojohkroty ks k syjptaj ae craup

bofrkrmby os ae magsolfrk`hf ogtfrfst ear prfsfgtpurpasfs (tbaucb mfrtkoghy gat gfw9 me Bkccft t

;?564 Mb. 6). Khsa, tbf warlogc og tfrjs ae

lohefrmgtoktoag ae iog socjfgts og tbf rkgiogc mksf,

kgl ae bofrkrmbomkh iogsbop sfcjfgts og tbf strkto

eofl mksf, os og otsfhe k vkhuk`hf spfmoeomktoag ae tbf

rfhktoagkh/strumturkh pkrklocj. Agf euglkjfgtkh

mrotomosj os tbkt tbf pktrohogfkh avfrtagfs ae tbf

jalfhs (gat lftkohfl kàvf) krf supfrehuaus4 jk-

trohogy mkg khsa `f jklf ta majphy wotb tbf

strktoeyogc progmophf. Atbfr rakls tawkrls k strkto

eofl samofty krf magmfovk`hf ks wmV (f.c. Erofljkg

;?369 Hïvo-]trkuss ;?5?4 0<>). Sbkhhag (;?52)

lfkhs wotb vkrokòhoty og lftkohs ae pattfry lfsocg

`ftwffg (kgl khsa wotbog) sotfs, ks k ckucf ae

jktrohamkh tfglfgmofs og kg krfk, mbkgcogc avfr

hojm. Bos olfks krf eurtbfr lfvfhapfl og Fgcfh-

`rfmbt (;?3<).

Attawky kgl ]trkbj (;?3<), wbohf aghy a`ho-

qufhy lfkhogc wotb samokh arckgozktoag ks k wbahf

og k ekorhy sapbostomktfl krtomhf, haai ogta sajf

Gfahotbom fxmbkgcf jfmbkgosjs wotbog kgl `f

twffg sotfs, rfefrrogc ta kgtbrapahacomkh tbfarofsag fmagajoms. ^bohops (;?30) khsa `fhagcs og tbos

magtfxt4 eraj tbf cfgfrkh sozf ae sotfs sbf magmhulfs

tbkt tbf Fkrhy Gfahotbom Erfgmb samokh earjktoag

bks `ffg ae k prf-tro`kh mbkrkmtfr9 tro`fs wauhl

bkvf prfsujk`hy hovfl og hkrcfr ugots. Jarf

"pasotoagkh" (ks lfeogfl og Mb. OU) os Bahf (;?52).

Sariogc wotb ftbgacrkpbom pkrkhhfhs, bf ogtfr-

prfts tbf k`sfgmf ae wfkhtb, vohhkcf rfjkogs kgl

lostroùtoags ks vfstocfs ae kg fckhotkrokg samofty

wotbaut rflostroùtovf systfjs, prkmtomogc trkgs-

bujkgmf-pk starkhosj. Jkg y jarf stulofs mauhl `fjfgtoagfl9 ogtfrsotf kgkhysos sffjs ta `f fg vacuf

tbfsf lkys. Kjagc tbf jarf rfmfgt wrotogcs, tbf

Crkbkjf Mhkri Efshsmbroet (]ofvfiogc ft kh. ;?35)

kgl tbf kmts ae tbf Magefrfgmf ag ^rfbostarof

Fxmbkgcf (Fkrhf kgl Fromsag ;?33) sbaoll `f

pkrtomuhkrhy fjpbksozfl. Pfckrlogc ogVksotf kgk

hysos ae samokh arckgozktoag, pfrbkps tbf `fst igawg

jalfrg rfsfkrmb og Gfahotbom magtfxts os tbkt ae

Hagckmrf (Hagckmrf ;?529 kgl vkroaus atbfr

pu`homktoags). Fxphomothy kgmbarfl og tbf Sbotf-@ogh`rl (ar, jktfrokhost kgl fvahutoagost) pkrklocj,

bos ogvfstocktoags wfrf lorfmtfl kt k mhkrohomktoag ae

tbf samokh pkttfrg ae kg fxtogmt ûf`ha majjugoty9

tbos wks k prfhojogkry ear fxphkogogc klkptovf

mbkgcfs eahhawogc fgvoragjfgtkh lftfroarktoag.

\bf hkttfr kspfmt gffl gat lftkog us bfrf9 rktbfr

tbf wky og wbomb tbf samokh arckgozktoag wks

kpprakmbfl os ae usf. Og vofw ae ftbgacrkpbomkh

rfsfkrmb kjagc prfsfgt lky lfsmfglkgts ae tbf

ûf`ha pfaphf, k jktrohogfkh arckgozktoag wks

bypatbfsozfl ear tbf tkrcft samofty sajf 36> ta

;>>> yfkrs `kmi og tojf. Kssujogc efjkhf pattfrs,

j1oovXhamkhoty (gat jktrohogy) sbauhl `f krmbkfa-

hacomkhhy voso`hf og k hamkhozfl prfefrfgmf ear lftkohs

ae mfrkjom lfsocg. ]tktostomkh (juhtophf rfcrfssoag)

kgkhysos ae fkrtbfgwkrf lfmarktoag fxmkvktfl kt

@raifg I ûf`ha yofhlfl rfsuhts ogtfrprftk`hf tbos

wky, wbomb og ots turg wauhl succfst jktrohogfkh



OG\PALVM\OAG ;0=

lfsmfgt craups. K vfry majpkrk`hf pkttfrg wks

eaugl kjagc tbf ùrokhs4 ear fvfry jktro-craup og

tbf ûf`ha k jktmbogc margfr ae tbf crkvfykrl

mauhl `f pogpaogtfl. Hoifwosf, ag tbf `ksos aekssamoktfl krtoekmts, jalfrg jkhf rfhocofus salkho-

tofs mauhl `f trkmfl og tbf prfbostarof rfjkogs.

Hagckmrf sffjs ta bkvf `ffg bfkvohy mrotomozfl

ear gat bkvogc magsolfrfl khtfrgktovf passoòhotofs

(rfefr ta LfCkrja ;?33)9 og jy apogoag tbos

ajossoag mkg `f `fttfr lfefglfl (ks bf wks

lflumtovfhy tfstogc) tbkg bos bfsotktogc ogefrfgmf ae

jktrohogy (p. ;>>)4 covfg k jktrohamkh pfrjkgfgmy

avfr øjm hoif tbkh eaugl og tbf Vgotfl ]tktfs'

]autbwfst, jktrohogfkh «rckgozktoag os ogfvotk`hd

àugl ta eahhaw (Jurlami ;?<?4 00;-000, =039

k`strkmtfl og Mhkrif ;?524 ;>29 khsa, Eax ;?534

;0;). Sarsf fvfg os Hagckmrf's gat bkvogc cagf

ogta tbf rfhktoags tbkt fxostfl `ftwffg tbf jktro-

craups. Ear wotb sumb k bfkvy jktro-ojprogt, tbfrf

sbauhl khsa `f k pkt ro- majp agfgt (Lf Dassfhog lf

Da gc ;?369 ;39 ;?334 ?=) 9 ar, oe tbos kspfmt wfrf gat

krmbkfahacomkhhy trkmfk`hf, sajf atbfr ogtfcrktogc

jfmbkgosj sbauhl bkvf `ffg haaifl ear (sumb ks

tbf rfhocofus salkhotofs kmtukhhy eaugl `y Hagc

kmrf), maugtfr`khkgmogc tbf mfgtroeuckh earmfs aetbf "`kc ae patktafs" ae oglfpfglfgt jktro-

craups.

Sotbog tbf skjf rfsfkrmb trklotoag, LfCkrja

(;?33) trofs ta marrfmt sajf ae tbf wfkigfssfs og

Hagckmrf's kgkhysfs. Bf stkrts `y gatogc tbkt og

su`sfqufgt rfsfkrmb twa jkhf-kssamoktfl taao iots

wfrf eaugl wotb jutukhhy fxmhusovf lostroùtoags

kt @raifg I, kmrass tbf àuglkrofs ae tbf jktro

hamkh ugots. \baucb LfCkrja lafs gat sky sa, bf

sffjs ta tbogi tbkt tbos fvolfgmf rugs maugtfr taHagckmrf's9 ae maursf, uglfr k uxarohamkh rfcojf

jkhfs krf gfmfsskrohy lospfrsfl4 kt jkrrokcf k jkg

wohh javf aut ae bos jatbfr's kgl sostfr's bausf.

Sotbaut rfkhozogc ot, LfCkrja tkifs ga rosis og bos

kgkhysos ae tbf ]otf a o ûf`ha. Ks bf fjphays k

wolfr gatoag ae fxmbkgcf tbkg agf kssamoktfl aghy

wotb `krckog-bugtogc kgl rftkoh trklf maugtfrs, bf

os k rkrf fxmfptoag (tacftbfr wotb Attkwky kgl

]tr kbj , quatfl kàvf9 me ]kbh ogs ;?354 ?6) -

wotbaut rfkpogc euhh praeot eraj ot, bawfvfr. Bf

usfs tbf gatoag ae rfmopramoty wbfg bf wkgts ta

fxphkog pralumtovf spfmokhozktoag ag tbf agf bkglkgl cfgfrkhozfl magsujptoag ag tbf atbfr `y tbf

twa rfsolfgtokh craups kt ]otf >; (tbf craups wfrf

fstk`hosbfl eraj kg kgkhysos ae krmbotfmturkh lftkohs

kgl ae tbf lostroùtoag ae krtoekmts). @y gat mag-

solfrogc tbf "gkturf" ae fxmbkgcf kgl rfmopramoty

eurtbfr pracrfss ogta ]otf a o's samokh arckgozktoag

os `hamifl4 "/ la gat igaov ae kgy krmbkfahacomkh lktk

wotb wbomb ta lfjagstrktf wbftbfr iogsbop rfhktoags wfrf

prfsfgt kt ]otf >;, ar, oe prfsfgt, wbkt tbfy jocbt bkvf

`ffg" (p. ;50). Ae maursf, tbf kppk rfg t rfmopramoty

og ekmt ojphofs kg khhokgmf ae tbf craups, kgl tbus

iogsbop (me. earogstkgmf. Lkhtag ;?33). Kgl eurtbfr

ogvfstocktoag ogta tbf fxmbkgcf jfmbkgosjs (gat

dust tbasf ae tbf qufr gs kgl ae tbf kr ra wb fkls

wbomb wfrf kt tbf raat ae bos systfj ae twa

fxmbkgcogc craups) jocbt fvfg bkvf rfsuhtfl og k

lfeogotoag ae tbf craups' majpasotoag.

Kgatbfr stuly ae samokh arckgozktoag wotb strum-

turkh tfglfgmofs mkg `f eaugl og Pfgerfw (;?36)-

^rojkrohy `ksfl ag ]kbhogs' krtomhf ag Keromkg

kcromuhturkhost fxpkgsoag (]kbhogs ;?5;), âhy-gfsokg pkrkhhfhs, kgl eofhlwari ag tbf Arigfy

Oshkgls aee ]mathkgl, k jalfh ae sfcjfgtkry,

fckhotkrokg samofty os lfvfhapfl ta kmmaugt ear tbf

wolf lostroùtoag ae jfckhotbom jagujfgts og

Furapf. Kssujogc lfjacrkpbom crawtb, k marah-

hkry ae gfahotbozktoag, sfcjfgtktoag wauhl `f tbf

jfmbkgosj ta jkogtkog hamkh craup sozf `fhaw

hojots ("sfcjfgtktoag" jfkgogc sphottogc kgl su`

sfqufgt jutukh rfpuhsoag ae craups). Ks saag ks

tbf Kthkgtom sfkàkrl boglfrfl eurtbfr fxpkgsoag,tfgsoags wauhl rosf, mkusogc craups ta strfss tbfor

tfrrotarokh rocbts - mhfkrhy kg ogstkgmf ae wbkt

Mkrgfora fkrhofr bkl hk`fhhfl "fgvoragjfgtkh mor-

mujsmroptoag" (Mkrgfora ;?3>9 khsa ;?3<). \bfsf

tfrrotarokh rocbts jocbt tbfg `f socgoeofl `y tbf

frfmtoag ae sajftbogc magspomuaus ks k eamus ae

craup magsmoausgfss4 tbf jfckhotbom jagujfgt ks

k cfgfrkh mfrfjagokh phkycrau gl. Ks sfcjfgtktoag



;0< K \ K O .F A E \ S A U O H H K C F ] 4 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F

os k gfkrhy ugovfrskh efkturf ae bujkg samokh

arckg ozktoag (]kbhogs ;?5;4 ?>), Pfgerfw's jalfh

ooks tbf klvkgtkcf ae lrkwogc kthfgtoag ta tbkt

phomgagofgag.Bawfvmr, jkgy jfckhotbs (fspfmokhhy tbasf ae

tbf taj` vkroty) krf gat magspomuaus kt khh wotb

tbfor ma``hfstagf ar sal-bohh mkjauehkcf, gar krf

tbfor pasotoags og tbf hkglsmkpf vfry fyf-mktmbogc.

\bfrfearf, Pfgerfw sbauhl bkvf cagf agf stfp

eughur4 ag obf vfry skjf pkcf ]kbhogs khsa

ogfgtoags "majphfjfgtkry appasotoag" ks k gfkrhy

ugovfrskh strumturf4 rfhktfl, cfgfahacomkhhy fquo

vkhfgt ugots wohh tfgl ta stkgl tacftbfr og jkgy

khekors (me f.c., tbf twog strumturf kt ]otf >;, kgl

pfrbkps kt @raifg I, taa). Oe rfhktoags wotb tbf

ketfrwarhl mkg `f magsolfrfl kg ojpartkgt keekor,

agf jocbt fxpfmt magmfrtfl kmtoag (Ukg Cfggfp

;?334 ;<2, ;56) - wbomb wauhl mxphkog tbf

erfqufgt twog krrkgcfjfgt ae jfckhotbom jagu-

goagts (ùt tbfsf krf gat jy magmfrg). Sbkt

rfjkogs ae ogtfrfst os tbkt eraj k pkttfrgogc ae

majpkrk`hf jagujfgts magmhusoags mkg `f lrkwg

rfckrlogc rfhktoags `ftwffg craups. @y Pfgerfw

tbfsf krf magmfovfl ah ks `ftwffg sotfs9 og tbf

prfsfgt mrotoqum tbfy krf tugfl lawg ta k jarflajfstom smkhf.

K tborl fxkjphf ae k stuly ae prfbostarof samokh

arckgozktoag, agf khrfkly khhulfl ta, os Pkglsàrc

;?3<9 bos su`dfmt os gat stromthy rfhfvkgt bfrf, ks ot

os lorfmtfl kt mbofelajs og tbf Fkrhy @ragzf Kcf,

ùt bos sapbostomktfl kpprakmb jfrots kttfgtoag.

Pkglsàrc waris wotb twa passo`hy bftfracfgfaus,

fvfg losdugmtovf gatoags ae samokh arckgozktoag.

Sotbog tbf mbofelajs kg kttfjpt os jklf ta lfeogf

tbf gftwari ae stktusfs, kgl `ftwffg tbf mbofelajs, tbf rfhktoags krf tbaucbt ae ks `ftwffg

craups (tbfy krf lfsmro`fl og tfrjs ae lajogkgmf,

f t m ) . Ks paogtfl aut og tbf prfvoaus mbkptfr, tbf

hkttfr os gat gfmfsskrohy appasfl ta tbf stktus

gftwari magmfpt9 jarfavfr, Pkglsàrc lafs gat

rfgokog maghmgh wohho hhom stromthy pasotoagkh pkrk-

locj, ear bf khst) sffis ta aZ)))()sf craups (ks sujs ae

hoif stktusfs) wotbog tbf mbofelajs. ]pfmoeomkhhy,

wotb tbf `kmicraugl ae ]frvomf ;?3;, Pkglsàrc

spfmuhktfs kàut tbf cfacrkpbomkh lostroùtoag ae

ùrokh jaugls ks lfjagstrktovf ae rfcoagkh pkt

tfrgogc, kgl kàut tbf loeofrfgtokhs og crkvf coetsog tbfj ks mhufs ta stktus loeefrfgmf. Jy eorst

a`dfmtoag bks khrfkly `ffg vaomfl (Mb. OOO,]fmtoag

=)4 wbfg Pkglsàrc kssujfs wfocbt ae (`ragzf

kgl cahlfg) a`dfmts og tbf crkvfs ta `f k eugmtoag ae

tbfor promf (kgl tbus ae tbf jktfrokh wfhh-`fogc ae

tbf lfmfksfl), bf khsa tkifs "wfkhtb" ta `f tbf

progmophf kmmarlogc ta wbomb tbf mbofelaj's bofr-

krmby wks rfwkrlfl, quotf kg ftbgamfgtrom vofw

(Lujagt ;?3>4 6<-669 ;><-;>6). Jy sfmagl mroto-

mosj - fvfg jarf hkpolkry tbkg tbf eorst agf - os bos

gat bkvogc magsolfrfl @ogearls's ;?30 krtomhf ag

jartukry prkmtomfs eraj wbomb pfrbkps atbfr mro

tfrok ear craupogc wotbog tbf mbofelaj mauhl bkvf

`ffg lfrovfl. Bawfvfr, `fmkusf bos ogtfrsh wks

mfgtfrfl ag strktoe omktoag (ks sffg og tbf fssky's

tothf), Pkglsàrc mkggah `f rfprakmbfl ear gat

bkvogc cagf eurtbfr ogta samokh looefrfgtoktoag.

Gmvfrtbfhfss, Pkgls`frc's krtomhf prfsfgts k rf-

eogfl rfwariogc ae tbf ogotokh pasotoagkh kpprakmb

tawkrls k jarf `khkgmfl autmajf.

Kjagc tbf jarf rfmfgt wrotogcs ag Gfahotbomsamokh strumturf ks a`sfrvk`hf og crkvfykrls, tbf

krtomhfs `y ]bfggkg (;?36) kgl `y \kogtfr (;?36)

sbauhl stohh `f jfgtoagfl9 àtb wari eraj paso

toagkh prfjosfs.

Sotb tbos raucb siftmb ae krmbkfahacosts'

wrotogcs ag prfbostarof Gfahotbom samokh arckgo

zktoag og cfgfrkh, tbf stkcf os sft ear k haai ogta

wbkt os igawg kàut tbf samokh earjktoag ae tbf

@kglifrkjoi.

0. Olfks kàut @kglifrkjoi samokh strumturf

Og magtrkst ta rfsfkrmb trklotoags sumb ks tbasf har

tbf sautbwfstfrg Vgotfl ]tktfs' @ksiftjkifr-

ûf`ha muhturfs (og tbf magtfxt ae wbomb LfCkrja

kgl Hagckmrf bkvf `ffg quatfl9 ^hac bks khsa `ffg

'quatfl og Mb. ;;;, p. 63 kgl fspfmokhhy gatf 6 ta



O L F K ] K @ A V \ @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F ;06

thokt mbkptfr) ar tbf Gfw _ari ]tktf Oraquaos

(wbfrf Fgcfh`rfmbt kgl Sbkhhag bkvf `ffg motfl

kgl tbf wrotogcs ae jkgy atbfrs ajottml4 f.c., \umi

ocyo) tbf wrotogcs ag @kglifrkjoisamokhstrumturf

krf jarf lospkrktf. ^frbkps tbos os luf ta tbf

magtoguoty ae tbf su`dfmt muhturfs og tbf Vgotfl

]okhms up ta tbf prfsfgt lky, wbfrfks ear tbf

@kglifrkjoi ga sumb provohfcfl stktus mkg `f

mhkojfl4 taa jkgy fvfgts bkvf kmmujuhktfl `f-

twffg tbfg kgl gaw, kgl atbfr strumturfs bkvf

tkifg prfmflfgmf. @f tbos ks ot jky, wrotogcs kàut

tbos pkrtomuhkr samokh earjktoag mkg `f craupfl og

tbrff mktfcarofs. \bf eorst agf, pfrbkps trkmfk`hf ta

M'bohlf, sffjs ta `f jkoghy magmfrgfl wotb ogtfrsotf

pkttmrgs otooaucb tbf sotuktoag wotbog tbf sotfs ossajmtojfs khsa fxkjogfl)9 tbos craup magsosts ae

pfaphf wotoo ga lorfmt kmqkogtkgmf wotb tbf @kgl-

ifrkjoi tbraucb awg fxmkvktoags, ùt wba usf

tbfsf lktk ks kg "ohhustrktoag" ae tbfor jalfhs kgl

atbfr tbfarftomkh magstrumts. \bf sfmagl craup

magsosts ae stulofs tbk t krf Jkr x-ogsporfl, Jkrxost

og magtfgt, lfkhogc wotb tbf rfhktoags ae pralum

toag9 k huoj`fr ae tbf kutbars og tbos craup bks

warifl lorfmthy wotb @kglimrkjoi jktfrokhs9 tbfor

arofgtkto ag os lmfphy ogh hufgmfl `y tbf bostaromkhgokhmr okhosh pkrklocj. \ooa oborl mktfcary mag.sosts

ae losmaggfmtfl stulofs jkoghy magmfrgfl wotb

lktk lfsmroptoag ar fxmkvktoag rfparts, eraj wbomb

mkrfeuhhy-pbrksfl fxmursoags ogta tbfary krf jklf.

Ks O phkmf tbf prfsfgt stuly og tbf tborl mktfcary, O

wohh losmuss ot hkst.

Og tbf eorst craup - bfrf rfprfsfgtfl `y Mhkri

kgl ôccatt (;?3>)9 Mhkrif (;?30`) kgl ]bfrrkt

(;?30) -~ Mhkri kgl ôccatt aeefr k sygtbfsos ae

warhl prfbostary, wotb kg fjpbksos ag tbf samokh

kspfmt. \a tbkt fgl, ear tbf H@I tbfy kmmfgtuktf

tbf wotbog-vohhkcf kspfmt ae samokh strumturf. Og k

cfgfrkh wky bausf typfs (fspfmokhhy sozf) krf

kssujfl ta rfehfmt ekjohy typfs4 tbf hkrcfr tbf

bausms, tbf jarf majphomktfl tbf ekjohofs tbkt agmf

ogbkòtfl tbfj. \bus, H@I buts bkvf bausfl

"samokh ugots majprosfl wohbog fxtfglfl ekjohofs"

(;?3>4 0<>). Ot osojphomot og tbfor wrotogc tbkt tbfsf

fxtfglfl ekjohofs wfrf ag fqukh eàtogc9 ot os fvfg

jarf ojphomot tbkt tbf sftthfjfgts wfrf jutukhhy

oglfpfglfgt. \a majphftf tbf pomturf, Mhkri kgl

ôccatt (;?3>4 0=3-0<;) haai ogta tbf passo`hf

yofhls ae tbf eofhls kgl krrovf kt k iogl ae ratk-

toagkh kcromuhturf.

Og majpkrosag wotb, f.c., tbf Hagckmrf/

LfCkrja stulofs, tbf vfry jkrifl pasotoagkh òks

ae Mhkri kgl ôccatt `fmajfs mhfkr. Oe tbf e`rjfr

`raal avfr jktrohamkh strumturfs kgl fgl up wotb

fxmbkgcogc craups, tbf hkttfr kutbars krf jkoghy

magmfrgfl wotb tbf sojohkr stktusfs ae tbf rfso-

lfgtokh ugots. \bfy (Mhkri kgl ôccatt) fvfg pkss

`y k ekmohf rfhktoag `ftwffg but sozf, wfkhtb kgl

kutb aro ty og ekvaur ae sozf ae tbf ogb kò tkg t ugot4 eartbfj, but sozf sbauhl `f k socg ae loeefrfgtoktoag

rktbfr tbkg ae rkgiogc. Bkvogc cagf ogta tbf jkdar

lojfgsoags ae tbf pasotoagkh pkrk locj (rkgiogc,

loeefrfgtoktoag) O la gat magsolfr ot prapfr ta ksi ear

eurtbfr lftkohs4 agf mkggat put fvfrytbogc ogta k

^fgcuog @aai.

Jumb hfss spfmoeom, ùt jumb jarf majphomktfl

kgl prfmosf os ]bf rrk tt' s fssky (]bfrrk tt ;?30).

Sariogc eraj systfjs tbfary kgl fmahacomkh

jalfhs ae hkgl usf, k lygkjom kgl fvaoutoagkryjalfh os lfvfhapfl, pkrkhhfh ta ]frvomf ;?3; - k

jalfh wbomb ogtfrrfhktfs fmagajof surphus kgl

lfcrff ae samokh strktoeomktoag `y jfkgs ae rf-

lostroùtovf kgl mfgtrkhozogc prapfrtofs ae tbf

samokh earjktoag. ^frtogfgt ta tbf H@I os bos

bypatbfsos ae kg kmfpbkhaus (gag-strktoeofl, ar

fckhotkrokg) samofty wotbaut jumb loeefrfgtoktoag,

ogtfcrktfl vfry haasfhy tbraucb fxmbkgcf gft-

waris ogvahvogc rfmopramoty. Eraj tbos bypatbfsos,

tbf magspomuaus bajacfgfoty ae tbf jkhfrokh rf-

jkogs ae tbf H@I avfr vkst krfks mkg `f fxphkogfl

(]bfrrktt ;?304 6;;-6;0).

Ot os ogtfrfstogc tbkt ]bfrrktt krrovïs kt k shocbthy

loeefrfgt jalfh ae tbf samokhhy strktoeyogc jfmbk-

gosjs tbkg Ehkggfr kgl Maf la, ks prfsfghfl

kàvf. \bos jky `f luf ta tbf ftbgahacomkh erksfs4

tbf hkttfr kutbars wari eraj kg krtomhf `y ]kbhogs

(;?62), wbomb os jkoghy magmfrgfl wotb bofrkrmby9



;05 K \ K H F A E \ S A U O H H K C F ] 4 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ O O P F

tbf earjfr `ksfs bojsfheag ]frvomf (;?3;), k àai

wotb k jarf cfgfrkh ogtfgt. Og tbkt wky, Ehkggfry

kgl ('af pastuhktf fmahacomkh zagktoag kgl spmmok-

hozml pralumtoag ks maglumovm ta strktoeomktoag, kgl]hofrrktt tbf (jarf cfgfrkh) ekmtar ae kg fmagajof

surphus9 àtb krtomhfs, bawfvfr pasot tbf mfgtrk-

hozogc prapfrtofs ae tbf rflostroùtovf systfj ks tbf

ogtfrjflokry tawkrl tbf magsotutoag ae k bofrkrmby

wotb loeofrfgtokh kmmfss ta lfsork`hf tbogcs. Kgl

rfckrlogc tbf jfmbkgosj lrovogc tawkrls k bofr

krmby ot mkg `f kllfl bfrf (ks ot wks ta tbf

^'hkggfry kgl Maf krtomhf) tbkt ekmtars atbfr tbkg

fmahacomkh zagogc mkg `f mkusktovf4 ksyjjftromkh

fxmbk gcf jky la tbf tromi ks wfhh (Erofljkg ;?369

Hïvo-]trkuss ;?5?4 0<>).

Mhkrif's jalfh ae tbf fxpkgsovf pramfss ae tbf

H@I os ks cfgfrkh ks ]bfrrktt's (Mhkrif ;?30`,

fspmmokhhy pp. 0>-0<). Bf kssujfs sboetogc muhtovk-

toag ta `f k mkusf ae erfqufgt sftthfjfgt rfhamkt oag,

tbf mhemmts ae wbomb wfrf ogtmgsoeofl (og tbf H@I

mksf) `y lfjacrkpbom crawtb kgl su`sfqufgt eos

soagogc. K rkglaj wkhi pramfss lfsmro`fs tbf

pramfss klfquktfhy9 tbf jalfh phus kssujptoags

fxphkog àtb lostroùtoag kgl fxpkgsoag ta

Mhkrif's sktosekmtoag (k jktbfjktomkh earjuhktoagphus losmussoag ae tbos rkglaj wkhi jalfh og

Kgo jfr jkg kgl M'kvkhho-]earzk ;?3;). \b f jalfh

khsa pravolfs ear k jkxojuj ae magtkmt `ftwffg

majjugotofs ("mahhosoags" og tfrjs ae tbf jalfh).

\acftbfr wotb tbf ogtfr-vohhkcf jaòhoty ae ekjohofs

"succfstfl `y tbf ftbga-fmagajom jalfhs", k

"iogsbop sahutoag" ae "òhamkh rfsolfgmf wotb 6>%

vohhkcf fglackjy kgl 6>% fxackjy" (p. 0<)

wauhl fxphkog tbf bajacfgfoty a`sfrvfl og H@I

muhturf.^krts ae Mhkri f's jalfh krf vfry kttrkmtovm kt eorst

socbt9 fspfmokhhy tbf "rkglaj wkhi" pkrt har tbf

earjkh, lfsmropt ovf solf ae tbf pom turf os hurogc -

rkglaj wkhi `fogc k iogl ae tbrfsbahl maglotoag

(kgy lorfmtoagkhoty wohh ojpravf rfsuhts) wbomb

cfgfrktfs kg autmajf sojohkr ta a`sfrvfl rfkhoty

(Kjj frjk g kgl Mkvkhho-]earzk ;?3;). \bfr f krf,

bawfvfr, k guj`fr ae loehámuhtofs rkosfl `y ots hfss

k`strkmt pkrts. \bf apfgogc hogf ae sboetogc muhtovk-

toag hfklogc ta erfqufgt sftthfjfgt sboets bks jumb

ae tbf ahl " Skglfr`kufrg" olfk, wbomb os ogvkhol4

pfaphf sojphy lol gat aetfg javf tbfor rfsolfgmfs(ear k paogt-`y-paogt losmussoag ae "gajklom muhto-

vk toag" (Mbohlf ;?634 ;>6) sff Ja llfr jk g ;?3>

(O)4 0>2-0;>, kgl Ja ll fr jk g ;?3;9 khsa me.

@frhfikjp ;?369 Hogif ;?35436-359 ]aulsiy ;?504

;?2. \bf ftbgacrkpbom pkrkhhfh, aetfg khhulfl ta

wotbaut eur tbfr rfefrfgmf, os ta `f eaugl og @usmbkg

;?00 (OO)4 2=0). Kgl tbfg khsa, tbf H@I mksf ae

sboetogc muhtovktoag (wbomb os k sajfwbkt hfss

lrkstom earj ae kcromuhturf tbkg "gajklom kcro-

muhturf" ar "Skglfrwortsmbket", ks ot lafs gat

ojphy k rfcuhkr sboet ae rfsolfgmf9 ag tbf tapom ae

sboetogc muhtovktoag me Magmihog ;?5; kgl ;?5=) os

ekr eraj sftthfl4 ot os gat fvfg passo`hf ta mbaasf

`ftwffg hagc- kgl sbart-tfrj ekhhawogc systfjs ag

tbf `ksos ae prfsfgt fvolfgmf (@kifhs ;?324 ;<5).

Ogtfrvohhkcf jaòhoty ae ekjohofs mkg `f `fttfr

warlfl ks "eossoagogc" (ogvahvogc sfcjfgts ae

hogfkcfs, gat ekjohofs). Kgl wotb tbkt wf krf ag

tbf skjf tkmi ks Pfgerfw's jfmbkgosj ae gfa-

hotbozktoag, kàvf. @atb k òhamkh rfsolfgmf pkttfrg

kgl eossoagogc krf majpkto`hf wotb k sotuktoag aeprmssurf ag hamkh rfsaurmfs, wbomb jky ar jky gat

bkvf `ffg tbf mksf og H@I tojfs9 tbos "prfssurf"

bks gat `ffg pravfg ar ekhsoeofl ks yft. Eogkhhy, tbf

succfstfl 6>/6> fgla/fxackjy os quotf kròtrkry

ks ot stkgls9 O prfefr ]bfrrktt's earjuhktoag og tfrjs

ae fxmbkgcf kgl rfmopramoty ks fjpbksozogc tbf

magtoguoty ae tbf ogtfrv ohhkcf magtkmts.

\bf Mhkrif (;?30`) jalfh bks `ffg prfsfgtfl

bfrf ks k stkgl-og ear jkgy atbfr wrotogcs (wotbog,

kgl autsolf tbf Kgcha-]kxag trklotoag) ag tbfH@I fxpkgsoag ogta Mfgtrkh Iurapf. O'bf jfmbk

gosj `fbogl ot bks `ffg losmussfl `y jkgy kutbars,

kgl tbrff passoòhotofs bkvf turgfl up4 tbf sboetogc

muXoov=otáagd Skglfr`kufrg fxphkgktoag (f.c., @utzfr

;?304 63<-62>9 khsa me. kàvf)9 jarf mkutoaushy,

majjug oty eossoagogc bks `ffg fvaifl (f.c., Mhkrif

;?30`)9 kgl rfmfgthy, sojphf loeeusoag ae tbf

kcromuhturkh fmagajy og jfsahotbom, prf-klkptfl



OLFK] K@ AV \ @K GL IF PK Jh I ]AMOKH ]\P VM\ VPF ;03

samofty (Gkglros ;?309 kgl fspfmokhhy Jallfrjkg

;?35k). Hfkvogc ksolf tbf eorst aptoag ks krmbkom, ot

os mhfkr tbkt tbf gkturf ae tbf pra`hfj os cfgfrkhhy

magsolfrfl jkoghy k samokh agf (kgl gat projkrohy

lfjacrkpbom, ar olfahacomkh, ar kgytbogc majpk-

rk`hf). Eraj tbos, O tbogi ot avfr-bksty ta mbaasf kt

prfsfgt `ftwffg tbf khtfrgktovf gofmbkgosjs4 wf

igaw gfxt ta gatbogc kàut tbf samokh strumturfs

tbkt rkoh tbf gofsahotbom wky ae hot'f, kgl wf igaw

aghy k òt ao tbf samokh earjktoag ae tbf @kgl-

ifrkjoi.

Ot sbauhl stohh `f paogtfl aut wby O rfckrl tbos

trklotoag trkmfk`hf ta Mbohlf. Og ekmt, og Mbohlf's

Lkwg ae Furapfkg movohozktoag (Mbohlf ;?63, wbomb os

mdooatfl `mmkusf ae ots wolf loheusoag9 Mbohlf bkswrottfg jumho jarf ag tbos tapom) tbf vkroaus

jalfhs ae tbf kutbars losmussfl mkg khrfkly `f

hoouool, kh`fot og eftkh earj9 tbfy loeh'fr aghy og

fjpbksos ag tbf vkroaus kspfmts. \bus àtb Mhkri

kgl ôccatt's pomturf ae kg H@I majjugoty ks

wfhh ks ]bfrrktt's krf earfsbklawfl og Mbohlf's

stktfjfgts4 "\bfy wfrf lfjamrktof kgl pfrbkps

fvfg maooojuooostom4 tbfrf krf ga bogts ae mbomes (ar

lfotofs, ar kgmfstarsd magmfgtrktogc tbf majjuooo-

tofs' wfkhtb" (p. ;>?). Kgl Mhkrif's kgl Gkglros'olfks kàut tbf fxpkgsoag ae @kglifrkjoi muhturf

mkg `f pkrkhhfhhfl og tbf khtfrgktovfs fxphomothy

stktfl `y Mbohlf4 gajklom ar sboetogc muhtovktoag

(ear Mbohlf kppkrfg thy olfgtomkh - wbomb tbfy krf

gat) hfklogc ta sftthfjfgt rfhamkhoag, ar sfmaglkry

gfahotbozktoag (Mbohlf ;?634 ooa).

hkifg tacfhbfr, tbf olfks ae Mhkri kgl ôccatt,

ae ]bfrrktt kgl ae Mhkrif prfsfgt k bocbhy cfgfrkh

kgl gat taa ojpra`k`hf kmmaugt ae H@I samokh

pkttfrgs. Ot lafs tof og wotb samokh kgtbrapahacy

(fspfmokhhy ]frvomf ;?3; kgl rfhktfl wari), yft

`fmkusf ae ots cfgfrkhoty, toof passoòhoty ear tfstogc

os quotf rfogatf fxmfpt pfrbkps ear tbf ogtfr-sotf

rfhktoags. Og atbfr warls, tbf pomturf sbauhl `f

majphftfl.

\bf wrotogcs og tbf sfmagl mktfcary ae rfsfkrmb

(bostaromkh jktfrokhost) krf jumb jarf lawg ta

fkrtb, ks tbfy pra`f jkoghy ogtrk-majjugoty

pkttfrgs. O wohh `rofehy magsolfr tfxts ae tbrff

kutbars bfrf 4 @fbrfgs (;?3= kgl ;?369 k rfcoagkh

Gfahotbom spfmokhost), Ihfdg (;?359 k tbfarost), kgl

\k`kmzygsio (;?309 khsa k spfmokhost).

@fbrfgs lfkhs quotf fxtfgsovfhy wotb tbf Fkrhy

Gfahotbom samokh earjktoag og ]kxagy (]kmbsfg).

Bf a`sfrvfs tbkt aur prfsfgt igawhflcf ae tbf

pralumtovf earmfs og tbf @kglifrkjoi os rktbfr

smkgty - ear ogstkgmf, gatbogc sfgso`hf mkg `f skol

kàut tbf rfhktovf ojpartkgmf ae mktthf kgl kcro-

muhturf, gat fvfg ag tbf earj ae pralumtoag4

swollfg ar kgy atbfr typf ae ekhhawogc (@fbrfgs

;?3=4 ;25-;23). \bfrfearf, tbfarftomkh magsolfrk-

toags krf `raucbt og ta eohh tbos ckp og k bypatbftomkh

wky. \bf hkrcfst maapfrktovf ugot ae pralumtoagwohh bkvf `ffg tbf papuhktoag ae tbf vohhkcf9 ear

sjkhhfr uglfrtkiogcs, tbf bausfbahl ar fvfg tbf

jktrojagokh mauphf wohh bkvf jklf up tbf wariogc

tfkj. \bfrf wohh bkvf `ffg k jogojkh lovosoag ae

hkàur, pra`k`hy `ftwffg tbf sfxfs aghy, kgl jarf

og fjpbksos tbkg og qukhoty. ]pfmokhost pralumtoag

ae spfmokh purpasf pats ar taahs wohh bkvf `ffg

ogsueeomoégt ta cfgfrktf k magstkgt surphus ear trklf

(kgl tbus, ear mfgtrkhozfl rflostroùtoaoo). ]ojo-

hkrhy, tbf saoh wohh bkvf `ffg majjugkh prapfrty,mktthf pra`k`hy ekjohy prapfrty, kgl taahs oglo-

volukh prapfrty. Krmbkfahacomkh eoglogcs oglomktf

sftthfjfgt kutkriy, wbomb jky `f tkifg ks su`-

stkgtoktogc tbf kàvf og k cfgfrkh wky. \bf

ugojpasogckjaugt aevkhuk`hfs (kj`fr, a`solokg,

spaglyho) jky bkvf `ffg kmquorfl `y ogtfr-vohhkcf

`krtfr. Og tbf fckhotkrokg samofty tbus fgvoskcfl,

samokh rfhktoags wohh bkvf bogcfl upag tbrff maj-

pagfgts ogtfrkmtovf wotb tbf pralumtovf earmfs4

jktrohogy, jkhf lajogkgmf, kgl rkgiogc. Kg

ogearjkh hfklfr ae tbf vohhkcf, pfrbkps sfmaglfl `y

k maugmoh ae tbf bfkls ae tbf hamkh mhkg sfcjfgts,

wohh bkvf `ffg tbf cfgfrkh jkgkcfr ae keekors9

bawfvfr, bofrkrmby wohh bkvf `ffg kt k jogojuj,

ks oglomktfl `y crkvf magtfgts. \bf buts wfrf

ogbkòtf l `y k guj`fr ae gumhfk r ekjohofs, tacftbfr

magstotutogc k jktro-so` (jktrohogfkcf-sfcjfgt).

Ogtfr-vohhkcf rfhktoags ag fckhotkrokg eaatogc wohh



0B K \K HF AE \SA UO ;,;, KC F]! @K GL IF PK JO I ]AMO KH ]\ PV M\ VP F

mfrhkoghy bkvf fxostfl (baw fhsf mauhl muhturkh

bajacfgfoty `f kmbofvfl1), ks lol pkrtokh fxa-

ckjy ("stohh gat k garj"9 @fbrfgs ;?3=4 0;=).

\bfrf os ga gffl ta kssujf kgy jarf majprf-bfgsovf samokh earjktoag tbkoo tbf vohhkcf (@fbrfgs

'?3=4 ;2<-0;<9 @fbrfgs ;?36).

Kpkrt eraj sajf jogar paogts (f.c., "prapfrty"

bkl `fttfr `f rfphkmfl `y "rocbts ae usf"9 ogtfr-

vohhkcf `krtfr wohh bkvf bkl fgls `fyagl sojphf

fxmbkgcf, sumb ks ta ogsurf erofglhy rfhktoags ar

tbf bkglogc avfr ae wovfs, ftm.9 khsa, O waglfr

wbftbfr vohhkcf kutkriy tmstoeofs ta ogtrk-vohhkcf

fckhotkrokgosj) O wkgt ta gatf tbkt @fbrfgs hfkvfs

ga raaj ear mbofes ùt rktbfr tbogis ae tbf lajo-

gkgmf ae hogfkcf fhlfrs, wotb kg ogearjkh hfklfr

prfsujk`hy eraj kjagc tbfj. @ut oe sa, bf

kppkrfgthy fquktfs tbf "jktro-so`s" (bausfbahls)

wotb hogfkcfs, kgl eraj bos warlogc suàrlogktf

stktus ae tbf lajfstom jalf ae pralumt oag mkg tbfg

`f rfkl, oe ot lol fxost kt khh. Ag tbf atbfr bkgl,

wbktfvfr lovosoag ae hkàur fxostfl wks `ftwffg

tbf sfxfs aghy, kgl kt vkroaus phkmfs tbf jktro-

jagokh mauphf, gumhfkr ekjohy, ftm. krf jfgtoagfl.

\bfrfearf O obogi tbkt k losmussoag ae rfhktovf

lajogkgmf wauhl bkvf mhfkrfl tbf ossuf.Ufry stragchy (tbaucb ojphomothy) og hogf wotb

@fbrfgs os \k`kmzygsio (;?30). Bf cafs k òt

eurtbfr og strfssogc tbf fckhotkrokg mbkrkmtfr ae

Fkrhy Gfahotbom samofty. Kmmarl ogc ta boj tbfrf bks

`ffg gfotbfr k lovosoag ae hkàur `ftwffg tbf

craups (wbomb os og hogf wotb @fbrfgs) gar wotbog

tbf craups (ks appasfl ta @fbrfgs' loeefrfgmfs og

mjpbksos `ftwffg tbf sfxfs9 \k`kmzygsio ;?304

50).

O wauhl hoif ta rfcostfr jy praeaugl loskcrff-jfgt wotb tbf hkttfr stktfjfgt. Gfotbfr ag tbfa-

rfhomkh gar ag fjporomkh craugls mkg ot `f sus-

tkogfl4 tbfarftomkhhy, k mursary rfklogc ae fvfg

Jarckg's kgl Fgcfhs' wrotogcs rfvfkhs tbkt kt tbf

Hawfr kgl Jollhf stkcfs ae @kr`krosj (tbf Gfa

hotbom) tbf lfvfhapjfgt ae tbf pralumtovf earmfs

bkl cagf sa ekr ks ta rfsuht og k lovosoag ae hkàur

`ftwffg tbf sfxfs kgl magsfqufgthy og tbf earjk

toag ae tbf pahycagaus ekjohy ks k pralumtovf ugot.

Jarf rfmfgthy, atbfr kutbars bkvf su`stkgtoktfl

tbos paogt (f.c., ]kbhogs ;?52, ;?309 ]frvomf ;?3;).

Fjporomkhhy, tbf a`dfmtoag stkgls `fmkusf kt fvfry@kglifo-kogoi mmjftfg k sfxukhhy lotobmgtoktfl taao

iot os eaugl (me tbf prfvoaus mbkptfr phus ots

rfefrfgmfs).

Ihfdg (;?35) losmussfs aghy tbf rfhktoags `f

twffg sftthfjfgts og Gfahotbom Furapf9 tbfrf wks

sajf fxmbkgcf kgl sajf trklf, yft tbfsf lol gat

keefmt tbf fmagajof `ksf (p. ;=). Pkrf `ksom

jktfrokhs kgl vkhuk`hfs wfrf ammksoagkhhy pkssfl

lawg lostroùtovf mbkggfhs og sjkhh qukgtotofs.

Sbktfvfr magtkmts fxostfl (pahotomkh, johotkry,

jktrojagokh), tbfy wfrf gfotbfr ogtfgsovf gar

ogmfsskgt (p. ;<).

O bkvf ogtralumfl Ihfdg ks k majphfjfgtkry ta

@fbrfgs4 tbf hk ttfr os hfss spfmoeom kàut ogtfr-voh hkcf

magtkmts. Ot sbauhl fspfmokhhy bf gatfl tbkt Ihfdg

loehfrfgtoktfs fxmbkgcf kgl trklf9 àtb krf kp

pkrfgthy maglumtfl khagc "lostroùtovf mbkggfhs",

wbomb eraj tbf sfqufh mkg `f tbaucbt ae ks ae kg

"khhokgmf" gkturf (og tbf jfkgogc kttroùtfl ta

tbkt tfrj og tbf strumturkhost pkrklocj). Agf

wauhl hoif ta igaw, kllotoagkhhy, wba maglumtflwbkt trklf fxmbkgcf4 mbofes (pra`k`hy gat, ot mkg

`f rfkl ogta Ihfdg's kmmaugt), hogfkcf prajogfgts,

ar sojphy kgyàly ahl fgaucb ta wkhi kgl tkhi.

\bfsf Jkrxost kutbars trfkt samokh rfhktoags ks

kg fmagajof fpopbfgajfgag9 tbfrf os ga raaj ear

rfhktovf kutagajy ae fkmb ae tbf sfvfrkh hfvfhs ae

tbf samokh earjktoag. Oe tbos os k jkttfr ae tkstf O

bkvf kggaugmfl jy loeefrfgt vofws og tbf prfvoaus

mbkptfr9 oe ot os apfg ta tfstogc, atbfr smbahkrs wohh

bkvf ta lfmolf.\bf tborl mktfcary ae rfsfkrmb ogta tbf samokh

arckgozktoag ae tbf H@I os lohEomuht ta sujjkrozf,

ks wbkt bks `ffg lagf ag tbf su`dfmt os usukhhy

bollfg og hfgctby sotf rfparts kgl tbf hoif9 Høgogc

(;?35) pravolfs k mrotomkh ò`hoacrkpby ae tbf jarf

cfgfrkh hotfrkturf. \bf skjphf `fhaw mkg mhkoj ga

jarf rfprfsfgtktovoty tbkg tbf atbfr twa mktf-

carofs, gat ta jfgtoag fxbkustovfgfss. ]tohh, agf ae



OLFK] K@ AV \ @K GL IF PK JO I ]AMOKH ]\PV M\V PF ;0?

tbf jkdar eafo ae rfsfkrmb ogtfrfst og tbf gag-pat,

gag-but kspfmt ae tbf @kglifrkjoi os fksohy pfr-

mfovfl4 tbf sozf ae tbf papuhktoag ae k sftthfjfgt.

\bos os mhfkrhy hogifl ta praògc ogta tbf fmagajof`ksf4 wks ot pass`hf ear tbf @kglifrkjoi pfaphf ta

hovf aee tbf hkgl tbfy ammupofl1

\bos typf ae ogvfstocktoag cfgfrkhhy stkrts wotb

magsolfrktoags ag tbf guj`fr ae pfaphf tbkt agmf

ogbkòtfl k but. Mkrfeuh ks khwkys. Jallfrjkg

stkrts eraj k majpkrosag ae tbf loeefrfgt typfs ae

huots ag H@I sotfs. Eraj ot, tbf "mfgtrkh" pkrt os

pastuhktfl ta bkvf `ffg tbf hovogc krfk ots earjkt

os magstkgt eraj tbf sjkhhfst ta tbf hkrcfst but (tbf

sozf ae tbf mfgtrkh pkrt jky loeefr, tba ucb 9

Jallfrjkg sffs tbos ks k eugmtoag ae rfhktovf

wfkhtb rktbfr tbkg ks `fogc maggfmtfl wotb tbf

guj`fr ae ogbkòtkgts). \bos raaj wohh bkvf `ffg

ogbkòtfl `y kg fxtfglfl ekjohy4 kt tbf jast tbrff

cfgfrkhoags, agf jkrrofl mauphf wotb tbfor mboh-

lrfg, phus crkglpkrfgt(s), sky, sox ta tfg pfaphf.

'o'bf vohhkcm ae Fhshaa wohh bkvf maugtfl fhfvfg ta

sfvfgtffg buhs kt kgy covfg tojf, wbomb wohh bkvf

sbfbf rfl 26 » 06 ogb kò hkg ts (og tbf fstojktf , tbf

crkvfykrl's papuhktoag bks `ffg tkifg ogta kmmaugt9

Ja ll fr jk g ;?3? (O)4 ;;>, 0>=, 0>6, 0>39 khsa meJallfrjkg ;?52).

]aulsiy, taa, bks `ffg lfkhogc wotb tbf guj`fr

aepfaphf pfr but kgl pfr vohhkcf. ^krtokhhy `fmkusf

ae loohfrfgt mormujstkgmfs, pkrtokhhy ag loeefrfgt

samoftkh jalfhs, bf krrovïs kt k rfsuht wbomb loeefrs

hooglkjfgtkhhy eraj tbkt ae Jallfrjkg. \bf

H@P bausfs og @abfjok krf hfss loeefrfgtoktfl og

earj obkg krf tbasf og wfstfrg krfks9 ear ogstkgmf,

tbf gartbwfstfrg p krts krf hfss aetfg "fj pbk sozf l"

`y wkhh trfgmbfs (hõWD, ae tbf buts kt @yhkgy, <2"ýkt Fhshaa9 Jall fr jk g ;?3> (O)4 ;;5-;;2)9 og ekmt

tbf okrcmr typfs (W'Crass`kutfg") prfvkoh (]aulsiy

kgl ^kvhu ;?304 =;3). Ks og wfstfrg Mfgtrkh

Furapf, sozfs loeofr (sajftojfs tbf mfgtrkh pkrt s krf

lau`hfl9 khsa, tbf sautbfkstfrg pkrts krf hkrcfr

tbkg og wfstfrg Furapf9 Jall frjk g ;?3> (O) 4

O ;5-; ;2) wbomb os ogtfrprmtfl `y ]aulsiy ks k socg

ae loeefrfgt bausfbahl sozf. \bf guj`fr ae mauphfs

og k but os ckhbfrfl eraj k majpkrosag wotb tbf sozf

ae tbf Jollhf Gfahotbom bausfs kt âstahaprty

wbfrf eaur bfkrhbs wfrf eaugl (H@I buts gfvfr

sbaw trkmfs ae eorfphkmfs)9 bfgmf, tbos bks `ffgogbkòtfl `y eaur ekjohofs (tbf "bfkrtb" ogtfr-

prftktoag ae tbf âstahaprty lktk bks `ffg mag-

tfstfl4 Jall frjkg ;?3=4 ;=0). ]ojphf lovosoag ae

agf ogta tbf atbfr yofhls tbf rfhktoag4 ear fvfry sox

jftrfs ae K«/-hfgctb Ygat mfgtr kh pk rt) agf ekjohy

sbauhl `f pastuhktfl. \bkt os, 0>> pfaphf (kjagc

wbaj wfrf <> ta 6> kluhts) wfrf hovogc kt tbf

sftthfjfgt (]aulsiy ;?55k4 36,329 k jarf jalf

rktf kmmaugt og ]aulsiy kgl ^k Xh u ;?309 jarf

fxtfgsovf, ]aulsiy ;?5?).

Kg fvkhukt oag ae àtb vofws sffjs loeeomuht. Og

jy apogoag, wbomb os `ksfl upag kgtbrapahacomkh

hohfrkhurf, ]aulsiy kssujfs k samofty taa fckho-

tkrokg og authaai wbfg bf rfhktfs sozf aghy ta

guj`fr ae pfaphf9 magvfrsfhy, Jallfrjkg's km

maugt pkssfs `y tbf fstk`hosbfl ekmt ae tbf (stk-

tostomkh) bftfracfgfoty ae ekjohy typfs og fvfry

samofty (f.c., Jurlami ;?<?4 03, 029 ]bryami kgl

]ofcfh ;?354 O 3=). Khsa, tbf lfrovktoag ae k rfhktoag

ae hfgchb ae but ta guj `f r ah' pfaphf eraj agf

ogstkgmf sffjs ha `f k òt rosiy, fvfg oe tbf arocogkhogtfrprftktoag os kmmfptfl. Kgl wotb rfckrl ta

Jallfrjkg's fstojktf ae sox ta tfg pfaphf ta k but4

Gkrahh fstojktfl eraj k mrass-muhturkh skjphf mk.

tfg squkrf jftrfs ae hovogc spkmf pfr oglovolukh

(Gkra hh ;?50). Covfg tbf rkgcf ae sozfs ae tbf

mfgtrkh pkrt (=6-;;0 squkrf jftrfs9 Jallfrjkg

;?3> (O)40>6) tbf sox ta tfg pfaphf fstojktf jky `f

k hotthf ag tbf magsfrvktovf solf. ]aulsiy's ehcurfs

(agf ekjohy ta fvfry eovf ar sox jftrfs ae but hfgctb)

wauhl majf lawg ta mk. => squkrf jftrfs pfrekjohy, kg krfk kppraxojktfhy bkhe tbf Gkrahh/

Jallfrjkg fstojktf. K cfgfrkh magvfrsoag ear-

juhk sbauhl `f ae tbf earj y : k x + `, ae maursf9

ear tbf jkdaroty ae samoftofs, Gkrahh's eocurf wohh `f k

rfksagk`hf kppraxojktoag ae tbf jast papuhkr sozf

kgl earj ae bausfbahl craups (me @kifhs ;?324

;<=-;<6 kgl ^bohhops ;?304 <=-<< ear k losmussoag

ae tbfsf fstojktfs).



;=> K \ K H F A E \ S A U O H H K C F ] 4 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F

Gat sa jumb k eamus ae krmbkfahacomkh rfsfkrmb

ks k `ksom kssujptoag os tbf typf ae ekjohy suppasfl

ta bkvf hovfl og tbf "hagc bausfs" ae tbf H@I. @atb

Jallfrjkg kgl ]aulsiy kppfkr ta kcrff ae tbfolfk ae kg fxtfglfl ekjohy, tbaucbt ae ks `fogc

m'ajpasfl ae jfj`frs ae tbrfm summfssovf cfgfrk-

hoags (tmmbgomkhhy, k "stfj" ekjohy9 me `fhaw,

]fmtoag <). Pfmfgthy, Iupfr kgl Høgogc (;?36)

fxprfssfl k sojohkr apogoag. Aghy ]aulsiy bks

spfmoeofl ots jktrohamkh magstotutoag, ear wbomb bf

khhulfs ta "jktfrokh praae, hoif, ear ogstkgmf, tbf

'ekjohokh' trklotoag ae mfrkjom pralumtoag" (gat

eurtbfrlftkohfl9 ]aulsiy ;?554 2;).

]fvfrkh kutbars bkvf lfkht wotb tbf samokh

rfhktoags wotbog tbf H@I sftthfjfgts og agf wky

ar kgatbfr. Og k guj`fr ae rfparts eraj tbf

Khlfgbavfgfr ^hkttf tbf mafxostfgmf ae sfvfrkh

buts mhasf tacftbfr, craupfl og sjkhh bkjhfts, os

lfjagstrktfl. \bfsf, kgl sfpkrktf, oglovolukh

ekrjstfkls wfrf strfwg khagc tbf Jfrz`kmb.

Jarfavfr, jast lwfohogc phkmfs sbaw socgs ae

maootojoaus ammupktoag4 wbfg k but `fmkjf ahl

kgl lohkpolktfl, k gfw agf wks ùoht og tbf

vomogoty. Og tbkt wky, fvfry mhustfr ae but rfjkogs

rfprfsfgts tbf hamus ae k hogfkcf (Iupfr ft kh.•?33- =05-=029 Iupfr kgl Høgogc ;?364 ?0). Og

tbfsf wrotogcs, tbf Khlfgbavfgfr ^hkttf Craup os

"jarmhy" prfsfgtogc ots lktk phus ogotokh ogtfrprf-

tkøags9 eurtbfr fhkàrktoag kgl ogtfrprftktoag os

lfhkyfl ugtoh k eogkh sygtbfsos mkg `f jklf.

\bf sygmbragof fxostfgmf ae k guj`fr ae buts

os kttfstfl `y jkgy kutbars4 Iuhmzymik-Hfmof-

dfwomzawk (;?3>4 <5), Jallfrjkg (;?3> (O) 4

0>=), ^kvhø (;?334 6;), ta jfgtoag k efw ae tbfj,

khh kcrff ag tbos paogt. _ft, olfks magmfrgogc tbfjfmbkgosj `y wbomb tbf samokh àly's magtoguoty

wks sfmurfl - o.f., tbf lokmbragom wotbog sftthfjfgt

rfhktoags loeefr eraj agf kuhbar ta kgat bfr . Ear

Jallfrjkg, kg k`kglagfl but wks rfphkmfl og k

gfkr`y phkmf wbfg gfmfsskry9 kmmarlogchy tbf

sftthfjfgt javfl wotbog k vfry hojotfl krfk9

Iuhmzymik-Hfmofdfwomzawk, tbaucb gat covogc

eurtbfr lftkohs, tbogis tbkt eohoktoag ae tbf hogfkcfs

hovogc og tbf buts ammksoagfl tbf sfttogc up ae gfw

lwfhhogcs, tacftbfr wotb tbf garjkh rfùohlogc ae

sbkiy bausfs.'W ^kvhø krrovïs kt stohh kgaobmr

jfmbkgosj. Bkvogc authogfl sajf ae tbf passo-òhotofs (sumb ks ogtfrjottfgt sotf ammupktoag,

pfrjkgfgt ammupktoag ae k vohhkcf sotf wotb rf

ùohlogc og kldkmfgt phats9 kgl osahktfl ekrjstfkls

og k hojotfl krfk wotb rfùohlogc ks gfmfssoty

krosfs), ^kvhø mkggat eogl wkys ta tfst tbfsf

khtfrgktovfs4 sajf sotfs krf lfgsfhy pkmifl kgl

atbfrs krf gat. \bfrf jky bkvf tbus `ffg loeefrfgt

sftthfjfgt typfs. \a kmmaugt ear tbf lfgsfr sotfs,

bf prapasfs tbkt khh buts ae k sogchf pbksf wfrf

lfstrayfl tacftbfr kgl rfùoht kt kgatbfr phkmf

og tbf skjf cfgfrkh krfk, kt hfkst agmf pfrcfgfrktoag.

Sbohf k majògktoag ae tbf Jallfrjkg kgl

Iuhmzymik-Hfmofdfwomzawk stkglpaogts sffj

pra`k`hf (oe tbfsf vofws krf gat olfgtomkh og

rfkhoty), tbf ^kvhø bypatbfsos stroifs jf ks òzkrrf.

Ear fvfg og tbf mkpotkhostom jalf ae pralumtoag

mkpotkh os gat smrkppfl kt tbkt rktf - sa jumb hfss

sa og kgy ae tbf prfmkpotkhostom jalfs, O prfsujf

(`fsolfs, ot mkg `f pkrtokhhy tfstfl, ks og ]fmtoags <

kgl 6 `fhaw). Kckog, khh tbf jktbfjktomkh rocaurae tbf krtomhf lafs gat la kwky wotb tbf wfki

kssujptoag kt ots raat4 tbf mymhomkh rfgfwkhs ae

@kglifrkjoi vohhkcfs krf pastuhktfl ks kgkhacaus

ta kmtovotofs kt tfhh-sftthfjfgts og sautbfkstfrg

Furapf (^kvhø ;?354 6;). Fvfg oesumb purpasovfhy

lfstrumtovf kmtovotofs mauhl `f lfjagstrktfl ear tbf

@khikg Gfahotbom, stohh ga pkrkhhfh mkg `f tkifg ear

crkgtfl wotbaut praae ae mymhomkh rfgfwkhs og H@I

vohhkcfs. Oe gat k rfoeomktoag ae tbf "pbksf" magmfpt,

og ogy apogoag ^kvhu kttfjpts ta skvf tbf sftthfjfgt

rfhamktoag pkrt ae tbf ahl gajklom kcromuhturkhost

tbfary4 "jomra krfk" kgl "pfroal ae ogbkòtktoag"

krf ùt gfw maogs ear ahl vkhufs.

Hotthf os wrottfg kàut tbf rfhktoag `ftwffg tbf

bausfbahls hovogc tacftbfr og k sftthfjfgt. Eohoktoag

(sff gatf 0 kàvf) sbauhl kmmaugt ear tbf sjkhhfr

buts og k vohhkcf kmmarlogc ta ]aulsiy (;?504 ;?2).

Pfhktoags `ftwffg tbf hogfkcfs krf gawbfrf lfkht



OLFK] K@AV\ @KGLIFPKJOI ]AMOKH ]\PVM\VPF ;=;

wotb9 tbkt os, tbf rfhktoags og tbf khhokgmf kgl iog

spbfrf. Kàvf O losmussfl stktfjfgts `y Jallfr

jkg kgl ]aulsiy ag tbf smarf ae k jarf ar hfss

fckhotkrokg samofty. Johoskusiks, `ksogc bojsfhe agftbgahacy, cafs eurtbfst og spfmoeomktoag kgl ogtfr-

prftkhoag. ('agsagkgt wotb mkrhofr wrotogcs (Joho

skusiks ;?30, ;?3=) bf rfmfgthy pralumfl k pomturf

ae fckhot krokg majjugot ofs wotb òc jfg kgl jfg's

samoftofs. _ft sajf bausfbahls sbauhl bkvf `ffg

wfkhtbofr tbkg atbfrs, ks jarf ojpartfl jktfrokhs

wfrf eaugl og tbf vomogoty ae sajf buts kt Ahszkgomk

@ O (Johoskusiks ;?35`4 <;) . @oc jfg sbauhl bkvf

lwfht og tbf shocbthy lfvokgt typf ok "hagcbausfs",

wbfrf tbf jfg's mhu`s khsa magvfgfl4 "oe tbf sozf ae

k hagcbausf lfpfglfl upag tbf sozf ae tbf samokh

ugot ogbkòt ogc ot, ga strum turkh loeefrfgmf wauhl `f

fxpfmtfl" (Johhoskusiks ;?35k4 3>). @y rfhktogc

stktus ta kcf, sfx kgl mbkrosjk (wotb ga bfrflotkry

kspfmts), k òc jkg majfs aut ks shocbthy loeefrfgt9

bos hovogc og tbf lfvokgthy magstrumtfl but os

lmrovfl eraj tbf bocbfr magmfgtrktoag ae rkrf,

ojpartfl jktfrokhs kraugl ot, wbomb wfrf og-

vahvfl og tbf jkogtfgkgmf kgl fxpkgsoag ae samokh

rfhktoags. Kgl tbf jfg's samoftofs ("ar sajf sumb

atbfr typf ae tro`kh kssamoktoag") jfftogc tbfrfmkg `f ogefrrfl eraj tbf magmfgtrktoag ae (jkhf-

kssamoktfl) klzfs kraugl tbf lfvokgt but (Johho

skusiks ;?35k4 53-3;9 ;?35`4 =6-<>).

Hfss fxphomothy ftbgahacomkh, ùt fgtorfhy og hogf

wotb Johoskusiks, os Pfogfmif's vofw ag @kgl-

ifrkjoi samofty, `ksfl upag tbf crkvf coets fx-

mkvktfl og tbrff Hfssfr @kvkrokg mfjftfrofs

(Pfogfmif ;?32). Ear boj, stktus wks "tbf fx

prfssoag ae tbf rfhktoags ae kg oglovolukh ta bos

ekjohy kgl iog craup"9 o.f., rkgi. \bf majjugotypravolfl kg "ogtkmt jalfh ae samofty" rktbfr tbkg

tbf lovolfl ojkcf ae strktoeomktoag (Pfogfmif ;?324

;<). ^kvøi (;?30`4 ?3) krrovïs kt k sojohkr mag-

mhusoag, khsa eraj k crkvfykrl stuly.

Pfckrlogc Johoskusiks tbfrf os aghy agf tbogc

ta mrotomozf og bos kmmaugt4 tbf "òc jfg" pkrt ae

tbf stary os lfrovfl eraj ftbgahacy (wbomb os

kmmfptk`hf), ùt gat tfstfl (wbomb mkggat `f lagf

ar os vfry loohomuht kt bmso ag k sftthfgofgt sotf9 me.

Mb. OU, ]fmtoag =). Kgl khtbaucb tbf mfrfjagokh

jfftogc phkmf ogtfrprftktoag ae tbf typf ok bausfs

lafs saugl hoifhy, agf wauhl hoif ta bkvf ot mbfmifl

kckogst lktk eraj jarf tbkg agf sumb but. Og khh

ekorgfss, ot sbauhl bf kllml tbkh ]aulsiy (;?55k4

36) kgl hktfr ]aulsiy kgl ^kvhu (;?304 =06) khsa

pastuhktf kg kssmj`hy bkhh eugmtoag ear tbf hkrcfst

buts. Jallfrjkg, bawfvfr, magsolfrs tbf jfg's

mhu`bausfs ogtfrprftktoag ks bogcogc taa jumb ag

ftbgacrkpbom pkrkhhfhs9 ear boj, tbf olfgtomkh og-

tfroar magstrumtoag/past jahl mageocurktoag phfkls

ear kg fxphkgktoag sojohkr ta obkt ae tbf atbfr buts

(Jallfrjkg ;?3> (O)4 0>3).

@y-pkssogc tbf " Skglfr`kufrg" ossuf ks wfhh ks

tbf eossoagogc kspfmt, apogoags kàut tbf ogtfr-

vohhkcf rfhktoags la gat loeefr jumb4 tbf kutkriy

wotbaut surphus-pralumtoag (Pfogfmif ;?324 ;<) ae

k gag-mfgtrkhozfl pahotomkh kgl fmagajof arckgo-

zktoag (Johoskusiks ;?35`4 =6) pravolm ear kg

fckhotkrokg eaatogc ear tbf vkroaus sftthfjfgts.

Kllotoagkhhy, tbfrf wks sajf trklf, kàut tbf

gkturf ae wbomb khh kutbars rfefrrfl ta krf quotf

vkcuf. \bf tbogcs fxmbkgcfl (rkrotofs hoif fxatom

jktfrokhs) krf rfhfvkgt ta k "samoa-tfmbgom" usf(@ogearl ;?304 0<) - sky, stk tus syjàhs - ks

majpkrk`hf otfjs wfrf hamkhhy kvkohk`hf (Joho

skusiks ;?35`4 <>).

Oe tbf kmmaugts ag tbf Xøokcf-vohhkcf magtkmts

krf rkrf kgl vkcuf, rfsfkrmb ogta tbf fmahacomkh

prfefrfgmfs ae tbf @kglifrkjoi bks pravolfl

magmrftf rfsuhts9 f.c.. Hogif (;?35), ]ofhjkg

(;?35) kgl @kifhs (;?32). Fspfmokhhy tbf hkst-

jfgtoagfl pu`homktoag os bocbhy rfhfvkgt. @kifhs

kgkhyzfs tbf eogl jktfrokh eraj tbrff LutmbHojùrc H@I sotfs kgl eraj Bofgbfoj, ks ot

`fkrs upag tbf rfhktoags ae obm @kglifrkjoi ta

jftfarahacomkh kgl pflahacomkh ekmtars, ta tbf

eharkh, ekugkh kgl lfjacrkpbom majpagfgts ae tbf

fgvoragjfgt. Eraj ot, k sotf tfrrotary ae kp-

praxojktfhy 0>> bfmtkrfs os lfrovfl, pra`k`hy

fxphaotfl `y agf vohhkcf fxmhusovfhy9 tbf krfk

`fyagl ("bajf rk gcf ") wohh bkvf `ffg og daogt usf



;=0 K \KH F AE \SA UOHH KCF ]4 @KGLIFPK JOI ]AM4oKH ] \PV M\V PF

`y sfvfrkh vohhkcfs (@kifhs ;?324 ;<;). Kpkrt eraj

kg khjast tatkh vohhkcf kutkriy (fxmfptoags4 poc-

jmgts, klzfs) pfrbkps bfr jast ojpartkgt eoglogc

os tbk t tbf sozf ae tbf sotf tfrr otary os sueeomoégt tamkrry ag wotb kgy systfj `ftwffg sbart-tfrj

ekhhawogc kgl swollfg muhtovktoag4 eraj ;/= ta

o/oa ae ots sozf os fgaucb ta effl tbf papuhktoag ae k

@kglifrkjoi vohhkcf (@kifhs ;?324 ;<5). Joho-

skusiks tbogis tbkt fvfg hfss wauhl sueeomf4 ;0.6 ta

=; bfmtkrf s og muhtovktoag (Johhoskusiks ;?35k4 5=).

@oht ]aulsiy (;?55k4 3?) stktfs tbkt kt @yhkgy aghy

=> bfmtkrfs wfrf kvkohk`hf pfr sftthfjfgt, sa tbfrf

mkgga t bkvf `ffg j umb smapf ear fvfg k sbart- tfrj

ekhhawogc kcromuhturkh tfmbgoquf (bawfvfr, og k

hktfr krtomhf tbos krfk wks jarf tbkg lau`hfl4 àtb

tbf kd` kgl ldf sotfs, kgl passo`hy tbf m sftthfjfgt ks

wfhh, krf rfpartfl ta bkvf bkl 5> ta 5= bfmtkrfs ae

krk`hf hkgl kvkohk`hf9 ]aulsiy kgl ^kvhu ;?304

Og losmussogc tbf vofws ag @kglifrkjoi samokh

strumturf, O bkvf rfstromtfl jy losmussoag ta

wrotogcs ae tbf hkst tfg yfkrs, prfefrrogc hktfr ta

fkrhofr tfxts. \bf bftfracfgfoty ae tbf tborl

rfsfkrmb mktfcary kgl tbf mabfrfgmf ae tbf sfmagl

jklf sumb k Vjotktoag efkso`hf. Ear tbf eorst, tbfKgcha-]kxag mktfcary, O bkl ta jkif kg fxmfp-

toag4 wotbaut jfgtoagogc Mbohlf's magtoguaus mag

mfrg ear tbf Mfgtrkh Furapfkg Gfahotbom ga ugoty

mauhl `f succfstfl ear tbkt rfsfkrmb. Ot jocbt `f

krcufl tbkt ogmarparktoag ae @utthfr (fspfmokhhy

@utthfr ;?=2) kgl ae ]kgcjfostfr (;?6;) wauhl

bkvf rf.suhtfl og k jarf ugoearj pomturf ae tbf tborl

rfsfkrmb "trklotoag", ùt O la gat tbogi sa. \bos os

og tbf eorst phkmf `fmkusf @utthfr's ftbgahacomkh

magmfpts wfrf hkrcfhy `ksfl upag tbf 'WIuhturirfos''pkrklocj (wbomb bks `ffg magmhusovmhy pravfl

ugtfgk`hf, kgl khsa aeoomokhhy rfgaugmfl `y ots

hktfst klbfrfgts4 Bkfifh ;?65). Kgl sfmaglhy jy

sifptomosj stkgls `fmkusf @utthfr's lktk `ksf bks

`ffg k`kglagfl4 "pot lwfhhogcs" krf ga hagcfr

pkrt ae tbf @kglifrkjoi ogvfgtary9 @utthfr's

hkstogc magtroùtoag os og tbf eofhl ae mfrkjom

lfmarktoag typahacy. \bfg, tbf ogehufgmf ae

]kgcjfostfr's sftthfjfgt pbksfs ks lfrovfl eraj

loeefrfgtokh bausf ar ofg tkt oag lafs gat ,c8) kgy

eurhbfr tbkg pravologc agf ae tbf pohhkrs ae tbf

gajklom-kcromuhturkhost tbfary, ear wbomb O bkvfgat tbf shocbtfst keeogoty. Og ekmt, tbf wrotogcs ae

klvamktfs ae tbkt tbfary krf jkoghy ogtfrfstogc

`fmkusf ae wbkt tbfy sky ag atbfr tapoms.

\bus, tbf vkroaus wrotogcs mkg `f sujjkrozfl

og k gutsbfhh ks eahhaws4

O. \bf buts krf cfgfrkhhy magmfovfl ae ks `fogc

tbf lwfhhogcs ae agf fxtfglfl ekjohy fkmb

(@fbrfgs, Mhkri kgl ôccatt, Iupfr kgl Høgogc,

Jallfrjkg), tbf majpasotoag ae wbomb sffjs ta

`m apfg ta sajf lf`ktf (@fbrfgs, Jallfrjkg,

]aulsiy, ]aulsiy kgl ^kvhu)4 fotbmr k sft ae

rfhktfl gumhfkr ekjohofs (@fbrfgs) ar k craup ae

rfhktfl pfaphf eraj tbrff summfssovf cfgfrktoags

(Jallfrjkg, ]aulsiy). UUbfgfvfr tbf gkturf ae

tbfsf rfhktoags os losmussfl, sajf "jk tro "-k ldf mto vf

toorgs up (@fbrfgs, ]aulsiy).

'0. Sotb tbf fxmfptoag ae \k`kmzygsio, tbf atbfr

kutbars fotbfr fxphomothy kcrff ag k shocbt lovosoag ae

hkàur khagc tbf sfx hogf (@fbrfgs) ar ojphomothy la

sa, wbomb os og hogf wotb ftbgacrkpby. Sbfg tbos

bks hfl ta tbf magstotutoag ae k lajfstom jalf aepralumtoag, ots pasotoag rfhktovf ta tbf hogfkcf ks k

ogoot rfjkogs ugspfmoeofl, tbaucb pfrbkps su`-

arlogktf (@fbrfgs).

=. A g tbf rfhktoags `ft wffg bausfbahls ga

stktfjfgt bks `ffg eaugl9 rfckrlogc rfhktovf

stktus, jast kutbars sffj ta kcrff ag sajf earj ae

rkgiogc4 tbfrf sffj ta `f loeefrfgmfs og wfkhtb

(@fbrfgs, Johoskusiks, ^kvooi, Pfogfmif) khtbaucb

sajf jky lfgy tbos (]aulsiy, kgl khsa MBkri kgl

ôccatt 1). \bf vohhkcf majjugoty wks kmfpbkhaus,o.m., wotbaut truf mbofes (]bfrrktt). K maugmoh ae

mhkg fhlfrs jky bkvf fhfmtfl k projus oghfr pkrfs

(@fbrfgs)9 ar hfklfrsbop mkpkmoty kgl kjòtoag

jky bkvf mrystkhhozfl og tbf ogstotutoag ae k òc

jkg (Johoskusiks). Jfg's mhu`s (Johoskusiks) krf

Z=()stoohktfl, wbomb sbauhl bkvf magvfgfl og spfmokh

mhu`bausfs (Johoskusiks, ]aulsiy, ]aulsiy kgl

^kvhu), wbomb krf kt tbf skjf tojf tbf buts ae tbf



O L F K ] K @ A V \ @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F ;==

magggugoty's hfklfrs (Johoskusiks)9 k pkrtomuhkr

(ear fxkjphf mfrfjagokh) eugmtoag ae tbf spfmokh

bausf typf os lfgofl `y Jallfrjkg. \bf buts

staal ear pfroals ae `ftwmfg ;6 yfkrs (^kvoø) kgl

=> ar <> yfkrs (jast atbfr kutbars).

<. Ks tbf sftthfjfgts wfrf fmagajomkhhy sfhe-

sueoomofgt (@kifhs, @fbrfgs, Mhkri & ôccatt, Ihfdg,

Johoskusiks, Pfogfmif, ]bfrrktt) tbfor rfhktoags

wfrf ae k trkgsomgt gkturf (Ihfdg) ogvahvogc sajf

fxmbkgcf ae rkrf caals (@fbrfgs, Mhkrif, Ihfdg,

]bfrrktt) kgl wajfg (@fbrfgs, Mhkrif) ar fvfg

trklm (Johoskusiks, Ihfdg). Khsa, craups ae sftthf

jfgts jky bkvf daogthy fxphaotfl k bajf rkgcf

(@kifhs).

]ogmf tbf prfsfgt stuly os jkoghy magmfrgfl wotbtbf samokh shrumturf ae k jkturf stkcf og tbf

lfvfhapjfgt ae tbf @kglifrkjoi, O bkvf rferkogfl

eraj horst lfhkoootoc kgl tbfg sujjkro/.ogc tbf

vkroaus olfksag tbf fxpkgsoag ae hhokh muhturf wbfg

ot wks stohh yaugc. Ks tbf eamus ae jy rfsfkrmb os

jkoghy samokh O bkvf khsa k`stkogfl eraj kg fx-

tfgsovf fxpasï ag tbf fmagajom/kcromuhturkh `ksos

ae @kglifrkjoi samofty. Khtbaucb tbf lfvfhap

jfgt ae àtb tbf pralumtovf earmfs kgl tbf rf-

jkoglmr ae tbf samokh eargoktoag krf hojotfl `yfgvoragjfgt kgl fmagajy, tbf oglftfrjogktfgfss

wotbog tbfsf magstrkogos succfsts k jarf lorfmt

kpprakmb ta tbf samokh strumturf (ogmhulogc, fvfg,

tbf rfhktoags ae pralumtoag) tbkg `y jfkgs ae tbf

pralumtovf earmfs.

K guj`fr ae tbf kàvf bypatbfsfs bkvf `ffg

tfstfl, atbfrs ca ugmagtfstfl kgl ugtfstfl. ]fvfrkh

ae tbfgo eogl sajf marraàrktoag og tbf prfvoaus

mbkphfr, khtbaucb O lol gat jfgtoag tbfj tbfrf9 ot

sffjfl `fttfr ta lrkw tbmj tacftbfr, fxpkgl tbf

sft wotb tbf bypatbfsfs eraj tbf pohat stuly kgl

tbfg sff wbkt jocbt bf tfstfl og tbf Fhshaa kgl

Bofgbfoj lktk. Khtfr khh, tbf crkvfykrl stuly wks

fxd)oomothy magmfrgfl wotb samokh strumturf, wbfrfks

obko su`dfmt wks aghy k solfhogf og tbf ogvfstocktoags

ae tbf kutbars losmussfl. Ear tbkt rfksag khsa,

systfjozktoag ae tbfsf hkttfr wrotogcs mauhl aghy `f

pkrtokh.

\a sujjkrozf tbf bypatbfsfs eaVawogc eraj tbf

stuly ae tbf Fhshaa mfjftfry4

;. Eraj k "pasotoagkh'" vofwpaogt, @kglifrkjoi

samofty igfw loeefrfgtoktoag kmmarlo gc ta sfx kgl

kmmarlogc ta sajf spfmokhozktoag (jast gatk`hy4 tbf

lfmfksfl og tbf pfrpfglomuhkrhy arofgtfl crkvfs).

Pkgiogc wks eaugl og tbf @kglifrkjoi samokh

strumturf, rktbfr tbkg strktoeomktoag, wotb kcf ks k

jkdar majpagfgt. Khsa, sajf spfmokhosjs wfrf

eaugl (tbasf àugl ta bugtogc fquopjfgt, ar ta

pats), kgl k mbofehy pasotoag eaugl fxprfssoag og

bocb rkgiogc stktusfs.

0. \bf strumturkhost kpprakmb rfsuhtfl og k

systfj ae eaur craups tofl ta hamkhoty. \bf rfhktoags

wfrf ae kg ksyjjftromkh kgl hogfkr (ar mormu-hktogc) fxmbkgcf typf9 jkrotkh rfhktoags tbus just

bkvf `ffg prflomktfl upag k prfefrfgmf e()r obm

jktrohktfrkh mrass-mausog (jkhf Fca). Jfj`frsbop

og tbf samokh craups wks òhogfkhhy fstk`hosbfl4

kpkrt eraj vorohamkh rfsolfgmf, jktrohogfkh lfsmfgt

phkyfl k rahf. \bf krrkgcfjfgt ae tbf craups just

bkvf `ffg k lovosoag ogta jaoftofs ag tbf jktro

hogfkh progmophf, phus og tbf Fhshaa crkvfykrl mksf

toomrm vvmrf eaur vorohamkh craups ar hogfkcfs9 kt atbfr

tojfs kgl/ar atbfr phkmfs tbf hkttfr guj`fr jkybkvf `ffg loeefrfgt (ear ksyjjftromkh krrkgcf-

jfgts, k jogojuj ae tbrff craups krf gfmfsskry).

=. \bf gfa-Jkrxost fgtry wks ae gfmfssoty

rfstromtfl ta tbf arckgozktoagkh pkrt ae pralumtoag

kgl rfpralumtoag4 tbf smkgt otfjs kmmajpkgyogc

tbf lfkl, wbomb krf khsa loeohmuht ta ogtfrprft,

la gat khhaw kgy su`stkgtokh stktfjfgt ag tbf

ekmtars. K lajfstom jalf ae pralumtoag just bkvf

apmrktfl ag tbf `ksos ae k lovosoag ae hkàur kjagc

tbf sfxfs, arckgozfl og jktrojagokh mauphfs (prf-

sujk`hy og magdugmtoag wotb aeesprogc)9 k bocbfr

arlfr arckgozktoag fxostfl og tbf hogfkcf jalf ae

pralumtoag, og wbomb oglovolukhs bkl k loeefrfgt

stktus rfckrlogc tbf khhamktoag ae tbfor craup's

surphus pralumtoag. \bf hogfkcfs wfrf jktrohogfkh.

\bfg, k haasf jalf ae pralumtoag oglomktfl tbf

fxostfgmf ae gag-bfrflotkry spfmokhosjs9 tbasf tbkt

mauhl `f jklf aut og tbf crkvfykrl wfrf og sajf



;=< K \KH F AE \SA UOHH KCF ]4 @KGLIFPKJ OI ]AMOKH ]\P VM\ VPF

wky bgiml ta krraws kgl igovfs (`hklfs) ar ta

pats. ^frbkps tbf pfrpfglomuhkrhy arofgtfl crkvfs

sbauhl `f ogmhulfl ks wfhh. Eogkhhy, k suprkhamkh

jalf ae pralumtoag kmmaugts ear tbf ojpart ae

paaphf kgl tbogcs (prfsujk`hy khsa caogc og tbf

rfvfrsf lorfmtoag), fspfmokhhy tawkrls tbf fgl ae

tbf Lutmb H@I. \bf bgfkcf jalf ae pralumtoag

sbauhl bkvf `ffg lajogkgt avfr tbf atbfr jalfs.

Og tbf fgl tbf `khkgmf jky bkvf sboetfl, tbaucb, og

"ekvaur" ae k lajogktoag `y tbf ogtfr-majjugkh

rfhktoags - ùt tbkt os jfrf spfmuhktoag.

Ketfr k `rofe magsolfrktoag og tbf gfxt sfmtoag ae

sajf jogar jftbalo mk h ossufs, tbf eaurtb kgl eoetb

sfmtoags wohh `f lfvatfl ta tfstogc tbf kàvf sfts ae

bypatbfsfs.

=. ]ajf prfhojogkry rfjkris ag jftbal

@atb sftthfjfgts ta `f losmussfl spkg k magsolfr-

k`hf tojf4 og Fhshaa pfrbkps sajf <>> o 6> yfkrs

(5=6> `.p . ta 5>>> `.p .4 Jallfrj kg ;?3> (O) 4

0>;), kgl og Bofgbfoj pra`k`hy fvfg <6> yfkrs

(5 0= 6W <6 `.p . ta 63 2> W6 > `.p.) ta dulc f eraj

tbf rkloamkràg lktfs. Ot wauhl `f strkgcf oe samokhstrumturf bkl rfjkogfl ugmbkgcfl lurogc tbasf

yfkrs9 oglffl, og tbf crkvfykrl, kg fxpkgsoag ae

tbf iogsbop systfj mauhl `f jklf voso`hf (Mbkptfr

OU, ]fmtoag 6). Ks O la gat igaw ae jftbals

mkpk`hf ae bkglhogc samokh lygkjoms lorfmthy, tbf

pbfgajfgag mkg `f kpprakmbfl aghy og kg og

lorfmt wky. \bf fksofst wky ta kmmajphosb tbos os ta

mut tbf jktfrok h ogta mbraga hacomkh shomfs og arlf r ta

kttfjpt k lfsmroptoag ear sumb k pbksf kgl tbfg ta

sff wbkt mbkgcfl, kgl baw, og `ftwffg. ^bksfs

bkvf `ffg ogtralumfl og M'bkptfr OOO khrfkly9 k

magsolfrk`hf kjaugt ae progt wks spfgt og los-

mussogc tbf jfrots ae sfvfrkh wkys ae pkrtotoagogc

tbf eogls. \bf rktbfr chaajy magmhusoag wks tbkt

ketfr lrulcfry, taohogc kgl jaohogc wotb tbf

vkroaus jalfhs, tbf `fst pbksogc vfry jumb rf-

sfj`hfl tbf ogotokh lostroùtoag ae tbf lktk ag tbf

ugratktfl mbragahacy progmopkh majpagfgt. O wohh

tbfrfearf stomi ta tbf hkttfr9 yft sahfhy ta ekmohotktf

majpu tktoa g, sajf ae tbf pbksfs ae Mbk ptf r OO O

bkvf `ffg hujpfl tacftbfr (wbfg tbfrf wfrf taa

efw eogls ta pralumf k lfmfgt kgkhysos) kgl sajf

atbfrs sphot up (wbfg tbfrf wfrf sa jkgy eogls tbkt

kg kttfjpt ta lfrovf k eogfr pomturf jklf sfgsf) ks

kppfkrs og \k`hf 60. Hft ot `f rf-fjpbksozfl tbkt

tbfsf pbksfs krf kgkhyhomkh haahs kgl gatbogc fhsf4 tbfy

bkvf gatbogc og majjag wotb tbf magmfpt ae tbf

skjf gkjf og wrotogcs hoif ^kvhoo (;?359 me

prfvoaus sfmtoag). \bf mbragahacomkh su`lovosoag

bfrf os ag tbf `ksos ae tbf lostroùtoag ae tbf eogls

avfr tbf ekmtar smarfs (eogls `fogc lfmarktfl

pattfry). Ekmtar smarfs krf ugots fxprfssogc

kjaugts ae loeefrfgmf9 agf jky ojkcogf fqukhkjaugts ae mbkgcf og tbf lktk sft `fogc jkppfl

agta fqukh lohefrfgmfs og ekmtar smarfs. (Pfkh)

mbkgcf qukgtoeoml avfr (rfkh) tojf wohh eahhaw k

Ckussokg ar garjkh murvf pfr vkrok`hf (ks lfeogfl og

Mbk ptfr O9 khsa me Eoc. ?)9 tbf hfgctb ae tbf pfr oal

ae mbkgcf ar klaptovf pfroal, bawfvfr, wohh `f

loeefrfgt pfr vkrok`hf (sff Eoc. ;;) kgl stktostomkh

pramflurfs hoif juhtophf rfcrfssoag kgl progmopkh

majpagfgts kgkhysos krf gat marrfmtfl ear tbkt

pbfgajfgag. \bfg, tbf mbragahacomkh kxos os"lfeogfl" `y k guj`fr ae vkrok`hfs, fkmb kgl khh

hok`hf ta rug k sojohkr maursf. \bf lostroùtoag ae

tbf mbkgcfs ag tbf loeefrfgt vkrok`hfs avfr ogefrrfl

tojf wohh `f truf ta tbf rfkh lostroùtoag wbfg

stktfl ks "fkr hofr " ar "h ktfr tb kg ", ùt gat ". . .

yfkrs hktfr/fkrhofr". \bf spffl ae mbkgcf pfr

vkrok`hf `fogc ugigawg, tbf qukgtoeomktoag kgl

su`sfqufgt trkgshktoag ae mbkgcf ogta loehfrfgmfs og

ekmtar smarfs wauhl ogfvotk`hy hfkl ta k lostartfl

pomturf. Sbfg eraj sumb k lostartfl pomturf k

pkrtotoag ae tbf lktk sft ogta pbksfs os lfrovfl,

gatbogc mkg `f skol kàut tbf hfgctb ae tbfsf

"pbksfs"9 aghy tbfor rfhktovf mbragahacomkh paso-

toags krf ta `f trustfl.

\bf pbksfs og tbf Fhshaa sftthfjfgt krf gat tbf

skjf ks tbasf lfeogfl `y Jallfrjkg4 tbf hkttfr

krf gat `ksfl aghy ag lfmarktfl wkrf, ùt khsa ag

lftkohs og but magstrumtoag kgl ag strktocrkpbom



] A J F ^ P F O . O J O G K P _ P F J K P I ] A G J F \ B A L ;=6

a`smrvktoags. \bf earjfr krf fxmhusovfhy mfrkjom

(og Eoc. ;3 tbf twa krrkys krf majpkrfl). \bf

kròtrkrogfss ae pbksfs ks jfkgt bfrf wohh `fmajf

fvfg mhfkrfr wbfg tbfy krf eurtbfr su`lovolfl ogta

ammupktoag ar bkòtktoag pbksfs.

Bkvogc mut up tbf lktk ogta tbfsf shomfs, tbf

vkrok`hfs arocogkhhy "jfksurogc" tojf krf rfogmar-

parktfl9 tbfrf jky `f sajf samokh systfjktoms

`fbogl tbf eotst kppfkrkgmf kgl su`sfqufgt sprfkl-

ogc ae sajftbogc oggavktovf ar tbf lostroùtoaoo ae tbf

magsfrvktovfs mhogcogc ta ahl wkys. Bkvogc su`

lovolfl tbf lktk ogta pbksfs, pfr pbksf k cfgfrkh

progmopkh majpagfgts kgkhysos wks jklf ag khh

lfmarktoag vkrok`hfs rfprfsfgtfl. Og Mbkptfr OU

gag-mfrkjom crkvf coets wfrf ogmarparktfl og tbfkgkhysos ks wfhh9 tbf prfsfgt mbkptfr lfkh projkrohy

vvotb mfrkjom vkrok`hfs. Pfckrlogc tbf progmopkh

majpagfgts kgkhysos, og prmvoaus mbkptfrs O bkvf

khrfkly warifl wotb ot kgl fxphkogfl k guj`fr ae

ots kspfmts9 bfrf, O wohh jmgtoag sajf lftkohs gat yft

losmussfl.

\bf guj`fr ae vkrok`hfs loeefrfl eraj pbksf ta

pbksf9 sajf pbksfs aeefr jarf vkrokgmf ta `f

fx))hkogfl tbkg atbfrs. \bos bks ots magsfqumgmfs ear

tbf ogoj`fr ae majpagfgts9 wotb hohthf vkroktoag,aghy k efw ekmtars mkg `m jfkgogceuh. Ob f guj`fr ae

ekmtars ta wari wotb eurtbfr wks mbasfg eraj tbf

tbrff mrotfrok mustajkrohy fjphayfl4 tbkt os, R

sbauhl `f crfktf r tbkg o .>>9 ar, kt hfkst 6% ae tbf

vkrokgmf kmmaugtfl ear `y tbf sjkhhfst majpagfgt9

ar, `fearf tbf rfhktovfhy hkrcfst dujp og vkrokgmf

`ftwffg twa kldkmfgt majpagfgts. K : o .>>

pravolfl tbf k`sahutf àttaj `fhaw wbomb ga

kgkhysos wks kttfjptfl9 atbfrwosf, tbf jollhf mut-

ahe vkhuf wks tkifg. \bus, og pbksf o kt Fhshaa tbf

tbrff mrotfrok rfsuhtfl og kg olfgtomkh guj`fr ae

majpagfgts ta `f ogmarparktfl (3)9 wbfrfks og

pbksf 6 ae tbkt sftthfjfgt W 7 o.aa rfsuhtfl og sox

majpagfgts, tbf 6",, ae vkroktoag mrotfrouj og 6, kgl

thu' hkrcfst dujp og pfrmfgtkcf ae vkroktoag ammurrfl

`ftwffg tbf sfvfgtb kgl tbf focbt majpagfgt9

kmmarlogchy, sox (jollhf guj`fr, kgl khsa W :

o.aa) majpagfgts wfrf rftkogfl.

K ommbgomkh paooot sbauhl `m gomgtoagml4 og tbf

prfsfgt majputktoags tbf "jossogc lktk" lfmhkrk-

toag wks jumb khhfvoktfl og majpkrosag wotb tbkt og

Mbkptfr OOO og arlfr ta hasf ks hotthf Ogearjktoag ks

passo`hf. \bos wks pkrtokhhy majpfgsktfl ear `y

rftkogogc tbf skjf tbrmsbahl Xkh uf s ear "gaosf"

rfckrlogc tbf guj`frs ae sbfrmhs pfr oogl ks og tbkt

mbkptfr4 eraj tbf Bofgbfoj eohf, hogls wotb hfss tbkg

eovf sbfrls wfrf ajottfl, kgl kt Fhshaa, buts wotb hfss

tbkg tbrff sbfrls og mfrtkog kssamoktoag wfrf tbrawg

aut. _ft tbf ho`frkhozkhoag ae tbf jossogc lktk

aptoaoo just bkvf rfsuhtfl og k shocbt vfohogc ae tbf

ekmtar pkttfrgs, ks ogfvotk`hy jarf "gaosf" bkl cagm

ogta tbf majputktoags.

\bf majpagfgts tbkt wfrf rftkogfl wfrf tbfgUKPOJKR ratktfl, k ratktoag jkxojozogc tbf

loeefrfgmfs og haklogcs ae tbf vkrok`hfs (Gof ft kh.

;?364 <26). \bosjfkgs tbkt usukhhy k sjkhh guj`fr

ae kttroùtfs marrfhktf bocbhy (pasotovfhy kgl/ar

gfcktovfhy), kgl tbf rfjkoglfr krf jarf ar hfss

gfutrkh. \braucb tbos ratktoag tbf rfhktovf wfocbt ae

tbf ekmtars os mbkgcfl9 tbf kjaugt ae vkrokgmf

ogmarparktfl og kg ugratktfl progmopkh maj

pagfgt bks ga rfhktoag kt khh wotb tbkt hamifl

up og ots ratktfl maugtfrpkrt. Khsa, tbfarocogkh arlfrogc (majpagfgt ga. o `mogc tbf

jast ojpartkgt, ga. 0 gfxt, ftm.) os hast4 tbf oj-

par tkgmf ae tbf ratktfl ekmtar ga. ; gffl gat `f

kgy crfktfr tbkg tbkt ae ga. 0, og ekmt ot os fqukhhy

hoifhy ta `f sjkhhfr. UUbkt os rfkogfl, bawfvfr, os

tbf oglfpfglmgmf ae tbf majpagfgts (tbf ekmtars

krf pfrpfglomuhkr ta agf kgatbfr). \bf UKPOJKR

ratktfl ekmtar pkttfrg pravolfl tbf `ksos ear pkrts ae

tbf kgkhysfs kgl ogtfrprftktoags `fhaw. @fmkusf tbf

guj`fr ae ugots pfr pbksf wks bkrlhy fvfr vfry

ojprfssovf, tbf ojpartkgmf ae kgy oglovolukh ekmtar

(ar fvfg ae tbf wbahf autput pfr pbksf) wks kssujfl

ta `f quotf haw `y otsfhe Aghy oe k sojohkr ekmtar

turgfl up og kg kldkmfgt pbksf wfrf tbfy magsolfrfl

gatfwartby (twa ekmtars krf magsolfrfl "sojohkr"

wbfg tbf skjf vkrok`hfs hakl bocb og tbf skjf

pkttfrg9 wbfg k vkrok`hf os gat magsoshfgthy kssamokt-

fl wotb k ekmtar tbos wohh `f socgkhhfl). \bos , tacftbfr

http://alues/

http://alues/

http://alues/



;=5 K \KHF AE \SA UOHH KCF ]4 @KGLIFPKJ OI ]AMOKH ]\ PVM \VP F

wotb tbf loAmrmgt guj`frs ae ekmtars pfr pbksf

rfsuhtfl og sajf lrap-auts ag tbf agf bkgl, ùt ag

tbf atbfr khsa og k ekorhy magsostfgt pomturf ae wbkt

bkppfgfl ta tbf vkroaus ekmtars tbraucbaut k sotf's

ammuZ)ktoag, o.f., k lygkjom pomturf.

O'bfrf krf ojpartkgt loeefrfgmfs `ftwffg tbf

autputs ear tbf Bofgbfoj kgl Fhshaa vohhkcfs. Jast

magspomuaus os tbf magstkgmy ae tbf ekmtar pkt tfrg

fjfrcogc eraj tbf Fhshaa kgkhysfs, kgl tbf jumb

jarf ehuol, khjast fhusovf Bofgbfoj sujjkrofs. \a

sajf fxtfgt tbos wohh rfhktf ta "prapfrtofs" ae tbf

sotfs tbfjsfhvfs, ùt ear tbf hkrcfst pkrt loeefrfgmfs og

tbf lktk `ksf wohh `f rfspagso`hf4 ear Fhshaa, buts

wfrf tbf ugots efl ta tbf majputfr9 ear Bofgbfoj,

eogls. Ks "buts" krf majpaugls ae "eogls", efwfrckps og tbf lktk ("jossogc vkhufs") wohh ammur

kjagc tbf earjfr. Lfsmroptoags ae oglovolukh eogls

ogmarparktf jarf jossogc lktk. \bkt os, jumb jarf

ae tbf vkrokgmf og tbf Bofgbfoj lktk os spuroaus.

Khsa, tbf lktk sft eraj Bofgbfoj os jarf bftfra-

cfgfaus tbkg tbkt eraj Fhshaa4 tbf hkttfr os majpasfl

ae eogls rfhktogc lorfmthy ta tbf lwfhhogcs9 tbf earjfr

ogmarparktfs eogls eraj eogl majphfxfs kgl sohas ks

wfhh, kgl tbfsf la gat lorfmthy rfhktf ta bkòtktoag

ugots9 kgl jarfavfr, k su`stkgtokh pkrt os JollhfGfahotbom. Kt eorst socbt tbos jky kppfkr ta `f k

earjolk`hf bkglomkp9 og rfkhoty tbogcs krf gah tbkt

`kl. Ear, ks wohh `fmajf mhfkr og tbf gfxt sfmtoag,

fvfg og Fhshaa wotb ots eogf hkmtar pkttfrg, rfhktovfhy

hotthf mkg `f lagf wotb ot, kgl sfvfrkh ekmtars rfjkog

ugfxphkogfl. _ft tbf samokh strumturf mkg `f `raucbt

aut wotbaut jkgy loeeomuhtofs. Kgl tbos bahls pasoto-

vfhy ear Bofgbfoj ks wfhh. Magvfrsfhy, aghy k

hojotfl guj`fr ae kspfmts ae tbf samokh strumturf krf

rfprfsfgtfl og tbf autput ae tbf progmopkh majpa-

gfgts kgkhysos. Gat ugfxpfmtflhy, og arlfr ta kgk-

hyzf samokh strumturf jarf lktk tbkg tbasf ag

lfmarktoag khagf sbauhl `f ogmarparktfl - ks wks

fjporomkhhy lfjagstrktfl og Mbkptfr OU.

\bf prfsfgt kgkhysos os fxphkgktary og k vkcuf

sfgsf aghy9 ots jkog purpasf os k lfsmroptoag og

ftbgahacomkh tfrjs ae tbf kgmofgt samokh arckgozk-

toag. Ot os "fxphkgktary" ogsaekr ks krtoekmt-lostro-

ùtoags krf rfhktfl ta samokh pkttmrgs. hoo krmbkfaha-

comkh prkmt omf tbos os agf ar twa stfps rmjavml eraj

fxmkvktk`hf kgl lorfmthy a`sfrvk`hf tbogcs. Ot os

lfsmroptovf ogksjumb ks O kj magtfgt wotb k

(pkrtokhhy) tfstfl ojkcf ae tbf @kglifrkjoi samokh

strumturf 9 ga kttfjpt os jkl f ta ca fyagl tbf samokh

hfvfh. ]umb sbauhl `m tbf gfxt stfp, ketfr eurtbfr

tfstogc, kjfgljmgt, kgl fhkàrktoag ae tbf stktf

jfgts og tbf soxtb sfmtoag.

\a tbkt purpasf, oe gat ear tbf majphftoag ae tbf

tfstogc pracrkj, tbf lktk `ksf sbauhl `f fxpkglfl

ta ogmarparktf lktk ag ehogt krtoekmt kgl klzf

lostroùtoags, qukgtotktovf kgl qukhotktovf lfsmrop

toags ae buts kgl atbfr strumturfs (ogmhulogc tbf

cfacrkpbomkh lospfrsoag ae sa-mkhhfl sohas, pot majphfxfs, ftm)9 ùt jast ae khh, tbf lktk sbauhl `f

rfprfsfgtktovf ear kg fgtorf sotf, kgl gat dust mavfr pkrt

(ugspfmoeofl) ae k sftthfjfgt aghy. Ot os fspfmokhhy tbos

hkttfr kspfmt wbomb os hkmiogc bfrf4 tbf Fhshaa

crkvfykrl bks `ffg fxmkvktfl khjast majphftfhy9

tbf Bofgbfoj sftthfjfgt ear agf-tborl, kgl Fhshaa os

igawg ear twa-tborls ta agf-eoetb ae ots tfrro tary aghy,

lfpfglogc upag tbf pfroal. \bfrfearf, tbf jast

mauhl `f skol magmfrgogc tbf mfjftfry kgl tbf hfkst

kàut tbf hktfst pbksfs ae Fhshaa. Sbfg ot os kllfltbkt fmahacomkh lktk sbauhl khsa `f ogtralumfl ogta k

mkuskh kgkhysos, ot os mhfkr tbkt sumb kg kttfjpt os

`fyagl tbf mkpkmotofs ae agf sogchf rfsfkrmbfr -

O ear agf kj fkcfrhy kwkotogc tbf rfsuhts ae tbf

Khlfgbavfgfr ^hkttf tfkj, wbfrf oglffl sumb kg

khh-fgmajpkssogc kpprakmb os trofl.

Eogkhhy, O wkgt ta rfturg ta tbf lostogmtoag

`ftwffg jfmbkgomkh kgl stktostomkh jalfhs ogtra

lumfl og Mb. OU, ]fmtoag o. Ot wks stktfl tbfrf tbkt

ruhfs mkg gfvfr `f euhhy a`sfrvfl, ga jkttfr wbftbfr

tbfsf krf igawg ta tbf pkrtomopkgts (ear fxkjphf,

samokh) ar aghy ta tbf a`sfrvfr (sumb ks stktostomkh

garjs). Kgl fvfg og k spfmokh kàlf hoif k crkvf

ykrl khh ruhfs jklf voso`hf wfrf kmmajpkgofl `y

fxmfptoags4 `fsolfs tbf garjkhhy ksyjjftrof fx-

mbkgcf jalfh, twa lostroùtoags paogtfl ta cfgfrk-

hozfl fxmbkgcf9 `fsolfs tbf garjkh pkorogc ("gar-

jkh" , ae maursf, og k stktostomkh sfgsf9 me. Hïvo-]trkuss



] A JF ^ P I O . O J O G K P _ P F J K P I ] A G J F \ B A L ;=3

;?534 035) ae tbf sfxfs og mauphfs ks kg oglomktar ae

tbf lajfstom jalf ae pralumtoag, crkvfs wotbaut

pkrtgfr ammurrfl, taa, ftm.

Sbfg og kg kgkhysos ae k crkvfykrl og wbomb

magsolfrk`hf kttfgtoag bks `ffg pkol ta tbf vkroaus

iogls ae caals eraj lfmarktfl pats ta pofmfs ae

mbkrmakh tbf stktostomkh ar fjporomkh lostroùtoag

loohmrs og k voso`hf wky eraj tbf lostroùtoag fxpfmt-

fl eraj tbf jfmbkgomkh jalfh, baw jumb jarf wohh

tbos `f tbf mksf og tbf stuly ae k pkrt majprosfl aghy

ae tbf sftthfjfgt lf`ros. \bkt os ta sky, tbf a`sfr-

vkòhoty ae tbf vkroaus jalfhs jky `f quo tf haw, kgl

khsa og kg ugprflomtk`hf wky. \bus, mbofes krf gat

voso`hf og tbf lfmarktfl wkrf ae tbf sftthfjfgt, kgl

gfothofr os ksyjjftromkh fxmbkgcf9 yft tbf fhefmts aeòoogfkh crauo= majpasotoag krf vfry mhfkrhy voso`hf og

tbf lostroùtoagkh pkttfrgs ae mfrkjom lfmarktoag.

\a pravolf sajf magtoguoty, tbf twa eaVawogc

sfmtoags krf sft up pkrtokhhy pkrkhhfh ta tbf prfvoaus

mbkptfr. Og tbkt wky, tbfrf wohh `f mbfmis ag tbf

pasotoagkh, tbf strumturkh, kgl tbf gfa-Jkrxokg

bypatbfsfs, og tbkt arlfr9 ogtfrjottfgthy O sbkhh khsa

lwfoh upaj sajf ae tbf bypatbfsfs eraj tbf sfmagl

sfmtoag ae tbos mbkptfr.

<. \bf H@I vohhkcf ae Fhshaa

\bf Hogfkr @kgl Ifrkjoi vohhkcf ae Fhshaa wks

h)uoht ag tbf jollhf tfrrkmf ae tbf Jkks Povfr

aGmr`hawg `y hafss og tbf sautbfrg pkrt ae Lutmb

Hojùrc. \bf sftthfjfgt sotf otsfhe os khjast ehkt9 ot os

àrlfrfl ta tbf wfst, tbf gartb kgl tbf fkst `y sjkhh

cuhhofs (wbomb lol gat mkrry wktfr og H@I tojfs),

kgl ta tbf sautb `y tbf bocb tfrrkmf (k jarffxtfgsovf lfsmroptoag ae tbf sotf's surrauglogcs mkg

`m eaouol og @kifhs ;?324 ;6-00). \bf sftthfjfgt lol

gat majphmtfhy ammupy tbf kvkohk`hf spkmf4 og fvfry

lorfmtoag tbfrf wfrf kt hfkst ;6> jftrfs ae "apfg"

hkgl `ftwffg tbf vohhkcf kgl tbf sotf's gkturkh

àuglkrofs. \bfrf wohh bkvf `ffg hotthf sahoehumtoag,

`fmkusf ae tbf ehktgfss ae tbf tfrrkog. Kmrass tbf

wfstfrg lfhh kgatbfr @kglifrkjoi vohhkcf wks

sotuktfl, agf jarf ae tbf sfvfg ta gogf magtfj-

parkry sftthfjfgts og tbf krfk. \bf crkvfykrl,

losmussfl og Mbkptfr OU, wks hyogc og tbf eari ae tbf

twa vkhhfys (Jallfr jkg ;?3>(;;)4 Ô. 0). \b f

fxostfgmf ae tbf vohhkcf bks `ffg igawg sogmf tbf

;?=>'s, wbfg tbf jalfrg vohhkcfs ae Fhshaa wks

rfhamktfl lum ta tbf loccogc ae k sboppogc mkgkh ks k

su`st otutm ear tbf Jkks Povfr. \bf sotf wks kssocgfl

ta `fmajf k gfw bausogc fstktf. Vgtoh ;?6>, tbf sotf

wks eohfl uglfr tbf gkjf "Iaa hwf c" ("Mk``kcf

Pakl"), tbfg k eorst trokh pot wks luc (Jallf rjk g

•?6WW9 W'?62/?)- Hkrcf-smkhf fxmkvktoags kt tbf sotf,

hfl `y ^.D.P. Jallfrjkg, wfrf maglumtfl `y tbf

Lutmb ]tktf ]frvomf ear Krmbkfahacomkh Ogvfstock-

toags, P.A.@., og ;?62, ;?6? kgl ;?5=. \b f crkvfykrl wks fxkjogfl og ;?6? kgl ;?55. Eraj tbf

vomwpaogt ae k bostary ae smofgmf, tbfsf fxmkvktoags

krf ogtfrfstogc, ks ot wks bfrf og Fhshaa, tbkt ear tbf

eorst tojf (og ;?6?) k lrkchogf wks ogtralumfl ta

ugmavfr tbf vkst krfks gfmfsskry ear stulyogc bausf

rmjkogs, tbf jkog purpasf ae tbf rfsfkrmb. Ga eogf

barozagtkh "strktocrkpby" wks eaugl kt Fhshaa,

khtbaucb k pkrtokh rfhamktoag ae tbf H@I sftthfjfgt

bkl tkifg phkmf. \bf krfk ugmavfrfl og tbf

gartbwfst kgl wfst ae tbf sotf magtkogfl vfstocfs aekhh pfroals (H@I o` ta kgl ogmhulogc 0l), wbfrfks

tbf fxmkvktoags eurtbfr ta tbf fkst rfvfkhfl trkmfs ae

tbf hktfr pbksfs aghy. \bf tatkh krfk ae tbf sotf os

fstojktfl kt tfg bfmtkrfs, ae wbomb agf-tborl bks

`ffg luc aut. \ bf rfjkogs ae ?6 buts wfrf eaugl9 05

`fhagcfl ta tbfAhlfr H@I (o.f., pbksfs o`-l), kgl

6() ta tbf _augcfr pfroal (pbksfs 0k-l)9 62 buts

mauhl `f lktfl jarf fxkmthy, òu tfg buts mauhl gat

`f mbragahacomkhhy eohfl kt khh. Fxtrkpahktogc eraj

tbf wbahf sotf, sajf 0>> ar 06> buts just bkvf `ffg

ùoht tbfrf og tbf maursf ae tojf. Oe fkmb ae tbfj wks

usfl ear twfgty-eovf yfkrs, tbfg kgywbfrf `ftwffg

fhfvfg kgl sfvfgtffg ae tbfj just bkvf `ffg

magtfjparkgfaus. Og tbf ahlfr H@I tbf vohhkcf

ammupofl kg fstojktfl krfk ae mk. twa ta tbrff

bfmtkrfs aghy (jumb ae wbomb bks `ffg ugmavfrfl)9

og tbf yaugcfr H@I k jumb hkrcfr krfk wks

ogbkòtfl. Og tbf hktfst pbksfs (o.f., tbasf magtfj-



=B K \ K H F A E \ S A U O H H K C F ] 4 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ O O P F

parkgmøus wotb tbf crkvfykrl) tbf gartbwfstfrg

pkrt ae tbf sotf wks kppkrfgthy lfsfrtfl. Magsf-

qufgthy, og tbf fkrbfr pbksfs tbf guj`fr ae buts wohh

bkvf tfglfl tawkrls tbf hawfr eocurf, kgl hktfr tbf

uppfr eocurf sbauhl bkvf `ffg tbf mhasfr kppraxo-

jktoag. Og fvfry pbksf tbf uohlogcs wfrf jarf ar

hfss fvfghy lostroùtfl avfr tbf krfk. Ot mkg khsa `f

fstk`bsbfl tbkt pra`k`hy aghy agf '"Crass`ku" (but

ae typf ok) wks stkglogc kt kgy jajfgt. Sbfg ga

jarf tbkg sox sbfrls mauhl `f kttroùtfl ta k but,

tbfsf sbfrls wfrf gat pu`hosbfl (Jallfrjkg ;?3>

(O)4 ;-5, 36-35, 0>=-0>3). \bf lktk era j Fhshaabkvf

`ffg pu`hosbfl og Jallfrjkg (;?3>).

Kmrass tbf eovf pbksfs ogta wbomb tbf Phshaa

jktfrokh bks `ffg lovolfl og tbf tborl sfmtoag, k

ekorhy magsostfgt pkttfrg ae magstkgmy kgl ae mbkgcf

kjagc tbf ekmtars fjfrcfs (Eoc. <6)9 tbos pkttfrg mkg

khsa `f rfkl eraj Eocs. ;2-0;. \a stkrt wotb tbf

magstkgt ekmtars og tbf pattfry lfmarktoag4

- \bf wkvf kgl tbf sporkh4 Kt tbf hfvfh ae tbf jalfh,

tbf twa wfrf magsolfrfl khtfrgktf kttroùtfs ae tbf

vkrok`hf JKOG JA\OF] (p. >>>). \bfor lostroùtoag og

tbf lktk sft, bawfvfr, succfsts k bocbfr stkglogc

tbkg tbkt ae trkots4 tbfy `fbkvf oglfpfglfgthy, og

fvfry pbksf k sfpkrktf majpagfgt os ammupofl `y

fkmb ae tbfj (fxmfpt og tbf hktfst pbksf, wbfrf tbos

pkttfrg `fmajfs `hurrfl). Ae maursf, og tbf mfjftry

wkvm.s kgl sporkb wfrf gmvfr eaugl og tbf skjf

crkvf (p . 0;).

Kssamoktfl wotb tbf wkvf jatoe, tbf eahhawogc

vkrok`hfs ammurrfl4 typf ae EOHHOGC] (wotb ugoghfr-

ruphfl eohhogcs haklogc sojohkrhy, FGL] (wotb ga fgls

rfcuhkrhy kmmajpkgyogc, kgl KVROO.OKP_ HOGF] lo-

jogosbogc og ojpartkgmf (wotb eorst, syjjftrd kxfs

haklogc bocb, crklukhhy `fmajogc gfutrkh). \bf

atbfr kttroùtfs ae tbf vkrok`hfs jfgtoagfl haklfl

appasototfhy.

Sotb tbf sporkh jatoe, tbf jkdar kssamoktoag os wotb

tbf trophfx kttroùtf, sajftojfs haklogc shocbthy

bocbfr, sajftojfs shocbthy hawfr tbkg tbos jatoe9 tbf

atbfr kttroùtfs ae tbf vkrok`hf GVJFPOMO\_ magsto-

tutf k majpagfgt ag tbfor awg (sff `fhaw). Gagf ae

tbf atbfr vkrok`hfs os rfcuhkrhy kssamoktfl wotb tbf

sporkh9 tbf stopphfl hogf og Eoc. <6 lrkwg eraj

"sporkhs" ta "oggavktars" stkgls ear k gfcktovf

kssamoktoag4 kttroùtfs oglomktogc oggavktoags og tbf

rfpfrtary krf haklogc vfry jumb appasfl ta tbf

sporkh. • ,

- \bf GVJFPOMO\_ ekmtar4 Ks wo tb wkvf kgl sporkh, kt

tbf hfvfh ae tbf jalfh ae Mbkptfr O, sojphfx, luphfx

E K M \ A P H K @ F H ] 4AHL

; 0^ B K ] F ]

= <_AVGC

6 E K M \ A P H K @ F H ]

oggavktars"

sporkh

wkvf

luphfx/ sojphfx

"jktroh ogy"

gat ogtfrprf tk`hf

)* I "oggavktars*

wkvf

luphfx /atbfr

paogt lfmarktoag

"jktr o h ogy"

gat ogtfrprftk`hf

oggavktars"

sporkh

wkvf

luphfx/ sojphfx

"jktroh ogy"

gat ogtfrprf tk`hf

)* I

'o9o"oggavktars*

wkvf

luphfx /atbfr

paogt lfmarktoag

"jktr o h ogy"

gat ogtfrprftk`hf

oggavktars"

sporkh

wkvf

luphfx/ sojphfx

"jktroh ogy"

gat ogtfrprf tk`hf

"oggavktars*

wkvf

luphfx /atbfr

paogt lfmarktoag

"jktr o h ogy"

gat ogtfrprftk`hf

oggavktars"

sporkh

wkvf

luphfx/ sojphfx

"jktroh ogy"

gat ogtfrprf tk`hf

"oggavktars*

wkvf

luphfx /atbfr

paogt lfmarktoag

"jktr o h ogy"

gat ogtfrprftk`hf

oggavktars"

sporkh

wkvf

luphfx/ sojphfx

"jktroh ogy"

gat ogtfrprf tk`hf

"oggavktars*

wkvf

luphfx /atbfr

paogt lfmarktoag

"jktr o h ogy"

gat ogtfrprftk`hf

oggavktars"

sporkh

wkvf

luphfx/ sojphfx

"jktroh ogy"

gat ogtfrprf tk`hf

"oggavktars*

wkvf

luphfx /atbfr

paogt lfmarktoag

"jktr o h ogy"

gat ogtfrprftk`hf

oggavktars"

sporkh

wkvf

luphfx/ sojphfx

"jktroh ogy"

gat ogtfrprf tk`hf R R R R R R

"oggavktars*

wkvf

luphfx /atbfr

paogt lfmarktoag

"jktr o h ogy"

gat ogtfrprftk`hf

gr . ae ekm tars

gr.ae buts

3

;=

5

2

5

;5

5

?

5

2

gr.ae ekmtars

gr. ae buts

vkrok`hf bappogc avfr.

bkrlhy pfrmfpho`hf, gat k`sfgt,

magstkgmy ah pkttfrg haklogcs.

Eoc. <d. FH]HAA voHHKCF. Mags tkg my kgl mb kg cf og ekmta r pk tt frg s.



\BF H@I UOHHKCF AE FH]HA A ;=?

kgl trophfx sbauhl `f jutukhhy fxmhusovf kttroùtfs ae

tbf Go'JFPom9rr_ vkrok`hf. Pfckrlogc sojphfx kgl

luphfx tbos mkg `f sustkogfl, ù t trophfx sffjs ta `f kg

oglfpfglfgt efkturf4 og tbf eorst tbrff pbksfs trophfx osstragchy kssamoktfl wotb sporkh jatoes, covogc rosf ta k

sfpkrktf ekmtar9 og tbf eogkh twa pbksfs trophfx kgl

luphfx krf haklogc òpahkrhy (wotb khsa luphfx kgl

sojphfx haklogc appasotfhy ag kgatbfr ekmtar). \bfrf

os aghy agf kth roù tf magsostfgthy rfhktfl ta tbf

sojphfx kgl luphfx ekmtar4 ugogtfrruptfl EOHHOGC] bkvf

sojohkr oaklogcs (ks wks tbf mksf wotb tbf wkvf).

- ';'bf jast magstkgt ekmtar og khh ae tbf aut put os k

òpahkr agf, ag wbomb murvohogfkr kgl rfmtohogfkr

]\PVM\VPFs ]tkgl vfry jumb appasfl9 eraj tbf

crkvfykrl, tbos ekmtar mkg `f mkhhfl "jkt roho gy"4

KGCHF AE EOHHOGC] lfeoBms k sfpkrktf ekmtar og tbf

horso pbksf, ùh og tbf atbfr pbksfs tbos vkr ok`hf

khwkys hakls jalfrktfhy ag tbos ekmtar. Og sajf

pbksfs stohh atbfr vkrok`hfs krf kssamoktfl4 og pbksf o,

EOHHOGC]9 og pbksfs = kgl 6 HOJV]9 kgl og pbksf <,

sojphfx (wotb murvohogfkroty) kgl luphfx. \bf rfkh

jktro-jkrifrs hakl vfry fxtrfjfhy ag tbos ekmtar,

tbf atbfr vkrok`hfs dust jfgtoagfl aghy jalfrk

tfhy sa9 tbfor oghhufgmf wohh tbfrfearf `f rfstromtfl.

K jkrifl magtrkst ae tbos ekmtar wotb tbasf

ogvahvogc tbf JKOG JA\OE] os kppkrfgt. Sbohf tbf

hkttfr lfeogf k sfpkrktf ekmtar fkmb (tbkt os, oglfpfg

lfgt aeagf kgatbfr), tbf earjfr os k òpahkr agf, kgl

ots kttroùtfs krf rfkh kttroùtfs og tbkt tbfy krf og

appasotoag ag tbf skjf ekmtar.

- Kjagc tbf gag-magstkg t ekmtars, twomf lur ogc tbf

sftthfjfgt's ammupktoag ekmtars turgfl up tbkt bkvf

`ffg lu``fl "oggavktars"4 Og tbf eorst twa pbksfs

(wbomb `fhagc ta tbf ahlfr @kglifrkjoi) tbf buts

wbfrf oofmi lfmarktoag wks kpphofl ta tbf pats wfrmsogchfl aut `y k spfmooom ekmtar9 ga atbfr vkrok`hfs

sffj ta f kssamoktfl. Og tbf hktfst twa pbksfs ae tbf

sftthfjfgt (wbomb ekhh og tbf yaugcfr pfroal) tbf

juhtolfgtfl spktuhk - k jkdar oggavktoag og tbf

pattfr's mrket tawkrls tbf fgl ae tbf Fkrhy Gfahotbom

- os sogchfl aut `y k ekmtar wbomb appasfs ot ta ots

sogWhf-lfgtflX)vmlfmfooa_. Gagf ae tbf atbfr vkrok`hfs

os magsostfgthy kssamoktfl wotb tbos ekmtar (kh tbaucb

wbfg spfkiogc ae twa pbksfs aghy, "magsos tfgmy" os k

sajfwbkt haklfl tfrj).

Agf gag-pfrjkgfgt ekmtar rfjkogs ta `f ogtra-

lumfl9 og Eoc. <6 ot bks tbf gkjf "paogt lfmarktoag"4 Og tbf hktfst twa pbksfs, d&ao'gW MAJÂGFG\]

ae lfmarktoag phus tbf magmajotkgt oglftfrjogktf

KGCHF AE EOHHOGC] sbaw kckogst khh atbfr MAJÂ

GFG\] (kgl tbf atbfr kttroùtfs ae KGCHF). Agmf tbos

pkttfrg os igawg, ot mkg `f rfmacgozfl agf pbksf

fkrhofr, wbfg stohh kssamoktfl wotb tbf sojphfx/luphfx

ekmtar. Og pbksf 6, tbf EOHHOGC] vkrok`hf khsa

`fmajfs kssamoktfl, wbomb `fearf bkl `ffg tofl ta

tbf sojphfx!luphfx ekmtar.

- Eogkhhy, og fvfry pbksf kt hfkst agf ekmtar bks

rfjkogfl ugogtfrprftk`hf - sojphy `fmkusf ga

magsostfgt pkttfrg fxosts, fvfg ga pkrtokh magmur-

rfgmf mkg `f eaugl og kldkmfgt pbksfs4 \bus, og

pbksf o, k ekmtar os jklf ae EOHHOGC]9 og pbksf 0, ae

tbf KGCHF AE EOHHOGC]9 og pbksf =, ae EOHHOGC] kckog,

kgl ae fhkàrktfl FGL]9 og pbksf < ae KGCHF AE

EOHHOGC], wbomb os ks k ruhf jalfrktfhy kssamoktfl

wotb tbf jkrifrs ae jktrohogy9 kgl og pbksf 6 k

ekmtar paogts ta Vgfs og tbf gfmi lfmarktoag.

\bos majphftfs tbf cfgfrkhozfl lfsmroptoag ae tbf

lfmarktoag ag tbf H@I pattfry eraj Fhshaa.

\bf eorst kgkhysos kttfjphfl og tbf prfvoaus

mbkptfr wks kmmarlogc ta stktus. \bfrf, sfx wks

jklf voso`hf `y spfmoeofl sfts ae taahs, wotb lfmarktfl

wkrf gah kjagc tbfj. Kgy spfmokhozktoag og tbf usf

ae pkrts ae tbf sotf kmmarlogc ta sfx mkggat `f

lftfrjogfl, tbfrfearf, eraj tbf lktk prfsfgthy kt

bkgl (me f.c., tbf loeefrfgtokh lostroùlags ae krto-

ekmts kt tbf Ahszkgomk @ o kgl tbf Hkgcwfohfr ? sotfs9

rfspfmtovfhy Johoskusiks ;?35k4 53-5?9 kgl Iupfrft'oh- ;?334 'W60-06<, 06?-05=).

Sbohf tbf progmopkh loeefrfgtoktogc mrotfroag ae sfx

mkggat `f ogtralumfl bfrf, k hat jarf mkg `f skol ag

rkgiogc. Ear ogstkgmf, khagc tbf skjf hogfs ae

rfksagogc ks og tbf crkvfykrl, tbf magsolfrk`hf

loeefrfgmfs og tbf sozfs ae tbf buts mkg `f tbaucbt ae

ks jkriogc k rkgiogc (ar fvfg k strktoeofl) rktbfr

tbkg kg fckhotkrokg samofty. Ea lostogcuosb `ftwffg

tbfsf mksfs sfvfrkh magsolfrktoags kpphy4



;<> K \KHF AE \S ø UO HHKC F]4 @KGLIFPKJhI ]AMOKO. ]\P VM\VPF

Kt k vfry cfgfrkh hfvfh, k but jky bkvf `ffg

magstrumtfl kt k lftfrjogktf paogt og tbf hoef mymhf

(f.c., kt jkrrokcf). Og tbkt mksf, tbf ùohlfrs wfrf ae

kppraxojktfhy fqukh kcf, tbf rkgiogc mrotfroag aefckhohkrokg kgl rkgiogc samofty. \bfg, tbf loehfrfg-

mfs og hypf/sozf just rfehfmt atbfr mrotfrok9 o.f., `f

oglomktars ae rkgiogc ar fvfg strktoeomktoag. @fhaw

(pp. ;6>-;6;) , sumb k tof wohh `f rfdfmtfl9 tbf

eauglogc lktf kgl hoef mymhf krf losmaggfmtfl9 eraj

obos ot gfmfsskrohy eahhaws tbkt og tbf kccrfcktf, buts

wfrf ùoht kt khh passo`hf jajfgos og tbf hoef mymhf ae

tbf ogbkòtkgts. \a sfpkrktf rkgiogc eraj strktoeo

mktoag wf just majf lawg ta k jarf spfmoeom hfvfh4

tbf loeefrfgt sozf ae tbf mfgtrkh pkrt ae tbf buts (tbf

hovogc qukrt frs, kmmarlogc ta Jal lfr jkg ;?3>(;)4;;>) jocbt `f ogtfrprftfl ks rfehfmtogc tbf guj`fr

ae ogbkòtkgts, wbomb wauhl `f marrfhktfl og k

cfgfrkh sfgsm ta tbf hoef mymhf4

;. K sojphf jkrotkh mauphf wotbaut, hktfr wotb,

mbohlrfg, pahycygaus ar gat, kgl og tbf fgl kckog `y

tbfjsmhvfs, wohh maugt lohhfrfgt guj`frs ae pfaphf,

kgl kmmarlogchy gffl loeefrfgt krfks ae ehaar spkmf kt

loeefrfgt pfroals ae tojf. \bus, k magduckh mauphf

wohh pkss tbraucb k mymhf eraj twa ta sox ar sfvfg

(eùr ar eovf mbohlrfg) kgl `kmi ta twa4 k ehumtuktoag`y k ekmtar ae avfr 0 (ag tbf guj`fr ae mbohlrfg, me

@urcuoârf ;?3<4 2>-2<9 Moau`frt ;?5>9 Tuol`frc

;?364 00, Kppfglox =.;9 wba pravolf lfjacrkpbom

lktk ag àtb "prf-Jkhtbusokg" pfkskgtrofs kgl

prf-stktf samoftofs).

0. _ft tbos vkroktoag wohh `f lkjpfg fl tbraucb

tbf feefmts ae kcchajfrktoag ogbfrfgt og tbf earjk-

toag ae fxtfglfl bausfbahls. \bf fxtfglfl ekjohy

wohh maugt k mauphf ae crkglpkrfgts, agf ar twa

jkrotkh mauphfs phus mbohlrfg, phus sajf ugjkrrofliog, tacftbfr sajf sox ta twfhvf pfaphf, ùh tbos

eocurf wohh `f rfhktovfhy magstkgt4 wbfg tbf mbohlrfg

craw ta jkturoty, tbf crkglpkrfgts krf ag tbfor wky

ta pkssogc aut ae tbf pomturf kgl khh og khh tbf

ehumtuktoag jky `f `y kt `fst k ekmtar 0, pra`k`hy

hfss. (Ear losmussoag ae tbf fxtfglfl ekjohy sff Sahe

;?554 (oh-3=9 khsa `fhaw, pp. ;<?-;6>).

Sbfg tbf kmtukh eocurfs krf magsolfrfl (\k` hf

6=, wbomb covfs tbf hfgctbs ae tbf mfgtrkh pkrts)

tbf avfrkhh vkroktoag os sffg ta `f rfhktovfhy sjkhh4

wotb efw fxmfptoags tbf jkxojkh hfgctb os hfss

tbkg lau`hï tbf jogojkh hfgctb. Og atbfr warls,tbf tk`hf lamujfgts tbf magstkgmy aá tbf bausf-

bahl sozf, k magstkgmy wbomb mkoo `f kmmajphosbfl

`y fxtfglfl ekjohofs khagf. \bus, pkrkhhfh lostro-

ùtoags ae kcf/rkgi (crkvfykrl) kgl ae but sozf

(vohhkcf) (\k`hf 6<), tbaucb succfstovf, krf

spuroaus.

]to-;;, hkrcfr mfgtrkh pkrts krf eaugl og tbf hkrcfr

typfs ae bausfs (\k`hf 66).W Ot os ks oe hkrcfr

bausfbahls wotb tbfor jarf fxtfgso`f rfsaurmfs

(hkàur pawfr) gffl jarf raae ta pratfmt tbfor

pralumf eraj tbf wfktbfr. \bf ojpartkgt magstrum-

toagkh loeefrfgmfs `ftwffg tbf but typfs (ar, rktbfr,

tbf kllotoags ta tbf `ksom mfgtrkh pkrt) sffj ta paogt

ta loeofrfgt eugmtoags (Jallfrjkg ;?3>(;)4 ;>?-

O ;>), kgl bfgmf ear loeefrfgtoktfl tksis pfrearjfl

`y tbf jfj`frs ae tbf bausfbahls hovogc og tbfsf

lwfhhogcs. ]umb wks prfmosfhy tbf apmrktoagkhozktoag

ae "locgoty" lfvfhapfl og tbf crkvfykrl stuly.

Sbfg sajf ekjohofs gfflfl jarf spkmf (wfrf

hkrcfr) tbfy khsa pfrearjfl jarf, kgl loeefrfgt da`s4

tbf bausfbahls ks ugots bfhl loeefrfgt pasotoags og kbofrkrmby. ^krt ae tbos rkgiogc just bkvf ammurrfl ag

mrotfrok atbfr tbkg kcf. \b kt os, tbf Fhshaa majjugo ty

wohh bkvf `ffg rkgifl. (Hkmiogc lktk ag tbf

lostroùtoag ae taahs, tbf passoòhoty ae spfmokbzktoag

mkggat `f ogvfstocktfl bfrf.)

\bf krcujfgt bogcfs (kjagc atbfr tbogcs) upag

tbf kssujptoag tbkt buts wfrf ùoht og agf straif.

Eraj a`sfrvktoags lurogc fxmkvktoags ga krcujfgt

mkg `f earjuhktfl kckogst tbos kssujptoag (Jallfr

jkg, pfrs.majj. 0>>?32)9 khsa, oe ot wfrf musta-jkry ta fxpkgl ùohlogcs wbfg gfmfsskry, k

tfglfgmy tawkrls typf o` sbauhl `f a`sfrvk`hf,

wbomb os gat tbf mksf.

Vp tohh gaw, O bkvf mkrfeuVy aogottfl rfefrfgmf ta

typf ok buts. ]ajf kutbars magsolfr tbfsf lwfhh

ogcs ta oglomktf jarf wfkhtby bausfbahls, passo`hy

fvfg ae mbofes, kgl atbfrs bahl ta k eugmtoag sumb ks

k jfg'smhu`bausf (me p. ;=;)9 tbf twa vofws la gat



\BF O .@I UOHHKCF AE FH]HAA ;<;

fxmhulf agf kgahbfr. Sotbaut kg fxbkustovf kgk-

hysos ae taao lostroùtoags tbf paogt wohh `f oj-

passoì' V) lffhlf. _ft, eaur wfki kr cujfgt s jky

`f `raucbt earwkrl4Eo'a\oo k lohhmrfoV fao ost oumhoag, k lohefofgt eoogm-

toag sbauhl `f magmhulfl, kt hfkst ks k wariogc

bypatbfsos. \bkt os, oe typf ok buts khsa bkl k

eugmtoag ks hovogc qukrtfrs, tbfg sajf atbfr eugm-

toag gat sbkrfl `y tbf atbfr lwfhhogcs wks euheohhfl

`y tbfj ks wfhh.

- Jfg 's mhu`bausfs krf ekorhy majjag (rfefr ta

Johoskusiks ;?35k ear rfefrfgmfs9 atbfr ftbga-

crkpbom fxkjphfs mkg `f sffg og, f.c., Ihaas ;?3;,

Pk ppkpar t ;?52, ar ]khosùry ;?509 k cfgfrkh

ftbgahacomkh losmussoag ag tbos tapom, f.c., og Hïvo-

]trkuss ;?5?4 ;;2).

- Fjporomkhhy, kt Fhshaa, typf ok buts krf gat

sfhfmtfl `y tbf progmopkh majpagfgts9 tbkt os, tbfrm

os ga spfmokh typf ae pat lfmarktoag pfmuhokr ta

tbfj. Khsa, tbfsf buts krf gat ta `f lostogcuosbfl

eraj tbf atbfr buts ag tbf `ksos ae tbf guj`fr ae

sbfrls eaugl gfkr tbfj4 tbf lostroùtoag ae eogls

wotb/wo tbau t lfmarktfl sbfrls avfr tbf buts ae typf

ok kgl tbf atbfr typfs haais vfry sojohkr (\k`hf

65). \bf skjf os truf ear tbfor ogtfrgkh magstrumtoag, wbomb os olfgtomkh ta tbkt ae typf o`.

- Mboføy pfrsags wfrf voso`hf og tbf crkvfykrl

`fmkusf ae àtb k qukgtkhovf kgl k qukhotktovf

supfroaroty ae crkvf coets4 tbfy wfrf kmmajpkgofl

`y jarf coets wbomb magsostfl ae jarf majphftf taao

iots. Kt hfkst og tbf crkvf sajf loeefrfgtokh kssamok-

toag wotb pralumtovf jfkgs wks voso`hf. Kgl ot os

tbos hkttfr kspfmt wbomb sft tbfj kpkrt eraj tbf

rkgiogc arlfr wbomb wks sffg ta apfrktf ag tbf

sojphf progmophf ae qukgtoty. \bos qukhotktovfloeefrfgmf og tbf crkvfykrl jky tkhhy wotb tbf

qukhotktovf loeefrfgmf ae tbf typf ok buh.

Og jy apogoag, tbf tborl paogt krcufs ear k

rfcuhkr lwfohogc ugot, tbf eorst kgl eaurtb paogts ear

k mbofehy stktus ae tbf bausfbahl hovogc og ot, kgl tbf

sfmagl paogt os kjòcuaus4 sajf ftbgacrkpbomkh

jfg's bausfs krf hovfl og `y tbf jkhfs ae tbf vohhkcf,

wotb kjaooc tbfj tbf òc jkg/òc jfg (ùt og tbos

mksf, k mhfkr sfpkrktoag ae tbf sfxfs fxosts, wbomb og

krmbkfahacomkh magtfxts sbauhl `f voso`hf og tbf

loeefrfgtokh lostroùtoags ae mktfcarofs ae rfeusf).

\kifg tacftbfr, k rkgifl samofty sffjs ta `fkttfstk`hf eraj tbf lktk ear Fhshaa9 pkrt ae tbf

vkroktoag mkggat `f rftrkmfl ta fckhotkrokg stkg-

lkrls. ]trktoeomktoag, bawfvfr, mkggat `f su`stkg-

toktfl ugfquovamkhhy9 aghy wbfg pusbfl ogta tbkt

lorfmtoag, jky sajf lktk eraj àtb tbf crkvfykrl

kgl tbf vohhkcf) paogt ta ogmopofgt shrkhohomktoag.

\bf atbfr loeefrfgtoktogc mrotfrouj eaugl apfrk-

hovf og tbf crkvfykrl wks tbkt ae spfmokhozktoag.

\wa iogls mauhl `f lostogcuosbfl4 krrawbfkls

(ftm), kgl pattfry. \bf krrawbfkl-kssamoktfl

spfmokhozktoag mkggat `f tkifg ogta kmmaugt bfrf9

tbf pat pfaphf mkg aghy `f bfsotktogchy magsolfrfl,

ear tbfrf wfrf ga spfmokh mbkrkmtfrostoms majjag ta

tbfoo- wkrf. \bf stktus tbfy ammupofl (0 tojfs jalf

rktf, o tojf bocb) jocbt succfst kt horst socbt kg

ogvfstocktoag ae guj`fr ae lfmarktfl sbfrls vs. but

typf (\k`hf 63), wbfgsumb kmarr fhkt oagae kcfkgl

hypf bkl gat `ffg rfdfmtml prfvoaushy (p. ;<>).

Fvfr tbf trklotoagkh magmfrg ae krmbkfahacosts,

tbf mbragahacy ae buts (Eoc. o 3) bks `ffg trkgshktfl

ogta smbfj ktoz fl phkgs ae tbf sotf, Eocs. <5-6>. Sotbtbf olfk tbkt buts mhasf tacftbfr ag tbf mbragaha-

comkh majpagfgt just bkvf staal tacftbfr, kg

kttfjpt wks jklf ta ksmfrtkog wbomb bausfs wfrf

sygmbragof. ]aag ot `fmkgof mhfkr tbkt .sajf craup-

ogcs ae buts sbawfl magshkgmy avfr tojf4 sojohkr

mageocurktoags wfrf eaugl ta `f rfpftotovf. Ogotokh-

hy, jast ae tbf buts kmmajpkgofl `y lfmarktfl

wkrf mauhl `f eottfl ta sumb k pkttfrg9 hktfr tbf

gag-mfrkjom buts wfrf khsa `raucbt og.

]bart-muttogc tbf lo.smussoag `fhaw, eaur (arpfrbkps sox) craups ae buts kppfkr ta `f voso`hf. Gat

khh craups og khh pbksfs, ùh eaur ae obfj bkvf `ffg

ae hagcfr lurktoag tbkg k sogchf pbksf - kt hfkst og

tbf fxmkvktfl pkrt ae tbf sotf (Eocs. <5-6>, 6;). Ear

ogstkgmf, tbf fkstfrg craup jky bkvf `ffg og

fxostfgmf ear k hagc tojf `fearf ot javfl ogta tbf

sautbfkstfrg fxmkvktoag. Bawfvfr, ot bks gat `ffg

passo`hf ta kssocg fvfry sogchf but ta k craup4 =<



;<0 K \ K H F A E \ S A U O H H K C F ] 4 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F

EooW. Q/5'. FH]HAA UOO.HKCF4 Buts og usf og thoa eorst mfrkjom pbksm. MVoragahacomkh

rkgiogc kmmarlogc ta ekmtar smarfs. o-5, ahl ta yaugc. 'UUfocbt' oglomkhfs ga. ae

kssamoktfl sbfrls (me Eoc. ;3).

rkgi but typf wfocbt

; 55 X Mo* 56 0 @

0' 50 o ` M

= 3> R K

< ' gat fgtfrfl (5=}

< ' 6> = K

< ' •? 0 M

< ' >< R K

6 ' "6 R K

6 ' =0 o ` K5 ' ;3 0 K

5 ' 36 0 K

buts gat lktk`hf`y lffl pattfry

K 5; =` 0> 0 "

m 00 0 pbksf

l 6< =

Eoc. <D. FH]HAA UV.HKCF4 Buts og usf og smmaool mfrkjom pbksf. Mbragaoacomkh

rkgiogc kmmarlogc ta ekmtar smarfs ;-=, ahl ta yaugc. "Sfocbt* oglomktfs ga. ae

kssamoktfl sbfrls (me. Eoc. ;3).

typf •mocbt

; 66 h k K0 ' 53 0 @0 ' 5< R @0 ¹ 52 t` @0 ' ;> o` M

= ' =5 R M

= ' 02 = K

buts wotbaut lffl pattfry9K 06 h k

@ 05 0M <6 R

L 6' o`

F 6? 0

e

c

0>

00

0 "

0pbksm ar ;

b 6< =

Eoc. <2. FH]HAA UOHHKCF4 Buts og usf og tborl mfrkjom pbksf. Mbragaoacomkh

rkgiogc kmmarlogc ta ekmtar smarfs. ;-64 ahl ta yaugc. 'Sfocbt' oglomktfs ga. ae

kssamoktfl sbfrls (me Eoc. ;3).

rkgi but tvpf ufoc btO 35 o` K

0 ' 3< t` K0 " << R K0' ' <? 0 K0 ' <2 o ` K

0* >2 R K

= ' 62 o` K

= ' =2 = K

= ' =< R K

=* 0< R M

= ' =; = K

= ' =3 R K

< ;5 0 K

6 ' ' 6 o ` M

6 ' 65 0 m6 ' 03 o k K

buhs wotbaut lfmarkhfl pattfry4K 0X ok

@ =='• 63l =>

e =6O =?

c <"b <;

• 60

d 6=i 5m)

; 3-A 5=

fotbfr pbksm 9{ ar pbksf <

pbksf = ta 6

0/h`

=

0 (sfm tfxt, p. 56)



\B F O.@I UO O. HKC F AE FH]H AA ;<=

Eoc. <;D. Io.]HAø UOJ.KMF4 Buts og usf og h'aurtho mfrkjom pbksf. Mbragahacomkh

rkgiogc kmmarlogc ta ekmtar smarfs. ;-=4 ahl ta yaugc.

'UUfocbt' oglomktfs ga. ae kssamoktfl sbfrls (me Eoc. ;3).

rkgi but hypm w

; ' W= = M

; W 2< R K

0 ' <3 R M

0¹ ;; R K

0=;< = K

0 ' 5> o K

0 * 23 0 @

= ' 0? R @

= ' 2? o` K

focbh buts wotbaut lfmarktfl pattmry4

|obk.sf = m

=87 R

=6 R

=? o

<> ;

< ' 0 pbksm =, < ar 6

60 0/h`

6= =

5? 0

3; 0 Q

32 0 ~

?> 0 pbksf < ar 6

Eoc. DA. FH]HAA UOHHKCF4 Buts og usf og eoetb mfrkjog pbksf. Mbragahutáomkh

rkgiogc kmmarlogc ta ekmtar smarfs. ;-34 ahl ta yaugc.

'Sf ocb t' ogl omktfs ga. ae kssamoktfl sbfrls (me Eoc. ;3).

Pkgi But OU^W UUfocbtY ;0 0 K

0 ?= R K

=' 22 O` @

= ' 2= R m4< ?'D 0 @

6 >? 0 m5 3? 0 @

3 26 R @

buts wotbaut lfmarktfl pattmry4K >3.' R

@ •= h k

M <-' R

L <= R

F ?" R

E ?< hk

c 32 0

b ?> 0 pbksf < ar 6o =" R

d =6 R

i;

=?<>

<; pbksf =, <, ar 6

g 60 ••'/ `> 6= =

^ 5? 0

8h 3" '0

'DH4WTW

(aut ae ?0) mkggat `f hott fl. \bus, tbf fglogc ae tbf

gartbfrg craup - oe sumb k tbogc ammurrfl, kgl oe ot

bkppmgfl ks authogfl og Eoc. <2 - jky bkvf

pramfflfl `fyagl tbf trokgchf ae rkgi = og tbkt

eocurf4 buts =6, =3 kgl <? (jkrifl f, =* kgl 0W),

pfrbkps khsa <> kgl 60 (c, 6 W) jky ar jky gat bkvf

`ffg ogbk`ohfl `y tbf lfsmfglkgts ae tbos craup.

_ft, `fmkusf ae tbf loskppfkrkgmf ae tbf "Crass`ku"

eraj tbf craup's rkgis tbfsf hkttfr eovf buts wfrf

gat ogmarparktfl ogta tbf craup's trkdfmtary. Khsa,



;<< K \K HF AE \S A UO HO , KC F]! @ K GL IF P K JO I ]AM OKH ]\ P V M \ VP F

houts 63 kgl 62 (m, = ' og Eoc. <2) kgl <> kgl 65 (c,

6WW) jky passo`hy `fhagc ta k loeefrfgt, ugrfmac-

gozfl craup. \bf gartbfkstfrg craup bks kg "fglogc"

sojohkr ta tbkt ae tbf gartbfrg craup (Eocs. <2-<?).

Pfckrlogc tbf jollhf craup, og tbf hktfr pkrt ae tbf

tborl pbksf ot jky wfhh `f loeefrfgt eraj tbkt ae

fkrhofr kgl hktfr lktfs9 aghy eraj ots pasotoag og tbf

skjf pk rt ae tbf sotf bks ots olfgt oeomkt oag `ffg

lfrovfl. Bu t ;5 (pbksf =, ga. <) sbauhl khsa `f

kssocgfl ta tbos jollhf craup, khtbaucb ohs wbfrf-

kàuts krf k`smurf.

eWeodtb craup jky `f losmfrgo`hf og tbf sautb og

pbksf o9 ot jky bkvf javfl aut ae a`sfrvktoag og

tbf smmagl pbksf, ks khh atbfr craups sffj ta bkvf

jocrktfl og maugtfr mhamiwosf trkdfmtarofs kmrasstbf sotf. O kj khsa tfjptfl taprap asfkow/ /o|er a«/)og

tbf hktfst pbksf ae tbf sftthfjfgt, ear wbomb buts 32

kgl 3? wauhl stkgl (c, 5 og Eoc. 6>).

\a krrovf kt tbfsf craups, sfvfrkh magsolfrktoags

kpphofl4

- Eraj Jallfrjkg's kmmaugts, k lktogc, ta

wotbog k pbksf og sajf mksfs, mauhl `f fxtrkmtfl ear

jast ah tbf buts wotbaut lfmarktfl pattfry (tbasf

buts tbkt mkggat `f lktfl ta fotbfr tbf eorst ar tbf

sfmagl pfroal ae tbf Lutmb H@I bkvf `ffg

ajot tfl4 G : ;>) (J allf rj kg ;?3> (O) 4 5-=6).

- Gag- mfrkjom bausfs wfrf kssocgfl ta craups ae

mfrkjomkhhy kmmajpkgofl agfs ag k vkrofty ae

magsolfrktoags4 kpkrt eraj pbksf, strktocrkpbom a`-

sfrvktoags9 magstrumtoagkh lftkohs9 kgl lostkgmf.

]trktocrkpboma`sfrvktoags4 Jallfr jkg (;?3> (O)4

02-=6 Wrol (OO)4 Ô. 3-=2). Magstrumtoagkh lftkohs4

^.D.P. Jallfrjkg, (pfrs.majj., 0>;032). Los

tkgmf4 k mbaomf kjagc khtfrgktovfs wks jklf ag

mhasfgfss (f.c., but 6? - pbksf 0, ga. F - bks `ffg

craupfl wotb buts 66, 53 `fmkusf ot os gfkrfr ta but

66 tbkg ta 529 me Eoc. <3).

- "]ygmbragausgfss" kgl "sojohkr rkgiogcs"

sbauhl gat `f hocbthy fquktfl. Ear fxkjphf, butsgas. <2 kgl <? bkvf `ffg rkgifl 0'' kgl 0 •' og pbksf

= (Eoc. <2) - tbkt os, fx kfqow og Mbk ptfr OO O - yft

tbfy mkggat passo`hy bkvf staal tacftbfr (Ja llfr

jkg ;?3> (OO )4 Ô. 0=). \bos fxkjph f os quo tf mhfkr 9

sojohkr loeeomuhtofs jky krosf, bawfvfr wbfg lfkh

ogc wotb tbf mbraga hacomkh pasotoags ae loeefrfgt but

craups wbfrf ga strktocrkpbom magtrahs krf kvkoh-

k`hf.

Sbfg og Eoc. 6; sygmbragosj os fgtfrfl ear

Eoc. do. FH]HAA UOHHKCF4 ]ujjkry ae Eocs. <5 tbraucho 6>, sbawogc tbf summfs-

sovf rfhamktoags ae fkmb craup wotb toogf. Guj`frs oglomkhf sygmbragof ammupk-

toags (pasotoags4 fstojktfl paogts ae crkvoty pfr cr aup) . Khsa me \k`hf ;6.

Fxkjphf4 kt paogt ae tojf < (tboseocurf), raucbhy og tbf jollhf ae pbksf = (\k`hf

;6) tbf GF, G kgl J craups fxostfl ag tbf sotf tacftbfr9 tbfor rfhktovf pasotoags

krf oglomktfl og tbos eocurf.



\BF O .@I UOO . O .KCF AI FH]HAA ;<6

craups, tbfg ot os ag tbf kssujptoag thokt mmrkjom

lktfs (o.f., rkgiogcs ae oglovoulkh buts) pravolf

kvfrkcfs ae tbf pfroal ae ogbk` otk toag ae tbf buts. K

but rkgifl tx woh! bkvf staal eraj (tx j) ta (tx

O g) yfkrs @.^. Khtbaucb j kgl g krf oglftfr-

jogk`hf `y prfsfgt jfkgs og sajf mksfs kg

khhawkgmf ear tbos rkgcf bks h)ffg jklf.

Og tk`hf 62 tbfrmh ktovfmb ragah acomkh pasotoagsae

tou' jfkgs har fvfry craup bkvf `ffg fgtfrfl. Ag

tbf àttaj smkhf tfg "paogts" ag tbf mbragahacomkh

smkhf krf oglomktfl kt wbomb tbf sygmbragosjs ae

Eoc. 6; wfrf fstk`hosbfl, wotb tbf khhawkgmfs

guJVoagml og tbf prfvoaus pkrkcrkpb.

K guj`fr ae hamktoagkh sboets ae tbf craups

mkggat `f lktfl prfmosfhy4 tbf garhbfrg craup kt t.,kgl tbf gartbfkstfrg craup kt tW. Ks tbf but craups

vvohh gat bkvf javfl ks craups, but rktbfr but-`y-

but, tbf hkmi ae prfmosoag jky `f rfhhfmtogc sumb

sboets.

Khh og khh, 62 buts (0> ae wbomb wfrf gat

kmmajpkgofl `y lfmarktfl pattfry) phus but >=

mauhl `f kssocgfl ta agf craup ar kgatbfr. =< buts

(;= wotb kgl 0 o wotbaut lfmarktfl wkrf) mauhl gat

`f kssocgfl. \bfy mkg `f lfrovfl eraj Eocs. <5-6>,

kgl krf fgtfrfl ogta tbf rocbt-bkgl mahujg ae\k`hf 50.

Sbkt fjfrcfs, bawfvfr, os k ekorhy magstkgt

mageocurktoag ae tbf craups. Sotbog tbfsf craups

tbf lostkgmms `ftwffg tbf buts krf magsolfrk`hy hfss

thoku `ftwffg tbf craups (\k`hf 6?). \bf gartbfrg

kgl fkstfrg craups sffj ta bkvf `ffg jklf up ae

tbrff bausfbahls fkmb, tbf jollhf craup ae twa ta

eaur ae tbfsf ugots, kgl tbf gartbfkstfrg craup ae

pfrb kps twa ar tbrff bausfbahls (ta dulcf eraj

pbksfs = kgl <). *

Kllogc tbf =< gag-kssocgk`hf lwfhhogcs ks wfhh

(buts gas. >; taa=f xmh ulf l `fhaw), ag tbf kvfrkcf

agf but sbauhl `f kllfl ta fkmb ae tbf kàvf

lfrovfl craups. \bkt os, Oif fxmkvktfl pkrt ae tbf

sftthfjfgt just bkvf majprosfl sox ta gogm bausf

bahls kt tbf hfkst kt kgy jajfgt. ]a wbfg

Jallfrjkg fstojktfs tbf sozf ae tbf sftthfjfgt kt

twa ar tbrff bfmtkrfs og tbf ahlfr pfroal, ae wbomb

kppraxojktfhy 0>,<>> squkrf jftrfs bkvf `ffg

fxmkvktfl, kgl oe sox ta gogf buts bkvf staal tbfrf

sojuhtkgfaushy, tbfg focbt ta fhfvfg buts sbauhl

bkvf jklf up tbf wbahf vohhkcf fstojktfl kt 0W

bfmtkrfs. (Sotb tbos, tbf `ksos ae ^kvhtd's majputk-

toags os wfkifgfl, ogsaekr ks ot os `ksfl upag tbf

Fhshaa lktk4 ga mksf mkg `f jklf ear k rfhktovfhy

lfgsfhy-pkmifl vohhkcf. ^kvhu ;?354 ;0).

Mbkgcogc avfr ta tbf strumturkhost wky ae rf

sfkrmb, wf stkrt wotb tbf guj`fr ae craups hovogc og

tbf vohhkcf ae Fhshaa. \a krrovf kt tbkt eocurf, agf

wauhl bkvf ta juhtophy tbf guj`fr ae craups

a`sfrvfl `y tbf rktoa ae fstojktfl avfr ogvfstocktfl

sotf krfk, ùt sumb k pramflurf sffjs k òt rosiy.

Bawfvfr, k jogojkh guj`fr ae tbrff craups lafsgat sffj taa ekr-eftmbfl4 og tbf eorst tbrff pbksfs kt

hfkst tbrff craups krf vo.so`hf, kgl hktfr kt hfkst twa

(\k`hf 629 Eoc. 6;). \br ff os tbf jogoj uj guj `fr

ae craups wotb wbomb ta apfrktf kg ksyjjftromkh

fxmbkgcf systfj, ks bypatbfsozfl og tbf crkvfykrl

mbkptfr.

Bawfvfr, tbos spfmuhktoag hfkls ta (ugsahvfl)

loeeomuhtofs. Oe ot os ta `f kssujfl tbkt tbraucbaut

tbf vohhkcf's fxostfgmf eaur craups ae tbrff buts fkmb

bkvf staal, kgl oe ot os khsa ta `f kssujfl tbkt tbfbuts wfrf (rf) uoht tfg tojfs, tbfg tbf tatkh guj `fr

ae buts frfmtfl kt tbf sotf os ;0>. Jallfrjkg's

fstojktf os khjast lau`hï tbkt guj`fr (0>> ta 06>9

Jallfrjkg ;?3>(;)4 0><). ]fvfrkh passo`hf fx-

phkgktoags mkg `f tbaucbt ae4 sbartfr hoef-spkg ae

tbf buts, jarf craups ag tbf sotf og tbf yaugcfr twa

pbksfs, hagcfr lurktoag ae tbfsf twa pbksfs, ftm.

Ear ogstkgmf, lau`hogc tbf hfgctb ae tbf ejkh twa

pbksfs (tbf hfkst ughoifhy sahutoag) wauhl kll

kgatbfr 6> buts. \bf trau`hf os, tbaucb, tbkt tbfsf

]ahutoags krf jfrfhy kl bam, wotbaut dustohomktoag ar

magtrklomtoag og tbf lktk.

O la gat magsolfr ot passo`hf ta a`sfrvf tbf rfsuhts

ae tbf ksyjjftromkh, hogfkh fxmbkgcf systfj og tbf

vohhkcf ughfss khh otfjs fxmkvk tfl wfrf `raucb t ogta

phky. Kgl fvfg tbfg, aghy tbf ojpartogc craups

jocbt `f trkmfk`hf. \bos khsa ojphofs tbf ojpasso-

òhoty ae jktmbogc (og obt prfsfgt stuly) kgy ar khh ae



;<5 K \ K H F A E \ S A U O H H K C F ] 4 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F

6 - - - '

e.9

@m

Eoc. W0. FH]HAA UOHHKCF4 Lostr oùtoa g ae jkdar UKPOK@HF] ae pattfry lfmarktoag

ok torsh mfrkjom pbksf (Ear but gas., Eoc. <5Z

g A 4 JKoG JA\oEs4 wkvf /s po rk h,

@ 4 prfsfgt

W4 pra`k `hy prfsfgt (vok kssamoktfl kttroùt fs)• 4 k`sf gt

;-?4 ]\PVM\VPFs4 prapartoag ae murvohogfkroty.

k`m4 GVJFPOMO\_4 k, sojphfx9 `, luphfx9 m, trophfx, MKÔ\KH HF\\FP oglomktfs

prfpaglfrkgmf.

K4 oggavktars - ogtralumogc gfmi lfmarktoag.

®4 buts wotb hfss tbkg = lfmarktfl sbfrls.

Og pkrfgtbfsfs4 wbfg hfss tbkg ;> sbfrls kvkohk`hf.

•oK| )

"Ke)!

(K)

(;>)

W97r1rX

k@'@m

Eoc. d'd. FH]HAA UOHHKCF4 Lostroùtoag ae jkdar vkrok`hfs ae pattfry lfmarktoag

og sfmagl mfrkjom pbksf (tar but gas. Eoc. <3). Hfcfgl4 sff Eoc. 60.

Eoc. ;W<. FH]HAA UOHHKCF4 Lostroùtoag ae jkdar vkrok`hfs ae pattfry lfmarktoag

og tborl mfrkjom pbksf (ear but gas., me Eoc. <2). Hfcfgl4 sff Eoc. 60.

K4 oggavktars, ogtralumogc juhtolfgtflspktuhk kgl stk`-kgl-lrkclfmarktoag.

K` @OM)



\ B F O.@I UOHHKCF AE FO .]O .AA ;<3

Eoc. 66. FH]HAl voHo.KlF4 Loshroh áutoag ae jkdar X'krokh)hfs at'paht fry lme ark toag

og eaurtb mfrkjom pbksf (ear but gas.. me. Eoc. <?). Hfcfgl9 sff Eoc. 6<.

Eoc. dee. FH]HAA UOHO.KCF4 Los hro ùt oag ae jkdar vkr ok` hfs ae pat tfry lfm arkto ag

og eoetb mfrkjom pbksf (ear but gas., me. Eoc. 6>). Hfcfgl4 sff Eoc. 6<.

tbf eaur crkvfykrl craups ta k marrfspaglogc

craup og tbf vohhkcf.

Sbohm tbf rfhktoags `mtwffg tbf craups krf

lotbfub ta pfrmfovf, sajftooogc jarf mkg `f skol ag

tbf tapom ae craup majpasotoag - ear wbomb ugo-

Bgfkh (@fbrfgs, ]aulsiy) kgl òbgfkh (crkvfykrl

Phshaa) bypatbfsfs bkvf `ffg prapasfl. Sbmoo ot

mkg `f kssujfl obkt samokh craups sbawfl lohh'frfg-

tokh prfefrfgmfs ear tbf kttroùtms ae mfrkjom lfma

rktoag (oe strumturf os kgywbfrf, tbfg ot os fvfry-

wbfrf) tbfg tbf cfacrkpbomkh lostroùtoags ae tbfsf

kttroùtfs sbauhl pravolf tfstogc passoòhotofs. \a



;<2 K \ K H F A E \ S A U O O . H K C F ] 4 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F

tbkh fgl, og Eocs. 60 ta 65 lktk bkvf `ffg kssfj`hfl

rfhkhogc ta tbos su`dfmt. Og ekmt, tbfsf eocurfs krf tbf

crkpbom rfprfsfgtktoag ae tbf autmajf ae tbf

progmopkh majpagfgts kgkhysos9 tbf oggavktar maj-

pagfgts, jktrohogfkh, jkog jatoe, kgl gujfromoty

majpagfgts krf lfpomtfl.

K haai kt tbf phkgs rfvfkhs tbkt ga mksf mkg `f

jklf ear ugohogfkhoty - tbf jktrohogfkh jalf

prapasfl (tbf pktrohogfkh jalf bks gat `ffg

bypatbfsozfl og tbf hotfrkturf) wauhl bkvf rfsuhtfl

og k hamkhozktoag ae tbf lfmarktovf prfefrfgmfs, sa

tbkt tbf vkroaus joxfs sbauhl bkvf `ffg vfry jumb

agf-solfl. .'Xs tbf gujfromkh vkhufs ae tbf joxfs

cfgfrkhhy vkry `ftwffg .= kgl .3, tbf ugohogfkh mksf

mkg `f ruhfl aut9 magsfqufgthy, k òhogfkh arlosbkrjagof rfcojf sbauhl `f klaptfl.

^frbkps ot wohh `f a`sfrvfl tbkt tbfsf prapar-

toags rfhktf ta lombatajaus vkrok`hfs. Sbkt oe tbf

hk`fhhogc systfj lol gat magsost ae twog syjàhs ùt

rktbfr ae k hkrcfr sft1 ]uppasf tbf jkrifr systfj

bkl eaur kttroùtfs - murvohogfkr wkvf, murvohogfkr

sporkh, rfmtohogfkr wkvf, kgl rfmtohogfkr sporkh -

fkmb ear agf fxackjaus cra up . \bfg tbf eorst

mauphf wauhl `f usogc, sky, murvohogfkr wkvf. hts

lfsmfglkgts, og tbf mksf ae òhogfkhty, wauhl `fkssamoktfl wotb murvohogfkr sporkh og tbf eorst cfgf-

rktoag, wotb rfmtohogfkr wkvf og tbf gfxt, kgl ots

crfkt-crkglmbohlrfg wotb rfmtohogfkr sporkh. \bus,

wbfg tbf joxfs krf sujjfl, tbfy sbauhl fxboòt khh

passo`hf vkhufs `ftwffg .> kgl ;., fvfg oe tbf "t ruf "

eaur-craup kttroùtf systfj wfrf rflumfl tbraucb

ekuhty a`sfrvktoag ta k twa kttroùtf agf. Vgohogy

wauhl bkvf rfsuhtfl, bawfvfr, og tbf magstkgt

kssamoktoag ae tbf skjf sogchf kttroùtf wotb k

hogfkcf. Bfgmf, tbf joxfs wauhl `f fotbfr mhasf ta

.> ar ta O., wotb ar wotbaut rflumtoag, kgl agf mkg

magmhulf tbkt tbf prfmosoag ae tbf mhkssoeomktoag os ae

ga magsfqufgmf og tbos jkttfr.

Kckog, wbfg tbf kssujph oag aec raup loeefrfgmfs

og prfefrfgmf ear mfrtkog mfrkjom lfmarktoags

wauhl `f ogvkhol, tbfg k jarf ar hfss fvfg

lostro ùtoag ae tbf kttro ùtfs os ta `f fxpfmtfl. \b os,

bawfvfr, os gat tbf mksf fotbfr4 fxtrfjf vkhufs ae

tbf joxfs (tbkt os, prfpaglmrkgmf ae agf mbkrkmtf-

rostom ta tbf gfkr fxmhusoag ae khh atbfr kttroùtfs ag

tbf skjf vkrok`hf) la gat ammur - fxmfpt og mksfs

wbfrf hfss tbkg tfg sbfrls krf kvkohk`hf. Og tbf mksf

tbkt tbf buts bkvf `ffg hovfl og ear k sbartf r pfroa l,

fxtrfjf vkhufs sbauhl `f ks hoifhy ta ammur ks jarf

jalfrktf eocurfs. Ar atbfrwosf, og tbf mksf ae k

hagcfr pfroal ae bkòtktoag, wbfg sujjfl tbf

joxfs sbauhl fxboòt k garjkh murvf ae erfqufgmofs

wbomb tbfy la gat (p. ;6;9 \k`hf 5>). \bf

kssujptoag ae craup-àugl mfrkjom prfefrfgmfs

ear mfrkjom kttroùtfs tbus uglfrsmarfl hfkls ta tbf

a`sfrvktoag tbkt tbf ruhfs cavfrgogc rfsolfgmf krf

gat tbf skjf ks tbasf cavfrgogc tbf lostroùtoag ae

tbfsf prfefrfgmfs4 gag-ugohogy ar rktbfr òhogy,wauhl bkvf `ffg tbf mksf.*

Sotbaut kllotoag ae eurtbfr kssujptoags ot os gat

passo`hf ta lfmolf wbftbfr tbos losbkrjagof rfcojf

wks ae tbf vorohamkh-jktrohogfkh ar ae tbf uxarohamkh-

pktr ohogfkh vkr ofty. @ut ot os passo`hf, ear ogstkgmf, ta

kllumf tbf ftbgacrkpbomkh cfgfrkhozktoag tbkt tbf

uxarohogfkh-pktrohogfkh systfj bks aghy rkrfhy `ffg

()`sfrXfl (Jurlami ;?<?4 6?)9 bawfXfr, ks tbfrf

os ga shromt gfmfssoty ear gag-ammurrfgmf tbos os

k wfki krcujfgt og ekvaur ae tbf eorst majò-gktoag. \bf lfjagstrktoag ae jktrohogfkh sum

mfssoag ae prfefrfgmfs ear mfrkjom lfmarktoag og

tbf Fhshaa crkvfykrl os k jumb `fttfr paogt ta

ca `y. @fsolfs, ot hfkls ta tbf skjf autmajf ks

tbf ftbgacrkpbom krcujfgt4 k xorohamkh rfso

lfgmf ruhf phus jktrohogfkh lfsmfgt. Og atbfr

warls, tbf but craups og tbf Eocs. <5 ta 6> wfrf

ogbkòtfl `y jkhfs wba wfrf lf ekmta pktrohogfkhhy

rfhktfl pfr craup - k rfhktoag `raucbt aut `y

ektbfr-ta-sag "ogbfrotkgmf" ae rfsolfgmf. Og jarf

bajfhy pbrksfs4 tbf sag summfflfl tbf ektbfr ag tbf

ekrjstfkl. Kpkrt eraj tbos summfssoag, wajfg wfrf

gat aghy `raucbt og eraj fhsfwbfrf, tbfy wfrf

jktrohogfkhy rfhktfl ("losmrojogktfl", ar "loe-

efrfgtoktfl" wauhl `fttfr lf.smro`f ot), kgl tbf

wf` ae iogsbop ogtfcrktfl tbf rfsolfgtokh sfc-

jfgts ae H@I samofty. Og tbos wky, tbf sffjogchy

ugstrumturfl lostroùtoag ae khh iogls ae fhfjfgts ae



\BF H@I UOHHKCF AE FH]O .AA ;<?

mfrkjom lfmarktoag avfr H@I sotfs eogls ots gfmfssk-

ry fxphkgktoag4 tbf òhogfkh samokh strumturf prf-

vfgtfl hamkhozktoag ae kgy kttroùtf `y pujpogc

pfaphm og kg arlfrhy wky aut ae tbfor òrtbphkmfs9tbf sags bmmkjf kssamoktfl wotb kgatbfr jktrohogf,

tbf sostfrs wfgt ha hovf wotb kgatbfr craup.

O sbkhh gaw turg ta tbf gfa-Jkrxost erkjf ae

rfefrfgmf, wbfrf tbf bausmbahl wks pasotfl ks tbf

ugot ae lajfstom pralumtoag kgl magsujptoag. \bf

magduckh mauphfs og tbf Fhshaa crkvfykrl bkvf

khrfkly `ffg kssfj`hfl og fxtfglfl ekjohofs

(kbavf, p. ;<>), agf kssamoktfl wotb fkmb but.

Bawfvfr, "fxtfglfl ekjohofs" fxost og tbrff typfs

(wotb ogtfrjfloktfs), kgl tbfsf bkvf gat `ffg

fxphomothy loeefrfgtoktfl kgl rfefrrfl ta og tbf

Fhshaa lktk. Eorsthy, tbfrf os tbf appasotoag ae hkrcf

kgl sjkhh fxtfglfl ekjohofs, kgl sfmaglhy, kjagc

tbf sjkhh vkrofty, k "stfj" kgl k "daogt" typf krf

mustajkro hy loeefrfgtoktfl (@abkggkg ;?5=4 ;>>-

;>69 Jurlami ;?<?4 =0-=3, kgl ;?534 <39 Sahe

;?554 5;-3=). W jog ojkh lmeogotoag ae kg fxtfglfl

ekjohy ogmhulfs kt hfkst twa magduckh craups hogifl

fotbfr by lfsmfgt ar ks so`hogcs (o.f., pahycygy gat

ogmbolfl bfrf9 klkptfl eraj @abkggkg ;?5=4 hao

kgl Jurlami ;?<?4 0=). Khsa `y lfeogotoag, k hkrcffxtfglfl ekjohy ogmarparktfs kt hfkst twa magduckh

ekjohofs ae so`hogcs ar mausogs og fkmb ae kt hfkst twa

summfssovf cfgfrktoags. Sbfg tbf fxtfglfl ekjohy

lafs gat kttkog sumb kg fxtfgt, ot os mkhhfl k "stfj

ekjohy" wbfg tbfrf krf twa rfhktfl magduckh

ekjohofs eraj loeefrfgt cfgfrktoags kgl k "daogt

ekjohy" wbfg tbfrf krf twa rfhktfl mauphfs eraj

tbf skjf cfgfrktoag tacftbfr wotb k pkrfgt ae tbf

so`hogcs. Fxtfglfl ekjohofs ks rfsolfgtokh ugots krf

lfeogfl `y tbf jalf ae rfsolfgmf4 vorohamkhotyrfsuhts og pktrohogfkh rfhktoags `ftwffg tbf magstotu

fgt magduckh mauphfs, kgl uxarohamkhoty og jktro-

hogfkh rfhktoags (Jurlami ;?<?4 =3).

Hkrcf fxtfglfl ekjohofs magsost ae kt hfkst eaur

magduckh ekjohofs, wbomb fqukhs focbt kluht pfrsags,

phus suppasflhy k guj`fr ae mbohlrfg - khh og khh, kt

hfkst tfg pfrsags, oe gat jarf. K sjkhh fxtfglfl

ekjohy magsosts ae twa mauphfs wotb k guj`fr ae

mbohlrfg phus pfrbkps kg ugjkrrofl rfhktovf9 sajf

sox ar sfvfg pfrsags pfrbkps (mbohlrfg maugtogc ear

bkhe), wbomb os magsolfrk`hy hfss. Covfg tbf ehaar

krfk og @kglifrkjoi buts (`ftwffg =6 squkrfjftrfs kgl ;;0 squkrf jftrfs og Lutmb Hojùrc9

Jal lfrjkg ;?3>(;)4 0>69 jalkhhy sajf 5>-3>

squkrf jftrfs) kgl usogc tbf fstojktf ae gfmmsskry

spkmf ks mk ;> squkrf jftrfs pfr oglovolukh (Gkrahh

;?509 sff p. ;=? kàvf) ks k ruhf ae tbuj`, sjkhh

fxtfglfl ekjohofs kppfkr tbf jarf hoifhy buh

ammupkgts.

"]tfj" kgl "daogt" ekjohofs mkg `f losmfrgml og

tbf krmbkfahacomkh rfmarl eraj tbf lohefrfgt pkt-

tfrgs ae ru`òsb tbfy jky `m mxpfmtfl ta pralumf.

Og k vorohamkh majjugot y hoif Fhshaa k daogt ekjohy

wohh magsost ae twa `ratbfrs phus tbfor wovfs kgl

aeesprogc9 tbf wajfg wohh `f mhkssoeomktary (oe gat

kmtukh) sostfrs, wba majf eraj tbf skjf craup. K

stfj ekjohy og sojohkr mormujstkgmfs wohh magsost ae

ektbfr kgl sag - ùt tbfy wohh `f jkrrofl ta wajfg

eraj loeefrfgt `kmicraugls (covfg jktrohogfkr, ar

lau`hï, lfsmfgt). \bus, lfmarktovm prfefrfgmfs ag

mkrtbfgwkrf wohh `f bajacfgfaus og tbf "daogt"

mksf, kgl bftfracfgaus og tbf "stfj" mksf.

\k`hf 5> sujjkrozfs sajf lktk rfhfvkgt tatbos paogt (O bkvf sfhfmtfl tbf vkrok`hf ]\PVM\VPF]

`fmkusf ot os `fst a`sfrvk`hf kgl qukgtoeok`hf. \bf

atbfr vkrok`hfs og tbf Eocs. 60 ta 65 fxboòt sojohkr

pkttmrgs9 tbfor paarfr lostogcuosbkòhoty jkifs

tbfj hfss suotk`hf ta qukgtoeomktoag, bawfvfr). Ot os

kppkrfgt tbkt bftfracfgfoty bks `ffg tbf mksf, kgl

tbfrfearf tbf "stfj" ekjohy just bkvf `ffg tbf

jalkh typf ae bausfbahl.

Kg fxtfglfl ekjohy ae tbf "stfj" typf wohh bkvf

magsostfl ae twa mauphfs phus mbohlrfg kgl ugjkrrofl so`hogcs ae tbf yaugcfr mauphf9 tbkt os eaur

ar eovf kluhts kgl tbrff ar eaur mbohlrfg. \bos

guj`fr mkggat `f lorfmthy magvfrtfl ogta kg

fstojktf ae tbf vohhkcfs papuhktoag, bawfvfr4 buts

wohh pra`k`hy bkvf `ffg ùoht ta k sozf rfhktfl og

sajf wky ta tbf fxpfmtk`hf jalkh bausfbahl sozf,

rktbfr tbkg ta kmtukh sozf. \bf kvfrkcf bausfbahl

sozf os wfhh `fhaw tbos maugt - ag lfjacrkpbom



O]A K \ K H F A E \ S A U O H H K C F ] 4 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F

pkrkhhfhs O wauhl fstojktm `y k ekmtar. .3 (`ksfl ag

lfjacrkpbom stktostoms ear sfvfg gagoglustrokhozfl

maugtrofs, mk. ;?5> K.L.9 eraj \k`hf ;>-5 og

]bryami, ]ofcfh ft kh. ;?354 ;30). Sotb tbos

magvfrsoag ekmtar kllfl, tbf papuhktoag ae tbf

Fhshaa vohhkcf just bkvf `ffg og tbf rkgcf ae =? ta

5? lurogc tbf ahlfr H@I. Ks tbf kssujptoag

rfckrlogc tbf rfhktoag ae but sozf ta jalkh bausf-

bahl sozf mkggat `f su`stkgtoktfl og kgy wky, tbos

papuhktoag fstojktf os ta `f magsolfrfl k jogojuj

(me Jal lfrjk g's fstojktf ae 6< ta o 3> pfaphf9

Jallfrjkg ;?3>(;)4 0>6).

Obfrf os kgatbfr obogc tbkt mkg `f lfrovfl eraj

\k`hf 5>. Ot bks ùt rfjatf rfhktoags wotb tbf

lajfstom jalf ae pralumtoag, ùt os, gfvfrtbfhfss,ae sajm krmbkfahacomkh ogtfrfst4 tbf hoef-spkg ae tbf

buts. UUbfg4

- murvohogfkroty kgl rfmtohogfkroty krf fkmb tofl ta

k jktrohogfkh craup (me prfvoaus mbkptfr)9

- tbf jktr ocraups wfrf fxackjaus9

- tbfrf wfrf vorohamkh rfsolfgmf ruhfs9

tbfg, kt kgy hamus summfssovf cfgfrktoags ae wajfg

wohh bkvf usfl khtfrgktfhy murvohogfkhhy kgl rfmto-

hogmkhhy lfmarktfl pats. \bkt os, sujjfl avfr

spkmf kgl/ar tojf, tbf jox wohh `f .6. Ear oglovo-lukh mksfs, bawfvfr, ot os tbf sozf ae tbf skjphf tbkt

os lftfrjogkgt ear tbf jox. Oe, ear ogstkgmf, twa

cfgfrktoags krf rfprfsfgtfl og k skjphf, tbf jox

wohh `f kppraxojktfhy .6 - agf wajkg bkvogc hfet

pats jkrifl `y agf kttroùtf, bfr lkucbtfr-og-hkw

bkXoooc usfl tbf atbfr (`fmkusf ae bfr arocogs og k

lohefrfgh jktro-craup). Iffpogc ta tbos magmktf-

gktoag ae khtfrgktovf prfefrfgmfs pfr cfgfrktoag

kgl ta k skjphf hfgctb ae twa cfgfrktoags, ot os

ojpasso`hf ta erkjf k skjphf og ovbomb tbf jox os gat . d(Eoc. 63). Sotb k sfhfmtoag ae k skjphf aghy agf

cfgfrktoag og hfgctb, tbf jox jky kttkog kgy vkhuf9

ogtralumtoag ae k eoxfl paooot wauhl rfsuht og k twa-

pfkifl erfqufgmy lostroùtoag (agf pfki ear wbfrf

agf kttroùtf prfvkohfl, kgl kgatbfr ear tbf khtfr-

gktf kttroùtf).

K skjphf fxtfglogc avfr k loeefrfgt guj`fr ae

cfgfrktoags hfkls ta stohh kgatbfr typf ae lostro-

y / / / o X X X X X X X X Xw / / / / /WWWW

(p¹q)B O ;-

(p«q)O ; “

Eoc. 63. k4 Lombatajaus vkrok`hf, caogc ta ots khtfrgktf stktfs par q agmf pfr cfgfrktoagb4 ]ajf wkys ae skjphogc k twa-cmgfrktoag spkg4 suj (p) :suj (q), khwkys, khsa

suj (p)jox : : .6

suj (p~rq)

ag« c*g«rkbag

q p q p q p

O^'oWq), (9Wp*q)

(p*9Wq)-+\e- ;

Ogc. d2, k4 Ks Eoc. 63k.

`4 ]ajf wkys ae skj pho gc k o d cf gfrk toag s pkg9 suj (p) os

khwkys `ftwffg .6 kgl ;.>, ks suj (q). \bfrfearf4

8jox 8••6 '-6

ùtoag. Magsolfr k skjphf ae agf kgl k bkhe

cfgfrktoags ks kg fxkjphf (Eoc. 62). \bfg, tbf jox

wohh bkvf k jogojuj kgl k jkxojuj hojot sft `y

tbf skjphf/cfgfrktoag rktf4

(tbf hojot vkhuf4) k(O-skjphf hfgctb)

skjphf hfgctb

tbf uppfr hojot os (o “k). Og tbos mksf, k W .==, kgl

(O “k) : .53. \bf k-v khufs ear tbf loeefrfgt skjphf

hfgctbs krf fksohy majputfl9 \k`hf 5; pravolfs ksujjkry.

@fearf fvolfgmf kgl jalfh mkg `f `raucbt

tacftbfr, tbf typfs ae tbf lostroùtoags stohh bkvf ta

`f magsolfrfl. Kssujogc tbf stkrtogc paogt ae tbf

skjphf ta maogmolf wotb tbf magstrumtoag ae tbf but,

tbos paogt jky magmfovk`hy `f tofl ta tbf hoef mymhf

(wbomb os k òt loehomuhh wotb k `raifg guj`fr ae

cfgfrktoags, ùt ugtoh k efw hogfs `fhaw, tbf ^kvhø



\B F O .@I UOH HK CF AE FH ]H AA ;6;

jalfh ae ;=-yfkr ogtfrvkhs og magstrumtoag os stohh

stkglogc). Og tbkt mksf tbfrf wauhl `f k stffp

garjkh murXf kraugl agf jox-vkhuf, phus kgatbfr

agf har (o-tbkt vkhuf). Oe, bawfvfr, buts wfrf ùohtwoofu toof ahl agfs wfrf ekhhogc lawg - o.f., k pramfss

gah hoooifl ta tbf hoef mymhf ae oglovolukh bausfbahls

ùt rktbfr ta tbf ogmolfgmf ae lohkpolkhktoag - tbfrf

os ga prfefrrfl jox-vkhuf, kgl khh vkhufs wotbog tbf

hojots sbauhl kppfkr og kppraxojktfhy fqukh erf-

qufgmofs.

Gaw turgogc ta \k`hf 5> tbf k-vkhuf kt Fhshaa os

sffg ta `f mhasf ta .W!, wbomb oglomktfs k skjphf

hfgctb ae fotbfr agf kgl k bkhe ar tbrfm cfgfrktoags

kppraxojktfhy (\k`hf 5;). Khsa, tbf lostroùtoag ae

tbf erfqufgmofs og \k `h f 5> os hfss pfkifl tbk g

`hami-hoif, wbomb lfjagstrktfs kg k`sfgmf ae

prfefrrfl jox-vkhufs. \bus tbf H@I buts kt Fhshaa

bkvf staal ear fotbfr agf kgl k bkhe ar tbrff

cfgfrktoags (jkrrokcf-lfktb), pfrbkps sajf => ar

<> yfkrs, ar 5> ta 2> yfkrs, rfspfmtovfhy. Jarfavfr,

tbf ùohlogc lktf wks gat tofl ta k háxfl jajfgt og

tbf oglovolukes hoef mymhf.

K efw paogts sbauhl `f kllfl. Pfckrlogc kg

fvfgtukh tof ae tbf ùohlogc lktf ta k spfmoeom

jajfgt og tbf hoef mymhf, k usf ae buts avfr jarftbkg agf cfgfrktoag jkifs tbos bkrl ta ojkcogf, kt

tbf Xfry hfkst. Khsa, fxtfglfl ekjohofs ae tbf stfj

typf hovogc og tbf buts jkif tbos kg ogohoifhy

prapasotoag9 ta jf, ot wauhl `f vfry lohhomuht ta

magmfovf ae k rfksag wby tbf sag wauhl ùohl k

but kt k lftfrjogktf paogt og bos hoef, wbfg bos

ektbfr bkl gat lagf sa.

\bfrf os tbfg ga wky ta mbaasf `ftwffg tbf twa

khtfrgktf vkhufs ear tbf but fxostfgmf fxmfpt `y

paogtogc ta tbf fstojktfl hoef ae tbf `fkjs. @kifhs;?324 20 prfsfgts k tk`hf ae tbf hoef fxpfmtkgmy ae

gktovf iogls ae waal9 khh krf 6> yfkrs ar hfss. Fhsf-

wbfrf, ag vkroaus magsolfrktoags sbf fstojktfs tbf

hoef-spkg ae k but kt mk. 06 yfkrs (p. ;<=). Sotb

ga fxtfgsovf rfpkor kmtovotofs `fogc voso`hf og tbf

fxmkvktfl buts, ot eahhaws tbkt tbf agf kgl k bkhe

cfgfrktoag eocurf ear tbf hoef ae k H@I but os ta `f

prfefrrfl avfr tbf hkrcfr guj`fr.

Kckog, tbos a`sfrvktoag lafs gat eot wfhh wotb

Jallfrjkg's fstojktfs ae 0>>-06> buts, kgl =6>

ta <6> yfkrs ear tbf vohhkcf ae Fhshaa. Sotb k hoef-

spkg ae =6 yfkrs, ag tbf kvfrkcf ;6 ta 06 butssbauhl bkvf `ffg stkglogc kt kgy jajfgt ae tbf

sotf's ammupktoag. Kàvf (p. ;<6), eaur craups ae

tbrff buts fkmb wfrf "fstk`hosbfl" - tbkt os, twfhvf

buts, wbomb os mhfkrhy hfss. Kckog, sajf "sahutoags"

jky `f succfstfl kl bam, sumb ks sbartfgogc ae tbf

hfgctb ae k cfgfrktoag, ar ogmrfksogc tbf guj`fr ae

craups og tbf hktfst twa pbksfs. Ear ogstkgmf,

rflumtoag ae tbf hfgctb ae k cfgfrktoag eraj mk. 0=

ta mk. 0> yfkrs rfsuhts og kg ogmrfksf tawkrls ;= ta

;2 buts kt kgy jajfgt.

Ot bkrlhy gffls ta `f skol tbkt tbfsf eoglogcs krf

jumb kt vkrokgmf wotb agf ae tbf olfks uglfrhyogc

^kvhø 's bypatbfsos ae k ùohl ogc mymhf ae kàuh ;6

yfkrs4 tbf buts staal magsolfrkahy hagcfr.

Eogkhhy, ta magmhulf tbos tapom, tbf kàvf bks

`ffg lfjagst rktfl `y kg kgkhysos ae tbf lostroùt oag

ae tbf vkrok`hf ]\POOM\VPI]. Atbfr vkrok`hfs jocbt

bkvf `ffg usml ks wfhh, ùt `fmkusf tbfy krf bkrlfr

ta losmfrg (me. Mb. O, ]fmtoag 5), tbf rfsuhts wauhl

bkvf `ffg hfss mhfkr-mut. Kgl khtbaucb O uglfr-

stkgl gfotbfr tbf trkgsjossoag jfmbkgosj ae GVJF-Pomo\_ gar tbkt ae JKOG JA roE], fxtrfjf joxfs la

gat ammur (kckog, wotb tbf fxmfptoag ae sjkhh

skjphfs)9 khsa pfkifl erfqufgmy lostroùtoags bkvf

gat bffg eaugl.

Pfturgogc ta tbf jalfs ae pralumtoag4 dust ks tbf

buts just bkvf bausfl tbf mauphfs voso`hf og tbf

crkvfykrl, sa tbf craups og tbf mfjftfry jky

pfrbkps `f majpkrfl ta tbf but craups - àtb agf

stfp up eraj tbf gfxt-ta-hawfst hfvfh ae a`sfr

vktoag. \bkt os, tbf sft ae stfj ekjohofs ogbkòtogctbf buts `fhagcogc ta agf craup (Eocs. <5 ta 6>)

sbauhl tacftbfr majpasf tbf (hamkh sfcjfgt ae tbf)

hogfkcf9 pfrbkps eraj tbos craupogc fvfg k hogfkcf

jalf ae pralumtoag mkg `f lfrovfl. \k`hf 50 sbaws

tbf majpasotoag ae tbf craups og tfrjs ae but typfs

pfr bkòtktoag pbksf. \b f craups kppf kr ta fxboòt

k rfcuhkr majpasotoag4 tbf `fttfr voso`hf kgl/ar tbf

jarf fxtfgsovf k craup, tbf mhfkrfr k tfglfgmy



;60 K \KHF AE \SA UOHHK CF] 4 @KGLIFPKJOI ]AMOKH ]\ PVM\ VPF

kppfkrs ear ogmarparktogc agf typf o` but (sajf-

tojfs typf ok)9 \k`hf 5= sujs tbf lktk ag tbos

tapom. \bf atbfr buts og k craup krf ae tbf typfs 0

kgl =. Og tbf pkrkcrkpbs ag stktus (p. ;<;) O bkvf

gat `ffg k`hf ta fxphkog khh tbf vkroktoag og but

typfs `y jfkgs ae sojphf rkgiogc aghy. Oglffl, ot

wks wrottfg tbfrf tbkt "tbf bausfbahls bfhl loeefr

fgt pasotoags og kbofrkrmby". \bf rfpfktfl rfpra-

lumtoag ae tbf skjf mageocurktoag ae but typfs

sffjs ta oglomktf tbkt tbfsf craups wfrf truhy

craups wotb tbfor awg eugmtoags, rktb fr tb kg aghy ae

kg fpbfjfrkh gkturf (wbomb os k eugmtoag ks wfhh).

Oe tbf twa kggfxfs ta tbf mfgtrkh pkrt fjàlofl `y

typfs 0 (agf kggfx) kgl o` (twa kggfxfs) lol sfrvf

loeefrfgt purpasfs, tbfg kppkrfgthy tbf earjktoagae tbf craups wks cfkrfl ta ogmarparktf tbfsf

purpasfs ar ta jkif kvkohk`hf tbf ekmohotofs, ftm. Og

atbfr warls, tbfrf just bkvf `ffg kg fmagajof

`ksf ear tbfsf craups.

Covfg tbf fxostfgmf ae sumb craups, kg ogtfr-

prftktoag ogvahvogc k hogfkcf arckgozktoag wotb ots

kttfglkgt stktus loeefrfgtokhs ear tbf majpagfgt

ugots lafs gat sffj ughoifhy - fspfmokhhy ks sumb kg

arckgozktoag wks bypatbfsozfl eraj tbf crkvfykrl

eoglogcs. Khsa, wf jocbt spfmuhktf tbkt tbf hogfkcfprajogfgts wfrf hovogc og tbf hkrcfr kgl jarf

fxtfgsovf buHs. UUbftbfr tbf fxtrks oglomktfl `y

tbfsf jarf majphfx (kgl spktoaus!) lwfhhogcs wfrf

kt tbfor awg lospaskh khagf ar khsa mkjf `kmi ta tbf

atbfr bausfbahls ae tbf hogfkcf mkg gat `f lfmolfl

eraj tbf lktk kt bkgl. Eraj tbf khhamktoag ae

vkhuk`hfs og tbf crkvfykrl agf wauhl sky tbkt ta

wbktfvfr fxtfgt magtrfo wks fxfrtfl `y tbf prajo

gfgts, ot lol gat pkss uggatomfl. \acftbfr, tbfsf

paogts jkif tbf fxostfgmf ae k hogfkcf jalf ae

pralumtoag pra`k`hf.

\bfrf krf stohh twa atbfr tbogcs ta `f losmussfl og

tbos maggfmtoag. Og tbf eorst phkmf, og tbf crkvfykrl

mbkptfr tbf jktrohogfkh kmmfgt og tbf hogfkcf

arckgozktoag wks jumb phkyfl up. Bfrf, bawfvfr,

tbf hogfkcf arckgozktoag os sffg ta apfrktf ag k

vorohamkh `ksos - tbkt os, wotb k lf ekmha pktrohogfkh

progmophf. \bf twa eoglogcs la gat magtrklomt agf

kgatbfr kt khh (sff khsa tbf eahhawogc pkrkcrkpb)4 k

òhogfkh rfcojf wks bypatbfsozfl eraj tbf crkvf

ykrl kgkhysos, kgl bks `ffg su`stkgtoktfl og tbf

vohhkcf (p. ;<2). Ot os aghy bfrf tbkt tbf pktrohogfkh

progmophf kppfkrs ta `f ae jarf magsfqufgmf tbkg

sojphf vorohamkh rfsolfgmf4 fmagajof kgl samokh

ekmtars krf ogvahvfl ks wfhh.

\bf sfmagl paogt jky bkvf ta la wotb tbf

jktrohogfkh solf ae tbf samokh earjktoag. \bfrf krf

twa buts ae typf ok tbkt mauhl `f lktfl tbraucb tbf

kssamoktfl pattfry (buts 0 3 kgl 66)9 k tbor l agf b kl

hfss tbkg tfg sbfrls (but ;=). Khh sox, bawfvfr,

mauhl fkmb `f kssocgfl ta k but craup (tbos os khsa

tbf mksf ear buts 0;, 06 kgl ?<). \yp f ok but s jky

`f kg khtfrgktovf ta typf o`, ks os succfstfl `y\k`h f 50. Sbfg k cra up passfssfs k typf ok but , o`

os k`sfgt, kgl (sajftojfs) vomf vfrsk. Eraj tbos

ammurrfgmf og loeefrfgt craups, tbf kssamoktfl

eugmtoag mkggat bkvf `ffg tofl ta pktrohogy. Oe tbf

ogtfrprftktoag ae tbos but typf ks k mbofehy agf os

kmmfptfl (kg ogtfrprftktoag aghy bfsotktogchy jklf

ag p. ;<;) tbf jktrohogfkh progmophf caXfrgogc tbf

lostroùtoag ae mbofehy stktus bypatbfsozfl ear tbf

crkvfykrl os gat magtrklomtfl og tbf sftthfjfgt.

Loeefrfgthy pbrksfl, tbf pktrohogfs ("jogojkh sfc-jfgts") ogbkòtogc tbf typf o` buts khsa khhamktfl

kjagc tbfjsfhvfs tbf mbofehy locgotofs vfstfl og

agf ae tbf jktrohogfs.

Ae maursf fvolfgmf rfstromtfl ta agf mksf aut ae

sox a`sfrvktoags os taa gofkcrf ta `f trustfl `y otsfhe9

bawfvfr, tbf succfstfl "fxphkgktoag" os og hogf

wotb àtb ftbgahacy kgl `fttfr su`stkgtoktfl lktk

eraj tbf Fhshaa crkvfykrl kgl vohhkcf khoif9 kgl

tbf twa a`sfrvktoags la gat ekhsoey tbf prapasotoags

(tbaucb tbfy mauhl magmfovk`hy bkvf lagf sa).

Sbfrf passo`hf, tbf stktfjfgts sbauhl `f tfstfl

mhsfwbfrf.

Kpkrt eraj tbos, kgl jarf fx bypatbftoma, tbfrf os

kgatbfr hogf ae fvolfgmf paogtogc ta tbf ojpartkgmf

ae tbf- jktro hogfk h p rogmo phf og Fhshaa. Og tbf

crkvfykrl, tbf jkhf kgl tbf efjkhf sfxfs wfrf

a`sfrvfl ta `f ae sojohkr stktus. Oe tbf pktrohogfkh

progmophf bkl `ffg prfpaglfrkgt, tbfg tbf sfxfs



\B F H@I UOO , HKC F AE FH ]H AA ;6=

waoohl bkXf lohefrfl og kvfrkcf stktus, wotb tbf

eoJookhfs og k hawfr rkgi9 tbos gat `fogc tbf mksf,

ogktrobgy just bkvf `ffg kmmarlfl magsolfrk`hm

wfocbt. Bawfvfr, tbf eugmtoagkh loeefrfgtoktoag ae

toof buts pfr craup kgl tbf vorohamkh lfeogotoag ae tbf

hogfkcf ogbkòtogc tbf but craups sffj ta paogt ta

kg arckgozktoag ae (pkrt ae) tbf fmagajy khagc

pktrooogfkh Bgfs (magsolfrogc tbf hfvfh kàvf tbf

ooolovoluko hoausfbahls) rktbfr tookg ag jktrohogfko

oogfs. Kgl tbos krcufs ear k pktroBgfkh jalf ae

pralumtoag, wotb jktrohogy euheohhogc atbfr, gag-

pramurfjfgt eugmtoags (khsa me Hïvo-]trkuss ;?5?`4

<>2).

\urgogc ta tbf tborl iog-`ksfl jalf ae pralum

toag, tbf suprkhamkh agf, sajf ae ots feh'fmts mkg `fpfrmfovfl og tbf fxmkvktoags. Ear ogstkgmf, tbaucb

ot just `f stktfl mkutoaushy, tbf twa craups ae

oggavktars (eorst kgl sfmagl pbksf, kgl tborl ta

eoetb pbksfs, rfspfmtovfhy9 Eocs. 60, 6= kgl 6< ta 65)

mkg `f hogifl ta tbos jalf. 'Ebf mkutoag bks twa

craojls4 tbf bollfg kssujptoag ae oggavktoags

`fogc ogtralumfl eraj fhsfwbfrf, wbomb mkggat `f

pravfg9 kgl tbf gkturf ae tbf suprkhamkh magtkmts4

wks ot pfaphf wba wfrf ojpartfl, ar olfks aghy, ar

pfrookps k joxturf ae tbf twa1 Bawfvfr tbkt jkyOI', toof bkòt ae lfmarktogc tbf gfmis ae pats wks

kppkrfgthy eorst klaptfl og tbf gartbfrg craup,

woofg atbfr buts og tbkt craup kgl tbf atbfr twa

craups magtogufl og tbf trklotoagkh Ehajàrg wky

ah' oe kX ogc tbf gfmis `krf9 ot sooauol `f kljo ttfl,

hooaucb, tookt tbf eorst gfmi lfmarkt oag (kssamoktfl

wotb but 6>) os quo tf mhujsy og kppfkrkgmf

(Ja llf rjk g ;?3>(;;)4 Ô. <?). Hktfr, og tbf

sfmagl pbksf, tbf mustaj sprfkl ta tbf gartb-

fkstfrg craup ks wfhh, ks ot lol ta kg ugkssocgk`hfbut (ga. 02), kgl prfsujk`hy khsa ta tbf atbfr,

bollfg/gag-fxmkvktfl craups. Oe tbf olfk bks majf

eraj autsolf, ots ammurrfgmf tfstoeofs ta earfocg

magtkmts9 oe tbf mustaj arocogktml kt Fhshaa, ots

loeeusoag ha atbfr H@I majjogooto fs paogts ta

sojohkr mbkggfhs. Kg kgkhacaus mksf mkg `f jklf

ear tbf ogtralumtoag ae tbf juhholfgtfl spktuhk

eraj tbf fgl ae tbf tborl mfrkjom pbksf agwkrls4 og

tbf jollhf craup kgl og kg ugkssocgk`hf but (ga.

62) tbf ojphfjfgt's trkmfs krf eaugl eorst, og

su`sfqufgt tojfs loeousogc tb raucbaut tbf sotf. ]tohh

kga tbf r ogstkgmf os eurgosbfl `y tbf prfsfgmf ae

paogt lfmarktoag, rfjogosmfgt ae (ùt mfrtkoghy gat

olfgtomkh wotb) tbf Mahacgf typf ae lfmarktoag

(Labrg-Objoc ocyC`). Ot ammurs og tbf sautbfrg

kgl fkstmj c\aups kt tbf .s9ojf tojf {eaoortb kgl ooetb

pbksfs9 gat rfglfrfl og ^'ocs. 66 kgl 65).

_ft, agf lafs gat gffl k progmopkh majpagfgts

kgkhysos ta fstk`hosb tbf fxostfgmf ae suprkhamkh

magtkmts4 ot os sueeomoégt ta paogt ta tbf klzfs og

crkvfykrl kgl vohhkcf9 khsa tbf sbfrls (prfsujk`hy

arocogkhhy og tbf earj ae pats) `fhagcogc ta tbf

fgocjktom Hojùrc craup (Jallfrjkg ;?3>(;)4;<;-;<=9 kgl, hktfst, Ck`rofh ;?35) just bkvf

majf eraj fhsfwbfrf. '; bf buts wbf rf tbos oj-

partfl wkrf wks eaugl lol gat lostogcuosb tbfj-

sfhvfs og kgy kpprfmok`hf wky eraj tbf arlogkry

rug (buts gas. 6>, 3<, 369 rfspfmtovfhy Eoc. <5, ga.

<W9 <2, ga. 0'9 kgl <5, ga. 5W)9 tbf tbrff buts krf

kssamoktfl wotb sbfrls jkoghy rfmtohogfkhhy lfma-

rktfl wotb tbf wkvf jatoe

Og agf ogstkgmf ot os passo`hf ta sff loeefrfgt

pramfssfs kt wari4 og tbf eaurtb pbksf tbf haklogcsag tbf "oggavktar" progmopkh majpagfgt ao juhho

lfgtfl spktuhk kgl stk`-kgl-lrkc majpagfgts krf vfry

jumb appasfl (ùt gat sa og tbf eoetb pbksf),

kppkrfgthy oglomktogc kg ogotokh losdugmtoag ae tbf

twa kttroùtfs. Ks fhsfwbfrf, tbf agf lafs gat

prfsuppasf tbf atbfr - tbfrf os ga gfmfsskry

maggfmtoag `ftwffg tbf jalfrgostom trkots.

Khh tbfsf socgs ae earfocg magtkmts la gat fstk`hosb

tbf fxostfgmf ae kg kutagajaus, suprkhamkh jalf ae

pralumtoag. 'Ebfy lfjagstrktf aghy tbkt tbmrm justbkvf fxostfl k guj`fr ae ogtfr-majjugoty gft-

waris, kg ojpartkgt pkrt ae wbomb wohh bkvf bkl

tbf mbkrkm tfr ae kg khhokgmf. Ebf lostroùtoag ae

earfocg caals (`ksom jktfrokhs, vkhuk`hfs, wajfg)

wohh bkvf `ffg tbf projkry cakh. @ut, oe tbf hamkh

hogfkcfs wfrf sfcjfgts ae k wolfr systfj ae hogfkcfs

kgl mhkgs (tbkt os, fvfry hamkh hogfkcf os k sfcjfgt,

ar fhfjfgt og k supfr-hogfkcf), tbos trkgsefr wks



K \KO .F A E \ S A U O O . O . K C F ] 4 @ K G L I I P K J O I ] A M O K O , ] \ P V M \ V P F

sojphy kgat bfr kspfmt at' tbf Bgfkcf arckgozktoag ,

og ga wky lostogmt eraj ots ogtrk-majjugk h jkgo

efstoag. Bawfvfr, og tbf vohhkcf ks og tbf crkvfykrl

tbfrf os kg kpprfmok`hf ogmrfksf og oglomktars ae

earfocg magtkmts eraj tbf fkrbfr tawkrls tbf hktfr

pbksfs. Sbftbfr tbfsf magtkmts lol `rogc kàut

samokh mbkgcf mkggat `f fstk`hosbml eraj tbf lktk

usfl bfrf. \bkt os ta sky, kpkrt eraj tbos hkttfr

paogt, ga mksf mkg `f jklf ear ar kckogst tbf

suprkhamkh jalf ae pralumtoag. \bf eaurtb jalf ae

pralumtoag, tbf haasf agf, mkgg at `f lfjagstrktfl

`y jfkgs ae lktk ag pat lfmarktoag aghy. Fvfg ear

mfrkjoms, ga spfmokhost mkg `f lftfrjogfl. \bf

guj`fr ae sbfrls pfr but, tbaucb sbawogc magso-

lmrk`hf vkroktoag, lafs ga t sffj ta khhaw sumb k

magmhusoag (me. \k`hf 63), gar bkvf iohg rfjgkgts

`ffg eaugl. K stuly ae tbf lostroùtoags ae ehogt

krtoekmts kgl lf`ros, ae klzfs, f t m , jocbt vfry wfhh

`rogc aut spfmokhozfl wariogc krfks9 ot wauhl sffj

passo`hf, tbfg, ta mbfmi tb f ogefrmgmm eraj tbf

mfjftfry ae k gag-bfrflotkry trkgsefr ae siohhs.

Og tbf fgl wf rfjkog wotb twa jalfs ae

pralumtoag ekorhy wfhh lfjagstrktfl kgl twa

wotbaut magmhusovf fvolfgmf. Magsfqufgthy, gatbogc

jumb mkg `f kllfl ag tbf tapom ae lajogkgmf aekgy ae tbf jalfs. @atb tbf bausfbahl ks kg fgtoty

kg l tbf hogfkcf ks k ugot pfrsost tbraucbaut tbf

vohhkcf's fxostfgmf. \bf lajogkgmf ae tbf hogfkcf

avfr tb f lajfstom jalf mkg `f ogemrrfl eraj tbf

qukhotktovf loeefrfgmfs og but typfs p fr hogfkcf9 agf

wauhl hoif ta bkvf ot su`stkgtoktfl eraj k loeefrfg-

tokh magmfgtrktoag ae, ear fxkjphf, earfocg caals ks

wfhh.

Ag tbf tapom ae samokh mbkgcf tbf eahhawogc

rfjkogs ta `f skol4 tbf ekmtar oglomktogc jk trohogy

turgs up og fvfry pbksf, kgl tbf vorohamkh krrkgcf-

jfgts ae tbf buts khsa pfrsost. Ot os aghy tbf

ugfxphkogfl ekmtars ae JKOG JA\OE] kgl ae GVJFPO-

mo\_ tbkt sbaw mbkgcf4 tbfy loskppfkr tawkrls tbf

eogkh pbksf ae tbf vohhkcf9 k jkttfr ae mbkgcogc

tkstfs aghy, ar ae wolfr ojphomktoags1

Hft us gaw sff wbkt mkg `f skol kàut @kgl-

ifrkjoi samokh strumturf kt k sotf tbkt os jkriflhy

loeefrfgt4 Bofgbfoj.

6. \bf @I vohhkcf ae Bofgbfoj

\bf @kglifrkjoi vohhkcf ae Bofgbfoj wks ùoht ag

k hfet-`kgi tfrrkmf ae tbf Lkgu`f , kàut eoetffg

jftrfs kàvf tbf vkhhfy ehaar. Eraj tbf sotf tbfrf os

k jkcgoeomfgt vofw up (ta tbf sautb) kgl lawg (ta

tbf gartbfkst) tbf rovmr, kgl ae tbf bohhs ag tbf ; ocbt

`kgi. \bf jalfrg rfhofe lafs gat euglkjfgtkhhy

loeefr eraj tb f Gfahotbom agf9 eraj tbf vohhkcf k

stffp shapf cafs lawg ta tbf rovfr phkog. \bos shapf

os tbf sotf's gktu rkh sautbfkstfrg àrlfr. \a tbf

sautb tbfrf os k sjkhh lry vkhhfy9 og fkrhofr tojfs o t

jky bkvf mkrrofl wktfr og wft pfroals9 tbf àttaj

ae tbos cuhhy os tbf fksofst kmmfss rakl eraj tbf sotf ta

tbf rovfr vkhhfy. Kàut 56> ar 3>> jftrfs ta tbf

gartb ae tbos mrass vkhhfy , k wolfr cuhhy lfsmfgls ta

tbf Lkgu`f. Eogkhhy, sajf lostkgmf ta tbf wfst tbf

hkgl rosfs t a k rolcf, k rfjkogs ae k bocbfr tfrrkmf.

\bf sftthfjfgt sotf os sotuktfl og tbf sautbfkstfrg

margfr ae tbf hkglsmkpf ugot tbus mormujsmro`fl.

\bf sotf, hamkhhy igawg ks " kj Sfog`mrc" ("og tbf

Uogfykrl") hofs ag tbf gartbfrg autsiorts ae tbf

jalfrg vohhkcf ae Bofgbfoj.

Gfahotbom ammupktoag ae tbf sotf wks losmavfrfl

og ;?66 wbfg B. Gfu`kufr, kg fgcogffr ae tbfLkgu`f rfcuhkrozktoag majjossoag, haaifl eraj

tbf bohhs kmrass tbf rovfr ta tbf erfsbhy phaucbfl

phat. Pfmaggkosskgmf rfvfkhfl gujfraus @kgl

ifrkjoi sbfrls kgl ehogt lf`ros hyogc ag tbf eofhl.

\bf eorst tfst pot wks luc og ;?;)6 (Jallfrjkg

;?55)9 eurtbfr, hkrcf-smkhf fxmkvktoags wfrf mkr

rofl aut `y k tfkj eraj Hfolfg Vgovfrsoty, hfl `y

^rae lr. ^.D.P. Jallfrjkg lurogc tbf sujjfrs ae

;?53, ;?52, ;?3>, ;?3; , ;?3= kgl ;?3<. Kg krfk

ae avfr ;.0 bfmtkrfs `ks `ffg ogvfstocktfl. \bf

eogls eraj tbf fxmkvktoags up ta kgl ogmhulogc

;?3> bkvf `ffg pu`hosbfl og Jallfrjkg ;?339

tbfy krf eraj kg krfk ae kppr axoj ktfh y -'/W bfmt krf

og fxtfgt9 tbf prfsfgt stuly os jkoghy magmmrgfl

wotb lktk eraj tb f fxmkvktoags up ta ;?3>.

Kt tbf vohhkcf sotf, tbf hafss mavfrogc tbf tfrrkmf os

hfss Akt tbkg kt tbf sotf ae Fhshaa4 bfocbt loeefrfgmfs

ae kàut tw a jftrfs ammur . Og Gfahotbom tojfs tbf



\B F @I UOO , HKC F AE BO FG BF OJ ;66

soorekmf wks fvfg jarf rahhogc tbkg talky. @fmkusf

ae tbf ugfvfggfss ae tbf tfrrkog, frasoag bks `ffg

warsf tbk g kt Fhshaa (Jallfrjkg ;?55)9 pkrt s ae

tbf Gmahotbom sotf bkX f khjast loskppfkrfl. Jkgypfroals eraj tbf Jollhf ^khmahohbom ta tbf Jollhf

Kcfs krf rfprfsfgtfl `y sajftojfs magsolfrk`hf

kjaugts ae eogls eraj tbf sotf9 tbf H@I sftthfjfgt

prapfr sbauhl bkvf mavfrfl kàut 0.0 bfmtkrfs,

kgl tbf ]]I vohhkcf (kg fstojktfl) 0.3 bfmtkrfs.

'; bf jast lfgsfhy ùoht pkr o bkl `ffg ogvfsto-

cktfl `y ;?3>. Og khh tbf fxmkxktoags, <0 buts wfrf

uoI'avfrfl, 06 `fhagcogc ha tbf H@I prapfr, kgl

O 3 ta tbf ]]I. \bf lwfhho oocs krf ae lohefrfgt typfs4

og tbf H@I pfroal4 agf tojf typf o` (but ga. 0)9

twfhvf tojfs typf 0 (gas. 6, 5, 2, ;0, ;<, ;3, 0<, 06,

0?. = ' . =3. <; )7 kgl tbrff tojfs typf = (gas. o, =6,

<= 9 pra`k` hy 05, 03 kgl 6; khsa)9 typf 0/= , = tojfs

(gas. ;=, ;?, 02), tbrff buts eraj tbos pfroal krf

oglftfrjogk`hf (gas. =?, <>, 60). Og tbf ]]I

pfroal hoXf buhs wfrf ae typf 0 (gas. =, <, ;6,00,<0),

oaaetypf0/=(gas. ?, ;>, ;;, ;2,0;,=>,=0,==,=<,

=2) kgl twa ae typf = (gas. 0>, 0=) (^. D.P .

Jallfrjkg, pfrs.majj. 0>;032). \bf H@I buts

wfrf k òt gkrraw ks H@I buts ca4 gagf fxmfflfl

sox jftrfs og woltb9 tbf mfgtrkh pkrts vkrofl `f-twffg 6 kgl ;?.6 jftrfs og hfgctb (kt Fhshaa, 5 ta ;5

jftrfs9 Jal lfr jkg ;?3>(;)4 ;><). \b fr f krf

jarf obogcs loeefrfghoktogc tbf Bofgbfoj vohhkcf

eraj athuo' H@I sftthfjfgts4 tbfrf sffj ta `f taa

efw typf o kgl typf = buts9 bfrf, magtrkry ta ftbfr

phkmfs, tbf wkhhs magsost sajftojfs ae lau`hï raws

ae pasts9 tbf gartbwfstfrg pkrt bks sajftojfs `ffg

su`lovolfl `y k trkgsvfrsf wkhh, ftm. Khsa lostog-

cuosbogc Bofgbfoj eraj Fhshaa os ots magtoguoty ogta

tbf Jollhf Gfahotbom (JG, bfgmfeartb) (me. Mb.OOO) .

Lurogc tbf ]]I, buts wfrf ga hagcfr ùoht wotb

lau`hï raws ae wkhh pasts, ùt wotb sogchf raws

ogstfkl9 tbf mfgtrkh pkrt ae tbf buts tbfg bkl k

hfgctb ae ?.= jftrfs ag tbf kvfrkcf9 tbf buts

jfksurfl eraj 6.5 ta 3.5 jftrfs og woltb kgl

`ftwffg 2.> ta ;6.6 og hfgctb, wotb rfhktovfhy sbart

garhbwfstfrg sfmtoags (;.? ta 0.< jftrfs9 ear tbf

H@I buts kt tbos sotf ;.3 ta o ;.= jftrfs). Eraj k

rfsfkrmb paogt ae vofw, tbf ]]I buts krf magsolfr

k`hy jarf loeeomuht ta fvkhuktf tbkg fkrhofr maugtfr

pkros4 og obf JG hakj/rfeusf pots wfrf ga hagcfrluc pkrkhhfh ta tbf hagc wkhhs, ùh ekrtbfr keofhl. \a

kssamoktf sumb k but wotb hogls os tbfrfearf ojpasso-

`hf. \bf bu jkg fgvoragjfgt ae Gfahotbom Bofg

bfoj just bkvf loeefrfl magsolfrk`hy eraj tbkt ae

Fhshaa, taa. \bf hkttfr vohhkcf bkl gujfraus

majpkrk`hf sftthfjfgts og ots vomogoty9 Bofgbfoj

bkl ga jarf tbkg obrff gfocbàurogc vohhkcfs (oe

vohhkcfs tbfy wfrf, kgl gah sogchf oofhl/bkrvfst

sbfls9 me @kifhs ;?324 ;<; gatf) ag ohs hafss oshkgl

wotbog < ij. @fyagl, tbf waals strftmbfl ear ;0

ij. ta tbf gfxt pktmb ae hafss upstrfkj, ar 0> ij.

lawgstrfkj ta tbf vkst, lfgsfhy ammupofl Cku-

àlfg (@kifhs ;?324 0=-05, 60-6=9 Jallfrjkg

o?334?-oo7 o'-Do-o=>)-Kmrass tbf sfvfg mfrkjom pbksfs ogta wbomb tbf

@kglifrkjoi ammupktoag ae Bofgbfoj bks `ffg

su`loXolfl (\k`hf 6=), kg ugstk`hf kgl loeohmuht-

ta-ogtfrprft sft ae ekmtar pkttfrgs bks `ffg maj-

putfl (Eoc. 6?), wbomb os k "vfr`khozktoag" aeEocs.

;=-;5, kgl 064

- "Oggav ktar s (o )" 4 Kt Bofgbfo j, taa, oggavktarsbkvf `ffg prfsfgt, fotbfr jkrifl og k pasotovf wky,

ar (krtoeomokhhy) og k gfcktovf wky (gfxt fgtry). \bf

oghralumhoag kgl su`sfqufgo klaptoag ae tbf juhto-

lfgtfl spktuhk (agf ae tbf paogts wbomb khrfkly

fjfrcfl eraj Mb. OOO) ammurrfl eraj tbf tborl

pbksf agwkrls. \bf haw ogmolfgmf ae tbf gfw taao

og tbf fkrhy pbksfs ae ots ogtralumtoag wohh pra`k`hy

fxphkog ots kssamoktoag wotb Dogcfrtop lmmarktoag,

wbomb O magsolfrspuroaus. Og tbfsoxtb kgl sfvfgtb

pbk.sfs tbf p rfpaglfr kgmf ae rfmho/ogfkr ]\PVM\VPF],rfspfmtovfhy tbf ogerfqufgo ammurrfgmf ae korvohogfkr

]\Ptom\VPF] wohh bkvm mkusfl tbf rfvfrsf4 tbf (auh-

caogc) sojphf spktuhk kgl tbf (aut-caogc) murvohogfkr

]\PVM\VPF] tbfg hakl bocb ag tbf skjf ekmtars.

\bfrfearf, ot os pra`k`hy k spuroaus kssamoktoag

kckog.

"Oggavktars (0)"4 \bf ekmtar ae tbf "cakt eaat

taao" os oglomktfl. Og tbf twa eogkh pbksfs tbos



;6eo K \ K O . F A E r S A U O H H K A F ] 4 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K O . ]\ P o h M h ' O O PF

EKM\AP HK@FH]

AHL

; 0 =

^ B K ] F ]

< 6 5

UAVGC

3 E K M \ A P H K @ F H ] 4

jkog jatoes

"magsfrvktovfs(o)"

"sapbost omkt oag"

guj f r om o ty

s t rum turf s

kuxdookry Orgfs

ugk m m augtf l

''magsfrvktovfs(0)"

"oggavktars"

"magsfrvkt ovfs( h )"

cakt eaat taao

guj f r om o ty

kux o h ok ry h ogfs

ga t og tf rprf tk ` hf

jkog jatoes

"magsfrvktovfs(o)"

"sapbost omkt oag"

guj f r om o ty

s t rum turf s

kuxdookry Orgfs

ugk m m augtf l

R

R

R

' 'magsfrvktovfs(0)"

"oggavktars"


cakt eaat taao

guj f r om o ty



jkog jatoes

"magsfrvktovfs(o)"

"sapbost omkt oag"

guj f r om o ty

s t rum turf s

kuxdookry Orgfs

ugk m m augtf l

R

R

R

W Q , W R


"oggavktars"


cakt eaat taao

guj f r om o ty



jkog jatoes

"magsfrvktovfs(o)"

"sapbost omkt oag"

guj f r om o ty

s t rum turf s

kuxdookry Orgfs

ugk m m augtf l

R

R

R

W Q , W R


"oggavktars"


cakt eaat taao

guj f r om o ty



jkog jatoes

"magsfrvktovfs(o)"

"sapbost omkt oag"

guj f r om o ty

s t rum turf s

kuxdookry Orgfs

ugk m m augtf l

R

R

R

W Q , W R


"oggavktars"


cakt eaat taao

guj f r om o ty



jkog jatoes

"magsfrvktovfs(o)"

"sapbost omkt oag"

guj f r om o ty

s t rum turf s

kuxdookry Orgfs

ugk m m augtf l

R

R

R

“F "WM


"oggavktars"


cakt eaat taao

guj f r om o ty



jkog jatoes

"magsfrvktovfs(o)"

"sapbost omkt oag"

guj f r om o ty

s t rum turf s

kuxdookry Orgfs

ugk m m augtf l

“F "WM


"oggavktars"


cakt eaat taao

guj f r om o ty



jkog jatoes

"magsfrvktovfs(o)"

"sapbost omkt oag"

guj f r om o ty

s t rum turf s

kuxdookry Orgfs

ugk m m augtf l R R R R R


"oggavktars"


cakt eaat taao

guj f r om o ty



gr . ae ekm tars

gr . ae e ogls

5

=>

<

<t

5

<>

5

0>

5

;3

<

05

<

6

gr .ae ekm tars

gr .ae e ogls

e tc. d p . BOFGBFOJ4 magstkgmy kgl mbkgcf og ekmtar pkttfrgs.

“ 1“ maggfmtoag passo`hf, tbaucb ga t kttfstfl.

vvmkihy maggfmtfl.

K ta E hfttfrs oglomktf daogt ammurfgmf ag agf ekmtar.

ogstrujfgt os kssamoktfl wotb bktmbfl MAJ^ØGFG\]

kgl appasfl ta stk`-kgl-lrkc kgl tbf juhtolfgtfl

spktuhk \FMBGO[VF. Og tbf soxtb pbksf tbfsf hakl-

ogcs stohh ammur ag tbf GVJFPOMO\_ ekmtar9 jarf

spfmohhmkhhy, luphfx sffjs kssamoktfl (ùt aghy og

tbkt pbksf).

- "Magsfrvktovfs ( o ) " 4 Sbfg tbf H@I ammupk-

toag ae Bofgbfoj `fckg tbf klaptoag ae (pat)gfmi

lfmarktoag wks wfhh ag ots wky. Aghy mageusoag mkg

`f ckogfl `y hk`fhhogc tbf gfmi lfmarktars "ogga

vktars"9 O wauhl rktbfr mkhh tbf pats lfmarktf l og

tbf ahl wky krmbkom ar "magsfrvktovf". \bos hk`fh,

tbaucb, os taa stragc4 tbraucbau t tbf @kglifrk-

joi, pats wotbaut lfmarktoag og tbf gfmis iffp

turgogc up (me. f.c., Fhshaa). _ft, tbfrf os k ekmtar

wbomb `fmajfs fvfr hfss mhfkrhy lajogktfl `y tbos

vkrok`hf, eraj tbf eorst t brau cb tbf eoetb pbksf. Kswotb tbf prfvoaus mbkrkmtfrostoms, ga eoxfl pkrtgfr

kttroùtfs mkg `f eaugl4 sojphfx os kssamoktfl wotb ot

og obf eorst pbksf, kgl luphfx og tbf sfmagl9

rfmtohogfkgty og tbf eorst, kgl kckog og tbf eaurtb

pbksf, kgl sa ag.

- "M'agsfrvktovfs (0) "4 Ks tbf wkvf JKOG JA\OE og

tbf lfmarktoag ogmrfksfs wotb tbf trkgsoto ag eraj

H@I ta ]]I, tbf pats lfmark tfl wotb sporkhs

`fmajf kg krmbkom pbfgajmgag. \b f twa jkog

jatoes ammur og majpkrk `hf erfqufgmofs og tbf eorst

eaur pbksfs9 ot os aghy ketfrwkrls tbkt ot jkifs sfgsf

ta mkhh agf ae tbfsf magsfrvktovf. Kckog, ga eoxfl

kssamoktoag wotb kgy ae tbf atbfr vkrok`hfs os

`raucbt aut `y tbf progmopkh majpagfgts kgkhysos -

og jast pbksfs wbfrf àtb ots kttroùtfs krf

rfprfsfgtfl, tbf JKOG JA\OE lfeogfs agf sogchf

ekmtar `y otsfhe

]trumturf4 Ks ohhustrktfl og Eoc. 6? tbf kssamok

toag pkttfrg ae tbf vkrok`hf ]\PVM\VPF] (kt Fhshaa,

tbf jkrifr ae jktrohogfkh keohhoktoag) os jumb jarf

majphomktfl tbkg tbasf ae tbf atbfr vkrok`hfs4 og

tbf eorst tbrff pbksfs lfmarktoag wotbaut erogcfs, kgl

sogchf-lfgtfl spktuhk krf eorjhy kssamoktfl wotb tbf

rfmtohogfkr kttroùtf, ks krf tbf appasotfs (sojphf/

juhtophf spk tuhk spuroaus1). Og tbf eaurtb kgl eoetbpbksfs, kgl wfkifr sa og tbf soxtb, tbf juhtolfgtfl

spktuhk os kssamoktfl wotb rfmtohogfkgty (kgl sojphf

taao wotb murvo-). ^krkhhfh ta tbfsf og sajf pbksfs

( o , =, <, 6) k ekmtar os eaugl ag wbomb wkvfs kgl gag-

lfmarktfl gfmis krf kssamoktfl wotb rfmtohogfkroty (ks krf

obmor appasotfs4 òpahkr pkttfrgs).

GVJFPOMO\_ os eaugl ag kg "a wg " ekmtar og fvfry

pbksf (gat sfpkrktf og pbksf 0) kt Bofgbfoj. O g tbf



\ B F @I UO H H K C F AE B O F G B F O J ;63

eust hhorff pbksfs, tbf luphfx jalf os og magstkgt

bocb kssamoktoag wotb tbf paogh MAJÂGFG\ og tbf

gfmi lfmarktoag kgl og tbf hktfr pbksfs wotb tbf

skjf MAJÂGFG\ og tbf `fhoy zagf. \rophfx sbaws k

sojohkr maglumt ae ots haklogcs ag tbos ekmtar ks lafs

losmagtoguaus gfmi lfmarktoag og tbf pbksf <, 6 kgl 5.

\bf sojphfx lfmarktoag loskppfkrs og tbf soxtb kgl

sfvfgtb pbksfs.

- "]apbostomktoag" os k ekmtar wbomb os sajftojfs

kssamoktfl wotb atbfr ekmtars. Ot `rogcs aut tbf

appasotoag ae lfmarktoag kppVfl wohb Dhgcfrtops ar

gkohs kckogst tookt kppVfl wotb tbf spktuhk. Og tbf

eorst pbksf k g oglfpfg lfgt efkturf (wotb ga eurtbfr

kssamoktoags4 k spfmoeom ekmtar)9 og tbf sfmagl pbksf

kssamoktfl wotb tbf eorst magsfrvktovf wkrf9 og tbftborl pbksf oglfpfglfgt kckog (spfmoeom)9 og tbf

hauo'tb kgl eoetb pbksfs ots kssamoktoag os wotb tbf

ogou)Xktovm craup ao'juhtolfgh-spkhuhk-lfmarktfl pat-

tfry9 og tbf eogkh pbksfs tbos ekmtar os ga hagcfr

voso`hf. \bf appasotoag ae tbf twa wkrfs sffjs k

purfhy kgkoytomkh agf `fmkusf ae tbos sboet ae

kssamoktoags9 O sbkhh prfsfgt ga eurtbfr lftkohs.

- \b f ekmtar ae tbf KVROHOKP_ HOGF] os khwkys

prfsfgt9 ots strumturf os kg appasotoag ae k`sfgmf kgl

prfsfgmf ae KVROHOKP_ HOGF]. Kssamoktfl wotb tbosòpahkroty os tbf ammurrfgmf aádrogcfs og k rfvfrsfl

wky4 wbfg erogcf, tbfg ga kuxohokry hogfs (kgl vomf

vfrsk). O g tbf oogkh pbksfs magtoguaus kgl bajacfgfaus

gfmi lfmarktoag krf kt vkrokgmf wotb tbf prfsfgmf

ae kuxohokry hogfs.

\bfrf kr f sajf ekmtars hfet wbomb mauhl gat `f

kmmaugtfl ear og k strumturfl wky. \bfy jky bkvf

ta la wotb sajf pfmuhokr lfmarktoag og k pbksf9 ks

tbfy krf gag-rfpftotovf, tbfrf os hotthf ta `f lagf

wotb tbfgo.

K efw tbogcs sbauhl stohh `m skol ag tbf kàvf

progmopkh majpagfgts kgkhysos ae tbf Bofgbfoj

pattfry, og majpkrosag wotb tbkt ae tbf Fhshaa lktk4

- Og magtrkst ta tbf Fhshaa lfmarktoag, tbf JKOG

Jaoooslagat hakl ag loeefrfgt ekmtars9 k t Bofgbfoj

obfor ammurrfgmf os tbfrfearm gat oglfpfglfgt ae

agf kgatbfr.

- ]ojohkrhy, k t Bofgbfoj GVJFPOMO\U os gat sprfkl

aut avfr twa ekmtars, agf appasogc sojphfx kgl

luphfx, kgl tbf atbfr appasogc trophfx kgl tbf atbfr

twa kttroùtfs, ùt mageogfl ta agf ekmtar ogstfkl.

- Murvohogfkroty kgl rfmtohogfkroty (ks hagc ks tbfy krf

prfsfgt og tbf lktk ) sbaw k sojohkr `fbkvoaur ks kt

Fhshaa4 tbfy krf òpahkr kttroùtfs, haklogc ag agf

sogchf ekmtar.

\bos majphftfs tbf cfgfrkhozfl lfsmroptoag ae tbf

@kglifrkjoi pattfry erago Bofgbfoj.

K rmmkpotuhktoag ae tbf krcujfgts put earwkrl

wbfg ogtfrprftogc tbf Fhshaa vohhkcf fxmkvktoags og

tbf prfvoaus sfmtoag wauhl sffj rfluglkgt. \bus,

ughfss atbfrwosf stktfl O kssujf tb f skjf mbkogs ae

rfksagogc kpphomk`hf kt Bofgbfoj. Kgl tbos oj-phofs, ear ogstkgmf, tbkt ; la gat tbogi tbkt kgy

sfxukh lovosoag ae hkàur mkg `f jklf voso`hf ag tbf

@kvkrokg sotf, ks tbf skjf typf ae lktk os kvkohk`hf

ks ear Fhshaa4 k pu`homktoag og wbomb bu t phkgs

eocurf prflajogkgthy kgl k pugmb mkrl marpus ae

lfmarktfl pattfry.

Ag tbf su`dfmt ae rkgiogc, bawfvfr, k efw

rfjkris just `f jklf. \bf pragaugmfl typaha-

comkh loeefrfgmfs `ftwffg tbf buts kt Fhshaa la gat

eocurf sa magspomuaushy kt Bofgbfoj (\k`hf 5<) -gat kt eorst socbt, tbkt os. Eraj tbf vkroktoag og sozf

ae tbf mfgtrkh pkrts kt Bofgbfoj (\k`hf 56) k

sojohkr magmhusoag mkg `f lrkwg ks ear tbf Lutmb

sotf4 kg fxtfglfl ekjohy rktbfr tbkg k gumhfkr agf

wohh bkvf ùoht kgl ogbkòtfl tbf buts. Kbhoaucb

tbf vkroktoag (kgl tbf kvfrkcf, ùt tbkt os gat

ojpartkgt bfrf) os hkrcfr tbkg og tbf Lutmb H@I

hovogc qukrtfrs, tbf rkgcf ae tbf hfgctbs ae tbf mfgtrkh

pkrts sffjs ta `f sojohkr ks tbf twa authyogc hfgctbs

(6 , kgl ;?.6 jftrfs) kr f mhfkrhy fxtrfjfs4 tbf gfxt-

eaVawogc krf loeefrfgt `y hfss tbkg k ekmtar 0 (2.6

kgl ;5 jftrfs rfsp.).

Eraj k sojphf typahacomkh lfsmroptoag tbf ugo-

earjoty ae tbf lwfhhogcs k t Bofgbfoj (ks majpkrfl

wotb Fhshaa) os kpp krf gt (\k` hf 5<). Fspfmokhhy tbf

vortukh k`sfgmf ae typf o buts (me gatf 0) os

magspomuaus. Bawfvfr, tbos jky wfhh `f k typaha

comkh krtoekmt4 tbf avfrkhh hfgctbs ae tbf buts (kgl



;62 K \KO.F AE \ S A UOO.O.KCF]4 @KGLIFPKJOI ] A M O K O. ]\PVM\ VPF

losrfckrlogc tbf typahacomkh lostogmtoags) krf sojo-

hkr (Jallfrjkg ;?334 ;0=).

KOsa, ogstfkl ae passfssogc tbasf sautbfkstfrg

sfmtoags wbomb lfeogm tbf typf o buts og Bahhkgl,

sajf ae tbf gartbwfstfrg pkrts ae tbf buts og

Bofgbfoj krf eurtbfr loehfrfgtoktfl4 sox ae tbfj krf

lovolfl `y kg fxtrk (mrass) raw ae pasts (buts gas. 0,

2, ;3, 0<, 0?, =;), k efkturf gat ugmajjag og tbf

"Crass`kutfg" (typfs o) og tbf Lutmb @kglifrkjoi

(Jallfrjkg ;?334 ;05). \a majphomktf jkttfrs,

tbrff ae tbfsf buts bkvf fvfg bkl mrass wkhhs

(rktbfr, trfgmbfs9 buts gas. 0, 2, =;), ear wbomb aghy

wotb sajf bfsotktoag twa kppraxojktf pkrkhhfhs

(àtb kt Fhshaa) mkg `f eaugl. Oe tbf typf o/typf 0

loeefrfgtoktoag og tbf gartbwfstfrg @kglifrkjoikrfk jky `f tbaucbt ae ks pkrkhhfhhfl kt Bofjbfoj

`y tbf lovolfl/uglovolfl gartbwfstfrg pkrt ae tbf

buts, tbfg tbf sfpkrktf raaj og sajf ae tbfsf

lovolfl gartbwfstfrg pkrts os mfrtkoghy succfstovf

ae tbf fgmhasogc wkhh trfgmb ae typf ok fhsfwbfrf.

Gatf khsa, tbkt kt Bofgbfoj tbf aghy but `fhagcogc

ta tbf mhkssomkh typf o, os khsa ae tbf kgk hac uf typf o.

\bf krcujfgt mkg fvfg `f qukgtotktovfhy sup-

partfl (\k`hf 55) - tbaucb gat pravfl, ae maursf.

Eraj tbf tk`hf, tbf khjast olfgtomkh prapartoags aetbf Bofgbfoj "lfvokgts" kgl tbf mhkssomkh su`-

lovosoag kt atbfr phkmfs `fmajfs mhfkr. Khsa, tbf

kssamoktfl loeefrfgtokhs og hfgctbs ae tbf hovogc

qukrtfrs os voso`hf, tbaucb kljottflhy hfss sa kt

Bofgbfoj tbkg kt Fhshaa. Oe tbf krcujfgt wauhl

pravf vok`hf, ot wauhl kmmaugt ear tbf crfktfr

bajacfgfoty og tfrjs ae tbf mhkssomkh typahacy ae

tbf @kvkrokg H@I krmbotfmturf, ks majpkrfl wotb

tbkt ae tbf UUfstfrhy krfks - covfg majpkrk`hf

samokh strumturfs. (\a lostogcuosb tbf mhkssomkh eraj

tbf kgkhacuf-typfs, tbf hkttfr wohh `f typacrkpbo-mkhhy jkrifl `y k "bkt".)

Sbfg tbos prapasfl typahacomkh rfvosoag os gat

kmmfptfl, fvfg tbfg tbf vkroktoag og tbf magstrum

toag ae tbf gartbwfstfrg pkrts ae tbf buts tfhhs ae k

rkgiogc ag atbfr progmophfs tbkg kcm, ks tbf

typahacomkh vkroktoag kt Fhshaa lol4 eraj magstrum-

toagkh loeofrfgmfs `y wky ae eugmtoagkh loeofrfgmfs

tawkrls loeefrfgtoktfl tksis ear tbf bausfbahls.

Og pkrfgtbfsfs4 tbf Bofgbfoj lktk khagf la gat

magstotutf k soolomofgt rfksag ear rfmagsolfrogc tbf

mhkssomkh but typahacy. Aghy wbfg atbfr Mfgtrkh

Furapfkg sotfs khsa pravf ta `f magsostfgthy kga jk-

haus og tfrjs ae tbf qukgtotktovf lostroùtoag ae

typfs" kgl wbfg tbfrf krf craugls ear magsolfrogc

tbf samokh jfmbkg osjs `fbogl but loeefrfgtoktoag

sojohkr og khh H@I krfks, tbfg tbf typahacy sbauhl

`m kjfglfl (me Mb. O ear k sojohkr mksf rfckrlogc

pat lfmarktoag).

Dust ks og Fhshaa, tbf succfstfl typf 6 kgkhacufs

kt Bofgbfoj krf gat sfhfmtfl `y progmopkh majpa-

gfgts kgkhysfs ae tbf pattfry lfmarktoag. ]ojohkrhy,

tbfsf pkrkhhfhs la gat lostogcuosb tbfjsfhvfs ogguj `frs ae sbfrls kssamoktfl ( \k`hf s 53 kgl 529 tbf

typf ok bocb eocurf rfefrs ta but ga. =;, wbfrf tbf

kssamoktoag ae pots kgl but mkggat `f fstk`hosbfl

`fyagl lau`t4 me Eocs. 5> ta 50 kgl 5<9 khsa.

Jallf rjkg ;?334 =2, =?). Khsa, tbf atbfr krcu -

jfgts ear kgl kckogst mbofehy eocurfs ogbkòtogc tbf

typf ok buts losmussfl og tbf Fhshaa kgkhysos rfjkog

kpphomk`hf kt Bofgbfoj4 loeofrfgt magstrumtoag,

loeefrfgt eugmtoag9 kgl pfrbkps tbf qukhotktovf

rktbfr tbkg qukgtotktovf loerfrfghoktoag ae typfs ok

kgl o` jocbt suppart tbf krcujfgt (kckog, gat

pravfl).

\bf kspfmt ae spfmokhozktoag mkggat `f pursufl

bfrf, ear tbkt wauhl rfquorf k lostroùtoagkh

kgkhysos ae khh tbf iogls ae muhturkh lf`ros. Kgl fvfg

wotbaut k magtrkstogc kttroùtf k pattfr's spfmokho

zktoag wohh gat `f voso`hf4 tbf 06 buts wo tba ut eorjhy

kssamoktfl sbfrls la gat pravf tbkt tbf atbfr ;0

buhs wotb tbkt kttroùtf bkvf `ffg hovfl og `y

pattfrs. Kgl tbf bocb stktus kmmarlfl ta pfaphf

ùrofl wotb jarf tbkg agf pat og tbf Fhshaamfjftfry mkggat `f eaugl rfehfmtfl og tbf lostro

ùtoag ae sbfrl qukgtotofs ks majpkrfl ta but typfs

og Bofgbfoj (kckog, \k`hf 52).

Ag tbf tapom ae mbragahacy tbf sjkhh sozf ae tbf

Bofgbfoj sotf `rogcs ots awg loehomuhtofs. Kt Fhshaa,

6< buts wfrf kmmajpkgofl `y suhhomofgt guj`frs ae

sbfrls ta `f lktfl rfhok`hy9 kt Bofgbfoj, tbos



\ B F @ I U O H H K C F A E B O F G B F O J ;,6?

oouooohu\ os aghy ;0. Ag f ae tbf rfksags os tbk t JG

buhs krf ;;> hagcfr sur rauglfl `y hakj/rfeusf pots,

ks wfrf tbf Fkrhy Gfahotbom lwfhhogcs. Kgatbfr

rfksag os tbf sjkhhfr sotf/sjkhhfr fxmkvktoag. UUotb

tfg bfmtkrfs fxtfgt kgl tbrff bfmtkrfs fxmkvktfl, ot

wks passo`hf ta ksmfrtkog tbf fxostfgmf ae gfkrhy agf

buglrfl buts kt Fhshaa, kgl ta suppasf tbf fxos

tfgmf ae ;>> ar ;6> jarf. Kt Bofgbfoj tbfrf wfrf

0.= ta 0.3 bfmtkrfs, .3 ae tbfj fxmkvktfl, =3 buts

ksmfrtkogfl. Fxtrkpahktoag eraj ogvfstocktfl krfk

ta khh ae tbf sotf yofhls tbf eahhawogc4

H@I sotf fstojktfl 0.0 bfmtkrfs9 ]]I sotf

fstojktfl 0.3 bfmtkrfs

H@I buhs a`sfrvfl4 oc9 ]]I buts a`smrvml4;5

krfk ogvfstocktfl4 .3 bfmtkrfs (kllotoag ae .6

bfmtkrfs, 6 H@I buts, o ]]I but ear tbf fxmkvk-

toags ketfr oc3a magsolfrk`hy ogehktfs tbf fstojktfs

rfsuhtogc eraj tbf kàvf lktk). Kvfrkcogc tbf twa

majputktoags4

H@I buts fstojktfl sotf tatkh <6-6>9 ol. ]]I

<>.

Oe tbf sotf wks ammupofl ear <6> yfkrs (ag tbf `ksos ae

tbf rkloamkràg lktfs9 sff Mb. OOO), kgl oe tbf bef-spkg aebuts lfrovfl kt Fhshaa wks majpkrk`hf (mk.

=>-=6 yfkrs), tbfg sajf sox (H@I9 fstojktfl kt =>>

yfkrs) ta tfg (]]I, fstojktfl kt ;6> yfkrs) buts

just bkvf staal kt k tojf og Bofgbf oj. Ae tbfsf -

ag tbf `ksos ae tbf rfhkhovf pasotoag kgl tbf krfk ae

tbf fxmkvktoags ag tbf sotf - ot jky `f suppasfl

tbkt kt hfkst tbrff ta eovf bkvf `ffg fxmkvktfl . \b kt

os, wf sbauhl gat fxpfmt oWraups aebuts ta `m voso`hf ks

tbfy wfrf og Fhshaa. Kgl wotb aghy twfhvf buts

lktk`hf kg ugrkvfhogc ae tbf sotf's ùohlogc bostary

`fmajfs k loeohmuht keekor.

Ks k eorst kppraxojktoag og Eocs. 5> ta 56 tbf

lktk`hf pots ("lktk`hf" rfefrrogc ta pots wotb kt

hfkst eovf lfmarktfl sbfrls, khhawogc majputkhoag

ae tbfor rfhktovf mbragahacomkh pasotoags) krf rfg-

lfrfl og k sojohkr wky ks ear Fhshaa og Eocs. <5 ta 6>

(ùt gatf tbf loeefrfgt smkhfs ae lrkwogcs kgl

pbfgajfgk). \basf buts tbkt mkg `f kssamoktfl

wotb pots ar lktfl ag gaoo-mfrkjom craugls bkvf

khsa `ffg oglomktfl (Jallfrjkg oc334 ;0-<6).

K guj`fr ae majjfgts sbauhl prfmflf ogtfr-

prftktoag4

- Bu t =; os gat tbkt eorjhy kssamoktfl wo tb eogls ks

ot jocbt kppfkr kt eorst socbt. UUotb kg kvfrkcf

lurktoag ae tbf pbksfs ae 56 yfkrs, ots magtoguaus

ammupktoag tbrau cb 0 ' / , pbksfs (fvfg oe tbf pbksfs

krf bkhe tbf jfkg hfgctb) mkhhs ear taa jumb

ojkcogkhoag. Jarfavfr, ot os gat igawg wbkt

bkppfgfl `fyagl tbf hojots ae tbf fxmkvktoag,

wbomb kr f rktb fr mhasf ta tbos but kgl tbf hakj pots.

Eraj Jallfrjkg's lfsmroptoag lau`ts kàut tbf

kssamoktoag ae tbf pots ogvahvfl mkg `f rfkl9

magstrumtoagkhhy tbf ùohlogc os '\korhy hktf H@I",wbomb wauhl ekvaur k pbksf =, pfrbkps pbksf <

phkmfjfgt (Jallfrjkg oc334 =2-=c9 kgl pfrs.

majj. 0cac32). Og tbf eaurtb pbksf, bawfvfr, ga

hakj pots ammur og tbos vomogoty9 kgl tbf khjast

pfrefmt khocgjfgt ae fjoofr hakj pots ta tbf

ùohlogc wauhl rkosf kt hfkst sajf qufstoags.

- But O 3 eocurfs twomf ag tbf phkgs4 pbksfs = kgl < .

\bos pkrklax os fksohy fxphkogfl4 og pbksf = tbf

kssamoktfl hakj pots krf lktfl ta ots hktfr bkhe, kgl

og pbksf < ta tbf vfry fkrhofst. ;'bf strumturf wohhbkvf staal, tbfrfearf, kmrass tbf lovologc hogf ae

pbksfs = kgl <.

- K sojohkr paogt mkg `f jklf rfckrlogc buts gas.

O, 0 kgl 5 (pbksf =)4 but 5 os lktfl rocbt kt tbf

`fcoggogc ae tbkt pbksf (kgl, magsfqufgthy, wohh

bkvf `ffg frfmtfl og pbksf 0). But o os lktfl

fxkmthy kt tbf fgl ae tbf pbksf4 ot wohh bkvf staal

wfhh ogta pbksf <.

Sbkt fjfrcfs tbfg, os tbkt kt twa ar tbrff paogts

ae tojf kt hfkst tbrff buts bkvf staal tacftbfr4

(k) hktf og pbksf 0, buts gas. 5, ;0, kgl =6.

(`) og pbksf =, buts gas. 0, (pfrbkps) =;,

kgl 0<.

(m) hktf og pbksf =, ar kt tbf trkgsohoag eraj

pbksf = ta <, buts gas. ;,;3, kgl 0<.

\bfrf os ga fvolfgmf kt khh wbomb wauhl oglomktf

sygmbragof bkòtktoag ae ùohlogcs vfry mhasf ta

cftbfr.



;5> K \ K H F A E \ S A U O H H K C F ] 4 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F

@e <y05 ‗W<

>X OS ;?;= 03 =>

;6 02

j

# 0 0

< W 0 6

4 /

Eoc. Ca. BOFGBFOJ4 ]mbfjktom phkg mfrkjom pbksf o. Mbraga-

hacomkh rkgiogc ae eogls kmmarlogc ta ekmtar smarfs.

;-=>4 ahl ta yaugc.

OBO 4 but guj` fr (Jallf rjkg ;?33).

O O but kssamoktfl wotb eogl eraj tbos pbksf.

o 'b ut pra`kòy `fhagcog c ta tbos pbksf mj atbf r craugl s.

• 0=

HW

; r

- \kiogc k lokmb rago mkh paooot ae vofw, sfvfrkh but

rfjkogs wbomb krf cfacrkpbomkhhy mhasf tacftbfr,

sffj ta bkvf `ffg ogbkòtfl magsfmutovfhy4

(k) buts gas. 5 - 0 - ; - 6 - = - < magst otut ogc k

sfrofs eraj hktf og pbksf 0 tbraucb ta pbksf 5.

(`) buts gas. ;0- ;3- ;<- ;6,k sfrofs ruggogc

eraj pbksf 0 ta pbksf 6.

(m) buts gas. 05 - 0? - 0<, ruggogc eraj,

pfrbkps, pbksf o ogta pbksf =.

(l) k summfssoag ae bu t ;? `y bu t ga. =; os gat

ughoifhy.

Majògktoag ae tbf kàvf sygmbragof kgl lok-

mbragom sfrofs wotb tbf avfrkhh phkg ae tbf sotf (Eoc.

55) hfkls ta tbf suspomoag tbkt kt hfkst eùr ae eovf

"craups" ae rfjkogs, ar ùohlogc phats jky `f

voso`hf, wotb fvfry craup `fogc tbf prfmopotktf ae

magtoguaus ùohlogc kgl bkòtktoag kmtovotofs. \bf

phats bkvf `ffg lfhojotfl og Eoc. 559' tbfor hk`fhs

krf khsa oglomktfl tbfrf. Ot os quotf sktoseyogc tbkt

wotb tbf fxmfptoag ae tbf wfstfrg craup khh phats

magtkog kppraxojktfhy fqukh guj`mrs ae bausf

rfjkogs4 ?-;0, wbomb krf khsa khjast olfgtomkhhy

lostroùtfl avfr H@I kgl ]]I pfroals4 sautb-

wfstfrg 5/0 (o gat kmmaugtfl)9 sautbfkstfrg </6

(0)9 fkstfrg 5/6 (o)9 wfstfrg 0/; (o)9 gartbfkstfrg

5/< (O ). Ks gagf ae tbfsf phats bks `ffg ogvfstocktfl

majphftfhy (o.f., up ta tbf sotf's jkrcogs) pfrbkps k

efw jarf buts just `f suppasfl pfr sfrofs. \bfsf

phats krf kgkhacaus ta Hkgcwfohfr ? sfmtars (Iupfr

ft kh. ;?334 =;?-=02), khtbaucb tbf lojfgsoags krf

loehfrfgt4 tbfrf, k sfmtar jfksurfl ;0,<>> squkrf

jfhrfs ag tbf kvfrkcf, kt Bofgbfoj =53> squkrf



\B F @ I UOH HKC F AE B OF GB FO J ;5;

eoc. (oh. BOFGBFOJ9 ]mbfjktom phkg mmokjom phoksf 0.

Mbragahacomkh rkgiogc ae oogls kmmarlogc'ta ekmtar smarfs.

;-<;4 ahl ta yaugc. Hfcfgl og Eoc. 5>.

jftrfs (5 sfmtars maugtfl)9 kt HS ? tbf lostkgmf

`ftwffg tbf buts wks ;<= jftrfs, kt Bofgbfoj 6;

jftrfs (sox a`sfrvktoags).

Eraj tbf sozf ae tbf but craups kt Fhshaa

(pra`k`hy tbrff ar eaur buts pfr craup) ot eahhaws

obkt ;;> majpkrk`hf pbfgajaouj mkg `m fxpmmtml

kt Bofgbfoj. Oe kgytbogc kpprakmbogc tbf hogfkcf

craup sbauhl `f saucbt kt Bofgbfoj, ot wauhl bkvf

ta mavfr tbf wbahf sotf. Sbkt os voso`hf og Eoc. 55 os

tbf "`fbkvoaur" ae oglovolukh but ùohlfrs, wba

bkvf kppkrmgthy bfhl ta k sotf kgl phat lfjkr-

mktoag ae oglovolukh hkrjstfkls ear quotm k guj`fr

ae cfgfrktoags.

Ot os fvfg passo`hf ta ogefr tbf fxostfgmf ae kt hfkst

agf atbfr sfrofs ae buts ta tbf mkst ae but ga. =< kgl

ta tbf gartbfkst ae ga. z[, wbfrf tbfrf os sueeomoégt

spkmf ear kgatbfr phat (gaw sfvfrfhy fralml)9 eraj

tbf ammupktoag ae tbf gartbwfstfrg phat ot khjast

gfmfsskrohy eahhaws tbkt og `ftwffg tbf hkttfr kgl

tbf prfmopomf, sajfàly fhsf's but `ks staal.

Hoifwosf, tbf wfstfrg sfrofs sbauhl magsost ae jarf

buhs tbkg tbasf rfmavfrfl.

Ot wohh `f a`sfrvfl tbkt tbf kàvf ojphofs tbkt

kppkrfgthy sox buts bkvf staal tacftbfr kt Bofg

bfoj, wbomb kcrffs wotb tbf H@I fstojktf ùt os

hawfr tbkg tbkt ear tbf ]]I (p. ;6? kàvf). ]tohh,

gat khh phats wfrf ùoht up eraj tbf `fcoggogc.

\bfrf os su`stkgtok h fvolfgmf aousf (loccogc ae pots,

wkstogc ae pattfry) ae tbf sotf og tbf eorst pbksf9 yft

ga but mkg `f ugfquovamkhhy sft ta tbkt pfroal. \bos

jfkgs tbkt og tbf oorst pbksf k efw buts jky bkvf

staal tbfrf, ùt khjast mfrtkoghv gat sox ae tbaj.



;50 K \ K H F A E r S A U O O . H K C F ] 4 @ K G L I I P K J O I ] A M O K O . ] \ P V M \ V P F

• • • # ' . # ; 6

;>

0 "W;;

•* "Ogr.. OD

'?;=

e'oW. 50. BOFGBFOJ4 ]mhoajktom phkg mmrkrgom pbksf =.

Mbragahacomkh rkgiogc ae eogls kmmarlogc ta ekmtar smarfs.

;-<>4 ahl ta yaugc. Hfcfgl og Eoc. 5>.

'5D W#==

3 r

Pfckrlogc tbf losmrfpkgmy ae tbos sox-buts pom-

hoorm kgl tbf fkrhofr fsto jktf ae tfg buts og tbf ]]I,

oh sbauhl `f skol tbkt tbf lovosoag ogta phats os vfry

joom'b H@I-mfgtfrfl, khtbaucb tbf ]]I buts sffj

ta magearj gfkthy ta tbf skjf pkt tfr g. ; tbogi tbos

kcrffjfgt kmrass tbf Fkrhy/Jollhf Gfahotbom àug-

lkry os k strfgc krcujfgt ear magtoguaus ammupk-

toag aetbfsotf (me Mb. OOO). _ft, tbfrf sbauhl bkvf

`ffg jarf phats kgl/ar buts pfr phat ta kmmaugt ear

tbf loeefrfgmf - tbf vohhkcf krfk wks fxpkglfl `y

aghy Wa pfrmfgt, wbfrfks tbf guj`fr ae buts rasï

`y twa-tborls. Ks tbf buts krf gah sbkrphy lktkòm,

kgl khsa `fmkusf tbf fxmkvktoags kt Bofgbfoj bkvf

`ffg stappfl, tbfsf passo ohotofs rfjkog ogefrfgtokh.

Bawfvfr, og fotbfr mksf tbfrf wks k mbkgcf og tbf

majpasotoag ae tbf papuhktoag `y tbf JG, ks jarf

bausfbahls wfrf sft up.

\bf apfrktoag ae k mfrfjagokh kgl magguòkh

fxmbkgcf systfj `ftwffg tbf bausfbahls lafs gat

sffj vfry hoifhy, oe kt khh passo`hf. \bf rftfgtoag ae

iogsbop magmfpts `fmajfs vfry loeeomuht, ks cfgfrk-

toags gfvfr rug fxkmthy pkrkhhfh. Ear fxkjphf,

garjkhhy fotbfr tbf jatbfr's `ratbfr's lkucbtfr

wauhl gat `f ae tbf rocbt kcf, ar sbf wks gag-

fxostfgt - oe sbf bkl ta `f tbf rfkh jatbfr's rfkh

`ratbfr's rfkh lkucbtfr Iog systfjs wohh aghy apf-

rktf wbfg tbf gatoag ae mhkssoeomktary iog os `raucbt

ogta phky ta eohh up tbf ckps hfet `y lfjacrkpbomkh



\ B F @I U O O . O . K C F AE B O F G B F O J ;5=

/j/

8««5 #

< ;>? ;3

;;#; 6 /

;5# .

Eoc. (ád. BOFGBFOJ4 ]mb mgo køm p hkg mmr kjo m pbksf <.

Mbragahacomkh rkgiogc ae eogls kmmarlogc ta ekmtar smarfs.

;-0>4 ahl ta yaugc. Hfcfgl og Eoc. 5>.

¹ • ;=*W

; r

hhumtuktoags kgl tbus skvf tbf systfj eraj tbfsf

bkzkrls (me. gatfs ;<, ;= ta Mbkptfr OU). Sf gffl

gat fvfg haai ear sumb fxmbkgcfs og k sotf hoif tbos

(oe atbfr sotfs og tbf vomogoty wfrf kllfl, tbos wauhl

`f loeefrfgt, ae maursf).

Kpkrt eraj tbos gfcktovf paogt, tbf craup's

majpasotoag ar rfmruotjfgt khhaws jarf hffwky.; bm òhogmkh kgl ugohogfkh aptoags mkg `f kp -

prakmbfl og k sojohkr wky ks kt Fhshaa - tbkt os,

tbraucb hhu'lostroòohoagsaemfrkjom kttroùtfsavfr

tbf sotf. Ear Bofgbfogo, bawfvfr, tbfsf bkvf `ffg

kssfj`hfl og k tk`hf rktbfr tbkg ag phkgs (\k`hf

5?) (og tbkt tk`hf, tbf magtfgts ae pot majphfxfs

bkX'f gat `ffg fgtfrfl9 tbfor mbragahacomkh bmtfra-

cfgfoty wohh jksi kgy pkttfrg fvfr prfsfgt og

tbfj). \bf tk` hf os, ae maursf, k spfmoeomktoag ae Eoc.

06. Eraj tbf tk`hf , khh mbkgcf kppfkrs ta bkvf `ffg

crklukh4 ahl trkots dust pftfr aut, gfw agfs la gat

sullfghy rosf ta lajogkgmf.

Magsolfr, ear fxkjphf, tbf ogtralumtoag atbktmb-

ogc kgl stk`-kgl-lrkc MAJÂGFG\]4 qukbtktovfhy kpfmuhokr pkttfrg fjfrcfs9 og tbf `fcoggogc àtb

bkvf k loeefrfgt lostroùtoag avfr tbf sotf, ta

`fmajf crklukhhy jfrcfl hktfr ag (\k`hfs 3> kgl

3;). Sbfg tbf joxfs krf magsolfrfl qukgtotktovf hy,

bawfvfr, tbfy krf khjast bajacfgfaus eraj tbf

`fcoggogc tohh tbf fgl (\k`hf 5?).

Jarf og cfgfrkh tbos hkttfr tk`hf sbaw.s kg



;5< K \K H F AE \S A U O O . H K C F ] 4 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K O . ] \ P V M \ V P F

)]te

0 %

,;>

Eoc. 5<. BOFGBFOJ4 ]mb fjk tom p hkg m frk jom pb ksf 6 .

Mbragahacomkh rkgiogc aheogls kmmarlogc ta ekmtar smarfs.

;-;34 ahl ta yaugc. Hfcfgl og ^'oc. 5>.

;3

Yr ; r

ojpartkgt sboet. Og tbf pbksfs o ta <, spkggogc tbf

H@I prapfr, fvfry kttroùtf ae fvfry vkrok`hf

sffjs ta `f prfsfgt og fvfry eogl (wotb tbf jkrifl

prmlajogkgmf aámurvohogfkr ]\PVM\VPF] og pbksfs o

ta = k jkdar fxmfptoag). \bfg, og tbf trkgsotoagkh

eoetb pbksf, kg ug`khkgmfl lostroùtoag `fmajfs

kppkrfgt ear tbf atbf r joxfs, taa, wbomb og tbf soxtb

pbksf (tbf ]]I) rfsuhts og gfkrhy bajacfgfaus

joxfs ag khh tbf vkrok`hfs hostfl (khsa me \k`hf 30),

gat fvfg fxmfptogc tbf MAJÂGFG\]. Sbohf tbf

lostroùtoags og tbf fkrhofr pbksfs jky `f fxphkogfl

ks fvolfgmf ear òhogfkh craup rfmruotj fgt - tbkt os,

og hogf wotb tbf eoglogcs eraj tbf Fhshaa vohhkcf kgl

crkvfykrl - tbasf ae tbf hkttfr pbksfs jky stkgl ear

k ugohogfkh strumturf.

K jarf bajacfgfaus lostroùtoag jky eaVaw

eraj k guj`fr ae loeefrfgt typfs ae mbkgcf. Jast

lrkstom wauhl `f tbf `rfkiogc up ae tbf fxmbkgcf

mbkogs ogta sjkhh, kutagajaus mymhfs ae pfrbkps k

syjjftromkh fxmbkgcf gkturf. Mbkgmm khagf jocbt

tbfg wfhh rfsuht og bajacfgfaus lostroùtoags wotbog

tbfsf sjkhh krfks. Kmrass hkrcfr rfcoags, bawfvfr,

pra`kòhoty wauhl wari og tbf lorfmtoag ae bftfra-

cfgfoty, fspfmokhhy wotb k bftfracfgfaus trklotoag

sumb ks tbf H@I ta stkrt eraj. ]umb bftfracfgfo ty,

bawfvfr, os gat tbf mksf. Sroto gcs ag JG pattfry

eraj tbf skjf cfgfrkh krfk ( Tkpa tamik ;?3>), ùt

khsa eraj wfstfrg krfks (Jf ofr -Krmgl t ;?369 ]trab

;?=2) rfvfkh tbkt ga sumb lovfrsoty os eaugl.

Fvfrywbfrf tbf wkvf os JKOG JA\OE, kgl rfmtohogfkhb

]\PVM\VPFL lfmarktoag.

Hfss lrkstom wauhl `f k trkgsotoag eraj tbf



\ B F @ I U O H H K C F A E B O F G B F O J ;56

"'].06D

;?*

• /

r

Eoc. 56 . BOFGBFOJ9 ]mbfjkt om p hkg m mrk jom pbks ms (7 kgl 3.

Mhbragahacomkh rkgiogc ae eogls kmmarlogc ta ekmtar smarfs,

pbksf 54 ;-054 ahl ta yaugc.

pbksf 34 03-=;4 ahl ta yaugc. Hacfgl og Eoc. 5>.

• ;<

" • «0> W 0

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òbgfkh craup lfeogotoag tawkrls k ugoBgmkh agf -

hfss lrkstom, sogmf tbos mbkgcf gffl gat ogtfrefrf

wotb khBkgmfs kgl fxmbkgcf rfhktoags. ]upprfssoag

at' vorohamkbty wbfg tbf jktroho gfkh tfglfgmofs og

tbf òhogfkh systfj `fmkjf jarf fjpbksozfl

wauhl (pfr hamkhoty) rfsuht og k vfry bajacfgfaus

pat lfmarktoag (f.c., Sbkhhag ;?52), ear og tbkt

mksf tbf efjkhfs stky put, kgl tbf jkhfs krflospfrsfl avfr tbf krfk. Kssujogc k tof ae lfmark-

tovf prfefrfgmfs ta tbf efjkhf pkrt ae tbf majju-

goty ks kàvm, kppkrfgthy ga gfw vkrofty wauhl `f

`rauchu og.

'O'bf rfvfrsf, pkhro-jalm ugohogy wauhl krosf oe

jktro-lfsmfgt wfrf lrappfl og ekvaur ae pktrohogy.

\rkgshktfl ta Bofgbfoj, tbf lf ekmta pktrohogy

eahhawogc eraj tbf vorohamkh rfsolfgmf ruhf, og tbf

fkrhofr pfroal stohh mrassfl, ar ogtfcrktfl tbraucb k

jktro-systfj, `fmkjf lajogkgt og tbf hktfr pfroal

(ear wbktfvfr rfksag ekvaurogc tbf pktrohogfkh

aptoag ogstfkl ae tbf jktrohogfkh agf9 ear rfefrfgmfs

sfm Mb. OU). Oe tbf jkrrokcf prfefrfgmfs, ar wolfr

stohh, tbf fxmbkgcf systfj survovfl tbos mbk gcf -

wbomb wauhl `f fksy fgaucb, `fmkusf tbf pkrtgfr

wks hovogc og tbf skjf hamkhoty og tbf ugohogfkh mksfks og tbf òhogfkh mksf9 aghy tbf craup gkjfs bkl

mbkgcfl - tbf efjkhfs wauhl pra`k`hy iffp

`rogcogc og tbf skjf prfefrfgmfs, khsa rfsuhtogc og k

bajacfgmaus authaai ae tbf mfrkjom lfmarktoag.

@uh gaw, tbf garjkh stktostomkh lmvoktoags eraj tbf

stktfl ruhfs wauhl rfsuht og k tromihogc og ae efjkhfs

eraj atbfr hamkbtofs ks wfhh, prfsujk`hy `rogcogc

atbfr prfefrfgmfs. \bos hkttfr kllotoag ae vkrofty



Eoc. 5C. BOFRBFOJ4 ]mb fjkto m ph kg ae khh H@I kgl ssI bgto '

rfmavfrfl, phus tfgtktovf pkrtotoagogc og `uohlogc phats.

;-=0 4 but guj`fr s eraj Jal lfr jkg ;?33.

`uohDogc phat hk`fhs.

'pot majphfxfs'.

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\ B F @I U O H H K C F AE B O F G B F O J ;53

sbaoohl lostogcuosb tbf pktro- eraj tbf jktro-jalf

ae ugohogy, ks og tbf earjfr tbf stktostomkh fquo-

vamktoau wauhl aoohy `rogc og jkhfs eraj "gag-

prfhfrrfl" hamkhotofs. Eraj \k`hfs 3; kgl 30, kglfs|)fm'okhhy \k`hf 5c sajf shocbt bfhfracfgfoty ae

tbf joxfs os a`sfrvk`hf, fvfg og tbf soxtb pbksf

(vkrok`hfs \FMBGoquF], ]\PVM\VPF], MAJÂGFG\]9

kgl, pfrbkps hfss ojpartkgt, GVJFPOMO\_ kgl

KVRO;.OKP_ HOGF] ks wfhh). A r, ag tbf ksos ae tbf hamkh

lktk, Xoroh()M'kh-pktrohogfkh ugohogy sffjs ta `m ekorhy

wfo! lfjagstrk`hf. \bos rfsuht bkrlhy majfs ks k

surprosf4 toof trkgsotoag ae pkhro-lfsmfgt ta jktro-

hogy, wotbaut ogtfrjflokry stfps, os sojphy ojpas-

so`hf (Jurlami ;?<?4 ;?>).

Og tbos mksf, bawfvfr, tbf cmgfrkh bajacfgfoty

ae tbf pat lfmarktoag og tbf JG jky `f fxpfmtfl ta

lf-fjpbksozf tbf feefmts4 wbfg tbfrf os hotthf

Xkroktoag og tbf rfcoag, tbfrf wohh khsa `f hotthf

lohhfrfgooktoag voso`hf og tbf pat lfmarktoag kt k

sogchf sotf. \bos, tbfg, uglfrh ogfs tbf ojpartkgmf ae

tbf hotthf vkroktoag stohh voso`hf og tbf tk`hfs dust

gofootoagfl kgl strfgcbtfgs tbf pktro-ugohogfkh

ogtfrprftktoag. Eraj tbos "boglsocbt" tbf òksfl,

agf-solfl tfglfgmofs ae tbf joxfs og tbf H@I

pfroal ae Bofgbfoj (\k`hf 5?) kmquorf k gfwW

jfkgogc. \bfy jky tfstoey ta k bkhe-bollfg ugo-

hogfkh prapfgsoty khrfkly og tbkt frk4 jarf efjkhfs

bkvf `ffg `raucbt og wotb agf sft ae prfefrfgmfs

tbkg wotb tbf khtfrgktovm sft. \bus, tbf fxackjy

jof wbomb wauhl bkvf rfsuhtfl og k `khkgmf ae tbf

twa craups (og tbf kccrfcktf, ae maur]f) bks gat

`ffg vfry stromthy klbfrfl ta , pfrbkps kg oglomk-

toag ae lojogosbfl ojpar tkgmf kmmarlfl ta tbkt

solf ae tbf craup lfeogotoag.

Sbfg hfss vkhum os kttroùtfl ta tbf jktro-proouophf og tbf craup majpasotoag, tbos bks magsf-

moumgmfs h()r tbf lky-ta-lky keokors ks wfhh4 efjkhfs

ks k mhkss wohh `f kmmarlfl hfss stktus, kgl tbf fvfg

eaatogc ae tbf sfxfs eaugl og tbf Fhshaa crkvfykrl

kgl oglorfmthy kttfstfl `y tbf ojpartkgmf ae tbf

jktrohogfkh majpagfgt og tbf vohhkcf, wohh gat bkvf

ammourfl sojohkrhy og tbf @kvkrokg sftthfjfgt (me.

^kvHoi ;?30`4 309 og tbf Gotrk H@I gfmrapahos

wajfg bfhl hfss stktus tbkg jfg) .

Og sujjkry, ag tbf `ksos ae tbf skjf krcujfgts

ks covfg ear Fhshaa k vorohamkh-ogktrohogfkh systfj

mkg `f eaugl og H@I Bofgbfoj. \bkt wf krflfkhogc bfrf wotb k jumb sjkhhfr samokh craup ks

wfhh ks wotb sjkhhfr ugots ae lk tk tbkg og tbf Lutmb

vohhkcf wohh `f tbf mkusf ae tbf sajftojfs jarf

fxtrfjf vkhufs ae tbf joxfs og oglovolukh pots9 tbf

agf-solfl trfgl paogts ta k ugo-(pktro-)hogfkh òks

khrfkly prfsfgt og tbos pfroal ae tbf sftthfjfgt.

\bf pra`k`hy magtoguaus ammupktoag ah tbf phats

ag tbf sotf oglomktfs k ektbfr-ta-sag ogbfrotkgmf ae

tbf ekrjstfkl. \bf wajfg `raucbt og wauhl bkvf

majm eraj loeefrfgt samokh craups. Sotb tbf agsft ae

tbf hktfst H@I pbksf (ga. <) k sboet kwky eraj tbf

òhogfkh pkttfrg tawkrls k ugohogfkh craup lfeogo

toag kssfrts otsfhe9 og tbf soxtb mfrkjom pbksf ae tbf

sftthfjfgt tbf jktro-lukBty bkl pra`k`hy cagf

aut ae usf, khtbaucb tbf fxmbkgcf systfj gffl gat

bkvf mbkgcfl og tbf jfkgtojf.

Og tbf gfa-Jkrxost wky ae haaiogc kt tbf H@I, kt

Fhshaa tbf lajfstom jalf ae pralumtoag wks eaugl

ta `f arckgozfl og stfj ekjohy bausfbahls. Kt

Bofgbfoj, tbf mfgtrkh pkrts ae tbf buts mavfr kg

krfk ae ;0.6 jftrfs kvfrkcf hfgctb (\k`h f 55) `y

hfss tbkg 5 jftrfs woltb - sky, kàut 3> squkrf

jftrfs, k surekmf krfk aghy shocbhhy hkrcfr tbkg kt

Fhshaa. \bf bftfracfgfaus joxfs lfsmroògc tbf

mfrkjom lfmarktoag wfrf usfl ta gfcktf tbf fxos-

tfgmf ae daogt (agf-cfgfrktoag, barozagtkhhy fx-

tfglfl) ekjohofs og ekvaur ae tbf stfj (juhtophf-

cfgfrktoag, ar vfrtomkhhy fxtfglfl) ekjohofs.

.'Xhtbaucb kt Bofgbfoj tbf joxfs ear tbf loeefrfgt

vkrok`hfs krf pkrtokhhy agf-solfl tbfy krf mfrtkoghy

gat bajacfgfaus (\k`hf 5c), eraj wbomb k sojohkrmagmhusoag ks tbkt ear Fhshaa mkg `f lrkwg4 stfj

ekjohofs ogbkòtfl tbf buts. Gfflhfss ta sky, ear tbf

]]I pfroal wotb ots ugkssamoktfl kgl bajacf

gfaus pattfry lfmarktoag, ga sumb magmhusoag mkg

`f lrkwg bfrf.

@ksfl ag majpkrktovf eocurfs ear tbf guj`fr ae

ogbkòhkgts pfr but tbf Bofgbfoj H@I papuhktoag

just bkvf maugtfl kt "kgy" jajfgt 5 x < W 0 <

http://ariation/

http://ariation/

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http://%27/lthough

http://%27/lthough

http://ariation/



;52 K \KHF AE \SA UOHHKCF]4 @KGLIFPKJOI ]AMOKH ]\PVM\VPF

kluhts, phus sajf 06-=6 mbohlrfg (me p . ;<?9 O

kssujf sox buts).

\bf majputktoag ae tbf hoem-.spkg ae k but `rfkis

lawg upag tbf ksyjjftry ae tbf joxfs kt Bofg-bfoj (\k`hf 30). Ear tbf eaurtffg pots tbk t mkg

`f jarf ar hfss rfksagk`hy kssamoktfl wotb k but ,

tbf vkrok`hf ]\PVM\VPF] kssujfs vkhufs mfgtfrfl

kraojl .2, kgl JKOG JA\OF] sbaws k pfki kt o .>.

@atb lostroùtoags krf agf-pfkifl, k lostroùtoag kt

vkrokgmf woob tbf jalfh lfvfhapfl ag pp. o 6>-;6;.

K maggfmtoag `ftwffg tbf ùohlogc lktf kgl tbf

hoef mymhf ae tbf ùohlfr s sbauhl rfsuht og k twa-

pfkifl lostroùtoag, kmmarlogc ta tbkt jalfh.

Atbfrwosf, oe sumb k marrfhktoag wfrf gat tbf mksf,

k `hami lostroùtoag wotbog syjjftromkh vkhufs

wauhl `f kppk rfgt . Eogkhhy, magstrumtoag wotbog k

cfgfrktoag mkggat kmmaugt ear tbos lostroùtoag

fotbfr, ks tbf "jorrar" vkhufs krf jossogc. O wohh

tbfrfearf gat vfgturf kg ogtfrprft ktoag ae h'k `hf 30

ag tbos su`dfmt.

Kt Fhshaa, tbf hogfkcf jalf ae pralumtoag mauhl

`f lfjagstrktfl `y vortuf ae k guj`fr ae tbfsf

craups4 bausfbahls wfrf eaugl ta earj majpaugls

wbomb wfrf rfpralumfl avfr tojf ks sumb. Og

Bofgbfoj, aghy k magtoguoty ae tbf bausfbahl ugotsmkg `f jklf phkuso`hf (kàvf, tbf losmussoag ag

phats9 pp. ;6?-;50). K hogfkcf arckgozktoag kjag c

tbfsf bausfbahls mkg `f suspfmtfl aghy `y kgkhacy

ta tbf eoglogcs og tbf prfvoaus sfmtoag. Sbftbfr ar

gat sumb kg arckgozk toag fxostfl, stktus loeefrfgmfs

`ftwffg tbf vkroaus bausfbahls mauhl `f lfjag

strktfl (p. ;62). \ bf vkroaus but typfs, kssamoktfl

wotb tbfsf stktus loeefrfgmfs krf lostr oùtfl avfr

tbf "ùohlogc phats" ks oglomktfl `y \k`hf 30

(fssfgtokhhy, tbf buts craupfl ks "x ", oglftfr-jogk`hf, `fhagc ta tbf ]]I pfroal9 dulc ogc eraj

tbf hfgctb ae tbf buts, magsolfrk`hf loeefrfgmfs bkvf

ta `f kssujfl ear tbk t pbksf, taa ). \bf typf o buts

krf khh lktfl ta loeefrfgt paogts ae tojf (fxmfpt ga.

=; , ùt tbf lotthmuhtofs wotb tbkt ùohl ogc bkvf

kormkly `ffg mhkàrktfl ag p. ;6?). \bfor sf-

qufgmfsffj ta f 2 (pbksf o, ar ;/0)9 0? (pbksf 0)9

0, 0<, ;3 (rfspfmtovfhy fkrhy, jollhf, kg l hktf og

pbksf =). Dust ks og fkmb ae tbf `ftt fr a`sfrvk`hf

craups kt Fhshaa, og Bofgbfoj agf bausfbahl sffjs

ta bkvf rkgifl bocbfr tbkg ots magtmjparkrofs.

^'raj tbos kmmaugt, ga suppart ear tbf ok / o`lostogmtoag mkg `f eaugl9 ot mkggat `f rfdfmtfl

fotbfr, ks wf la gat igaw wbkt os fbogl tbf H@I

ejls eraj fhsfwbfrf ag tbos hafss pktmb. Sbkt

rfjkogs rfjkrik`hf ag tbos tapom os tbkt (ks kt

Fhshaa) tbf twa sa-mkhhfl typfs fxmhulf agf kg-

atbfr4 tbfrf wks fotbfr k typf ok but (0, 2, =;) ar k

o` agf ( ;3, 0<, 0?).

Pfckrlogc tbf jalf ae hogfkcf arckgozktoag, tbf

pktrohogfkh progmophf just bkvf `ffg kt ots raat. Kt

eorst, og H@I tojfs, vorohamkhoty rfsuhtogc og pktro

hogfkh summfssoag ae tbf bausfbahls kmmaugts `fst ear

tbf su`lovosoag ae tbf sotf ogta "p hat s"9 jktro hogy

wohh bkvf phkyfl ots rahf, taa, khtb aucb eraj tbf

lostroùtoag ae tbf lfmarkt oag ae tbf pat s, ot mkg `f

lfrovfl tbkt tbos progmophf wks hfss ojpartkgt.

Hktfr og tbf ]]I pbksfs, pktrohogy/vorohamkhoty

sffjs ta bkvf `ffg fvfg jarf lajo gkgt , wbmg gat

ta tbf fxmhusoag ae tbf jktro-p rogmoph f.

\bf suprkhamkh jalf ae pralumtoag mkg `f

lflumfl ear Bofg bfoj wotb rk tbf r hfss bfsotktoag

tbkg wks tbf mksf ear Fhshaa. \ bf hamkh craup justbkvf `ffg taa sjkhh ta `f sfhe-sueohmofgt og khh

rfspfmts4 wotb aghy sox bausfbahls hovogc tbf rf

fglackjy os vfry ughoifhy ear hkmi ae passo`hf

pkrtgfrs9 kgl ks saag ks "kcf" os majphomktfl `y

kgy rfstromtoag eaVawogc eraj gatoags ae iogsbop,

tbf pra`kòhoty ae eoglogc kg kttrkmtovf spausf os

fvfg jarf rflumfl. Magsolfrogc tbf mbkgcfs og but

magstrumtoag, og earjkt kgl fxfmutoag ae tbf pat

lfmarktoag, og samokh arckgozktoag kgl og taao iot

(J.F.\b, lf Cra atb ;?334 5?) - hamkh ogvfgtoag aekhh tbfsf gfw tbogcs mkg `f skefhy fxmhulfl. @ut,

bfrf taa, oe tbf vohhkcf's hogfkcf wks jfrfhy agf

`rkgmb ae k hkrcfr ugot, tbfg tbfsf oggavktoags

jocbt bkvf pkssfl lawg tbf hogfkcf gftwari

strkocbt kwky ogstfkl ae wotb kg ogtfrjflokry

gftwari `ftwffg loeefrfgt hogfkcfs ar mhkgs, og

wbomb mksf ga suprkhamkh jalf ae pralumtoag gffl

`f kssujfl.



\BF @I UOHHKCF AE BOFGBFOJ ;5?

;'oookhhy, tbf fxostfgmf ae wbkt bks `ffg mkhhfl k

haasm jalf ae praloomtoag maoohl `f `raucbt aut ta k

mfrtkog lfcrff og tbf kgkhysos ae tbf Fhshaa crkvf

ykrl. Ks og tbf Fhshaa vohhkcf, kt Bofgbfoj ga

trkmfs ae spfmokhost pattfrs bkvf `ffg eaugl4 tbfrf

krf ga iohgs. Ûaj tbf tk`hf og Lf Craatb (;?33;

3>) loeefrfgtokh lostroùtoag avfr tbf sotf ae ehogt

krtoekmts kppfkrs9 yft tbf mdukgtotofs krf taa sjkhh ta

ogefr spfmokhost wariogc krfks (J.F.'hb. lf Craatb,

pfrs. majog. ;2;032) (tbf romb ogvfgtary ae but =;

oglomktfl og tbkt tk`hf sbauhl `f magsolfrfl vfry

mrotomkhhy4 tbfrf krf rfksags ta suspfmt k gag-

baogacfgfaus arocog9 me p. ;6? kàvf). Bawfvfr,

fvfg wbfg spfmokhost wariogc krfks mauhl `f

lfjagstrktfl, `y tbfjsfhvfs tbfy la gat jkif kjalf ae pralumtoag, ks tbf pralumtovf rfhktoags

sbjohl `f igawg ks wfhh. Sotbaut k crkvfykrl

whofrm tbfsf mkg `f jklf voso`hf/ogvoso`hf, tbf

ogefrfgmf ae k haasf jalf ae pral oomt oag rfjkogs

spfmuhktovf.

Khh og khh, tbf Bo fgbf oj lk tk khhaw us ta fstk`hosb

tbf fxostfgmf ae twa jalfs ae pralumtoag4 tbf

lajfstom agf wbomb pfrsostfl eraj tbf H@I

obraucb ta tbf ]]I9 kgl kgatbfr agf fotbfr ae k

hogfkcf kgl/ar ae k suprkhamkh progmophf. ]ajfstrktoeomktoag wks eaugl kjagc tbf vohhkcf's buts,

ùt t bf sjkhhgfss ae tbf sotf oglomktfs kg ammupkto ag

`y agf hogfkcf aghy, kgl sa tbos hkttfr ugot os

mafxtfgsovf wotb tbf majjugoty kgl wohh `f

jksifl `y ot. \bfrf wfrf ogtfrhamkh magtkmts,

vvbomb og tbf mksf ae k hkrcfr hogfkcf ogmarparktogc

tbf hamkh sfcjfgt jky bkvf cagf `y wky ae tbos

arckgozktoag (kgl tbfg khsa `f pkrt ae k hogfkcf

jalf ae pralumtoag). Ar tbf hamkh majjugoty ar

hogfkcf jky bkvf bkl magtkmts wotb atbfr hogfkcfs

ar majjugotofs, og wbomb mksf k loeefrfgt arckgo

zktoag fxostfl4 tbf suprkhamkh jalf ae pralumtoag.

Oe tbf loe\frfgmfs og but earjkt kgl sozf krf

oglomktovf ae k hogfkcf jalf ae pralumtoag, tbfg ot

khsa eahhaws tbkt tbf hkttfr wks lajogkgt avfr tbf

earjfr. Ot os khsa mhfkr tbkt lurogc tbf majjugoty's

fxostfgmf, (ekmtars ekvaurogc) tbf pktrohogfkh prog

mophf mkjf ta lajogktf (tbasf `fbogl) tbf jktro-

hogfkh agf wbomb ogotokhhy bkl `ffg prfsfgt ks wfhh.

Eogkhhy, tbfrf krf ga spfmokhost wariogc krfks ta

oglomktf k haasf jalf ae pralumtoag9 ks tbfrf os ga

ogstrujfgt ta pra`f ogta tbf rfhktoags fotbfr, tbf

fxostfgmf ae k haasf jalf ae pralumtoag os jfrf

spfmuhktoag.

5. Magmhusoaj ag @kglifrkjoi samokh shrumturf4

soojjkry

^frbkps tbf jkdar jktfrokh magshusoag ae tbos stuly

os tbkt magsolfrk`hf loeefrfgmfs bkvf `ffg eaugl og

tbf samokh str umturf eraj agf sotf ta tbf atbfr -

khtbaucb tbfy krf vkroktoags ta tbf skjf tbfjf.Kgl tbf jkdar earjkh magmhusoag mkg `f tbkt

khtbaucb k pohat stuly jky sbfl hocbt ag k bast ae

pra`hfjs ag tbf agf bkgl, ag tbf atbfr bkgl sumb k

stuly mkggat `f magmhusovf `y otsfhe4 tbfrf krf jkgy

loeefrfgmfs `ftwffg tbf rfsuhts ae Mbkptfr OU (tbf

crkvfykrl pohat stuly) kgl tbasf eraj ]fmtoag < ae

tbf prfsfgt mbkptfr (tbf stuly ae tbf sftthfjfgt

gfxt ta tbf crkvfykrl). Agf bapfs, ae maursf, tbkt

tbfsf loeefrfgmfs krf rfkh, o.f., tbfy rfehfmt tbf

loeefrfgmfs `ftwffg tbf "skmrfl" (tbf crkvfykrl)kgl tbf "praekgf" (tbf vohhkcf)9 ùt tbf passoòhoty

mkggat `f fxmhulfl tbkt tbf loe\frfgmfs sojphy

krf kgkhytomkh krtoekmts.

Ks loeefrfgmfs bkvf `ffg haouol `ftwffg tbf sotfs

ae Fhshaa kgl Bofgbfoj, tbf magmhusoags lrkwg

eraj tbos stuly mkggat `f magsolfrfl lfeogotovf gar

vkhol ear khh @kglifrkjoi9 har tbf skjf rfksag,

sajf stktfjfgts ae atbfr kutbars krf qukhoeofl, gat

ekhsoeofl - wbkt bks `ffg tbf mksf og @kvkrok jky, ar

jky gat bkvf `ffg tbf mksf og @abfjok.

Jarf spfmoeom, rfckrlogc tbf bypatbfsfs lfrovfl

eraj tbf Fhshaa crkvfykrl tbf e`hhawogc mkg gaw `f

skol (kgl O rfefr ta Mbkptfr OU e`r tbfor magtfxts)4

Ag tbf pasotoagkh pkrklocj4

K. \bf samokh gftwari wks loeefrfgtoktfl km-

marlogc ta sfx kgl ta sajf spfmokhozktoags.

]fx4 sffjs phkuso` hf eraj mormujstkg tokh



;3> K \ K H F A E \ S A U O H H K C F ] 4 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F

fvolfgmf.

]ajf spfmokhozktoags4 ugtfstfl.

@. \bf samokh gftwari wks rkgifl, rktb fr tbkg

strktoeofl (rkgiogc mrotfrok4 kcf, sajf spfmokho-

zktoag).

Kcf4 sffjs phkuso`hf eraj mormujstkgtok h

fvolfgmf.

]ajf spfmokhozktoags9 ugtfstfl.

Pkgifl rktbfr tbkg fckhotkrokg ar strktoeofl4 k

rkgiogc samokh strumturf bks `ffg eaugl kt

Bofgbfoj kgl kt Fhshaa9 kt Fhshaa sajf

fvolfgmf jky paogt ta k bfrflotkry mbofe-

tkogmy (pfrbkps fvfg ta ogmopofgt strktoeo-

mktoag).

Ag tbf strumturkhost kpprakmb4

K. \bf samokh strumturf magsostfl ae k guj`fr

ae rfsolfgtokh craups, ogtfcrktfl `y wky ae ksyj-

jftromkh kgl hogfkr fxmbkgcf rfhktoags9 tbf craups

wfrf lfeogfl og k òhogfkh ar losbkrjagof wky `y

vorohamkh rfsolfgmf kgl jktrohogmkh lfsmfgt.

Pfsolfgtokh craups4 tbfsf bkvf `ffg eaugl kt

tbf h7Hsh(x) Xohhkcf9 agf sumb k craup jky ar jky

gah bkvf jklf up tbf majjuoootX kh BokohxDog.

Ksyjjftromkh kgl hogfkr fxmbkgcf4 ugtfstfl,

tbaucb passo`hf ag tbf guj`fr ae craupshovogc kt FWhshaa, kgl gah fxmhulfl `y k

loeefrfgt majjugoty jkif-up kt Bofgbfoj.

Losbkrjagof ar òhogfkh craup lfeogotoag4 kt

àtb sotfs lfjagstrktfl. Kt Fhshaa, (voro

hamkh) rfsolfgmf kgl (jktrohogfkh) lfsmfgt

ruhfs fqukhhy fjpbksozfl tbraucbaut tbf

vohhkcf's ammupktoag. Kt Bofgbfoj k ugohogfkh

tfglfgmy eaugl khrfkly og tbf H@I pfroal

sffjs ta bkvf jktfr okho zfl og k truhy ugohogfkh

(pktro-jalf) craup lfeogotoag `y tbf Jollhf

Gfahotbom ]]I.

Ag tbf gfa-Jkr.xost vofwpaogt (aghy tbf arckgozk-

toagkh kspfmt bks `ffg bkglhfl)4

K. K lajfstom jalf ae pralumtoag wks ùoht

kraugl k lovosoag ae hkàur kmmarlogc ta sfx,

ugotfl og magduckh pkors craupfl og bausfbahls.

Lovosoag ae hkàur4 phkuso`hf ag mormujstkg

tokh fvolfgmf9 lfjagstrktfl og tbf crkvfykrl

aghy.Magduckh pkors4 ks lovosoag ae hkàur.

Bausfbahls4 ks sfpkrktf ugots tbfsf wfrf

eaugl ta `f magtoguaus arckgozktoags ear tbf

lurktoag ae àtb vohhkcfs.

@. K hogfkcf jalf ae pralumt oag keo`rlfl

lo/efrfgtokh kmmfss ta tbf craups surphus pralum

toag crauglfl ag pasotoags og tbf jktrohogfkcf.

Loeefrfgtokh kmmfss4 gat magmhusovfhy pravfg,

ùt passo`hf.

Jktrohogfkh arckgozktoag, pasotoags tbfrfog4

kt Fhshaa, tbf pktrocraups sffj ta bkvf `ffg

ks stragc ks tbf goktr o-arckgo/, khoag 9kh Bofg

bfoj tbf jktro-progmophf wks aghy jalf-

rktfhy fxprfssfl og tbf H@I, ta loskppfkr ogtbf JG. âsotoags og tbf hogfkcf arckgozk

toag4 tbf fvolfgmf kt àtb sotfs mkg `f ogtfr-

prftfl ks paogtogc ta k bfrflotkry stktus

loeefrfgmf `ftwffg tbf bausfbahls jkiogc up

tbf craup(s).

M. K suprkhamkh jalf ae pralumtoag hfl ta tbf

ojpart ae pfaphf kgl oggavktovf olfks.

Ojpart4 wfhh-fstk`hosbfl, ùt gat spfmoeok`hf

ta gkturf (pfaphf, pralumts ar olfks)9 ugmhfkr

wbftbfr wotbog-hogfkcf ar `ftwffg-hogfkcf/majjugoty arckgozktoagkh gftwaris wfrf

ogvahvfl.

L. K haasf jalf ae pralumtoag kpphofl ta gag-

bfrflotkry mrket spfmokhozktoag.

Gag-bfrflotkry mrket spfmokhozktoag4 aghy

fstk`hosbfl og tbf crkvfykrl.

F. \bf hogfkcf jalf ae pralumtoag lajogktfl tbf

atbfr jalfs.

Lajogkgmf ae tbf hogfkcf jalf ae pralum

toag4 sffjs ekorhy wfhh kttfstfl kt tbf Fhshaa

vohhkcf9 kt Bofgbfoj eraj mormujstkgtokh

fvolfgmf aghy.

]ajf ae tbf kàvf bypatbfsfs jocbt bkvf `ffg

tfstfl og tbf hotfrkturf, taa9 bawfvfr, ks tbf prfsfgt

rfsfkrmb os projkrohy fjporomkhhy-lorfmtfl, tbkt

passoòhoty bks `ffg hfet apfg. Eraj tbf hotkrkturf

kgatbfr sft ae bypatbfsfs rfckrlogc H@I samokh

http://illage/

http://illage/

http://illage/



M A G M H V ] O A G ] A G @ K G L I E. P K J O I ]A MO KH ] \ P V M \ V P F 4 ] V J J K P _ ;3;

shgot turm bks `ffg lfrovfl og thof sfmagl sfmtoag ah

tbos mbkptfr (ta wbomb tbf rfklfr os rfefrrfl ear

magtfxt kgl rfefrfgmf)4

K. Buts bkvf `ffg tbf lwfhhogcs ae fxtfglfl ekjohofs ae fotbfr k. daogt ar k shfj gkturf.

Fxtfglfl ekjohofs4 lol ammupy tbf buts kt

àtb sotfs.

Daogt ekjohofs4 bkvf gat `ffg eaugl kt Fhshaa

gar kt Bofgbfoj.

]tfj ekjohofs4 àtb kt Fhshaa kgl (H@I-)

Bofgbfoj (]]I ugigawg).

@. Fxtfglfl ekjohofs wfrf jktrohogfkhhd lfeogfl.

Jktrohogfkh lfeogotoag4 kt àtb sotfs k vorohamkh

lfeogotoag wks eaugl.

M'. Buts bkvf staal ear / d ta daD<ayfkrs.

;6 ta =>/<> yfkrs4 kt Fhshaa, agf kgl k bkhe

cfgfrktoags (jkrrokcf-lfktb).

L. Buts ae typf o k bkvf `ffg jfg's bausfs kgl/ar

lwfhhogcs og wbomb tbf hamkh mbofehy/òc jkg

ekjohy hovfl.

Jfg's bausfs4 ear k proaro rfksags, tbfsf buts

wohh bkvf bkl k spfmokh eugmtoag, wbomb mauhl

gat `f spfmoeofl.

Lwfhhogcs ae tbf hamkh bfkljkg4 sffjs hoifhy

ag mormujstkgtokh fvolfgmf eraj Fhshaa.F. Ag rfhktoags `ftwffg tbf bausfbahls ga succfs-

toags bkvf `ffg put earwkrl og tbf hotfrkturf.

Iog ar fmagajof rfhktoags4 me kàvf kt

vkroaus phkmfs.

E. ]tktus loddfrfgmfs ae rkgiog c gktu rf fxostfl

`ftwffg tbf bausfbahls.

]tktus loeefrfgmfs4 mauhl `f tofl ta tbf hogfkcf

arckgozktoag kt Fhshaa9 tbkt os, k strkog ta-

wkrls bfrflotkry bofrkrmby ar strktoeomktoag.

C. \bf vohhkcf majjugoty wks bfklfl `y kmaugmoh ae hogfkcf fhlfrs, hfl `y k. projus ogtfr pkrfs

(fhfmtfl)9 ar `y k òc jkg.

\bf maugmoh ae hogfkcf bfkls4 wohh bkvf

fxostfl, ag mormujstkgtokh fvolfgmf, og tbf

vohhkcf majpasfl ae k guj`fr ae hogfkcfs,

sumb ks Fhshaa.

K mbofe-fhfmt4 kt Fhshaa sajf fvolfgmf paogts

ta k bfrflotkry mbofehy (jktro-)hogf9 tbos os og

hogf wotb eoglogcs eraj tbf crkvfykrl.

K òc jkg4 mkggat `f ruhfl aut9 ùt me.

"fhfmtfl".

B. ]ftthfjfgts wfrf fmagajomkhhy sfhd-sudeomofgt.Fmagajof sfhe-suhhomofgmy4 ks pkrt ae tbf

hkàur earmf wks `raucbt og hoaj fhsfwbfrf,

tbf sfhe-suAhmofgmy sbauhl `f shocbthy qukho-

eofl4 àtb kt Fhshaa kgl kt Bofgbfoj k pkrt ae

tbf wajfg mkjf eraj fhsfwbfrf.

O. Pfhktoags `ftwffg tbf sftthfjfgts magsostfl ae

sajf (qukgtotktovfhy ugojpartkgt) trklf, fx-

mbkgcf advkhuk`hfs.

@ftwffg sftthfjfgts4 rktbfr, `ftwffg hogf

kcfs (me. "fxmbkgcf").

\rklf4 luf ta k`sfgmf ae gag-pat lktk, gat

tfstfl.

Fxmbkgcf ae vkhuk`hfs4 ks "trklf". Sajfg

wohh bkvf `ffg fxmbkgcfl, ks jky `f lfrovfl

eraj tbf crkvfykrl kgkhysos.

Eogkhhy, k efw losmaggfmtfl a`sfrvktoags sbauhl

stohh `f jklf4

;. Khtbaucb tbos stuly wks arocogkhhy magmfovfl

ks kg kgkhysos ae mfrkjom lfmarktoag (ae wbomb

fspfmokhhy Mb kp tf r O os k tfstoj agy), ga rfefrfgmf ktkhh bks `ffg jklf ta fkrtbfgwkrf og tbf prfsfgt

sfmtoag. Cfgfrkh lfsmroptoags kgl magmhusoags ag

tbkt tapom mkg `f eaugl og Mbkptfr Bh kgl og tbf

sfmtoags < kgl 6 ae tbf prfsfgt mbkptfr.

0. Eraj boglsocbt, tbf kgkhysfs sueefr eraj kg

ojpartkgt sbartmajogc4 tbf hkmi ae lktk ag gag-

mfrkjom tapoms. Pfckrlogc tbf buts, tbos mauhl `f

ojpravfl og k rfhktovfhy fksy wky `y rfefrfgmf ta

tbf rfhfvkgt pu`homktoags. Ear atbfr mktfcarofs

(ehogt, taahs, ftm.) tbos wks gat passo`hf kgl bks bklsfroaus magsfqufgmfs ear tbf lfsmroptoag ae tbf

samokh strumtu rf kt àt b sotfs. Ot sffjs klvosk`hf tbk t

og euturf stulofs ae tbos iogl, eraj tbf agsft k

sujjkry lfsmroptoag ae tbf gat-lorfmthy-ogvahvfl

lktk sbauhl `f prfpkrfl kgl fgtfrfl khagc wotb

tbf jkog àly. \bos kpphofs ta fvfry passo`hf

progmopkh a`dfmt ae ogvfstockhoag4 tbf atbfr mhkssfs

ae lktk sbauhl gat `f majphftfhy gfchfmtfl.



;30 K \ K H F « E \ S A U O H H K C F ] 4 @ K G L I F P K J O I ] A M O K H ] \ P V M \ V P F

=. \bf jkriflhy loeefrfgt majpasotoags ae tbf

majjugotofs ae Fhshaa kgl Bofgbfoj jkif maj-

pkrosag loehámui. Og ekmt, tbfsf loeefrfgmfs suppart

^kvio's (ocyho) typahacyaeH@I vohhkcfs9 hkrcfrkglsjkhhfr vohhkcfs kgl oglovolukh ekrjstfkls. \bf

hkttfr bkvf gat `ffg losmussfl bfrf9 "sjkhhfr

vohhkcfs" jocbt `f agf-hogfkcf-sftthfjfgts sumb ks

Bofgbfoj9 kgl "hkrcfr vohhkcfs", kccrfcktfl bg-

fkcf majjugotofs sumb ks Fhshaa. Sbfg tbos

typahacy mauhl `f eurtbmr su`stkgtoktfl, tbfg,

f.c., tbf Hkgcwfohfr ? sftthfjfgt wauhl `f `fttfr

majpkr k`hf ks ta typf wotb lostkgt Bofgbfoj tbkg

wotb gfkr`y Fhshaa9 Hkgcwfohfr 2 sffjs ta `f jarf

hoif Fhshaa9 D. Høgogc, pfrs. majj. ;6;032).

<. \baucb ot os gat jy spfmokhozktoag, O wauhl yft

hoif ta succfst kg kjfgljfgt ae tbf mhkssomkhtypahacy ae H@I krmbotfmtur f (Jallf rjkg ;?3>

(O)4 ;>>-;0>). ]umb kg kjfgljfgt wauhl lrap

tbf tbrffeahl lovosoag ae tbf bausf phkg og ekvfur ae

k lovosoag `ksfl ag tbf majphfxoty ae tbf sfvfrkh

pkrts (me p. ;62). Oe tbos prapasotoag bks kgy

craugls, k eurtbmr loeefrfgtoktoag ae Jollhf Fura-

pfkg buts jocbt `f jkl f wbomb og turg wauhl

ekmohotktf sotf-ta-sotf majpkrosags ae samokh strumturf.

GA\F]

W ]fvfrkh Gfahotbom ftbgacrkpbofs krf kvkohk`hf kt prfsfgt. Eorst

kgl earfjast, tbf ]kbhogs (;?52) kgl (;?30) vahujfs pravolf

cfgfrkh ogtralumtoags ta tbf su`dfmt. Khsa, Erofl (;?36) sbauhl

`f jfgtoa gfl, tbaucb k stuly ao'k loeefrfgt iogl4 ot os magmfrg fl

wotb tbf lfhojotktoag ae wbkt os ta `f magsolfrfl "tro`kh", kgl

og tbos wky ot taumbfs upag jkgy ossufs kttroùtfl ta Gfahotbom

samoftofs. Lkhtag (;?33) lfkhs wotb tbf gkturf ae fxmbkgcf kgl

`krtfr og prf-stktf samoftofs kgl sbauhl `f igawg ta fvfry

krmbkfahacost haaiogc `fyagl agf sogchf sotf. Kgl eogkhhy, tbf

vahujfs og tbf Kjfromkg Jusfuj ]aurmfàais og Kgtbra-pahacy sfrofs krf rfklfrs ag khjast fvfry magmfovk`hf tapom og

ftbgahacy.

- \ fmbgo mkhh y, '\ohokt oag" os tbf rfmacgotoag ae lfsmfgt tbrau cb

`øtb jatbfr's kgl ektbfr's hogfs9 "majphfjfgtkry eohoktoag" os

tbf rfmacgotoag ae jatbfr-mbohl rfhktoagsbop, ar rktbfr, ae sajf

rocbts kgl lutofs ae tbf jatbfr's hogfkcf vos-k-vos k mbohl, og k

pktrohogfkh samofty4 ar aoXXXtektbfr's hogfkcf og k jktrohogfkh samofty.

(@ø bkg gkg ;?5=4 2>9 Eax ;?534 ;==.) O tbog i ot os Iuh mzy mik -

Hfmofdfwomzawk's kgl khsa ]aulsiy's ogtfgtoag ta oglomktf

sojphf crawtb ae tbf guj`fr ae bausfbahls pfrtkogogc ta k

bgfkcf.

W \ypf = buts magsost ae kg osahktfl mfgtrkh pkrt aghy4 typf 0 buts

bkvf kg kggfx wotb fgtrfgmbfl wkhhs kllfl ag tbf gartb-

wfstfrg fgl ae tbf mfgtrkh pkrts9 typf o` buts mkg `f tbaucbt aeks typf 0 wotb kg fxtfgsoag ta tbf sautbfkst frg fgl ae tbf mfgt rkh

pkrt. \ypf ok loeefrs eraj typf o` og agf kspfmt4 ot bks k wkhh

trfgmb khh kraugl9 khh atbfr magstrumtoagkh lftkohs krf sojohkr. Ot

os rfjkrik`hf tbkt tbf gartbwfstfrg fxtfgsoag os k prfmaglotoag

har tbf ammurrfgmf ae tbf sautbfkstfrg pkrt. Ear losmussoag kgl

ohhustrktoag ae H@I bausf typfs sff Jallfrjkg (;?3>(;)4 ;>>-

;0>), wbomb os jkogh y magmfrgfl wotb tbf Lutm b H@I. Ear

Bofgbfoj tbf typahacy bks `ffg fxpkglfl kgl kjfglfl4

Jallfrjkg (;?334 ;0=-;0?). Khsa me ]aulsiy (;?5?).

* Kt tbf Hkg cwfohf r ? sotf, buts wfrf gat craupfl 4 oaur

lwfhhogcs ammupofl ks jkgy sfmtars ae tbf krfk kgl wfrf

kppkrfgthy rfùoht wotbog tbfor rfspfmtovf sfmtars. O'bfrf tbf

kvfrkcf lostkgmf `ftwffg tbf oglovolukh buts wks ;=5 jftrfs

kgl tbf jfkg sozf ae tbf sfmtars ;0,5=> squkrf jftrfs (Iupfr ft

kh . ;?334 =05). Kt Fhshaa, tbf hkttfr eocurf just bkvf `ffg

sjkhhfr, fvfg pfr craup 4 luro gc tbf H@I o pfroal, twa ta tbrff

bfmtkrfs wfrf ammupofl `y tbrff ar eaur craups9 hktfr (H@I 0),

tbf majpkrk`hf eocurfs (sfvfg ar focbt bfmtkrfs, kt hfkst eaur

craups) rfsuht og k hkrcfr krfk pfr craup, tbaucb stohh gat pfr

oglovolukh but, ae maursf.'" Ogmolfgtkhhy, eraj tbf losmussoag ae tbf `ksom kssujptoag ag

prfefrfgmfs pfr craup, k passo`hf (tbaucb ughoifhy) khtfrgktovf

ta craup magstotutoag mkg `f ruhfl aut ks wfhh4 òhktfrkhoty

(Jurlami ;?<?4 65-62) sbauhl lostroùtf kttroùtfs kmmarlogc

ta k garjkh jalfh khsa. Ear og tbf mksf ae òhktfrkhoty, tbf

majpasotoag ae k bausfbahl os lomtktfl `y fxocfgmofs wbomb

wari maugtfr ta passo`hf strkogs tawkrls hogfkhoty. Og agf

jkrrokcf, k voro-"Bgfkh" mbaomf wohh `f jklf, kgl og tbf gfxt

k uxaro-"hogfkh" agf9 tbf strumturf ae òhktfrkhoty os gag-

fhfjfgtkry. \bus, kt Fhshaa tbf fhfjfgtkry systfj bks `ffg

klaptfl. Atbfr majphfx, ar gag-fhfjfgtkry krrkgcfjfgts

(jast gatk`hy Mraw-Ajkbk typfs) mkg `f fxmhulfl ear tbf

skjf rfksag.

Eogkhhy, tbf lfrovktoag ae k òhogfkh systfj og tbf prfvoausmbkptfr wks stohh pkrtokhhy lfpfglfgt upag tbf marrfmtgfss ae

ksyjjftromkh fxmbkgcf (ae mfrfjagokh coets). Bfrf, ot turgs aut

ta `f lfp fgl fgt upa g tbf kssuj ptoag ae strum turfl prfefrfgmfs,

wbomb sffjs ta `f kt hfkst ks wfhh-eauglfl. Ae maursf,

"ksyjjftry" os ùt k spfmoeomktoag ae "strumturflgfss".

W Ear ogstkgmf, kjagc tbf ;<2 buts fxmkvktfl kt @yhkgy up ta

;?32, khh tbrff typfs ammur og kppraxojktfhy fqukh prapartoags4

typf ; buts, ;< ta 0 ; % 9 typf 0, 6 ta 0>%, typf =, ;< ta ;2%9 wotb

53 ta <>",, oglftfrjogk`hf (^.D.P. Jallfrjkg, pfrs. majj.

0>;0329 me ]au lsiy kgl ^k vhu ;?304 =;34 typf ; buts krf jast



GA\F] ;3=

majja g og @yhkgy). Kt Fhshaa typf 0 buts prfpag lfrk tf4 typf o,

0 ; % 9 typf 0, =>%9 typf =, ;;% 9 =2% oglftfrjogk `hf9 g : ? 0

(eraj \k`hf 5<).

' \bfrf os ga lfeogotf rfksag ta craup but 2 wotb tbf

sautbfkstfrg craup rktbfr tbkg wotb tbf sautbwfstfrg craup.

_ft og tbf hkttfr mksf tbf phats wauhl `fmajf gkrraw strops, kgltbf guj `fr ae but rfjko gs pfr phat vfry ugfq ukh (sautbwfstf rg,

;0 buts9 sautbfkstfrg, 2 buts9 wotb tbf atbfr phats ks `fearf).

Kgl wbmg tbf arocogs ae pot majphfxfs sbauhl `f fgvosoagfl ks

lfsmro`fl `y Iupfr ft kh. (;?334 3<, ==;) tbf majphfx `ftwffg

but gas. ? kgl ;< (me E oc. 55) wohh gat bk vf `ffg k ma jphf x

(wbomboskmagsolfrk`hfa`stkmhfor t tbftfr rkog) wbfg butg a . ;0

wks ùoht9 tbf wolf rkgcf og tojf ae tbf eogls og tbos pot majphfx

la gat appasf sumb kg ogtfrprftktoag. ^frbkps gat k caal

rfksag, ùt jarf og tbf wky ae spfmuhktoag, os k mhkssoeomktoag`ksfl ag tbf sozf ae but ga. 2 `fogc sojohkr ta tbkt ae ga. ;0, ots

khhfcfl sautbfkstfrg phat summfssar, ùt vfry lossojohkr ta ga. 5,

tbf khtfrgktovf summfssar og tbf sautbwfstfrg phat.



\K@HF]



\K@HF] ;33

\K@HF ;4 Feeomkmy ae malfàai ear tbf a`sfrvktoag ae mfrkjom lfmarktoag ks

jfksurfl ear tbf lktk eraj Bofgbfoj kgl Fhshaa sftthfjfgt lf`ros.

Maugtfl og gaosf marrfmtfl eohfs (o.f., Bofgbfoj khh eogls hkrcfr

tbkg < sbfrls9 Fhshaa, khh eogls hkrcfr tbkg 0 sbfrls). Lktk erajBofgbfoj krf yaugcfr Fkrhy Gfahotbom + Jollhf Gfahotbom9 Fhshaa,

ahlfr + yaugcfr Fkrhy Gfahotbom.

UKPOK@HF] BOFGBFOJ FH]HAA

(;) (0) (;) (0)

CFGFPKH4

\FMBGO[VF] ; .>> ; .>> ; .>> ; .>>

GVJFPOMO\_ .?> .=< .?; .<=

TAGOGC ; .>> ; .>> .25 ; .>>

@FHH_ TAGF4

]\PVM\VPF] ; .>> ; .>> ; .>> ; .>>

OJKCF g > t r f ; f v k g t

@K]OM JA\OE] .2> .02 .6< .0>

JA\OE], LFUFHA^FL .=2 .>5 .;> .><

KVROHOKP_ HOGF] .25 .=6 .?> .<2

EOHHOGC] .?0 .2? ; .>> .2?

KGCHF .?? .2? .?< .5=

HOJO\] .<6k .>6k ; .>> ; .>>

FGL] .?> .=< .32 .=>

]FM. EOHHOGC] .6<` .;=` .6<` .;6`

MAJÂGFG\] ; .>> g.rfh. ; .>> g. rfh

ÁDFMI TAGF4

EOHHOGC] ; .>> .32 .2= ; .>>

KGCHF g > t f g t f9 r f l

HOJO\] ; .>> ; .>> .2< .??

MAJÂGFG\] ; .>> g . rf ;. .25 g . rfh

MahujgsMahujgs

k4 rfh`4 vkrg.rfh.4

;4 prapartoag ae eogls og wbomb vkrok`hf wks a`sfrvfl.04 prapartoag ae gatoes pfr vkrok`hf rfhktfl ta tbf tatkhoty ae ja-

toes.ktfs ta fhkàrktfl hojots aghy.ok`hf wotb ojphomot kttroùtfs.gat rfhfvkgt.

ga. ae eoglsga. ae eogls wotb `fhhy lfmarktoagga. ae eogls wotb lfmarktfl gfmisga. ae jatoesga. ae a`sfrvk`hf jatoes og `fhhy zagfga. ae a`sfrvk`hf gfmi lfmarktoagsga. ae sbfrls

Bofgbfoj Fhshaa;3? ;6;;3? ;<<?= 5=

<5<5 ;?2<=52= ;60<3== 0<6

5;=2 0=<6



;32 \K@HF]

\K@HF 04 Bofgbfoj lostroùtoags avfr tojf (" BK]Oo") ae eogls kgl sbfrls, ar-

lfrfl kmmarlogc ta tbf eorst progmopkh majpagfgt eraj k progmopkh maj-

pagfgts kgkhysos. Pfspfmtogc tbos `ksomkh sfqufgmf, tbf eogls bkvf `ffg

rfcraupfl ta kg fvfg lostroùtoag ae tbf sbfrl qukgtotofs ("JALFH O"),k garjkh lostroùtoag ae skjf ("JALFH B " ) , kgl twomf k garjkh lostro

ùtoag ("JALFH OOO") .

^POGM. MAJ^. ; JALFH O oJALFH OO JALFH OOO

^BK]F pots sbfrls = ts sbfrls ôts sbfrls ôts sbfo ls ^BK]F

G "« G >,> G >

'a G > G >'a G > G % G

>>

0> 5 < ;=; = ;< ? 00= 6 5 < ;=; =

G % G>>

0>

;? 0 ; 0; - 6 = 05? 5 < 0 =5 ; ;?

;2 0 ; ;6 - ;0 3 0 =< 6 < 0 65 ; ;2

;3 = 0

0 ;

=;;<<

;

=

0>

5

;0

<

0<3

0<>

6

6

=

?

0

6

;26

0;<

<

<

;3;5

= 0

0 ;

=;;<<

;

=

0>

5

;0

<

0<3

0<>

6

6

=

?

0

6

;26

0;<

<

< 6 = <? ; ;5

;6 = 0 ;>5 0 ;6 ? 05; 6 ;3 ;> 030 5 ? 6 ;3< < ;6

;< 0 ; 60 ; 2 6 0;> < ;= 2 =>< 5 = 0 ;26 < ;<

;= ; ; ;> - 6 = 050 6 0; ;= =?; 2 ? 6 0;< < ;=

;0 ; ; 2 - 2 6 0;2 < ;> 5 <;< ? 5 < ;06 = ;0

; Z ; O 5 - 5 < 05< 6 ;0 3 <06 ? ? 6 2; 0 ;;

;> 0 ; 6? ; 6 = 0<5 6 2 6 603 ;; ;; 3 0;? 6 ;>

? ; ; =? ; = 0 02; 5 3 < =;? 3 3 < 0;3 < ?

2 5 < ;06 = 0 ; ;?; < 2 6 =65 3 0> ;0 <>< 2 23 - - - ? 6 0;; < ? 6 =53 2 ;6 ? 6<? ;; 3

5 6 = <5 ; < 0 03= 5 5 < 0<6 6 ;0 3 665 ;; 5

6 5 < ;>; 0 5 < 065 6 5 < 0>2 < ;= 2 3=? ;6 6

< 0; ;= <0< ? 5 < 05< 6 5 < ;5> = ;= 2 6;0 ;; <

= 0< ;6 3;> ;6 5 < 0;3 < = 0 5> ; ;> 5 =3> 2 =

0 65 =< 0<<5 6> ? 6 0< = 6 ; ; 25 0 ? 6 0<> 6 0

; 0> ;0 =3? 2 ;6 ? 0<= 6 ;; 3 ?3 0 ;= 2 0;? 6 ;

\bf guj`frs ae pots (ar, eogls) kgl tbf guj`frs ae sbfrls rfhktf ta tbf skjfeogls.\atkh guj`fr ae pots fgtfrfl4 ;5<9 tatkh guj`fr ae sbfrls fgtfrfl4 <26=.^frmfgtkcfs ugkldustfl.



\K@HF =4 Hostogc ae tbf 0> eogls kldkmfgt ta tbf ogefrrfl losmagtoguoty,o.f. majprosogc pkrts ae tbf

pbksfs ;< kgl ;6 ae JALFH OO. Guj`frs oglomktf pfrmfgtkcfs ae trkot-ammurrfgmf pfr vkrok`hf.

\FMBGO[VF] AAe.O AGFG\](@AL_) MAJ^AGFG\](POJ) OWKOG ]\PVM\- KVR . Xj LFMG. GA. AE FOGL EKM\AP

JA\OF] VPF] HOGF] ]BFPL] GVJ@FP ]MAPF; 0 = < 6 5 3 2 ? ;> ; ; ;0 ;= ;< ;6 ;5 ;3 ;2 ;? 0> 0; 00

55 0? >; >< >2 0< 0; >0 < 6 > ; ;' 65 05 ?5 >< =6 56 35 0< ;? 2; KUFPKCF] AE ^BK]F ;6

05 52 . > 6 . <2 60 ;>> R R . ;>> ;>> ;>> 0; >252 -;.>>6

06 36 >; ?? R R R R R ;>> . ;>> ;>> R R 0> ;;<= - .?;3

?> ;> ;= >5 20 == 53 R R == 53 ;>> ;>> 3 >6<5 - .2?632 00 00 >2 ;= 63 R R R R R R R <> 5> <0 62 R R ? >5?3 - .3;>

;>> . >; >= ;> 25 R R R R R ;>> . 6> 6> ;>> R R 6 >=;5 - .3>56> == . ; ; >0 60 <3 R R R R R R R == 53 ;>> R R 6 ><;2 - .53?2= >2 >2 >? ;< 33 R R R R R 5 3 == 2> 0> <0 62 6> 6> ;> >=5< - .<5;;>> . >? =0 >3 6= =2 50 R R <> 5> ;>> == 53 3 >5<2 - .=3?5< 0? ;> 0; <? 0> R R R R R R R 5? =; 2= ;3 R R ;= >0=0 - .;=<;>> .

25 ;<

;2 .

>< 3?

20

; 3

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R R

;>> .

06

<=

36

63

;>>

=< 55

==

R

53

R

6 >20= - .;0;;>> .

25 ;<

;2 .

>< 3?

20

; 3

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R R

;>> .

06

<=

36

63

;>>

=< 55

==

R

53

R

OGEFPPFL LO]MAG\OGVO\Oo'

;>> .

25 ;<

;2 .

>< 3?

20

; 3

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R R

;>> .

06

<=

36

63

;>>

=< 55

==

R

53

R 3 >5;< + .>03?0 >6

22 .

>=

;=

=< 0<

<; 0= >2

><

02

=2 >2

R

;5

R R R

35

R

;>> .

. ;>>

33

53

0=

==

<3

5?

6=

=;

=;

R

5?

R

6? >605 + .>=>?0 >6

22 .

>=

;=

=< 0<

<; 0= >2

><

02

=2 >2

R

;5

R R R

35

R

;>> .

. ;>>

33

53

0=

==

<3

5?

6=

=;

=;

R

5?

R

^BK]F @AVGLKP_

?0 >6

22 .

>=

;=

=< 0<

<; 0= >2

><

02

=2 >2

R

;5

R R R

35

R

;>> .

. ;>>

33

53

0=

==

<3

5?

6=

=;

=;

R

5?

R ;< >635 + .><?;>> . 65 << R R R R R . ;>> 0> 2> 35 0< R R ;; >=;= + .>332= ;3 0> 6; 02 >5 ;3 32 ;>> . 65 << 6< <5 06 36 ? >5;; + .>?3høA . 6> 6> R R R R R R R 06 36 6> 6> R R 6 >=>0 + .;=>;>> . ;0 22 R R R R R ;>> . 06 36 ;>> R R 6 >3=5 + .;66;>> . =2 =0 0? R R R R R ;>> . 3; 0? <> 5> 53 == ;< >600 + .0=?;>> . 0> <2 >5 05 R R R R R R R 3= 03 6; <? 53 == ;> >=2> + .0502? . ; ; 3= ;5 ; ; R R R R R R R 53 == 2< ;5 R R ;; >003 + .05=

?0 > 0 >5 =2 <3 >; >? > 6 >? << > 6 >? 6 = 56 =6 62 <0 =5 5< <0 '6 2 KUFPKCF] AE ^BK]F ;<

HFCFGL'.' mqukhs 'zfra''x' fqukhs 'jossogc `fmkusf

ae hkmi ae lktk'G.@. 'Ga. ae sbfrls' rfhkt-

fs ta khh wkhh sbfrls,fxmhulogc roj sbfrls.

;. sojphf spktuhk ?. stk`-kgl-lrkc ;3. murvohog0. juhtolfgtfl spktuhk ;>. hogfs ;2. rfmtohog=. eogcfrs/gkohs ; ; .paogts ;?. k`sfgmf<. 'cakt eaat taao' ;0. bktmbogcs 0>. prfsfgmf6. hogfs ;=. eogcfr/gkoh ojp. 0; . k`sfgmf5. paogts ;<. stk`-kgl-lrkc 00. prfsfgmf3. bktmbogcs ;6. wkvfs2. eogcfr/gkoh ojp. ;5. sporkhs

7gr^O



;2>

^BK]` JALFH O JALFH OO JALFH OOO

0> ;; .5 3. ;

;? ;0.3 ;6.5

;2 00.< ;>.3;3 =>.2

00.0

3.2

00.<;5

=>.2

00.0

3.2

00.< ; .0

;6 0; .? 05.2 ;; .6

;< ;6.6 03.2 5.3

;= 0>.< 00.0 00.0

;0 =2.6 0<.3 ;?.3

;; ;?.0 02.5 0<.2

;> ;3.< ;5.6 02.5

? ;>.? ;0.; 0=.;

2 ;>,2 ;2.; 00.2

3 ;>.? ;6.= =>.5

5 00.0 ;2.< ;3.;

6 06.6 ;0.2 ;;.>

< 0<.0 ;<.6 ;?.0

= ;3.= ;5.= ;2.2

0 ;=.6 ;5.=

; 0 =.2 0>.= 0>.=

\K@HF <4 Paats ae kvfrkcfl sujs ae

squkrfs ae ]tkglkrl lfvo-

ktoags ae trkots pfr

pbksf4 sujjfl avfr tbf 2trkots hostfl og \K@HF 6.

\K@HF 64 Ks \K@HF <, tbaucb sujjfl pfr trkot avfr pbksfs.

\PKO\ JALFH O JALFH OO JALFH OOO G

sogchf lfgtfl spktuhk ;<.= ;=.< ;0.? ;5<

paogts og `aly lfmarktoag ;6.3 ;<.2 ;5.< ;5<stk`-kgl-lrkc og `aly lfmg. ; ; .< ;=.; ;6.< ;5<

paogts og gfmi lfmarktoag 0; .0 0; .5 0; .? 25

stk`-kgl-lrkc og gfmi lfmg. ;3.= ;5.5 ;3.5 25

wkvf jatoe 05.? 06.0 03.2 ;=;

murvohogfkor strumturf ;6.2 ;=.3 ;=.0 ;5<

prfsfgmf ae kuxohokry hogfs 06.; 06.= 00.2 ;=2

G4 guj`fr ae vkhol mksfs gfr trkot og tbf majphftf eohf ae =>6 malfl eogls,



\K@HF] ;2;

^BK]FL ]F[V FG]F EPAJ MKGA GOMK H KGKH_]O]

; 0 = < 6 5 3 2 ? ;> ;; ;0 ;=;< ;6 ;5 ;3 ;2 ;? 0> á.0> 0 0 <

;? 0 ; 0 6

;2 ; = 0 ; 3

;3 ; ; = 6

;5 ; 0 ; ; 6

;6 ; ; ; =

;< ; ; 0 ; 6

" ;= ; ; ; =

;0 ; ; ; =

u, ;; ; ; ; ; ; 6

k ;> ; 0 ; <

a ? ; ; ; ; ; 6

] 2 0 ; =

3 ; ; ; =

5 ; ; ; 0 ; 5

6 ; ; ; ; <

< ; ; ; ; ; ; 5

= ; ; = ; 5

0

;

0 ;

;

0 ; ;

; ; ;

3

<

0 6 6 6 < 6 6 6 < < 6 6 6 = < < < 6 6 5 6 ? =

\K@HF 54 Eots ae sfqufgmfs ae pots los-

tro`utfl kmmarlogc ta JALFH O

kgl tbf eorst progmopkh majpa

gfgt ae k

progmopkh majpagfgtskgkhysos (vfrtomkh) kgl eraj k

mkgagomkh kgkhysos ae rkw lktk

(barozagtkh) rfsp. `ksfl ag ;;

kgl ag <= trkots (aut ae 20).

r (bar.9 vfrt.) : •3>.

^BK6F]; 0 = < 6 5 3 2 ? ;> ;; ;0 ;= ;< ;6 ;5

;5

;6

;<

;=

;0

;;

-;?

5

;0

0;

;2

63

-0 6 -; 0 ;; ;0

- > 2 ;> ;0

2 ;6 ;3 0;

;6 0< 05 =;

;0 06 0= 0?

<2 56 50 50

6 6 - 5 ; <

;< => ;2 =0 = ?

0< =< 03 <> <2

=< <6 =3 <? 6=

=0 -;3 =3 << <6

55 2; 5? 30 55

=3 62 5= 55 53;5

;6

;<

;=

;0

;;

-;?

5

;0

0;

;2

63

-0 6 -; 0 ;; ;0

- > 2 ;> ;0

2 ;6 ;3 0;

;6 0< 05 =;

;0 06 0= 0?

<2 56 50 50

6 6 - 5 ; <

;< => ;2 =0 = ?

0< =< 03 <> <2

=< <6 =3 <? 6=

=0 -;3 =3 << <6

55 2; 5? 30 55

60 3? ?6 ?3

;5

;6

;<

;=

;0

;;

-;?

5

;0

0;

;2

63

-0 6 -; 0 ;; ;0

- > 2 ;> ;0

2 ;6 ;3 0;

;6 0< 05 =;

;0 06 0= 0?

<2 56 50 50

6 6 - 5 ; <

;< => ;2 =0 = ?

0< =< 03 <> <2

=< <6 =3 <? 6=

=0 -;3 =3 << <6

55 2; 5? 30 55

65

5<

2< ?2

2? r 1 W7; W

;5

;6

;<

;=

;0

;;

-;?

5

;0

0;

;2

63

-0 6 -; 0 ;; ;0

- > 2 ;> ;0

2 ;6 ;3 0;

;6 0< 05 =;

;0 06 0= 0?

<2 56 50 50

6 6 - 5 ; <

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; W/////~9- •8/// X

\K@HF 34 @ftwffg pbksfs marrfhktoags

ear JALFH OOO, ks mkhmuhktfl

eraj 00 trkots (3 UKPOK@HF]).

K`avf tbf lokcagkh tbf kmtukh

marrfhktoag mafeeomofgts, `f-

haw k magtaur j.kp, sbklfl ks

oglomktfl og tbf attaj.

•J

r £ .<6 ('vfry haw').<5 £ r £ .5= ('haw').5< 6 r 8Q .33 ('jalfrktf').32 á r £ .2? ('bocb').?> £ r ('vfry bocb')



;2=

\K@HF ;>4 ^kttfrg ae haklogcs ag tbf eorst sfvfg progmopkh majpagfgts (UKPOBKR

ratktfl). @fearf ogput, maugts wfrf trkgsearjml ta prapartoags pfr

vkrok`hf ar mktfcary.

^POGMO^KH MAJ^AGFG\] ; ) - < ] 5 3

PKS MAVG\] AE uglfm. pats -.;2 -.;? -.>6 . ;= .<6 -.> = .<0

FKP\BFGSKPF uglfm. sbfrls .0= .>6 - .5< .<> .>3 - .;< -.;6

lfm. pats .;= .;; .50 .;< .>5 .;< .>3

lfm. sbfrls .>= .> ; -.0 > . ;> .55 -.;6 . ; =

\FMBGO[VF] sojphf spktuhk .6= .>> -.>= .>? .>= -.56 -.;;

za

AtQ)

w[

j.lfgtfl spktuhk .=<

-.>5

-.>0

-.?>

.06

.;>

-.>;

.>2

-.>6

-.>0

.2=

.>5

.;>

.>3

za

AtQ)

w[

]\PVM\VPF] murvohogfkroty

.=<

-.>5

-.>0

-.?>

.06

.;>

-.>;

.>2

-.>6

-.>0

.2=

.>5

.;>

.>3

za

AtQ)

w[

rfmtohogfkroty -.>;

.0?

.?<

.;5

.>2

-.=;

-.>=

.>0

.>5

.=0

-.>6

-.0<

-.><

-.=0

za

AtQ)

w[ EOHHOGC] gagf

-.>;

.0?

.?<

.;5

.>2

-.=;

-.>=

.>0

.>5

.=0

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-.0<

-.><

-.=0

AE ØFMG. losmagtoguaus .=? .=; .55 -.>3 .06 .== -.>6

magtoguaus -.53

-.26

.=0

-.0>

-.;3

. ;=

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u atbfr typfs .52

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-.>5HA AE paogts - .<6 .;2 .60 -.>3 .>6 -.;= .0>

8LFMAPK\OAG stk`-kgl-lrkc

.>5- .02

.;6 .;> .;> .55 -.=>k bktmbogcs .52 -.;6 .=> - . 03 -.> 5 -.> ; .=>

rfl ambrf -.;3 -.;2 .0= .20 .;; -.>; - .; ;

mbkrmakh -.>2 -.>5 .; ; .;0 .06 -.;; .65

EHOG\ krrawbfkls .>>

-.>2

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warifl .=2 .03 .>6 .6? .=2 -.;6 . ;3

[VFPG] majphftf -.>2 - .>? .>? .3> .>< .>3 -.>6

erkcjfgts . ;2 - .>6 -.>; .03 -.0 6 - .=< -.><

KLTF] typf O -.;> .0; -.00 .<; -.>0 .<5 .=6typf OO .;? .>> .>0 .=? .0; -.>; .=;

typf OOO .>< -.>= .>6 -.>6 .3; .;> -.>0

typfs h_-UO -.>< .>= -.>; .5> - . 06 .>5 .00



;2< \K@HF]

\K@HF ;;4 Lostroùtoag ae tbf crkvfs kt Fhshaa ag tbf eorst sfvfg progmopkh

majpagfgts9 tap smkhfs4 craupfl lostroùtoags pfr .;> ogtfrvkhs ae

ekmtar smarfs9 àttaj smkhfs9 craupfl lostroùtoags ear ogtfrprf-

tktoag (me. tfxt).

EKM\AP ]MAPF]

g3 = ; 0 = < ; ; 0 ; - ; 0 ; ; ; • - <

;; R ;= S ;;

; ; - ; • ; = 0- 0 • ; !7 6 0 0 ;

;; R ? R ;5

9 ' , , - • 9 • 9 . W ' • - • • •

0 - 0 < = - = 0 0 0 0 ; 0 -= ; ; ; - ; ; ; - ;

8 ;> •R 5 (i,8 ;>

;5 = 3 < < 6 5 0 ; ; = = 0 ; 0 = 0 - < 0 ; 0 0 - ; ; 5

8 ? R 03 (])

3 - <6 5 = t ? 0 0 0 = ' 0 0 = = ; - ; 0 = • ; 0 0- ; ; ; - 5

8 ;> 7 r 0> *, • , • • • - , • 4 • 4 • ' , v ' • 9• 4 • • 9 . • 4 • • . • ' • ' 4 ' U v

2 < ; ; 5 - ; = < ;0 ;> 2 = ; 6 0 - = ; ; ; -; ; • ; ; • <

7 ' • , . .. 4 / - W '- - 4 , -9 8 5 R ;; W

5 - = 0 0 5 0 - 0 6 < 0 5 6 < 6 0 ; > - ; < = ; - ; ; = ; • <

.•••4.4,eW44'W4oWjjjyWj x-WosWm" ;? W

: eorst tbrff majpagfgts4 crkvfs magtkogogc lfmarktfl wkrf aghy.••• smarfs majputfl wotb rfhfvkgt vkrok`hfs aghy, ugratktfl sahutoag.a smarfs majputfl wotb rfhfvkgt vkrok`hf aghy.& smarfs magsolfrfl jast socgoeomkgt (khsa me. GA\F =).

\K@HF ;04 MUKPOJKR) trkgsearjktoag jktrox4 tbf masogfs `ftwffg ugratktfl kgl

ratktfl progmopkh majpagfgts.

^POGM. MAJ^. ; 0 = < 6 (; -

; .5< - .;< .62 .;; .>? .<3 - . > 0

0 - . =; - . ;< .=0 .53 .<< - .0< .0?

= .6= .6< - . < 3 .=< .00 - .;; .;5

< - .;= .5< .<5 .;? - .=5 - . ; ? - . < ;

6 - .;; .<< .=; - . 6 < .=; - .>> .65

5 - .00 .;0 - .;; .=> - .6< .6= .60

3 - . =5 .0= - .;5 .>< .<? .5= - .=?



\K@HF] ;26

^POJKP_ G >; EOGKH G. AE

^BK]F] CPKUF] ^BK]OGC CPKUF]

; (ahlfst) ; ; ; Z ;

0 ;= OO ;== 6Z< ?

e WWW;<

6 (yaugcfst) <

</6 (oglorfm4t) =

\K@HF ;=4 Craupogc ae tbf crkvfs

kt Fhshaa ogta pbksfs .

^rojkry pbksfs4 tbasf succfstfl

`y lostroùtoag ae crkvfs agprogmopkh majpagfgts gas. ; kgl5.

Eogkh pbksogc4 pbksfs ks maj-pauglfl eraj tbf arocogkh, projkry agfs9 olfgtomkh wotb tbasfog eoc. 05.

^POGM. ]FR

MAJ^. "JKO.ho" "EFJKHF" "KJ@OCVAV]"

< - ;(; -

6 O ; - -3 ;3 - -

< + 6 - - 0

< + 3 - - 6

< + 6 + 3 - - <

6 + 3 = - -

0; ;> ; ;

\K@HF ;<4 Lostroùtoag ae crkvfs

ag tbf socgoeomkgt pkrts

ae tbf progmopkh majpa

gfgts gas. <, 6 kgl 3,wbomb krf suppasflhy

sfx-oglomktars.

Majpagfgt ga. <4 efjkhm.Majpagfgt gas. 6, 34 jkhf.

\K@HF ; 6 4 \bf lostroùtoag ae tbf jarf erfqufgt mktfcarofs ae crkvf coets avfr

tbf sfxfs, ks lftfrjogfl ogotokhhy y k progmopkh maj.pagfgts kgkhysos ,

MK\FCAPOF] AE KHHFCFL ]FR MK\FCAP_

CPKUFCOE\] g E r' OGLOMK\F])"

uglfmarktfl pats ;> ; =.6< jkhf

uglfmarktfl sbfrls 5 5 ;.>6 cfgfrkh

lfmarktfl pats ;> < .=3 cfgfrkh

lfmarktfl sbfrls 2 0 .=2 cfgfrkh

rfl ambrf (hujps) = ;; ;>.3< efjkhf

mbkrmakh (hujps) ;0 6 .=; cfgfrkh

krrawbfkls ? = .5; cfgfrkh`hklfs ? < .;5 cfgfrkh

qufrgs 0 ;> ;; .65 efjkhf

klzfs OOO ;0 - 5.3> jkhf

klzfs OU - UO 5 3 ; .35 cfgfrkh

G. AE CPKUF] => ;3

.>6.



;25 \K@HF]

MK\FCAPOF] AE ]BR

CPKUF COE\] J E RW ^

uglfml. pats ; ; ; 2.== .>><

uglfml. sbfrls < 6 .;; .36

lfmarktfl pats < 5 .<> .5>

lfmarktfl sbfrls 5 6 .>? .2

rfl ambrf (hujps) 0 ;6 ?.?< .>>0

mbkrmakh (hujps) 6 2 .5? .<6

krrawbfkls 5 0 0 .>> .;5

`hklfs 5 5 >> -

qufrgs > ;= ;= >> 8.>>;

klzfs OOO ;= > ;= .>> 8.>>;

klzfs OU - UO = 5 ; >> .==

G. AE CPKUF] 0; 0;

\K@HF ;54 \bf lostro`utoag ae tbf

jarf erfqufgt mktfcar-

ofs ae crkvf coets avfr

tbf sfxfs, ks eraj\K@HF ;6. Ot os kssujfl

tbkt efjkhf crkvfs krf

oglomktfl `y qufrgs ar

rfl ambrf, kgl jkhf

crkvfs `y uglfmarktfl

pats kgl klzfs ae typf

OOO.

MK\FCAPOF] AE ]FRCPKUF COE\] J E RW ^

uglfml. pats ; ; ; 5.3< .>>?

uglfml. sbfrls 6 6 .>2 .2>

lfmarktfl pats 5 5 .>? .32

lfmarktfl sbfrls 3 6 .>2 .2>

rfl ambrf (hujps) 0 ;6 ;0.<0 8 .>>;

mbkrmakh (hujps) 5 2 .3< .<>

krrawbfkls ;> ; 6 .?= .>0

`hklfs 3 5 .>> -

qufrgs - ;< ;5 .53 8 .>>;

klzfs OOO ;= - ;>.?0 .>>;

klzfs OU - UO 5 5 .>? .32

G. AE CPKUF] 06 0;

\K@HF ;34 \bf lostro`utoag ae tbfjarf erfqufgt mktfcar-

ofs ae crkvf coets avfr

tbf sfxfs, ks og \K@HF

;5, kgl crkvfs wotb

krrawbfkls kllfl ta

'jkhf' (khsa me. \K@HF

<3).

GA\F4 tbf krrawbfkl og crkvf ga. ;>5 bks `ffg ajottfl (me. p. ;5).



;23

\K@HF ;24 K hostogc ae tbf crkvfs kt Fhshaa kmmarlogc ta sfx, ks eraj \K@HF

;3.

JKHF CPKUF]4

(g : 06)

^PA@K@H_ JKHF4

(g : ;=)

EFJKHF CPKUF]4

(g : 0;)

^PA@K@H_ EFJKHF4

(g : ;0)

>>;, >>=, >>6, >0;, >0<, >06, >05, M=;, >==, >=2, ><0, >6;,

>66, >65, >6?, >53, >3;, >30, >3=, >3<, >2;, >?0, >?5, ;>>,

;;0.

>;0, >;=,

;>2.

>;;, >;<,

>?=, >?2,

>>5, >>3, >03, >=<, >=?, ><>, >6<, >63, >3>, >36, >20, >?3.

>;3, >0>, ><2, >5=, >52, >26, >22, >?<, ;>0, ;>3,

>;5, >;?, >00, ><3, >6>, >50, >5<, >55, >2=, >2?,

>??, ;>6, ;>5, ;>?, ;;>, ;;;, ;;=.

"pra`k`hf" rfefrs ta oglorfmthy lftfrjogfl sfx (me. sfmtoag v)[email protected] crkvf >23 wbomb os ugsfxk`hf os craupfl wotb "pra`k`hy efjkhf" og tbfrfjkoglfr ae tbf tfxt (khsa me. p. w-0=).(crkvf guj`frs kmf. ta Jallfrjkg ;?3> (;)4 <6-56).

G. AE IOGL] ^.M. 3 KHH

6 < ?

< = 6

= 0 ;;0

;

3

=

03

06

;? 33

\K@HF ;?4 Guj`fr ae iogls ae crkvf coets

(me. \K@HF 0<) pfr crkvf og tbf

crkvfs sfhfmtfl `y progmopkh

majpagfgt ga. 3 kgl og khhcrkvfs.

6.3? (p : .004 gat socgoeomkgt)

JKH F]

EFJKHF]

MBOHLPFG

CPKUF COE\]

SO\B SO\BAV\

33 =5

=6

==

<6

;;=

\K@HF 0>4 Bypatbftomkh lostro`utoag ae

crkvfs kt Fhshaa avfr kluhtskgl mbohlrfg, oe crkvfs jkrifl

`y cfgfrkh mktfcarofs ae coets

aghy krf kssujfl ta f mbohlrfg's,

" khh crkvfs wotb cfgfrkh coets aghy.R fstojktfl pkrtotoag og kgkhacy ta tbfGotrk-gfmrapahos (^kvøi ;?30`4 3<-36).



;22

JKH F]

EFJKHF]

MBOHLPFG

CPKUF COE\]

SO\B SO\BAV\

33 =5

<;

<5

05

;;=

\K@HF 0;4 Bypatbftomkh lostroùtoag ae

crkvfs kt Fhshaa avfr kluhts

kgl mbohlrfg, oe crkvfs oglo-

rfmthy sfxfl krf craupfl wotb

lorfmthy lftfrjogfl agfs.

R fstojktfl pkrtotoag og kgkhacy ta tbfGotrk-gfmrapahos (^kvøi ;?30`4 3<-36).

]MAPF] AG

=PL MAJ^.

]FR

J E R

UFP_ BOCB

BOCB

JALFPK\F

< ; ;

; ( 0 ) ; ( 0 ) 0 ( - )

; 0( =) =( 0)

5

<

5

5 ( 3 ) < ( 5 ) 5 ( = ) ;5

\K@HF 004 Lostroùtoag ae crkvfssmarogc socgoeomkgthy

ag progmopkh majpagfgt

ga. =, pra`k`hy kg og

lomktar ae "wfkotb".

( ftwf.fg pkrfgtbfsfs) 4 oglorfmthysfxfl crkvfs kllfl.

\K@HF 0=4 Lostroùtoag ae crkvfs rkgifl kmmarlogc ta kròtrkrohy qukgtoeofl

hkàur ogput og crkvf coets, kgl ta iogls ae crkvf caals ks og

\K@HF 0< (khsa me. \K@HF <;).

"ÂOG\]"6 <

"IOGL]"

= 0 ; >

066-=00 ; ; . 0

;23-06< 0 ; 0 . . . 6

;;?-;25 ; 0 ; 0 ; . 36>-; ;2 . < 3 ;> 3 . 02

0-<? . ; ; 2 0= 5 =?

8Q ; • • • =0 =0

< ? ;; 0> =; =2 ;;=

kvcf. ga. ae paogts4 <?.36stkgl. lfvg. 4 52.>?



;?>

\K@HF 054 K hostogc ae tbf crkvfs kt Fhshaa rkgifl kmmarlogc ta tbf guj`fr

ae kmtovotofs rfprfsfgtfl `y tbf crkvf coets (khsa me. EOC. 02).

PKGIOGC

(G. AE KM\.)

]V^FP (5 ar 3)

BOCB (<, 6)

JFLOVJ (0, =)

HAS

GAGF

(;)

(-)

CPKUF GVJ@FP])

>>; , >2=, >23

>>=, >>6, >;<

;>5, ;>?.

>>3, >;; , >;2

>=2, ><0, ><3

>65, >55, >53, >3;, >?2, ;>>, ;>6,

>;?, >0>, >0;, >00, >06, >=;, >=<,

><0, ><3, >6>, >66, >6?, >50, >30, >3=, >3<,

>36, >20, >26, >2?, >?>, >?0, >?=, >?<, >?5, >??,

;> 0, ;;>, ;;;, ;;0, ;;=.

>>5, >;5, >;3, >0<, >05, >03, >0?, >=>, >==, >=3,

><>, ><;, ><6, >6;, >6<, >63, >5=, >5<, >56, >52,

>5?, >3>, >32, >2;, >2<, >25, >22, >?3, ;>;, ;><,

;>3.

>>0, >><, >>2, >>?, >;>, >;0, >;=, >;6, >0=, >02,

>=0, >=6, >=5, >=?, ><=, ><<, ><5, ><2, ><?, >60,

>6=, >62, >5>, >5;, >35, >33, >3?, >2>, >?;, >?6,

;>=, ;>2.

G

6

;0

=6

=;

=0

)¾ crkvf guj`frs ks og Jallfrjkg ;?3> (O)4 <6-56.

;5 ? ?

0= ? ?

;2 ;> 2

G :

\K@HF 034 Guj`fr ae crkvfs pfr eofhl

ae EOC. =>.

(0 authyfr crkvfs ajottfl)

\K@HF 024 \bf mkhmuhktoag ae tbf pkttfrg ae avfr- kgl uglfr-rfprfsfgtktoag4

fxkjphf (klzfs typfs OU - UO lostro`.).

a`sfrvfl4 fxpfmtfl4

0 . ;

“

0.0 ; .0 ; .0

0 0 “ =.; ; .0 ; .0

; 6 >

“

0.< ; .< ; .;

pkttfrg4

-; .

-; - ; + ;

-; + < + ;



\K@HF] ;?;

\K@HF 0?4 ]ujjkry ae pkttfrgs ae lostro`utoag ae crkvf caals pfr mktfcary9

?-eofhl trokh (me. \K@HF] 03 kgl 02 kgl EOC. =>).

A@]FPUFL ^K\\FPG; 0 = < 6 5 3 2 ? ; 0 = < 6 5 3 2 ?

lktfcarofs4

uglfml. pats 0 ; 0 = 0 ; ; . ; . . + ; . + ; . -; -; .

uglfml. sbmrls 5 0 ; < = = ; = < + 0 . -; -0 + ; + ; -= + ; + 0

lfmarktfl pats 0 0 0 0 . < 0 ; 0 -; . + ; -0 -; + = . . + ;

lfmarktfl sbfrls 5 0 0 ; < ; ; 0 ; + = . + ; -= + 0 -; -0 . -;

rfl ambrf (hujps) < < ; = . 0 = ; + ; + 0 . -; -0 . -= + 0 .

mbkrmakh (hujps) ; 0 6 < 0 = < = = -= . + = -0 + ; . + ; + ;

krrawbfkls < ; ; 0 ; 0 ; . + 0 . -; -; . . -;

`hklfs 0 = 0 0 ; ; ; 0 ; . + 0 + ; -; -; + ;

qufrgs 0 = 0 ; ; = . ; ; . + 0 + ; -0 . + 0 -0 . .

klzfs OOO = . 0 = ; = ; + ; -; -; -; + 0 + ; -;

klzfs OU - UO ; 6 0 0 • 0 0 • ; -; + < + ; -; -; + ; • -; •

eofhl gas.4

3 2 ?

< 6 5

; 0 =

< G

\K@HF =>4 Marrfhktoag mafeeomofgts `ftwffg trokh eofhls, majputfl eraj tbf

pkttfrgs ae avfr- kgl uglfr-rfprfsfgtktoag ae crkvf coet mktfca-

rofs, ks og \K@HF 0?. .

EOFHL GA]. ;

.;?

.5<

.>>

.=0

.65

.<<

.>0

.=?

0

.;>

.0;

.<0

.;>

.;6

.>2

.00

=.=<

.>=

.>5

.;=

.>6

.;<

<

.02

.0>

.03

,05

.;6

.>5

eofhl gas

6

0? 5

>> .;=

<; -.>0

>= .6?

3 2 ?

< 6 5; 0 =

3

.5;

.;3 ,=;



;?0

\K@HF =;4

\K@HF]

\wa khtfrgktovf craupogcs a£ tbf ? trokh eofhls majpkrfl.

CPAVÔGC

GA.;

CPAVÔGC

GA. 0

<<

0=

05

;2

KHH

<;

0=

0?

;2

;;

<

J(jog)-

;< <

< =

;< ;>

2 5

J(jkx)-

;6

< <

6 2

;>

3

E (jog)--E (jkx)

\ap raw4 G-eofhl wotb S+GS9 M wotb F+GF.@attaj raw4 G-eofhl wotb GF+F9 M wotb S+GS.\bf tap-craupogc os usfl og tbf rfjkoglfr ae tbf tfxt(me. EOC]. =;, =0 ).(jog.)4 lorfmthy sfxfl crkvfs aghy.(jkx.)4 oglorfmthy sfxfl crkvfs kllfl.

S\\B COE\] KHH CPKUF]

]FM\AP] AGH_

l sl g l sl g

O =.>> ; .>; 00 =.;0 ;.>; 05

OO 0.<2 .?< => 0.<< .2? < =

OOO 0.2; ; . => ;< 0.20 ;.;3 0=

OU =. ;5 ; .=> ;5 =.=? ; .<> ;2

\K@HF =04 Jfkg lostkgmfs ta gfkr

fst gfocbàurs og jftrfs

og tbf vkroaus sfmtars.

l 4 kvfrkcf lostkgmf.sl4 ]tkglkrl lfvoktoag.g 4 guj`fr ae crkvfs ogvahvfl.(ear hamktoags ae tbf sfmtars sffEOC. =0).

@F\SFFG TAGF KHH CPKUF]

]FM\AP] HOJO\]

l sl g l sl g

; - OO <.6; 0.<2 ;0 3.=6 ; .25 5

OO - OOO =.=< 0. 0= 3 6.32 ; .?3 5'

OOO - OU ;>.=0 ; .2= 6 ;=.2> .=> = h

OU - O <.3; ; . 26 ;< ;>.=2 0.55 6 '

MFG\PF ;<.06 .0; 0 ;=.0> =.=; 5 O

\K@HF ==4 Jfkg woltb ae zagfs `f

twffg sfmtars og jftrfs,

`ftwffg zagf hojots4 ks lrkwg og

EOC. =0.= `ftwffg gfkrfst crkvfs4 kmrass àugl-kry zagfs,l, sl4 ks \K@HF =0.g4 guj`fr ae a`sfrvktoags.



\K@HF] ;?=

\K@HF =< 4 ]ujjkry a e pk t t f r gs ae l o s t r o ` u t o a g s ae c rkvf c o e t m k t f c ar o f s 9 e og -

k h , < - s f m t a r su ` l o v o s o a g (m e. \K@HF =; kgl EOC. =0 ) .

A@]FPUFL ^K\\FPG]FM\AP GA]. O OO OOO OU O OO OOO OU

mktfcarofs4

uglfml. pats < = = = + ; -0 • + ;

uglfml. sbfrls ;> 2 5 = + < -0 -0

lfmarktfl pats 5 6 0 < + 0 -0 -0 + ;

lfmarktfl sbfrls 5 = 3 < + ; -6 + = + ;

rfl ambrf (hujps) = < 5 6 -; -= + 0 + 0

mbkrmakh (hujps) 2 ? = 3 + 0 -0 -= + =

krrawbfkls ; < 6 0 -0 -; + 0

`hklfs = 6 0 6 -; -; + 0

qufrgs 6 ; = 6 + ; -6 • + 0

klzfs OOO 6 6 = • + 0 • -0

klzfs OU - UO = = 0 3 • -= -; + <

R: 6>.< 0p : .>;

OO O

OOO OU

]FM\AP GA]. O r : . 0 >

- .>2 OO

- . < = - . = 0 O O O

- .<2 - .<2 - .;6 OU

\K@HF =6 4 Ma r r f h k t oa g m a f e e o m o fg t s

`f twffg s f m t a r s , majputfl

e raj tbf pk t t f r g s ae avf r -

kgl u g l f r - r f p r f s f g t k t o a g a e

crkvf caals, ks og \K@HF =<.



;?< \K@HF]

\K@HF =54 A` ho ck to ag s ea hha wog c eraj jk ro t kh kh h o kg mf s kt lf kt b4 tbf fxmbkgcf

pkrtgfr craups wbomb bkl lfkhogcs wotb tbf craup tbf lfmfksfl wks

h ov ogc wotb (kssujogp jkt r o hk tf rk h m rass-maus og prf ef r fgmfs) . (m e .

EOC]. <; ta <<) .

EFJKHF LOF] JKHF LOF]

BKPJAGOM ]_]\FJ] |uxarohamkh + jktrohogfkh >,-; >,-B

XQvorohamkh + pktrohogfkh >,-; >, + h

LO]BKPJAGOM Wuxarohamkh + pktrohogfkh >,-;(-;,>,+h) > ,+;(>,+;,+0)

]_]\FJ] X vorohamkh + jktrohogfkh >,-;(>,-;,-0) > ,+h(+h,>,-O)

eraj rfsolfgtokh craupseraj craups lawg tbf fxmbkgcf arlfreraj craups up tbf fxmbkgcf arlfr

rf hk toags ae magskgcuogotykgl keeogoty.

(`ftwffg pkrfgtbfsfs)4 rf hk toags ae lfsmfgt.Fxkjphf4 wbfg k efjkhf lofs og k jktro-ugohogfkh systfj, tbf craups wotb wbomb

sbf bks bkl ojpartkgt rfhktoags wfrf4 awg rfsolfgtokh craup (A stfpskwky), kgl craup wbfrf bfr `ratbfr bks cagf (; stfp lawg tbf fxmbkgcfm ormuo t ) .

\K@HF =34 Lo st r o `u t o ag ae tbf pravf gkgmfs ae tbf c o et s og tbf crkv fs kt F h sh aa ,

ks lfeo gfl `y tbf ' s a ur mf ' ar 'o jp a rt o gc ' craup eraj EOC. =2.

^PAUFGKGMF+ 0 -; > + ;

AE COE\]4

OG JKHF jog. ;<(;<) ;0(;=) ;2(0;) ;0(;<)

CPKUF] jkx. 00(00) ;3(;2) 06(02) ;2(0>)

OG EFJKHF jog. ?(;;) 6(;;) ;3(;?) ;;(;?)

CPKUF] jkx. ;2(0>) ;=(0>) 03(=>) ;2(02)

Fxmbkgcf sfqufgmf k ha gc wbomb l o s tkg mfs wfrf jkfsurfl4 O -¹ ;; -¹ O O O -• OU ( -¹ O ) 9coe ts arocogktogc ta tbf hfet krf hk`fhfl pasot ovfhy ( 4 rfcuhkr fxmbkgcf lorfmt-o a g ) , ta tbf ro cb t gfc kto vfh y (maugtfr ta rfc uh kr fxmbkgcf lo rf mt o a g ).(`ftwffg pkrfgtbfsfs)4 oglorfmthy sfxfl crkvfs kllfl.Khsa me. \K@HF =5.

http://_virilocal/

http://_virilocal/

http://_virilocal/



\K@HF] ;?6

la sl lf P) + g

KHH 0.32 ;.;0 0.? ; .?5 ; ; ;)

J-J 6.50 <. ;< 5.0= .?> 06

E-E 6.?3 0.32 5.20 .23 0;E-J 0.66 .6> - - ;>

GAG-BAJA-

CFGFAV] 0.05 .5> 5.0= .=5 06

^K OP]4

\K@HF =24 Kvfrkcf lostkgmf og jftrfs

ta gfkrfst gfocbàurs,

loeefrfgtoktfl ta sfxfs.

la4 a`sfrvfl kvfrkcf lostkgmf ta gfkrfst gfocbàur.lc4 fxpfmtfl kvfrkcf lostkgmf wbfg crkvfs wfrf rkglajhy lostroùtfl.P : la/ lf 4gfkrfst gfocbàur maéeeomoégt)*g : guj`fr ae crkvfs ogvahvfl.

)¾ twa authyogc crkvfs ajottfl.)•*• P-vkhufs4 P : A, khh paogts kt skjf phkmf9 P : ;.>, rkglaj lospfrsoag9

P : 0.;6, bfxkcagkh pkttfrg.

]\PVM\VPH] ]FR

AE MFPKJOM

LFMAPKÁOAG J E R

PFM\OHOGFKP < 3(6) 6 ;5

@A\B 6(;) - = 2MVPUOHOGFKP 0(;) =(=) 6 ;>

;;(;=) ;>(;5) ;=(6) =<

\K@HF =?4 ]trumturfs a£ lfmarktoag

ag pats eraj crkvfs kt

Fhshaa, `y sfx.

(`ftwffg pkrfgtbfsfs)4 oglorfmthysfxfl crkvfs.

R%,W^ : 6.?2 (?.=5) .>6(.>;)

]\PVM\VPF] J E R

M ar P

M kgl P

5(3)

6(5)

;> (;5) ;>(=)

=(0)

0 5

2

;;(;=) ;>(;5) ;=(6) =<

\K@HF <>4 ]ogchf vs. lau`hï jkrifl

( y strumturfs ae mfrkjom

lfmarktoag) crkvfs kt Fhs

haa, `y sfx.

M4 murvohogfkr lfmarktoag9P4 rfmtohogfkr lfmarktoag.RW (J,E) : 6.?3(?.=;) p : .>;6(.>>=)(`ftwffg pkrfgtbfsfs)4 oglorfmthy sfxfl crkvfs kllfl.



;?5 \K@HF]

G. AE EOGO]BFL

A@DFM\] J

]FR

O-

: 6 = 0 6

< < = 30 ar = ; ` 3

2 ; ; ;?

\K@HF <;4 Crkvfs wotb jarf tbkg jalkh

magtfgts. Loeefrfgtoktfl ta

guj`fr ae eogosbfl a`dfmts

kmmajpkgyogc tbf lfmfksfl,`y skx (spfmokhozfl kssfj

`hkcfs ajottfl).

(Khsa me. \K@HF] 0=, 06 kgl <0).

\K@HF <04 K hostogc ae tbf crkvfs wotb jarf tbkg jalkh magtfgts.

: 6 EOGO]BFL A@DFM\]4

< EOGO]BFL A@DFM\]4

0 ar = EOGO]BFL A@DFM\]4

jkhf crkvfs

efjkhf crkvfs

jkhf crkvfs

efjkhf crkvfs

jkhf crkvfs

efjkhf crkvfs

>>; , >>=, ;>>.

>;<, >23.

>>6, >0; , >65, >3; .

>2=, ;>6, ;>5.

.;;0.

>50, >55, >2?, >?2,;>?, ;;;

UKHVF)¾ J

]FR

^

: \PF@HF

LAV@HÏ

3

6

;

;

2

5

;0 0 ;<

\K@HF <=4 ]pfmokhozktoag ae crkvf

coets, `y sfx, mbofehy eo9

urfs ajottfl.

)¾ vkhuf4 guj`fr ae otfjs og spfmokhozfl mktfcary lovolfl `yguj`fr og atbfr mktfcarofs.



\K@HF] ;?3

\K@HF <<4 K h o s t o g c ae tbf crkvfs wotb khh amb tba gau s ar ea rf oc g- ha ai og c kr tf -

e km t s .

CPKUB GA.J'IPIFP]

KLTF O ]\K@&LPKM]FR ]\K\V])¾ PFJKPI]

KV\A-/KHHA-

MB\BAGF

>55

>53

o +

+

E

J 4}mauphf

khha

khha

>3= + - J = khha

>2= o + + E 5 spfmokhost luòaus

>26 + - j 0 khha

>23 o + - e 3 mbofehy kuta

> 2? - + E 0 khha

>?0 - + J 0 khha

>?5 - + J = , khha

>3< o - + J K 0 sbfrls luòaus

;>; < - + R '; fkmb aghy luòaus

o crkvfs losmussfl og tfxt.

)¾ s t k t u s 4 guj`fr ae k m t o v o t o f s rf pr fs fg tf l `y co et sf t Yme. \K@HF 05)

APOCOG]

KHHAMB\BAGAV]

LV@OAV]

J

<(6)

;

5(3)

=

\K@HF <64 ]ujjkry ae \K@HF << wotb og-

efrrfl arocogs ae ogtfrrfl,

`y sfx.



;?2 \K@HF]

JKHF ^KP\GFP]F EFJKHF ^KP\GFP ]

FCPKUF] CPKUF] R CPKUF] CPKUF] R

>>= >>5 R >;; >;0 R

>>6 >>3 R >;< >;= R

>0; >00 ^ >;5 >;3 R

>05 >03 R >;? >0> R

>== >=< R >00 >0; J

>=2 > =? R ><3 ><2 R

><0 > <> R >6> >6; J

>6; >6> U >50 >52 R

>66 >6< R >5< >5=1 R

>6> >6 3 R >55 >53 J

>53 >55 r >2= >26 R>3; >3>1 R > 2? >22 R

>3< > 36 R >? = >?< R

>2; >20 R >? 2 ;>01 R

>?5 >?3 R >?? ;>> J

;>> > ?? E ;>6 ;>31 R

;;0 ;;= E ;;> ;>21 R

; ;;)> ;;01 J

; ;=)> ; ;0 J

\K@HF <54 Hostogc ae pkorfl crkvfs

ear oglorfmt sfx-lftfrjog-

ktoag. "^KOPFL"4 crkvfs

wotbog kvfrkcf E-J lostkgmf phus fgf ]tkglkrl

lfvoktoag (me. \K@HF =2 ).

)¹ 4 luacygaus mauphf11 4 lostkgmf shocbthy hkrcfr tbkg

mrotfrouj.

\K@HF <34 \bf lostro`utoag ae tbf jarf erfqufgt mktfcarofs ae crkvf coetsavfr tbf sfxfs9 ks \K@HF ;3, `ut wotb oglorfmthy sfxfl crkvfs kllfl.

MK\FCAPOF] AE

CPKUF COE\]

]FR

J E / ^ HK@FH

uglfml. pats ; ; ; 4" .36 .>> 6 jkhf

uglfml. sbfrls 2 ;0 ; .>5 .=0 cfg.

lfmarktfl pats 3 ? .=? .5> cfg.

lfmarktfl sbfrls 2 2 .>2 . 2> cfg.

rfl ambrf (hujps) 0 ;6 ;>.36 .>>; efjkhf

mbkrmakh (hujps) ; ; ? ; .>> . == cfg.

krrawbfkls ;> ; 5. ;2 .>0 jkhf

`hklfs 3 3 .>; .?> cfg.

qufrgs - ;< ;5.;0 8.>>; efjkhf

klzfs OOO ;= - ;0.0< 8.>>; jkhf

klzfs OU - UO 3 5 .>= .26 cfg.

ga. ae crkvfs = 2 ==

.>= .26



\K@HF] ;??

JA\OE]

]\PVM\VPhh] w kv ms s p o r k h s

MVPUOHOGøKP = {o ?

m9VPX'O + PBMroh .- ` 5

Po9M\OO,OGBKP ;> ; ; ;

;? 3 05

\K@HE. < 2 4 JKO.X' JA\Oh-] v s . ]\PVM\-

VPB] a e m f r k j o m l f m a r k t -

o a g , p f r c r k v f .

JA\O O'] J E R

u k X a s

s p o rk ;s 0 ( = )

](2)

0 ( = )

3 ( < )

= ( ; )

;?

3

77 ( ;> ) - ( ;; ) ;>(6) 05

\K@HH <? 4 Ja t o e s a e mf r k jo m lf ma r -

k t o a g ` v s f x .

( h of t wf f g p k r f g t E o f s f s d 4 o g l o r f m t h ys f x f l c r k v f s k l l f l .

] ^ F M O K O. O 3 K \ O > G

]\K\V] D¾ KPPAShh. KL0E9] ^A\\E,PX *CPKX'E] G

]V^EP (0 (=) (=)

o ou9o o 6(; (;) = ; 3 ( ; )

JhoLhVJ 0 0 <

HØS . ; ;

GAGF • • 0 0

\K@HB 6 > 4 ] p f m o k h o s t s ' p a s o t -

o a g s o g h o g f k c m j a l f

a e p r a l u m t Z a g .

( ` f t w f f g p k r f g t h o f s f s d 4 m h o o f e h ye o c u r f s .)¹ er aj \K@HF 0 5 .*CPKUF]4 c r k v f s a r o f g t f l p f r p -

f g l o m u h k r t a c f g f r k h GS-]Elorfmt oag.

G4 ga. ae crkvfs ogvahvfl.



0>> \K@HF]

]\K\V])¹ KHHAMho\BAGB] KHH

s u p f r - =

bocb ; ;0

jflouj < =6haw ; =;

gagf - =0

\K@HF 6;4 \asotoags ae khhfcfl khha-

mbtbagfs og hogfkcf jalf ae

pralumtoag (sff khsa \K@HF

<<) .

)" eraj \K@HF 05.

hoH]HAA OhOFGBFOJ

Mb.6 Mb .6 g Mb .= Mb .6 ;;

5 6 2

3 6

5 6 2 (; ` 0 `5 6 2

6

;3

6 < ? 6

;3;

;(;

6

;3;

;(; < 6 ;36

;(; < 6 ;36

;(;

.•7

;3

0 0 3.•7

;3

0 0 3< 0>

; ; ;0

< 0>

; ; ;0= <>

; ; ;0;

;<;

; ; ;0

; =>

g a h ' b u t s 6 0 g ae e o g l s ;3?

\K@HF 604 \bf pb ksfs ae mbkp tfr =

majpkrfl wotb tbasf fj-

phayfl og mbkptfr 6, phus

tbf guooo`frs ae buts pfr

pbksf (Fhshaa) kgl tbf

guj`frs ae eogls pfr pbksf

(Bofgbfoj).

vfrtomkh kxos4 mbragahacomkh sfqufgmfkppraxojktfhy pra par toa gkh ta ekmta rsmarfs .

HFGC\B, J. H@I ; H@I 0

8 3 0 -

3 - ? ; ; ; ;

? - ; ; ;6 00

; ; - ; = 5 ?

;= - ;6 0 5

7 ;6 6 =

g <; 6 ;

\K@HF 6= 4 Hfgctb ae m fg t r k h p k r t s ae

buts og jftrfs, khh Lutmb

H@I s o t f s ( k e t f r Jallfrjkg

;?3>(;)4 ;><).

kvcf. hfgctb ;>.< ;>.3



\K@HF] 0>=

\K@HF 5;4 \bf feefmts ae skjphf hfgctb (tap raw) ag tbf jox ae k lombatajaus

vkrok`hf4 jkxojkh kgl jogojkh prapartoags ae kgy ae tbf twa kttro`-

utfs. (khsa me. EOC]. 63 & 62).

]KJ HH HHoGC\hh

OG ChoGFPK\OAG]: ; ; V V ;= 0 ; ;

W 0= =; < 6 ;>

HOJO\ UKH- k

VH] AE JOR ;-k

R

R

>

O

.0

.2

.==

.>3

.<=

.63

.6

.6

.5

.<

.53

.==

.3

.=

.36

.06

.2

.0

.?

. ;

'x 4 oglftmrjogk`hm'

\K@HOo 504 hohshaa Uohhkcm. But typfs ks lostro`utml avfr craup kgl ammupktoagpbksfs.

CPAurs

^BK]F] GH G J ] H

h`.0.x

; 0.=.x

(=1)

0.0

h`.0 x.x

0; k . 0 . R

; . 0 . Rh`.=

=O

O

; . 0 . R . R

h`.0.=.x.x

=.x

hk.0

R

<0 0.0 O`.=.x x

h`.0

60

0

h`.0.x

0 . x. R

GA. AE BV\] A@]FPUK@HF/CPAV^4

Ga. ae craups wotb typf ;

Ga. ae craups wotbaut typf

\K@HF 5=4 \bf lostro`utoag ae typf

hk & O` buts avfr tbf a`-

sfrvfl craups kt Fhshaa

Uohhkcf (me. \K@HF 50).



\K@HF] 0>6

BV\] 6BFPL]

typf ;; kvcf . rkgcf

ok 0 ;22.6 ;?-=62

;5 = <2.3 6-20; = <2.> 06-3?

= 0 ;;;.6 30-;6;

\K@HF 524 Bofgbfoj. Ga. ae buts pfr

typf U]. ga. ae sbfrls.

(me. \K@HF 63).

\K@HF 5?4 Bofgbfoj. \bf joxfs ae tbf jarf ojpartkgt vkrok`hfs ae pattfry lfm-

arktoag pfr eogl (pot majphfxfs ajottfl).

(;) (0) (=) (<) (6) (5) (3) (2Z ( ;) (;>)

O- 0 602 ; .> 3 . .M .5 O .>

- 2 302 .= ? K`. .0 .3

-;; <;= .5 2 k`M .0 .3

-;0 555 ; - .> -

-;3 600 ; . 3 k`M .< .3

-;2 60? .2 3 k@m .< .3

-00 66> .= ? k@m .< .6

-0= 03 .= 2 K`. .5 .5

-0< 036 ; . ; - .0 -

-05 663 .> ; k@m .0 .=

OO- 0 0<0 ; .@. .3 -< ;?6 ; K. . .3 -

6 <=2 ; - .2 -

5 2 ; . ; K@. .6 -

;; <>; .6 ? k@m .= .<

;0 =;? .> ? .@m .? .=

;= ;20 .0 ? K`m .6 .=

;2 6<= .2 ? k@. .= .<

;? =2; .> ? k@. .= .<

0< ;?5 .; ? K`m .< .=

03 0<= - 2 .@. . = -

02 2;3 - 2 - .3 -

0? =>6 .> ; k@ .< .0

=0 6>3 - ? K`. ; . .0

=< 6<0 .< 2 K. . .< -

=2 ;2= .5 2 K@m .5 .=

<> === ; . 2 .@M .> -

(magtl.)



\K@HF] 0>3

(;) (0) (=) (<) (6) (5) (3) (2) (?) (;>)

(UO)-;3 6<> ; . .> .@. .0 - + . ./hA

-0> =>0 ; . .> .@. .> - t . • ;/?

-0; 32; ; . .> - .> - + . ;/?-0= <00 ; . .> k@m .; .> + + =/6

-0< =50 - .> .@. .> - + . ;>/.

-0` ;>2 ; . .> .@m .= .> +? ;/?

Mah. Y;)4 rkgi gas.9 rfefr ta O'O C]. 5> ta 56.(0)4 eogl gas.(=)4 jox (JKOG JA\V'])9 ga. ae wkvfs prapartoagkh ta khh JKOG JA\OE] og

eogl." (<)4 jox (]\PVM\VPE])9 ga. ae murvohogfkr jatoes prapartoagkh ta khh

]\PVM\VPF].(6)4 jox (GVJEPOMO\_)9 k:sojphfx, `:luphfx, m:trophfx9 MKÔ\KH hfttfr og-

lomktfs prfpaglfrkgmf og eogl.(5)4 jox (KVR. HOGE])9 ga. ae jatoes wotb KVR. HOGF] prapartoagkh ta khh

jato es." (3)4 jox (EAPJK\)9 ga. ae pats wotbaut gfmi lmmarktoag prapartoagkh ta

jogojkh gujddfr ae pats og eogl." (2)4 juhtolfgtfl spktuhk4 +, prfsfgmf og eogl." Y?)4 cakt eaat taao4 +, prfsfgmf og eogl." (;>)9 prapartoags ae bktmbas/stk`-kgl-lrkc MAJÂGFG\] og eogl.

-4 oglomktfs jossogc lktk9 . ar .>, k`sfgmf.

@øOHroRC ^HA\] G .AE Ô\]ÔOK]F] GS S ]S ]F F > R

< Ø x > . ; ;

6 > R > ax 6 <

5 ax xa ax ax ax ;; ;;

\K@FF 3>4 Ohomgbfog4 tbf klaptoag ae

bktmhoogc kgl stk`-kgl-lrkd

avfr sgkmm kgl tojf.

>4 stk`-kgl-lrkc.x4 bktmbogcs.

^BK]F]AMMVP^WGMF

^VPF JORFL

< =

6 6 0

5 ; ;>

\K@FF 3;4 Bomgbfoj4 ogotokh fxmhusovoty ae bktmb-

ogc kgl stk`-kgl-lrkc MAJÂGFG\] `fmajogd

ogmhusovf ammurrfgmf pfr pot.



0>2

JORF] JK OG JA\OE] ]\PVM\VPF]

^BK]F] 8 . 6 7 8 .6 7

; ; 6 ;>

0 6 < ;3= 6 2 ;6

< 6 6 0 <

6 = < =

(; ; ; ; 0 •

\K@FF 309 Bofgbfoj. ]ujjfl kgl craupfl

lostroùtoags ae joxfs ag

twa vkrok`hfs avfr tojf.

jkog jatoes4 wkvfs ta khh JA\OE].strumturfs 4 murvohogfkr ta khh ]\PVM\

VPF].

JORF] ]\PVM\. J. JA\OF]

. ? - ; . ; 3

.3-.2 3 0

.<-. 5 0 ;

. 0- . = - ;

. > - . ; ; 0

;< ; =

\K@HF 3=4 Bofgbfoj. ]ujjfl lostroùt-

oags ae tbf joxfs ae twa vkr

ok`hfs ae mfrkjom lfmarktoag

ks ammurrogc og but kssamokt-

fl pots.

BV\ @VO FLOGC ^FA\]

\_^F] GS S ]OU ]F F

hk

O

; O

; 0

6

=

0 ; < = 0 ;>

= ; ; ; 0 6

R < 6 < ;5

` < > ; ; ;> =3

\K@FF 3<4 Bofgbfoj. But typfs vs. ùohl

ogc phats .



\K@HF] 0>?

\K@HF 364 Bofgbfoj - mafeeomofgts ae marrfhktoag `ftwffg jkdar lojfgsoags ae

mfrkjom lfmarktoag. •. •

s ogd. Om lf gt (. l s p k t u ; k

- ? ? j u h t o p h f l f g t f l s p k t u h k

-<< =(; "cf k t e a a t t a a o "

> 6 - ; 2 - > " e o g c f r / g k o ;

0? -0? - ;(; > ? s o j p h f x

> = - > = > 2 - ; ; - 6 < l u p h f x

->(; > < >(; ;0 - 0 5 - < 5 t r o p h f x

-6< 6 < = ; - > 2 0; > 6 > ; p r f s f g m m a e g f m i l f m g .

6 ; -6< -=< > 2 - 0 ; - > 6 - > ; - ; > > k ` s f g m f a e g f m i l f f g .

3 = - 3 = - = 2 ;0 06 >6 - > 5 -< 2 < 2 h o g f s

50 -5 0 - 05 > 6 0> >0 >? - < = < = 0 ? p a o g t s

-=2 =5 < 0 - > ? - > 5 >> - > 5 == -= = -< 0 - = ? b k t m b o g cs

- 32 2> 05 ; 6 - 0 2 - > < - > ; <3 -<3 -3 > - 3 < >? s t k ` - k g l - l r k c p a o g t s

> ? - ; 5 - > 2 65 > = - > 0 > < - ; 0 ;0 ;0 - >; - > ? - ;3 e o g c f r / g k o h o jp .

26 - 2 5 - < 0 0; 0 ; > 6 > ; - 6 ; 6 ; 3 < 5 > - < = -"5 ;6 m u r v o h o g f k r o t y

-26 25 <0 - 0; - 0; - > 6 - > ; 6; -6; - 3 < -lA < = 35 - ;6 - ; > > r f m t o h o g .

- 62 6? 0> - ;3 - ; ; - 0> ;2 0 ; -0 ; - < > - 0 3 0; =? -> ? - < 2 < 2

=2 -=? -0> ; ~ ;; 0 > - ; 2 - 0 ; 0; <> 0 3 - 0 ; -=? > ? < 2 - < 2

=> - = 6 - 0 0 > = ;2 ->< ->> -=6 =6 0 3 <? - 0 5 - <0 > 6 << - <<

-=(; =6 0 0 - > = - ; 2 >< >> =6 - = 6 - 0\ - < ? 05 <0 -> 6 -< < <<

> = >5 ;; > 0 - ; = 0 ; - > ; ; 0 - ;0 - ; 0 - > ; > 6 >6 > 2 >> - >>

= = - = > - = 2 > ; ; = - ; 6 >; -=> => <0 ;5 - < < -;3 - > = <> - <>

- 6 ; 6 ; = 3 > < - 0; - > = ;0 = ; - = ; - < 0 - < 0 6 ? => > ; - < 3 <3

<> -<> - 0 6 > ; 0 2 - >? - > 2 - > 0 > 0 < 6 = 6 - 0 ; - < ; > 0 < = - < =

3< - 3 < - 6> ;5 05 >= -> ? - 6 ? 6? 5 2 3> - < < -5? ;5 32 - 3 2

-=> 02 <0 - ; 2 - ; 0 0< - ; 0 0 6 -06 -=< - = > 5 2 >? - ;< - = ? =?

-2> 2 ; =2 - ;< - = 3 - > 3 ;2 < 2 -< 2 -5 2 - 5 ? ;; 26 - ;= - 3 6 36

> 3 - ; > - > 6 = 3 ; 3 - ; < ->> - > 2 > 2 > 3 ;> - > 2 - ;> 0 = > 2 -> 2

g-.øoJcuo9s h(4) JDJhoPOMO há (C) 4a.Xo.X m9 oo9) MAh^AJoUh] (@; ]hPVM\VPo9]

(magtl.D



0;>

\K@Heo 36 (magt.)

wkvf

- ; > > s p o r k h

- ; 6 ; ] ku.x . ; o g f s

;6 - ; 6 - ;>> ;;> k u x . ; o gfs

- > 6 > 6 - ; 2 ;2 o g l f t f r o o o o g k t f

- ;2 ;2 = 6 - = 6 - 6 = p k r k h h f h

0 = - 0 = - =; =; - > 3 - 6? a t h o f r s

-<> <> =< -= < - > < 02 -0 3 ; o gfs

-03 03 =6 -=6 - ; > < ; - 6 ; > 0 p a o g t s

0; -0; -0; 0; = ; - < ? = = - 0 = - < ( ; b k t m b o g c s

=? -=? - =? =? - > 3 - 0 = << - =< - 3 6 - > < s t k ` - k g l - l r k c p a o g t s- > ? > ? > 2 - > 2 ->(; > 3 - ;> - > 0 ->(; - ; > - > ? e o g c f r / g k o h o j p r f s s o a g s

JA\ O O-] KVR.HOG. LOPFM\ OAG MAJÂGFG\] (G)

(@) (@) EOHHOGC]

g : ;3? r ogls (cf gf r k h v k r o k ` h f s ) 9 gok` hf s D .

;(o< (` fh hy v k r o k ` h f s ) 9g : 2? (gmmi vk r-

hg:;5<h

X <>.? 6;5 5> ? 3;< 2=.3 ?;.= ?5.=7

•;> T

6 ;> ;6 0>

^PO GMO ^KH MA JÂ GFG\ ]

\K@FF 354 Bofgbfoj. Focfg-vkhufs og

progmopkh majpagfgts kgkh-

ysos ae mfrkjom lfmarktoag,

kgkhyzml ag 60 kttroùtfs

ar ;3 vkrok`hfs.



0;;

^M4 ; ^M 0 ^M =

s o g c h m - l m g t m l s \ k t u h k - . ,]'D(o > 0 6 . > ? ?

j u h t o - l m g t f l s p k t u h k . 2?(; - > =5 - . ; < ;

" c a k t e a a t t a a o ; . 6 ;(; > ? ; .026e o g c f r s / g k o ; s - . ; ? 5 - > ;5 . > < =

s o j p h f x - . = 0 2 =6 0 - . > ? 3

lup ; m.x - . > < ; - <<; . =? ;

t r o p h f x .>(;? > 2? - . ; 0 0

p r f s f g m f a e gff •m lf m g . . (7 ~ .á ;6 ; .> <6

k ` s f g m f a e g f m i l f m g . - . (; " = ; 6 ; - . > < 6

; o ga s - . "?(; > <> - .> ;>

p a o g t s - . " 0 > - > ? ? .> 65

b k t m b o g c s . < 2 3 ; ;2 . <22

s t k ` - k g l - l r k c p a o g t s . 2 0> - > ;? - . 0 3 <

e o g c f r / g k o h ojp r f s s o a g s - . ; 2> > 6 2 .> =<

m u r v o ; o g m k r o t y - . ? ; 0 - > 0< - . > ; 5

r f m t o ; o g m k r o t y . ? ;0 > 0< .>;5

wkvf . 60 3 =5 3 - . ; 0 5

s p o r k h - . 6 0 2 - =5 3 . ;05

k u x o h o k r y h o g f s - . 6 > < > 2? - . 0 2 3

ga k u x o h o k r y h o g f s . 6 > < - > 22 . 023

o g l f t f r j o gk t f . >? < - ; ;2 . <62

p k r k h h f h - . < 2 = ; => - . 65 5

f t b f r s .5 > 0 >=; .0 5 0

; o g fs - .= ? 2 > 02 - . > 6 =

p a o g t s - . 2 6 > - ; 65 - . > 3 0

b k t m b o g c s .= ?5 ;3= .3 > 0

s t k b - k g l - l r k c p > o g t s . 2 = ; - >>? - . =5 6

e o g c f r / g k o h ojp r f s s o a g s - . ; > 2 ;3> .> 0<

\K@HF 334 hh o mg bm oj . J kt ro x a e

e k m t a r h a k l o g c s ( u g-

r a t k t f l ) e a r jk d a r

lojfgs oags ae mfrkj-o m l f m a r k t o a g .

ga. ae eogls4 ;5<.ga. ae kttro`utfs9 60ar ;3 vkrok`hfs



0;0

(;) (0) (=) (<) (6Z (5)

>>>2 6 0 5 =5

>>;> ;;? 5 ;5 ;5< >>;>+>>;;+ >002

>>;; - - - - og >>;>>>03 6= ; 0= 0=

>>52 20 = 03 ?2 M-;<4 6?;>+6>

>;>2 ;5 5 0< ;30 M-;<4 632>+6>

>;<6 6 2 5 ;0 ;5>

>;62 - - - - og >036

>;50 - - - - og >05=

>;55 02 < 0 ;;=

>;3< <> 5 6 ;6=

>;2; << 5 00 ;3>

>;20 6(; 0 ;= <=

>;2= ;6; 0 =2 52

>;?6 3 0 < =<

>;?5 0< 0 0< 6<

>0>> =5 = ;5 23

>0;2 - - - - og >0=0

>00> - - - - og >0<6

>00; - - - - og >053

>000 3 6 ;< ;<6

>005 - - - - og>056

>003K ;; 5 ? ;63

>003@ ; ; = 5 33

>002 - - - - og >>;>

>0=0 ;= 6 ;> ;<; >0;2+>0=0

>0<0 6 0 0 =0

>0<= ? 0 03 63

>0<6 05 5 3 ;66 >00>+>0<6 .

>0<3 - - - - og >0 36

>06; - - - - og > 0 36

>050 - - - - og >036

>05= ;>2 6 ? ;<> >;50+>05=+>0=<

>05< 2 5 ;= ;5;

>056 0> = 0= ;>< >005+>056

>055 - - - - og >053

>053 6= = =5 ;>3 >00;+>055+>053

>036 ;2 ; 0< 0< >;62+>0<3+>06;+>050+>036

\K@HF 324 Bo fg bf oj . ]o zf kgl mbr ag -

ahacy ae e ogl guj`frs.

(;) eogl ga.(0) ga. ae sbfrls (`fhhy aghy)(=) rkgi pbksf(<) rkgi, wotbog pbksf(6) rkgi, mujuhktovf(5) rfjkris

(<) / (6)4 R passo`hy ugrfhok`hf kseogl `fhagcs ta potmajphfx.

(;) (0) (=) (<) (6) (5~

>0?0 ;5 = 02 ??

>0?6 ;5 5 ;; ;6? >0?6+>0?5++>0?3+>0?2

>0?5 - - - - og >0?6

>0?3 - - - - og >0?6

>0?2 - - - - og >0?6

>0?? 03 5 ;< ;50

>=>0K 5 5 0> ;52

>=>0@6 < ;2 ;0?

>=>6 ;6 0 0? 6?

> => 3 ?3 = => ;>;

>=;= ;; < ;? ;=>

>=;5 6 6 3 ;=2

>=;? 32 0 ;0 <0

>=00 ;; = ;? ?>

>=0< =; = =; ;>0

>=06 ;20 = ? 2>

>=== 6 0 <> 3>

>=<0 6 = =6 ;>5>=<= 0; = ;= 2<

>=<< <> = 6 35

>=6; ;> = =0 ;>=

>=6? => = < 36

>=5> 00 6 < ;=6

>=50 2 5 0< ;30

>=5< ;> 6 ; ;=0

magtl.)



\K@HF] 0;=

(;) (0) (=) (<) (6) (5)

>=>6 6> < ;0 ;0=

>=3> ;6 < ;6 ;0<>=2> ;> = ;0 2=

> =2; ;0 0 ;? <?

>=25 - - - - og >=?5

>=23 - - - - og >=?5

> =?; - - - - og >6?5

> 6?(; 20 5 03 ;36>625+>623+>6?;+>6?5+>6?3

> =? 3 - - - - og >=?5

> =? 2 5 5 0 ;6>

><>; ?0 0 ; ; <;

><;= 2> ; ; ; ; ;

><;< =3 = 2 3? M-;<4 5;06+=6

><;2 6 6 ;3 ;<2

><0; =? 5 = ;6;

><00 == (; 0= ;3;

><=; 5 < ; ; ;0

><=2 5 0 6 =6

><<5 ? 6 5 ;=3

><35 2 0 0 6 66

>< 3 3 ;< < ;5 ;03><2?

>6><

>6>5K

>6>5@

>6> 3

>600

>605

>602

>60?

>6=>K

>6=>@

>6=;

>6=0

>6==

>6=<

>6<>

; ;6

;3

5

0?

?

;<

6?

0 6

20

3

2=

6

;>

2

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6

6

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;2 R

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0

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; R

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0 R

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55

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3 6

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>6<6

>6<6>6<5

>6<3

>6<2

>6<?

>66>

>66;

> 6 6 6

>663

>635

>625

>623

>6?0

> 6? 6K

> 6? =@

>6?<

>6?6

>6?5

>6?3

>6?2

>6??

>5>>

>5>;

>5>0

>5>=

>5>5

>5>2

>5>?

>5;>

>5; ;

>5;6

>5;<

>5;6

>5;5

>5; 3

>5;2

>5;?

(0) (=)

6 0

<> 0

=>

;<

65

5

03

6

;<

=5;6

?

5

<<

;2

; =

;3

03

00

= =

;6

3

;<

6;

2

56

3

;2

?

;>

3

?

3

66

;3

;6

(<) (6) (5)

6< 5<

;2 <2

- og >666;6 ;<<

- og >666

?00;

;3

00

;6

;

05

06

;205

62

0?

=;

=3

;>

<

;=

0;

;6

;6

2

=>

00

;3

;?

03

02

0

3

;3

;>

=>

?

;;

0>

00

;<5

30

05

R ?5 R

R 2? R

R 65 R

R ;>? R

R ;33 R

R 5; R

R ; A 2 R

R <> R

R ; ;6 R

>6<6+>6<3+>666

;6 R

6; R

;6 R

25 R

62 R

5> R

60 R

R <3 R

R ;? R

R 03 R

R 02 R

R ;== R

R =3 R

R ;02 R

R ;0; R

R => R

R 6? R

R 20 R

R 6> R

(magtl.)



0;<

( O ) ;0) (=) (<Z (=) (5)

>50> 30 = <> ; ; ; M- ;<4 5Ø>>

> 5< 2 3 6 6 ; =5

>555 6 ; ;0 ;0>5?3 ? 6 2 R ;6? R

>5?2 5 0 0= R 6= R

> 3> ; 3< ; 0; R 0; R

>3>= ;6 = 0= ?<

>3;< 6 6 6 ;6<

>30> 5 = ;< R 26 R

> 30; ;06 = 05 ?3

> 302 => ; 2 2

>30? ;> = 3 32

>3=5 6 < 0> ;=;

> 3< = 6 < 5 ; ; 3

>3<? ;? = 00 ?= m-;<4 5;66+<6

>362 6= = 0? R ;>> R

> 3 6? ;= < ;6 R ;05 R

>35> ;> 0 <; R 3; R

>35; ? ; 06 R 06 R

>350 = 0 ; < R < R

>35= ;6 = ;> R 2; R

>35< ;3 0 ; R =; R

>356 0< < ; ; R ;00 R

>353 ;6 0 == R 5= R

>33; ? 5 2 ;65

> 32 ; 6 5 0; ;5?

>3?< 5 6 ;5 R ;<3 R

>3?3 6 5 ;6 R ; 5 = R

> 2> 3 2 5 ;? R ;53 R

>2;3 ; = 0 02 62

>20; =5 6 = R 3< R

>20= 6 6 ; ; R ;<0 R>255 5 6 =< ;>6

>252 0; 5 5 ;6< >252+>23>++>23<+>236

>23> - - - - og >252 '

>23< - - - - og >252

>236 - - - - og >252

>235 - - - - og ;>>>

(; ) (0 ) (=) (<D (6) (5)

>22> - - - - og ;>> >

>22; - - - - og ;>> >

>223 - - - - og ;>>>

>222 - - - - og ;>> >

>22? - - - - og ;>> >

> 2? 6 - - - - og ; > > >

>?; ; <> < = ; ;<

>? ;? ;66 0 ;< << >?;?+>?0;++>?60+>?5<

>? 0; - - - - og >? ;?

>?=3 - - - - og ;> >>

>?<= - - - - og ;>> >

>?<3 - - - - og ;>> >

>?60 - - - - og > ? ;?

>?5? - - - - og >? ;?

>?35 - - - - og

>2'

; > > >

5+>22>+>22;+

; > > ø 3< 5 02 ;35+>223+>222+>22?+>2?6+>?=3+>?<=+ >?<3 + >?35/;>; ;

;>;; - - - - og ;> >>

;><< 33 < 2 ; ;? ;><<+;><6+;><5

;>< 6 - - - - og ;><<

;><5 - - - - og ;>< <

;> 20 - - - - og ;;> ;

;> 2 = - - - - og ;;>;

;>26 - - - - og ;;> ;

;>2?

;>??

;>? ;5

o g ;;> ;

;;> ; ? ? ; 0> 0> ;>20+;>2=+;>26++ ;>?? + ; ;>; + ;;=<

;;;6 35 5 < ;60 M- ;< 4 6?>6+<6

;;;5 ;= 5 => ; 32

; ;=< - - - - og ;;> ;

; ;<> 03 = 0 > ?;

; ; < =K 0> 6 ;0 ;<=

; ;<=@ 25 ; 0 ? 0?

;;60 - - - - og ; ; 22

; ;23 - - - - og ; ;22

; ;22 06 5 =; ;3? ; ;60 + ; ; 23 + ;;22

(magtl.)



\K@HF] 0;6

(OD ;0) (=) (<) (6) (5)

;=23 ? ; 0 ;3 R <3 R

;=? 0 0< = =? R ; ;> R

;=?= 6 0 =6 R 56 R

;=?6 ;< 0 ;5 R <5 R

;=?5 32 = 0< R ?6 R

;=?3 2 = 6 R 6 R M-;<4 500> + <6

;=?2 ;5 ;< R ;< R

;=?? ? ; R ; R

;<>> 05 3 R 3 R

;<>; == 6 R = R

;<>0 02 ? ?

;<>= 0= 0 =? 5?

;<>< 6 0 = ==

;<>6 ? 0 ;6 <6

;<>3 - - - - og ;<0>

;< 0> ; ; < 3 R ;;2 R ;<>3 + ;<0>



K ^ ^ F G L O R \A M B K ^ \ F P O 0;3

k a g v f r s o a g ae k ` s a h u t f guj`frs t a ; > - h a c k v o t b j s .

K hac kro tbj ma gs os ts ae twa guj`frs4 tbf e o r s t agf (bfrf ta `f fg tf rf l og

tbf eo r s t mahujg) lf sm ro `o gc tbf cfg frk h jkc got utl f, kgl tbf at bf r (bfrf ta `f

fg tf rf l og tbf 0gl kgl =rl mahujgs) tbf p r f m o s o a g . \bus 4

maugts ftwffg ; kgl ? (ogmh .) fgtfr > og tbf eorst mahujg.J ;> ?? th ; th

OO

;t

;>>

;>>>

???

????

th 0

= OO

ft mftfrk

]ojohkrhy, tbf prfmosoag os oglomktfl y4

maugts ae ;, ;>, ;>>, ;>>> fgtfr >> og 0gl kgl =rl mahujg.

;0, ;0>, ;0>> >2;<, ;<>, ;<>> ;6

;5, ;5>, ;5>> 0>

;2, ;2>, ;2>> 05

0, 0>, 0>>, 0>>> =>

0=, 0=>, 0=>> =5

03, 03>, 03>> <=

=, =>, =>>, =>>> <2

=6, =6>, =6>> 6<

<, <>, <>>, <>>> 5>

6, 6>, 6>>, 6>>> 3>5, 5>, 5>>, 5>>> 32

3. 3>, 3>>, 3>>> 2<

2. 2>, 2>>, 2>>> ?>

? ?>, ?>>, ?>>> ?6

;> ;>>, ;>>>, ;>>>> >>

Oe tbf maugts ekhh og `ftwffg tk`hf vkhufs, tbf guj`fr ta f fgtfrfl mkg f

eaugl tbraucb ogtfrpahktoag.



0;2 K^^ FGL OR \A CB K^ \F P OU

M A L F @ A A I ^ A P \ B F F H ] H A A M F J F \ F P _

CPAV^ UKPOK@HF

k t t r o ` .

ga . PFJKPI] KGL LF ]M PO^ \ OAG mah.gas.cfgfrkh crkvf ga. >;

pasotoag >0

>=

typf a£

ogtfrjottfgt ><

arofgtktoag >6

pasturf a£

tbf marpsf

>5

crkvf guj`fr (rfe.Jallfrjkg ;?3>(;)) >;->0->=

]/G, eraj phkg ><->6->5

S/F, eraj phkg

fjpty crkvf-hoif pot9

aghy coets og crkvfpot9

marparkh rfjkogs, ga coets4

marp. rfjkogs wotb coets4

mrfjktoag, ga coets4mrmjktoag wotb coets4

mkhmogfl `agf, ga coets4

mkhmogfl `agf, wotb coets4

kzojutb ae bfkl 4 ] : >>9]S:>;9I : >09

GS:>=9G:><9GF:>69F:>59]F:>3. Sbfg

ga rfjkogs krf voso`hf ear kxos

ae pot4 kll 6>.

ogkpphomk`hf, oglftfrjogk`hf : ??

ag tbf `kmi4 >9 hfet4 ;9 rocbt4 09

ogkpphomk`hf4 ?9 ugigawg4 `hkgi

>3->2->?

;>

;;-;0

;=

mfrkjoms gkturf

cfgfrkh

> 3

>2

>?

;>

uglfmarktfl pats4 guj`fr

uglfmarktfl sbfrls4 guj`fr

lfmarktfl pats4 guj`fr

lfmarktfl sbfrls4 guj`fr

;<

;6

;5

;3-;2

lfmar. tfmbgoqufs

wkrf)"

majpagfgts

(`fhhy)

majpagfgts

(gfmi)

;0

;=

;<

;6

;5

;3

;2

ugolfgtfl spktuhk, ga. ae jatoes

juhtolfgtfl spktuhk, ,,

;>-hac (hogfs) 9 oe k`sfgt4 ??

;>-hac (paogts) ,,

;>-hac (stk`-kgl-lrkc) ,,

ea-hac (bktmbogcs) ,,

;>-hac (hogfs) ,,

;>-hac (paogts) ‗

;?

0>

0;-00

0=-0<

06-05

03-02

0?-=>

=;-=0



K^^F GLOR \A MB K^ \F P OU 0;?

M A L F @ A A I E A P \ B F F H ] H A A M F J F \ F P _

;?

0>

strumturfs 0;

jatoes

eohhogcs

00

0=

0<

06

05

03

lorfmtoag 02ae eog.

0?

=>

=;

lfhoj. ae =0

jatoe `kgls ==

=<

sfmaglkry =6

jatoes =5

jatoe fgls =3

=2

=?

<>

<;

<0

kuxohokry

hogfs

gujfromoty <=

<<

<6

<5

;>-hac (stk`-kgl-lrkc)9 oe k`sfgt4 ??

;>-hac (bktmbogcs) ‗

murvohogfkroty, ga. ae jatoesog `fhhy zagf

rfmtohogfkroty ‗

wkvf jatoe "

sporkh jatoe ‗

fjpty `kgls "

losmagtoguaushy eohhfl `kgls ,,

magtoguaushy eohhfl `kgls ,,

oglftfrjogktf, ga. ae jatoes og`fhhy zagf

pkrkhhfh ta kxos

a`hoquf ta kxos

pfrpfglomuhkr

ga hojots ta `kgls

sojphf hojots

erogcfs

"Twomifheocurfg"

atbfr typfs (gat oe kttr. <>-<0), ga.ae jatoes

gagf (ratktfl, trkgshktfl jatoes)

ugfhkàrktfl, ga. ae jatoes og `fhhy

zagf

fhkàrktfl ‗

mklrfs

syjjftry kxfs

ga kux. hogfs

sojphfx lfmarktoag

luphfx

trophfx

quklruphfx

th

OO

==-=<

=6-=5

=3

=?

<>

<;

<0

<=

<<

<6

<5

<3

<2

<?

6>

6;

60

6=

6<

66

65

63

62

6?

5>

5;

50

rfl

ambrfbfjktotf <3

<2

hujps, guj`fr

trkmfs, guj`fr

5=

5<

àc-arf <? trkmfs, guj`fr 56



0 0 > K ^ ^ F G L O R \ A M B K ^ \ F P O U

M A L F @ A A I E A P \ B F F H ] H A A M F J F \ F P _

e hogt krraw 6> rftaumb ag agf solf aghy, ga. ae paogts 55

bfkls ]O rftaumb ag `atb solfs ‗ 53

smrkpfrs 60 khh typfs, guj`fr 52

`hklfs 6= `hkgis, guj`fr 5?

6< utohozfl `hklfs, guj`fr - 3>

ftbfr 66 - • gumhfo 3;

65 lf`ros 30

qufrgs qufrgs 63 qufrgs kgl qufrg erkcjfgts,ga. ae pofmfs 3=

62 wbft stagf kgl erkcjfgts ,, 3<

6? hujps ae k`rksovf stagf, ugwarifl ,, 36

klzfs klzfs õø klzfs typf O, ga. ae pofmfs og crkvf 35

5; klzfs typf OO, ‗ 33

50 klzfs typf OOO, ‗ 32

56 klzfs typf, OU, U, U\ ‗ 3?

mbkrmakh mbkrmakh 5< mbkrmakh gat eaugl4 A 2>

prfsfgt mhasf ta ogtfrjfgt4 ;

prfsfgt og crkvfpot eohhogcs4 0

G.@. (!)• Sbfg k 'CPAV^' lafs gat ammur og k crkvf, la hfkvf `hkgis.G.@. (0)4 Sbkt os lfsmro`fl ks ammurrogc og tbf "crkvf pot eohhogc" sbauhl gat

`f fgtfrfl.)" rfefr ta Mbkptfr ;.



@O@HOACPK^B_

Klkogs, P . J m M , ;?334 UU'odrOl pomturf , kgtbrapaha comkh erkj f. Kjfromkg Kgtbrapahacost yc4 056-03?.

. Xl ko gs , UU._., ;?529 Ogvksoag, loth'usoag, fvahutoag1 Kgtoquoty RHOO4 ;?<-0;6.

Khlfglfrefr, J.]. kgl P.I. @hksbeofhl, ;?329 Mhustfr kgkhysos kgl krmbkfahacomkh mhkssoeomktoag. Kjfromkg Kgtoquoty <=4 6>0-6>6.

Kjj fr jk g, K.D. kgl H.H. Mkvkhho-]earzk, ;?3;4 "Kp apu hk to ag jalfh ear tbf loeeusoag aefkrhy ekrjo gc og Fura pf." ) Og4 Pfgerfw

•?3=4 =<=-=63-Kppfh, C.G., ;?3=4 \b f lostogmto ag `ftwffg at bgacr kpby kgl ftbg ahacy kgl atbfr ossufs og macgotovf strumtur khosj . @odlrkcfg tat lf

\kkh-, Hkgl-fg Uahifgiuglf osy4 ;-65. /Rulauzm, E. , ;?3<4 Og tr al um toa g k hk jf tba lf lu .smkhac rkj jf pro vo hfcof. Ckhhok ^rïbostaorf ed4 03?-02=.

@kifhs, M.MW., ;?324 Iaur Hogfkr`kglifrkjoi sftthfjfgts kgl tbfor fgvoragjfgt. Kgkhfmtk ^rkfbostaromk Hfolfjok RO4 ;-0<2.

@fchfr, F.@., ;?324 ]fx, stktus kgl kutbaroty og fckhotkrokg samofty. Kjfromkg Kgtbrapahacost 2>4 63;-622.

@fbrfgs, B., ;?3=4 Lof Dugcshfogzfot oj Jottfhfh`f-]kkhf Cfòft. @frhog4 UF@ Lfutsmb fr Ufrhk c lfr Sossfgsmbketfg.

@fbrfgs, B., ;?364 UUortsmbket ugl Cfsfhhsmbket oj Gfahotboiuj lfs Jottfhfh`f-]kkhf Cfòftfs. ^rkfiosharosmbf Wfotsmb'roehW>4 ;<;-;5>.

@fhh, K.S., ;?554 Khcfbrkom strumturfs. Haglag4 . Xh hk g kgl Vgwog.

@frcfr, K.B., ;?354 ]trumturkh kgl fmhfmtom rfvosoags ae Jkrxost strktfcy4 k muhturkh jktfrokhost mrotoquf. Murrfgt Kgtbrapahacy hy4

0?>-=><.

@frcfr, H.P., ;?3;4 "Iag tog uot kt ugl Losiagtoguotkt og lfr ]ombt lfr Vr- ugl Erøbcfsmbo mbtf". Og4 B. \rø jpy (Brc.)4 Iagtoguotkt

ugl Losiagtoguotkt og lfg Cfostfsu'ossfgsmbkdtfg. Lkrj stk lt ;?3=4 0=-60.

@frhmikjp, B., ;?364 "Skglfr`kufrgtuj alfr ]oflhugcsiagstkgz1" Og4 ^rfuss ;?364 26-?>.

@frtfhs, I., ;?3=4 Cfsmboflfgos tussfg struituur fg fvfgfjfgt. Kjstfrlkj4 Sftfgsmbkppfhodif Votcfvfrod.

@frtfhs, I. kgl L. Gkutk, ;?5?4 Oghfologc tat bft jalfh`fcrop. @ussuj4 Ukg Losbafmi.

@ogearl, H.P., ;?524 "Krmbkfahacomkh pfrspfmtovfs." Og4 @ogearl kgl @ogearl ;?524 6-=0.@ogearl, H.P., ;?304 .Wg krmKkrk/acoek//oe«/)woow. Gfw _ari kgl Haglag4 ]fjogkr ^rfss.

@ogearl, ].P. kgl H.P. @ogearl (fls.), ;?524 KUoe/eMJ/owtaJ dg krmta/acy. Mbomkca4 Khlogf.

@orl.so'hh, D.@., ;?3=4 K `ksom lfjacrkpbof ugot. M'«rre«( o<«/Kra/)aeaW)o Ɛ./.• ==3-=65.

ZoYao4b, S. {ml.), á8)'DWk4 Khkr.xost kgkhysfs kgl samokh kgtbrapahacy. baglag4 Jmohk`y Urfss.

@hamb, J., ;?36`4 "^rapfrty kgl tbf fgl ae kehogoty." Og4 @hamb ;?36k4 0>=-002.

@hai, X., ;?364 OUottcfjtfog fg Fhoks - ffg jftbalosmbf rombthodg vaar lf kgtrapahacof. Kjstfrlkj4 Ktbfgkfuj.

@ambfoosio, O.J., ;?6<4 Lof zfotcfgõs.g.smbfg Lfgijftbalfg. Jøgmbfg4 Erkgmif Ufrhkc.

@abkggkg, ^., ;?5=4 ]amokh kgtbrapahacy. Hojlag ftm 4 Baht, Pogfbkrt kgl Sogstag.

@arohha, J., ;?3>4 "Hk vïroeomktoag lfs bypatbfsfs fg krmbïahacof4 lfux pks vfrs ugf jftbalf." Og4D.M. Ckrlog kgl J. @arohha (ïls.)

;?3>4 WrmKWa/aWWoU«/mk/m«/k/W«r.á. ^kr os4 M. G. P. ]. 4 3;-? >. , , .

@ullfg, E.D., ;?304 \Kf/arjk8!>« a/Wra«/)o. Mkj`rolcf4 Vgovfrsoty ^rfss.

@urcuoârf, K., ;?3<4 "Hk lïjacrkpbof." Og4 Hfcah\kgl Gark ;?3<, Uah. OO4 3<-;><.

@usmbkg, C., ;?004 hVustrofrtf Uýhifriuglf. (0 Uahs.) ]tuttckrt4 ]trfmifr kgl ]mbrõlfr. 0gl. rfvl. flg.

@utsmbiaw, B ., ;?=64 Lof @kg lifrk josm bfg ]tohk rtfg Jott fhlf utsmb hkgls . DkKrJoo4Kro/oQ/«r rew Uarcfsmbombhf lfr ]lmbsosmb-\børogcosmbfr

Hlglfr "dW4 ;-;02.

@utthfr, S., ;?=24 Lfr Lagkuhlglosmbf ugl Sfstosmbf Iuhturirfos lfrdøgcfrfg ]tfogzfot. @frhog kgl Hfopzoc4 Bkglùmb lfr Uarcfsmbombtf

Lfutsmbhkgls 0.

@utthfr, S. kgl S. Bkvfrfy, ;?=54 Lof @kglifrkjosmbf Kgsoflhugc `fo Iõhg-Hoglfgtbkh. Põjosmb-Cfrjkgosmbf Earsmbugcfg ;;.

@utzfr, I.S., ;?304 Fgvoragjfgt kgl krmbkfahacy. Haglag4 Jftbufg. 0gl. rfvl. flg.

Mkbfg, L., ;?354 Lks Tuskjjfgsftzfg cfsmbhkcfgfr ]tfogkrtfekitf. Krmbkahacosmbfs Iarrfspaglfgz`hktt 54 2;-?<.

Mkgmokg, E., ;?354 ]amokh strktoeomktoag. Kggukh Pfvofw ae Kgtbrapahacy 6.' 003-0<2.

Mkrgfora, P.H., ;?3>4 K tbfary ag tbf arocog ae tbf stktf. ]mofgmf o5c4 3==-3=2.

Mkrgfora, P.H., ;?3<4 K rfkpprkoskh ae tbf rahfs ae tfmbgahacy kgl arckgozktoag og tbf arocog aemovohozktoag. Kjfromkg Kgtoquoty Wc4

;3?-;25.

http://dains/

http://dains/

http://llan/

http://llan/

http://llan/

http://dains/



M9okrif, L.H.,Mhkrif, L.H.,MVkrif, L.H.,('hkrif. L.H.,M9okrif, L.H.,(habag. J.G.,Magihog, B.M,Magihog, B.M,

0 0 0 @ O @ H O A C P K ^ B _

Mbkgfy, P.P., ;?324 âhytbfjktom fxpkgsoag4 rfjkris ag Gfflbkj's pahytbftom mhkssoeomktoag. Murrfgt Kgtbrapahacy oc4 ;=?-;<=.

M9bkràggofr, C., ;?5?4 Magvfrsktoaj uotb Mhkulf Hïvo-]trkuss. Haglag4 Mkpf. (ar. Erfgmb flg. ;?5;).

Mhoohlf, X' .C., ;?634 \bf Lkwg ad Furapfkg Movohozktoag. Gfw _ari4 X'ogtkcm @aais. 5tb. rfvl. flg.

Mhkfssfg, B.D.J., ;?3>4 Ukg varstfg fg vahifg. ^b.L.tbfsos9 Kjstfrlkj.

Mhkfssfg, B.D.J, kgl ^. Ihaas, ;?324 Fvahutof fg fvahutoagosjf. Kssfg kgl Kjstfrlkj4 X 'k g Carm uj.

Mhkfssfg, B.D.J, kgl ^. ]ikhgoi (fls.), ;?324 \bf Fkrty ]tktf. 's-Crkvfgbkcf4 Jautag.Mhkri, D.C.L., ;?554 \bf ogvksoag bypatbfsos og @rotosb krmbkfahacy. Kgtoquoty RH4 ;30-;2?.

Mhk ri, D. C. L. kgl ]. ôccatt ;?3>4 ^rfbostarof samoftofs. Bkrjaglswartb4 ^fgcuog @aais. 0gl. rfvl. flg.

Mhkri, P.J., ;?364 K mkho`rktoag murvf ear rkloamkràg lktfs. Kgtoquoty RHOR4 06;-055.

MVkrif L.H., ;?5<4 K tfgtktovf rfmhkssoeomktoag ae'@rotosb @fkifr âttfry og tbf hocbt ae rfmfgt rfsfkrmb. ^kokfabostarok ROO4 ;3?-;?2.

M9okrif, L.H., ;?524 Kgkhytomkh kfmbkïahacy. Haglag4 Jftbufg.

;?3>9 @fkifr âttfry aeCrfkt @rotkog kgl Orfhkgl. (0 Uahs.) Mkj`rolcf4 Vgovfrsoty ^rfss.

, (fl.) ;?30k4 Jalfhs og Krmbkfahacy. Haglag4 Jftbu fg.

;?30`4 "Jal fhs kgl pkrkl ocjs og magt fjp arkr y krmbkf ahac y." Og4 Mhkrif ;?30k4 ;-5>,

;?30m4 "K pravosoagkh jalfh ae kg Orag Kcf samofty kgl ots sftthfjfgt systfj." Og4 Mhkrif ;?30k4 2>;-23>.

;?3<4 "\ bf @fkifr gftwar i - samokh kgl fmagajof jalf hs." Og4 Hkg tog c kgl Ukg lfr Sk khs ;?354 <5>-<35.

;?364 Krmbkmahacomkh fvolfgmf ear papuhktoag prfssurf og prf-kcromuhturkh samoftofs. Kjfromkg Kgtoquoty <>4 <3;-<36.

, ;?5;4 \bf stuly ae sboetogc muhtovktoag. Murrfgt Kgtbrapahacy 04 03-5;.

, ;?5=4 Fh fstuloa lfh muhtova lf razkd\bf stuly ae sboetogc muhtovktoag. Sksbogctag4 Vgoag ^kgkjfromkgk.

Lkbrmoolare, P., ;?524 "A g tbf arocogs ae ogfquk hoty kj agc jf g. " Og4 K. @ïtfohhf (fl.) ;?5?4 ]amokh oruqukhoty. Bkrjaglswartb4

^fgcuog @aais4 ;5-<<.

Lkhtag, C., ;?334 "Kàrocogkh fmagajoms og stktfhfss samoftofs." Og4 Fkrhf kgl Fromsag ;?334 ;?;-0;0.

Lkgohavk, H., ;?3;4 Magtravfrsokh pra`hfjs ae tbf tbfary ae prfmkpotkhost samoftofs. ]avoft Kgtbrapahacy kgl Krmbkfahacy OR4 05?-=02.

Lkvol , G., ;?3;4 \b f Euhkgo majpa ugl kgl tbf krmbkfahacost. Sarhl Krmbkfahacy 9d4 ;;;-;=;.

LfCkrja, Ch.L., ;?334 "Olfgtoeomktoag ae prfbostarof ogtrksftthfjfgt fxmbkgcf." Og4 Fkrhf kgl Fromsag ;?334 ;6=-;3>.

Lf Craat, K.L., ;?5;4 Jftbalahacof. 's-Crkvfgbkcf4 Jautag.

Lf Craatb, J.F.\b., ;?334 ]ohfx lfr @kglifrkjoi. Kgkhfmtk ^rkfbostaromk Hfolfgsok R4 6?-3>.

Lfbg, S. kgl F. ]kgcjfostfr, ;?6<4 øof ]tfogzfot oj Pofs. Ikhhjøgz/Ape

Lf Dag cf , B. kgl C. Sofhf gck, ;?3=4 ]tktostosmbf jftbalfg vaar psymbahacfg fg samoahacfg. Cragogcfg4 \dffgi Sohhogi. (<lf lrui).

Lfdassfhog lfdagc, ^.F., ;?6;4 Jogkgcik`ku kgl. Xfcro-]fjòhkg4 samoapahotomkh strumturf og Oglagfsok. 's-Crkvfgbkcf4 Godbaee.

Lfdassfhog lf da gc , ^.F., ;?654 Lf vosof lfr pkrtomo pkgtfg ap bug muhtuur. @odlrkcfg tat lf \kkh-, Hkgl- fg Uahifgiuglf ;;04 ;<?-;52.

Lfdassfhog lfdagc, ^.F., ;?3;4 ^rfsujfl `fbkvoaur4 majjfgts ag MF. Pombkrls' `rofe majjugomktoag. Kjfromkg Kgtbrapahacost yd4

0ya-0\o.Lfdassfhog lfdagc, ^.F., ;?364 ]amokh arckgozktoag ae Jogkgcik`ku. Hfolfg4 Ogstotuut vaar Muhturfhf Kgtrapahacof.

LfDas,sfhog lfdagc, ^.F., ;?33k4 "Lflumtofvf kgtrapahacof fg Jogkgcik`ku," Og4 ^. Ihaas (rfl,) ;?334 Efstovkhgujjfr, lffh.;.

Hfolfg4 Ogstotuut vaar Muhturfhf Kgtrapahacof4 2=-?6.

Lfdassfhog lfdagc, ^.F., (fl.), ;?33`4 ]trumturkt kgtbrapahacy og tbf . Xftbfrhkrols. 's-Crkvfgbkcf4 Godbaee.

Lf Hkft, ].D. (fl.), ;?354 Kmmuhturktoag kglmagtoguoty og Kthkgtom Furapf. @ruccf4 Lf \fjpfh.

Lf Hffu w, D. , g.l.4 Mkgagomkh kgkhysos ae magtogcfgmy tk`hfs. Hfolfg4 Mfgtrkkh Pfifg Ogstotuut.

Lfshfxbf-Dkj attf, D., ;?504 Hk mïrkjoquf ajkh ofggf. @uhhftog lfs Mbfrmbfurs lf hk Skhhagoé ;24 ;-?0.

Loxag, S.D. kgl E.D. Jkssfy, ;?634 Ogtralumtoag ta stktostomkh kgkhysos. Gfw _ari ftm4 JmCrkw-Bohh. 0gl. rfvl. flg,

Labrg- Objoc , J., ;?3=4 Crupp fg og lfr døgcfr fg garlwfsthombfg @kglifrkjo i. Krmblahacosmbfs Iarrfspaglfgz`hktt d 4 03?-023.

Labrg-Objoc, J., ;?35k4 "Lofdøgcfrf @kglifrkjoi ojPbfoghkgl ugl obrf@fzofbugcfgzuj Sfstfg." Og4 Lf Hkft ;?354?6-;>6.

Labrg -Objo c, J., ;?35`4 "Iõ hgf r \yp", spktfr "skrik \y p" ugl khtfrf ]tomb`k glifrkjoi. Dkbrfssmbroet eør Jottfhlfutsmbf

Uarcfsmbombtf 5>4 ;>?-;;5.

Larkg , D. F. kgl E.P. Balsag, ;?364 Jkhbfjktoms kgl majputfrs og krmbkfahacy. FWlogùrcb4 Vgovfr.soty ^rfss.

Lrfggkg, P.L., ;?354 X rfehgfjfgt ae mbragahaco mkh sfroktoag usogc gagjft rom juhto lojfgs oagkh smkhogc. Kjfromkg Kgtoquoty <;4

0?>-=>0.

Loojagt, H., ;?5<4 Hk movohosktoag oglofggf ft gaus. ^kros4 Mahog.

Lujagt, H., ;?3>4 Baja bofrkrmbomus. Hagla g4 ^khk log (ar. Erfgmb fl g. ;?55).

Luggfhh, P.M., ;?3;4 ]ystfjktoms og prfbostary. Gfw _ari kgl Haglag4 Erff ^rfss.

Fkrhf , \.I ., ;?334 "K rfkppr kosk o ae rflost roùtoa g4 majphfx Bkwko okg mbofe lajs." Og 4 Fkrhf kgl Fromsag ;?334 0;=-00?.

Fkrhf, \.I. kglD.F. Fromsag (fls.), ;?334 Fxmbkgcf systfjs og prfbostary. Gfw _ari ftm4 Kmklfjof ^rfss.

Fgcfh`rfmbt, S., ;?3<4 \bf Oraquaos4 krmbkmahacomkh pkttfrgogc ag tbf tro`kh hfvfh. Sarhl Krmbkfahacy 54 60-56.

Fgcfhs, E., g.l.4 \bf arocog aetbfekjohy, prapfrty, kgl tbf stktf. Jasmaw4 Earfocg hkgcukcfs pu`hosbogc bausf. (ar. Cfrjkg flg. ;22<)

Ekrrucok, D.^. ft kh., ;?3=4 Lfr @kglifrkjosmbf ]oflhugcsphktz Hkgcwfohfr 0. @agg4 Pbfoghkgl Ufrhkc.

http://egri-sembilan/


http://etherlarids/

http://etherlarids/

http://etherlarids/




@ O@ O , hACP K^ B_ 0 0 =

h' oro b, P., V)304 \bf sifphukokgtbrapahacost1 ]amokhkgtbrapahacv kgl Jkrxost vofws ag samofty. Ogk ucu rkh Pk lmhothf -@rawg Hfmt urf og ]amokh

Kgtbrapahacy. (Khsø og @hamb ;?36k4 0?-5>).

Ihkggfry, I.U'. kgl J.L . Maf, ;?524 "]amokh k gl fmagajof systfjs og Earjkto vf Jfs akj fro mkg k." Og4 @ogearl kgl @ogearl ;?524

053-02=.

Ea um ku ht , J. , ;?554 T,« jaek «( efo mKaoJ. ^kr os4 Ck hh oj kr l.

Eax, P., ;?534 K'wdKo/o kgdWjkjkWf. Bkrjaglswartb4 ^fgcuog @aais.

Erofl , J .B ., ;?534 \Kf «pa/uowg a/ToatõIk/dakf/)'. Gfw _ar i4 Pk gl aj Baus f.

Erofl, J.B., ;?364 \bf gatoag aetro`f. Jfgha ^kri ftm4 Mujjogcs.

Ero fljk g, D., ;?3<4 Jkrxos j, strumt urkhosj kgl vuhckr jktfrokho sj. Jkg (G.].) c4 <<<-<5?.

Eroflgokg,D., ;?364 "\ro`fs, ]tktfs kgl trkgsh'arjktoags." Og4 @hamb ;?36k4 ;5;-0>0.

Ck`rofh, O., ;?354 Lof Hojùrcfr (oruppf. Aeek dd4 <=-5>.

Calfhofr, J., ;?364 "Jalfs ah'pral umtoa g.iogs bop, k gllf jacrk pbom str umtu rfs. " Og4 @hamb ;?36k4 =-03. (Khsa ogCalfho fr ;?33(;)4

'=3-;35)

Calfhofr, J., ;?334 Barozag, Orkdfmts jkrxostfs fg kgtbrapahacof. Y0 Uahs.) ^kros4 Jkspfra. Pfv l. f lg.

Calfhofr, J., ;?324 OgoUkstrumturfs, samoftofs, kgl bostary. Murrfgt Kgtbrapahacy oc4 35=-33;.

Cahljkgg, I., ;?3<4 Lof zfothombf Arlgugc prkbostarosmbfr Euglf Lurmb ]froktoag. Krmbkahacosmbfs Iarrfspaglfgz`hktt <4 2?-?<.

(oahhfr, I., ;?524 "Lof Põssfgfr Iuhtur og obrfg sølwfsthombfg Ufr`fotugcscfòft." Og4 Euglkjfgtk Kd, Uk (;?30)4 0=;-05?.

Moøu`frt, ^., ;?5>4 @fkuvkos ft tf @fkuvkosos lf ;5>> k ;3=>. ^kros4 ]fvpfg.

Crkbkj, ;. ft kh., ;?354 Jalfh stulofs og majputfr sfroktoag. Daurgkh ae Krmbkfahacomkh ]mofgmf =4 ;-=>.

Cuoh hkuj og, D., ;?524 "Lfs stktostoqufs paur rft bga hac uf ." Og4 D. âorofr (ïl.) ;?524 Ftbgahacof cïgïrkhf. ^kros4 ^hïoklf4 =26-=?=.

Bkfif h, D., ;?654 "T uj bfuto cfg Earsmbugcss tkgl lfr bostarosmbfg Ftbg ahac of. " Og4 D. Bk fifh ft kh. (Brc.) ;?654 Lof Sofgfr ]mbuhf

lfr Uýhifriuglf. Sofg 4 @frcfr-Barg 4 ;3-?>.

Bkccftt, ^., ;?564 Hamktoagkh kgkhysos og bujkg cfacrkpby. Hagla g4 Krgahl.

Bkrjkg, B.B., ;?534 Jalfrg ekmtar kgkhysos. Mbomkca kgl Haglag4 Vgovfrsoty ae Mbomkca ^rfss. 0gl. rfvl. flg.

Bkrros, J., ;?524 \bf rosf ae kgtbrapahacomkh tbfary. Haglag4 Jftbuf g.

Bkrros, J., ;?3<4 Maws, ôcs, Skrs kgl Sotmbfs4 tbf rollhfs ae muhturf. Gfw _ari4 Pkg laj Bausf.

Bkrros, J., ;?364 Pfphy ta Bfogfg ... Murrfgt Kgtbrapahacy ;54 <6<-<66.

Bkushf r, K., ;?5<4 Vf`f rfo gsto jjug cfg zwosmbfg lfg @fstkttugcsrotfg vag Dk cfr - ugl Eosmbfr-cruppf g ugl lfr Iuo tur fg lfs

Lagkuhkglosmbfg Irfosfs. Kr`fots- ugl Earsmbugcs`frombtf zur slmbsosmbfg @alfglfgijkhpehfcf od4 6=-30.

Bkushfr, K., ;?554 Tuj U'frbkhtgos vag Jkggfrg, Erkumg ugl Ioglmrg og (Drk`fr lfr ]tfogzfot. .Kr`fots- ugl Earsmbugcs`frombtf zur

slmbsosmbfg @alfglfgijkhpehfcf ;<4 06-3<.

Bkvvims,D., ;?524 \bf prapfr stuly ae jkgiogl, WI/OWJ!/) 'KR// 9 066-050.

Bkwifs, \., ood-d\. ]trumturkhosj kglsfjoatoms. bagKarw Jfh_jfg.Bkys, S.H., ;?3=4 ]tktostomsear tbf samokh smofgmfs. Haglag ftm4 Baht, Pogfbkrt kgl Sogstag. 0gl. flg.

Bfjpfh, M.C., ;?564 Kspfmts aesmofgtoeom fxphkgktoag. Gfw _ari kgl Haglag4 Erff ^rfss.

Bohh, D. G., ;?304 "\ bf jfhbalah acomkh lf`k tf og magt fjpa rkry krmbkf ahacy4 k jal fh ." Og4 Mhkrif ;?30k4 5;-;>2.

Bohh, D. G. k gl P .I. Fvkgs, ;?304 "K jalf h ear mhkssoeomktoag kgl typah acy." O g9 Mhkrif ;?30k4 0=;-03=.

Balsag, E.P., ;?334 [ukgtoeyogc Bkhhstktt4 sajf ogotokh rfsuhts. Kjfromkg Kgtoquoty <04 =?<-<;0.

Balsag, E'.P., L.C. Ifglkhh kgl ^. \kutu (fls.) ;?3;4 Jkhbfjktoms og tbf krmbkfahacomkh kgl bostaromkh smofgmfs. Flogùrcb4 Vgovfrsoty

^rfss.

Bahhogkgg, F., ;?5=4 øof Iuhtur lfr @kglifrkjti og ]kmbsfg. @frhog4 UF@ Lfutsm bfr Ufr hkc lfr Sossfgsmbketfg.

Backrtb, K.M., ;?304 Majjag sfgsf og krmbkfahacy. Kgtoquoty RHUO4 =>;-=><.

Bahf, E., ;?524 "Fvo lfgmf ae samokh arckgo zkto ag eraj Sfstfr g Or kg, 2>>>-<>>> @.M ." Og4 @ogearl kgl @ogearl ;?524 0<6-056.

Ifmsogc, E.J., ;?564 Oghfologc tat lf muhturfhf kgtrapahacof. Vtrfmbt kgl Kgtwfrpfg4 ]pfmtruj, (ar. Kjfromkg flg. ;?62).

Ihfdg, H.]., ;?354 Lks Gfahotboiuj Furapks khs fog Ckgzfs. Dkbrfssmbroeteør Jottfhlfutsmbf Uarcfsmbombtf 5>4 ?-00.

Ihfdg, H.]., ;?334 K pkgarkjk ae tbfarftomkh krmbkfahacy. Murrfgt Kgtbrapahacy ;24 ;-<0.

Ihaøs, ^., ;?3;4 \bf Jkrago Povfr Mkrobs ae ]urogkj. Kssfg4 X'kg Carmuj.Iõgoc, P., ;?5?4 ]amoahacof lf hk jalf. ^kros4 ^kyat.

Iufgfg, L.D., (rfl.) ;?534 âpuhktofòahacof. Skcfgogcfg4 û lam

Iubg, \b.]., ;?3>4 \bf strumturf aesmofgtoeom rfvahutoags. Mbomkca4 Eauglktoags ao tbf Vgoty ae ]mofgmf. 0gl. fgh. flg.

Iuhmzymik-Hfmofdfwomzawk, K., ;?3>4 "\bf Hogfkr kgl ]traifl âttfry muhturfs." Og4 \. Syshkoosio (fl.) ;?3>4 \bf Gfahotbom og

âhkgl. Sramtkw ftm4 ^.K.I. Gkui4 ;<-36.

Iupfr, P. kgl D. Høgogc, ;?364 "Vgtfrsumbugcfg zur gfahotbosmbfg @fsomlougc lfr Khlfgbavfgfr ^hkttf." Og4 Kuscrkùgcfg og

Lfutsmbhkgl oc6>-ocyW. Jkogz9 Põjosmb-Cfrjkgosmbfs Tfgtrk hjusmuj. @kgl O4 26-?3.

Iupfr, P. ft kh., omW'g4 @kccfr ugl @kglifrkjoifr. XujfXXvtoXceikvKa%.

Iupmo'. P. mh kh., ;?364 Vgtfrsumbugcfg zur @fsomlougc lfr Khlfgbavfgfr ^hkttf U. @aggfr Dkbr`ømbfr hyW4 ;?;-0=>.



@ O @ H O A C P K ^ B _ 0 0 6

Jallfrjkg, ^.D.P., ;?3>4 Hogfkr`kglifrkjoi kus IOsoaa ugl ]tfog. Kgkhfmtk Erkfbostaromk Hfolfjok Bh (0 Uahs.).

Jallfrjkg, ^.D.P., ;?3;K4 @kglifrkjoifr ugl Skglfr`kufrgtuj. Krmbkahacosmbfs Iarrfspaglfgz`hktt ;4 3-?.

Jal lfr jkg , ^.D.P., ;?3o@4 Gfahotosmbf ugl erøb`ragzfzfothombf ]oflhugcsspurfg kus Bofgb foj, Hlir. Ifhbf oj. Kgkhfmtk

Erkfbostaromk Hfolfgsok OU4 ;-06.

Jal lfr jkg , ^.D.P ., ;?3=4 "@fspofcfhogcfg avfr lf magstrumtof vkg ffg `kglmmr kjos mb buo s." Og4 S.K. vkg Fs ft kh. (rfl.)9

Krmbfahacof fg bostarof. @ussuj4 Eoù hk- Ukg Losbafmi9 ;=;-;<>.

Jallfrjkg, ^.D.P., ;?3<4 Lof Hojùrcfr Ifrkjoi vag Ifssfhmyi. Krmbkahacosmbfs Iarrfspaglfgz`hktt <4 6-;;.

Jal lfr jkg , ^.D.P ., ;?35k4 ';'bfarof ugl ^rkxos `fo lfr Frearsmbugc lfs á'røb gfaho tboiu js oj Cfòft lfs Goflfrr bfogs ugl lfr

Jkks. Dkbrfssmbroeteør Jottfhlfutsmbf Uarcfsmbombtf 5>4 <?-5>.

Jallfrjkg, ^.D.P., ;?35`4 K`smbwfjjugc ugl gmahotbosmbf ]oflhugcsphktzf og Goflfr`kyfrg. Krmbkahacosmbfs Iarrfspaglfgz hktt

54 ;>6-;>2.

Jal lfr jkg , ^.D.P ., ;?334 Lof gfahotbosmbf @msoflhugc `fo Bofg bfoj, Hlir. Ifhbfo j - O4 Lof -Uuscrkùgcfg kj Sfog`f rc ;?56-

;?3>. Kgkhfmtk Erkfbostaromk Hfolfgsok R.

Jallfrjkg, ^.D.P. kgl B.\. Sktfràhi (rfl.), ;?62/?4 @kglifrkjoi og lfg Goflfrhkglfg. Ekhkfabtstarok UhdUOO.

Jagtfbus, A., ;?>=/;?0=4 Lof lhtfrfg Iuhturpfroalfg oj Aroégt ugl og Furapk. (0 Uahs.). ]tamibahj9 provktf flg.

Jaarf, E.S., ;?3=9 "\bf Bujkg Pfhktoags Krfk Eohfs." Og9 Gkrahh kgl Mabfg ;?3=9 5<>-5<2.

Jarc kg, Mb .C. , ;?304 Krmbkfahacy kgl f xphkg ktoag . hoWartý/OrmKkfa/ac)'W.'06?-035.

Jarckg, Mb.C., ;?3<4 Fxphkgktoag kgl smofgtoeom krmbkfahacy. Sarhl Krmbkfahacy 54 ;==-;=3.

Jarckg, H.B., ;2339/egmofg/5'am!7/y. Gfw _ari9 Sarhl û`hosbogc.Jaragfy, J.D., ;?6;4 Ekmtserajeocurfs. Bkr jagl swar tb9 ^fgcuog @aais. (rfprogt ;?3>).

Jayfr, L.]., ;?359 ^kros-Hfolfg kgl atbfr appasotoags. Hfolfg4 Ogst otuut vaar Muhtu rfhf Kg trapahacof .

Jurlami, C.^., ;?<?4 ]amokh strumturf. Haglag4 E'rmf ^rfss. [ooatfs eraj ;?56 pkpfr`kmi flg.

Jurlami, C.^., ;?539 Ftbgacrkpbom kthks. ôttsùrcb4 Vgovfrsoty ^rfss.

Gkglro s, D. , ;?309 "Pfh ktoa gs `ftwffg tbf Jfsahotbo m, tbf eorst \f jpk rkt f Gfahotbom, kgl tbf @kglifrkjo i9 tbf gktur f ae tbf

pra`hfj." Og4 Kitufhhf Erkcfg lfr @kglifrkjoi. ]zïifsefbïrvkr9 5;-3>.

Gkrahh, P., ;?504 Ehaar krfk kgl sftthfjfgt papuhktoag. Kjfromkg Kgtoquoty 03.- 623-62?.

Gkrahh, P. kgl P. Mabfg (fls.), ;?3=4 /h bkglàaiadjftbalogmuhturkhkgtbrapahacy. Gfw _ari kgl Haglag9 Mah ujòk Vgovfrsoty ^rfss.

Gfflbkj, P., ;?369 âhytbftom mhkssoeomktoag9 magvfrcfgmf kgl magsfqufgmfs. Jkg (DU.].) ;>4 =<?-=5?.

Gfustupgy, F., ;?524 K`sahutf mbragahacy ae tbf Gfahotbom kgl Kfgfahotbom pfroals og Mfgtrkh kgl ]autbfkstfrg Furapf. ]havfjil

Krmbfahýcok RUO4 ;?-5>.

Gfustupgy, F., ;?3<4 "^krklocj hast". Og9 Hkgtogc kgl Ukg lfr Skkhs ;?354 0<;-0<3.

Gfwfhh, P.P. kgl K.K. Lfiog, ;?334 Kg ogtfcrktovf strktfcyear tbf lfeogotoag ae `fbkvwrkhhy jfkgogceuh krmbkfahacomkh ugots. Vgpu`h. J].

Gof, G.B. ft kh., ;?364 ].^.].]. Gfw _ari ft m9 JmCrk w-Bohh . (0gl. rfvl. flg.).Gaatfr, C. ;?339 Hfklfrsbop kgl bfklsbop. Hfolfg9 Jusfuj ae Ftbgahacy.

A'Hkucbhog, @., ;?364 Jkrxost kpprakmbfs og kgtbrapahacy. Kggukh Pfvofw ae Kgtbrapahacy <4 =<;-=3>.

Agvhff, H., ;?<?4 Gkkr kkghfologc vkg lf stuwlkj og Jkgcoho. @odlrkcfg tat lf \kkh-, Hkgl- fg Uahifgiuglf oa§4 <<6-<6?.

Astfrbkus, V., ;?364 Dugcstfogzfothombf Crk`frefhlfr kg Lagk utkh - Cfwoggf ugl Ufrhustf. Kuscrkùgcsgatozfg kus @kyfrg ocyWdo.

Attkwky, @. kgl Mbr. ]trkbj, ;?3<4 ]woss gfahotbom mappfr`fkls4 murrfgmy, argkjfgts ar prfstocf otfjs1 Sarhl Krmbkfahacy 54

=>3-=0;.

^kvhø, H, ;?3<9 @fsmbrfoùgcsearjkhosofrugc lfr @fzofbugcfg zwosmbfg ]oflhugcsa`dfitfg lfr Hogfkr`kglifrkjoi. ]havfgsik

Krmbfahýcok RROO4 <56-<3<.

^kvhth, H, ;?339 \a tbf jftbals ae Hogfkr âttfry sftthfjfgt kgkhysos. Ekjltiy Krmbfahýctmif 524 6-66.

^kvøi, D., ;?30k4 "T ur ^ra`hfjktoi lfr Crk`frefhlfr jot lfr Hogfkr` kglifr kjoi. " Og4 Kitufhhf Erkcfg lfr @kglifrkjoi. ]zïifs

efbïrvkr4 ;0=-;=>.

^kvøi, D., ;?30 4 Gfahotbosmbfs Crk`frefhl og Gotr k. ]havfgsik Krmbfahýcok RR4 6-;>5.

^ftravk-Kvfriofvk, _u., ;?334 Bostaromosj ae ]avoft ftbgacrkpbom smofgmf. Era`hfjs ae tbf magtfjparkry warhl <c4 ftbgacrkpby kgl

rfhktfl smofgmfs4 0<-=2.^bohhops, ^., ;?304 âpuhktoag, fmagajy kgl samofty og tbf Mbkssfy-Martkohhal-Hkcazzk muhturfs. Sarhl Krmbkfahacy' <4 <;-65.

^hac, E'.\., ;?3<9 \bf stuly ae prfbostarof mbkgcf. Gfw _ari kgl Hagl ag4 Kmklf jof ^rfss.

^hac, E.'O"., ;?369 ]ystfjs tbfary og krmbkfahacomkh rfsfkrmb. Kggukh Pfvofw ae Kgtbrapahacy <4 0>3-00<.

^hac, ]., ;?3=4 Ukrokòhoty og mfrkjom lfsocg erfqufgmofs ks k jfksurf ae prfbostarof samokh arckgozktoag. Jojfacrkpb.

âppfr. I.P., ;?634 \bf pavfrty ae bostaromosj. Haglag4 Pauthflcf kgl Ifckg ^kuh.

;?554 \bf apfg samofty kgl ots fgfjofs. (0 Uahs.). Haglag4 Pauthflcf kgl Ifckg ^kuh. (6tb. rfvl. flg.).;?529 \bf hacom ae smofgtoeom losmavfry. Gfw _ari kgl Fvkgstag4 Bkrpfr kgl Paw. (rfvl. fgh. flg.).

;?5?4 Magdfmturfs kgl rfeutktoags. Haglag9 Pauthflcf kgl Ifckg ^kuh. (=rl. rfvl. flg.).

;?304 A`dfmtovf igawhflcf. Axearl9 M hkrf glag.

gac, s . '?3=*()ppfr IP.*appmr IP.'appfo' IP.'appfr I.P.'appfo' IP.



0 0 5 @ O @ O . O A C P K ^ B _

^rfuss,D. (Brc.), ;?364 ]yjàhkf ^rkfbostaromkf. ("]mbhfttf Efstsmbroet") @frhog4 . Xh ok lf jo f Ufrhkc.

(Wuottk, B., ;?5>4 Tur Erkcf lfr khtfstfg @kglifrkjoi og Jottfhfurapk. ^rkfbostarosmbf Wfotsmbroet =24 ;-=?, ;6=-;2?.

Pklmhoohf-@rawg, K.P., ;?604 ]trumturf kgleugmtoag ogprojotovf samofty. Haglag 4 Mabfg kgl Sfst. (rfpr. ;?52).

Pkglsàrc, I., ;?3<4 ]amokh strktoeomktoag og Fkrhy @ragzf Kcf Lfgjkri. ^rkfbostarosmbf Wfotsmbroet <c4 =2-5;.

Pkpp, P., ;?334 @rofe rfvofw ae Mhkulf Jfohhkssaux' Efjjfs, Crfgofrs ft Mkpotkux. Lokhfmtomkh Kgtbrapahacy 04 =;3-=00.

Pkppkpart, P.K,, ;?524 ôcsear tbf kgmfshars. Gfw Bkvfg kgl Haglag4 _khf Vgovfrsoty ^rfss.

Pfkl, L.UU. kgl K.H. Mbro.stfgsfg, ;?324 Majjfgts ag "mhustfr kgkhysos kgl krmbkfahacomkh mhkssoeomktoag." Kjfromkg Kgtoquoty <=4

6>6-6>3-Pflhomb, M , ;?554 Gfuf @fa`kmbtugcfg ø `fr lof @fstkttugcssottfg oj @kglifrkjosmbfg Crk`frefhl ]aglfrsbkusfg (\børogc fg).

Jkmbrombtfg kus Goflfrskmbsfgs Vrcfsmbombtf d W 4 ;<-;3.

Pfogfmif, I., ;?324 Lof Hogfkr`kglifrkjoi og Goflfr`kyfrg. @fotrkcf zur Cfsmbombtf Goflfr`kyfrgs wkbrfgl lfr Dugcshfogzfot O4 <-0>.

Pfgerfw, M , ;?5?4 Pfvof w ae Mhkrif ;?52. Kgtoquoty RHOOO4 0<;-0<<.

Pfgerfw, M. (fl.), ;?3=4 \bf fxphkgktoag ad muhturf mbkgcf4 jalfhs og prfboshary. Haglag4 Lumiwartb.

Pfgerfw, M , ;?364 "Jfc kho tbs, tfrrotarofs kgl papuhkto ags." Og4 Lf Hkft ;?354 ;?2-00>.

Pacfrs, F.J., ;?504 Loeeusoag aD oggavktoags. Gfw _ari kgl Haglag4 Erff ^rfss.

Pajfog, D., ;?=24 "Avfr lf jfgsfhodif wkkrlocbfo l." Pfpr. o gd . Pajfog ;?354 Bostarosmbf hodgfg fg pktragfg. Kjstfrlkj4 [ufrola4

;;?-;<5.

Pajgfy, K.I. ft kh. (fls.), ;?304 Juhtolojfgsoagkh smkhogc. (0 Uahs.) Gfw _ari kgl Haglag4 ]fjogkr ^rfss.

Pøwh kgls , J.D. kgl D. Chflbohh , ;?334 "\ bf rfhkto ag `ftwffg krmbkfahacy kgl kgtb rapah acy. " Og4 ]proccs ;?334 ;<=-;62.

Pugmojkg, UU.C., ;?554 "\bf tbrff lojfgsoags ae samokh ogfqukhoty." Og4 K. @ïtfohhf (fl.) ;?5?9 ]amokh ogfqukhoty. Bkrjaglswartb4

^fgcuog @aais4 <6-5<.

]kbhogs, J.L. , ;?624 "]amokh strkto eomkto ag og iogsbops amofto fs." Og4 K. @ïtfohhf (fl.) OM)5[4 ]amokhogfquk/ohy. Bkrjaglswartb4 ^fgcuog

@aais4 0=?-0<3.

]kbhogs, J.L. , ;?5;4 \bf sfcjfg tkry hogfkcf, kg arckgoz ktoag aep rflk tary f xpkgsoag. Kjfromkg Kgtbrapahacost 5d4 =00-=<6. [uatfs

eraj rfpr. og P. Mabfg k g l d . Jollhftag (fls.) ;?534 Majpkrktovfpahotomkh systfjs. Ckr lfg Moty4 Kjfromk g Jusfuj 4 2?-;0>.

]kbhogs, J.L., ;?524 \ro`fsjfg. Fgchfwaal Mhoh\s4 ^rfgtomf Bkhh.

]kbhogs, J.L., ;?304 ]tagf Kcf fmagajoms. Mbomkca kgl Gfw _ari4 Khlogf kgl . 'Xtbfrtag.

]kbhogs, J.L., ;?354 Muhturf kgl prkmtomkh rfksag. Mbom kca kgl Hag lag4 Mbom kca Vgovfrsoty ^rfss.

]kbhogs, J.L. kgl F.P. ]frvomf (fls.), ;?5>4 Fvahutoag kgl muhturf. Kgg Kràr4 Vgo vfrsoty ae Jombock g ^rfss.

]khosùry, P.E., ;?654 Ksyjjftromkh jkrrokcf systfjs. Kjfromkg Kgtbrapahacost d24 5=?-566.

]khosùry, P.E., ;?504 Eraj stagf ta stffh. Haglag kgl Gfw _ari4 Vgovfrsoty ae Jfhàurgf ^rfss.

]khj ag, J.B. , ;?364 Mageorjk toag kg l fxph kgkt oag og krmbkfah acy. Kjfromkg Kgtoquoty <>4 <6?-<5<.

]khjag, J.B., ;?354 "Lflumtovf" vfrsus "oglumtovf" krmbkfahacy. Kjfromkg Kgtoquoty <;4 =35-=2>.]kgcjfostfr, F., ;?6;4 Tuj Mbkr kitfr lfr @kglifrkjosmbfg ]oflhugc. d d . @frombt lfr Põjosmb-Cfrjkgosmbfg Iajjossoag4 2?-;>?.

]mboftzfh, I., ;?564 Jøllfrsbfoj. Euglkjfgtk K O.

]mbohefr, J.@., ;?354 @fbkvoarkh krmbfahacy. Gfw _ari ftm4 Kmklfjof ^rfss.

]mbgkpp, K., ;?3<4 "H-krmbïahacof". Og4 HfCahekgl Gark ;?3<, Uah. OO4 =-0<.

]mbgfolfr, B.I., ;?36k4 Fmagajof lfvfhapjfgt kgl kgtbrapahacy. Kggukh Pfvofw ae Kgtbrapahacy <4 03;-0?0.

]mbgfolf r, B.I., ;?36 9 Pfvofw aeCalfh ofr ;?3=./bfrf fgtfrfl ks Calfhofr scdyhMurrfgt Kgtbrapahacy ;54 <03-<<0.

]fhhtoz, Mh. ft kh., ;?554 Pfsfkrmb jftbals og samokh rfhktoags. Gfw _ari ftm 4 Baht, Pogfbkr t kgl Sogstag. (rfvl. flg.).

]frvomf, F.P., ;?3;4 ^rojotovf samokh arckgozktoag - kg fvahutoagkry pfrspfmtovf. Gfw _ari4 Pkglaj Bausf. (rfvl. flg.).

]frvomf, F.P., ;?364 Arocogs ae tbf stktf kgl movohozktoag. Gfw _ari4 Gartag.

]bfggkg, ]., ;?364 \bf samokh arckgozktoag kt @rkgm. Kgtoquoty <c4 03?-022.

]bfpkrl, K.A., ;?569 Mfrkjomsear tbf krmbfahacost. Sksbogctag, L.M.4 Mkrgfcof Ogstotutoag. (6tb. ojpr.)

]bfrr kt, K.C., ;?304 "]amoa-fmagajom kgl lfj acrk pbom jalfhs ear tbf Gfahotbom kgl @ragzf .'Wcfs ae Fur apf ." Og4 Mh krif ;?30k4

<33-6<W-

]bryami, B .]. , D. ]. ]ofcfh ft kh., ;?354 \bf jftbals kgl jktfrokhs aelfjacrkpby. Gfw _ari ftm4 Kmklfjof ^rfss, (maglfgsfl flg.)]ofh jkgg, @., ;?354 Lfr Fogehu-ss lfr cfacrkpbosmbfg Vjwf ht kue lof Hogofg- ugl ]tom b`kgl ifrkj osmb fg @fsoflhugc lfs Jottf hfh`f-

]kkhf Cfòftfs. Dkbrfssmbroeteør Jottfhlfutsmbf Uarcfsmbombtf 5>4 =>6-==>.

]ofvfiogc, C. lfC. ft kh. (fls.), ;?354 ^rabhfjs og fmagajof kgl samokh krmbfkahacy. ("Crkbkjf Mhkri Efstsmbroet") Haglag4 Lumiwartb.

]osiogl, D., ;?324 Iogsbo p kgl jal f ae pralum toag . Kjfromkg Kgtbrapahacost 2>4 25>-230.

]haestrk, D., ;?3<4 Fmahacomkh kgl systfjs kpprakm bfs ta prfbostarof krm bkfahacy4 k suj jkry ae rfmfgt losmussoag. Bfhogovj ROU4

o8o=-'3=-]galcrkss, K.J., ;?354 "Mags frvog c samoftofs kgl oglf pfglf gt lfvfh apjf gt." Og4 D. U. ]. Jfck w (fl.) ;?354 \a ohhustrktf tbf

jagujfgts. Haglag4 \bkjfs kgl Bulsag4 63-50.

]aikh, P.P. kgl ^.B.K. ]gfktb, ;?5=4 ^rogmophfs aegujfromkh tkxagajy. ]kg Erkgmosma4 E rffj kg.

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@ O @ O . O A C P K ^ B _ 0 0 3

]aulsiv, @., o8)6t)4 K hk mbragahacof rïokhosf lf hk mïrkjoquf sporkhïf. Krmbfahýcomif Pazbhfld 24 <>2-<;0, <50-<5=.

]aulsiv , @., ;?504 \b f gfahotbom sotf ae @yhkg y./< «/!W« !/)'R _K\/9 ;?>-0>>.

]aulsiv, @., ;?55k4 @yhkgy. ^rkbk4 ^kjktgoiy gkso joguhasro <.

]aulsiv, @., ;?55`4 "^rogmophfs ae kutajktom lktk trfktjfgt kpphofl ag Gfahotbom pattfry." Og4 ]yjpasouj ag mhkssoeomktoag kgl kutajktom

lktk trfktjfgt, ]tamibahj oc55. ^rkcuf4 Krmbkfahacomkh Ogstotutf ;?53.

]aulsiy, @., ;?5?9 Ftulf lf hk jkosag gïahotboquf. ]havfgsik Krmbfahýcok od4 6-?5.

]aulsiy, @. kgl O. ^kvhoh, ;?304 "\bf Hogfkr ^attfry Muhturf sftthfjfgt pkttfrgs ae Mfgtrkh Furapf." Og4 ^.D. Vmia ft kh. (fls.)

;?304 Jkg, sftthfjfgt kgl ur`kgosj. Haglag4 Lumiwartb4 =;3-=02.

]pkuhlogc, K., ;?3<4 Pfvofw ae Luggfhh X8)-ZX. Kjfromkg Kgtoquoty 9dt)4 6;=-6;5.

]proccs, J. (fl.), ;?334 Krmbkfahacy kgl kgtbrapahacy. Axearl4 @KP supphfjfgtkry sfrofs ;?.

]tfbho, ^., ;?3=4 "Ifrkjoi". Og4 Ekrrucok ft kh. ;?3=4 63-;>>.

]tmbho, ^., ;?3<4 Crassckrtkmbfr ]mbmr`fg vaj @kglifrkjosmbfg ]oflhugcsphktz Hkgcwfohfr 2. Krmbkahacosmbfs Iarrfspaglfgz`hktt <4

;;3-;;?.

]trab, K., ;?=24 Lof Põssfgfr buhtur og ]oolwfstlfutsmbhkgl. 02. @frombt lfr Põjosmb -Cfrjk gosmbf g Iajjossoag.

\k`kmzygsio, ]t., ;?304 Cfsfhhsmbketsarlgugc ugl Cøtfrkustkusmb oj Gfahotboiuj Jottfhfurapks. Jfaootbosmbf ]tuloég O4 =;-?5.

rkogtfr,D..*X., ;?364 ]amokh ogefrfgmf kgl jartukry prkmtomfs4 kg fxpfrojfgt og gujfromkh mhkssoeomktoag. Sarhl Krmtokfahacy 39 ;-;6.

\frrky, F., ;?364 "Mhks.sfs kgl mhkss magsmoausgfss og tbf K`rag io gcla j aeC yk jk g. " Og4 @hamb ;?36k4 26- ;=6.

\ar`røccf, S kgl B.^. Vfgzf, ;?524 @ohlfr zur Uarcfsmtoomtotf @kyfrgs. Iagstkgz ftm4 \bar`fmif.

\umi, D.K ., ;?3;9 Agaglkck Oraquaos prfsbostary - k stuly og sftthfjfgt krmtokfahacy. ]yrkmusf4 Vgovfrsoty ^rfss.Ukg @kkh, D. , ;?364 Pfmopramoty kgl otofpasotoag aewajfg. Kssfg kgl Kjstfrlkj4 Ukg Carmuj.

Ukg lf Cffr, D.^., ;?534 Oghfologc og lf juhtovkrokhf kgkhysf. Krgbfj4 Ukg Hacbuj-]hktfrus.

Ukg lfr Hffuw, ].F., ;?3<4 \b f jftbalahacomkh lf `ktf og krmbkfahacy4 eugl kjfgtkh qufstoags. Bfhfgojg ROU4 ;3<-;26.

Ukg lfr Hffuw, ].F., ;?354 ]tulofs og tbf tfmbgahacf ae kruofgt pattfry. Kjst frlkj 4 Buoslruiifrod Vg ovfrsotfot.

Ukg lfr Skkh s, D. L. , ;?364 "Mag togu oty kgl losmaghog uoty og prfbostary." Og4 Lf Hkft ;?354 063-05>.

Ukg lf Ufhlf, ^., ;?3;4 Pfparteraj kg Kglkhusokg vohhkcf. Vgpu`h. J].

Ukg lf Ufhlf, ^., ;?354 Fog pkrklocjktosmbfs Ihkssoháiktoagssmbfjk zur Umrzomrugc lfr @kglifrkjoi og @kyfrg. Krmbkahacosmbfs

b'arrfspaglfz`hktt 54 ;>?-;;5.

Ukg lf Ufhlf, ^., ;?324 "Krmbfahacfg fg kgtrapahacof." Og4 C.M. Vbhfg`fmi (rfl.) ;?324 Krmbfahacof fg kgtrapahacof. Hfolfg4

Ogstotuut vaar Muhturfhf Kgtrapahacof4 0<-==.

Ukg lf Ufh lf, ^., ;?3?4 \b f samokh kgtbrapaha cy ae k gfahotbom crkvfykrl og tbf Gftbfrhkgl s. Murrfgt Kgtbrapahacy 0>4 =3-62.

Ukg (ofggfp, K., ;?334 \bf rotfs ae pksskcf. Haglag4 Pauthflcf kgl Ifckg ^kuh. (ar. Erfgmb flg. ;?>?).

Ukg Saulfg, E.K.F., ;?=64 ]amokhf strumtuurtypfg og lf Araatf Aast. Hfolfg 4 Cog s`f rc. (Fg ch. trkgsh.4 Lfg Bk kc 4 Godbaee ;?52).

Ukg Saulfg, E.K.F., ;?654 Hamkhf crafpfg fg lu``fhf kestkjjogc og Ialo, Sfst ]uj`k. @odlrkcfg tat lf \kkh-, Hkgl- fg Uahifgiuglf;;04 0><-0<5.

Ufrwfrs, C.D., ;?304 Lks Ikjps Ufhl og Bkps og Gfahotboiuj, @ragzfzfot ugl Fosfgzfot. Hfolfg4 Vgovfrsotkorf ^frs.

Sbk hha g, P., ;?524 "Ogv fst ock toag ae Hkt f ^rfbos tarof samokh arc kgoz ktoa g og Gfw _ari ]tktf. ' Og4 @ogearl kgl @ogearl ;?524

00=-0<<.

Sohiogsag, F.J., ;?3<4 "\fmbgoqufs ae lktk kgkhysos - sfroktoag tbfary." Og4 F.J. Sohiog.sag ft kh. ;?3<4 \fmbgosmbf ugl gkhur-

u'ossfgsmbkdhhombf @fotrlcf zur Efhlkrmbkahacof. Iõhg4 Pbfoghkgl Ufrhkc4 ;-;<0.

Sohho kjs, @.D., ;?524 "Fst k`ho sbo gc muhtur kh bftfracfg fotofs og sftt hfjfgt pkt tfr gs. ' Og4 @ogearl kg l @ogearl ;?529 ;5;-;3>.

Sottcfgstfog, H., ;?004 \rkmtktus Hacoma-^bohasapbomus. Haglag 4 Pauthflcf kgl Ifckg ^kuh.

Sahe, F.P., ;?554 etkskgek. Fgchfwaal Mhohes4 ^rfgtomf Bkhh.

Sahe, F.P., ;?364 Pfvofw ae Calfhofr ;?3=. |Bfrf fgtfrfl ks Calfhofr ;?33Z Lokhfmtomkh Kgtbrapahacy o4 ??-;><.

Ufgcaykg, K..W., ;?524 "Lfjacrkpbom kgl fmahacomkh oghhufgmfs ag k`arocogkh . Xu str kb kg jkrrokcf systfjs." Og4 P.@. Hff kgl

O. LfUarf (fls.) ;?524 Jkg tbf bugtfr. MWbomkca4 Khlogf-.Khbfr tag4 ;26-;??.

Tkpatamik, J., ;?3>9 Lof ]tomb`kglifrkjoi og @õbjfg ugl og Jottfhfurapk. Euglkjfgtk K=-OO.

Tuol`frc, H., ;?364 Jkrrokcf, efrtohoty kglekjohy phkggogc og Ifmkjktkg ]frpagc. Ogtfr-ug ovfrsoty ekjohy phkg gogc rfsfkrmb Vgovfrsotks

Oglagfsok ]tktf Vgovfrsoty Hfylfg.

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O4 ûrkl ocjk tom vs. tkxag ajof mhkssoeomktoag 6

04 @rfkikcf kgl Jal lfr jk g's mhkssoeomktoag 2

=4 @attaj lfmark toag ag H@I pat eraj Bofg bfoj ;6

<4 GVJFPomo\_ lm ja gs tr kt ml ag k pat eraj Bo fg bf oj ;5

64 \b f lfvmh apjfg t ae'H@I jatoes ks kg khcf`rk om craup ;2

54 Pf lu mt oa g ae tbf zoc zkc JKoG JA\oE ta k soj phf shkgt ;?

34 Erfqufgmo fs ae lfmar ktfl sbfrls pfr pot kt Bof gbfo j =>

24 Jalfh ae magtog uoty kgl losmagtog uoty, agf vkrok `hf <=

?4 Magt oguo ty kgl losmagto guoty, agf vkro k`hf , qukgtoeofl <=

;>4 Jalfh ae magtog uoty kgl losmagto guoty, tbrff vkrok`hfs <<

;;9 Magt oguo ty kgl losmagto guoty, tbrff vkrok`hf s, qukgtoeofl <6

;04 Ekmta r phat ae OO trkots ag tbf eorst twa majpa gfgts , Bofg bfoj 6>

;=4 Bofgbfoj4 mbkgcf og mfrkjom lfmarktoag wotb tojf, JALFH O 60

;<9 Bof gbf oj 4 mbk gcf og mfr kjo m lfm ark toa g wot b toj f, JALFH OO 6=

;64 Bof gbf oj4 mbk gcf og mfr kjo m lfm ark toa g wot b toj f, JALFH OOO 65

;54 Bofgbfoj4 sujjkry ae JALFH OOO, magl fgsf l ta sox jkm ra-p bks fs 6?

;34 Fhshaa4 progmopkh majpagf gts'mb ragahac y majpkrfl wotb Jallf rjkg' s 5=

;24 Fhshaa4 mbkg cf og mfrk jom lfmar ktoag wotb tojf, buts sprfkl fvfghy 55

;?4 Fhshaa4 mbkg cf og mfrk jom lfmar ktoag wotb tojf, buts mhustfrfl 53

0>4 Fhshaa4 mbkg cf og mfrk jom lfmar ktoag wotb tojf, eogls sprfkl fvfghy 52

0; 4 Fhshaa4 mbkg cf og mfrk jom lfmar ktoag wotb tojf , eogls mhustfrfl 5?

004 Bofgb moj4 lostro ùtoag ae sbfrls kgl eogls kmmarlo gc ta ekmtar smarfs 360=4 Bofgb foj4 ks Eoc. ;=, tbauc b wotb hkrcfr guj `fr ae eogls 35

0<4 Bof gbf oj 4 phat ae tbf rfsol ukhs og k juh top hf rfcrfssoag kgkhysos 33

064 Bofgbfoj4 mbkgcf og mfrkjom lfmarktoag wotb tojf, jkmra-pbksfs 33

054 Fhshaa crkvf ykrl4 mbragahacy ae crkvfs 26

034 Fhshaa crkvf ykrl4 lostro ùtoag ae tbf sfxfs ?>

024 Fhshaa crkvf ykrl4 lostro ùtoag ae rkgi ?<

0?4 Fhshaa crkvf ykrl4 craupo gc ae crkvfs kmma rlogc ta ^kvodi ?3

=>4 Fhshaa crkvf ykrl4 krò trkr y lovosoag ogta ? eofhls ?2

=; 4 Fhshaa crk vfy krl 4 eraj ? eofhls ta < sfmtars ??

=04 Fhshaa crkvfy krl4 tbf eaur mxmb kgcog c craups ;>>

==4 Cfgf rkh jalfh ae k eaur craup fxmbk gcf systfj ha o

=<4 Jalfh ae majphfx fxmbk gcf rfhktoags og k eaur craup systfj ha o

=64 Jalfh ae ksyjj ftrom kh kgl hogfkr fxmbk gcf og k eaur craup systfj ;>;

=54 Jalfh ae ksyjj ftrom kh kgl kht frgk togc fxmbk gcf, eaur craups ;>;=34 Jalfh ae syjjft romkh fxmbk gcf4 aghy twa craups tkif pkr t ha o

=24 Fhshaa cr kX fy kr l4 erfqufgmof s ae crkv f coets pfr sfmtar ;>=

=?4 Fhshaa crkvfy krl4 fxmbk gcf rfhktoags ;><

<>4 \rkgs oto ag jktromf s ae fxmbk gcf, Fhshaa mfjft fry ;><

<;4 Jalfh ae mrass-mausog jkr rok cf, ugohogfkh kgl jktr ohk tfrk h ;>6

<04 Jalfh ae mrass-mausog jkrr okc f, ugob gfkh kgl pktro hktf rkh ;>6

<=4 Jalfh ae mrass-mausog jkrr okc f, òhogfkh kgl uxarohamkh ;>6

<<4 Jalfh ae mrass-mausog jkr rok cf, òhogfkh kgl vorohamkh ;>6

<64 Fhshaa4 magstkgm y kgl mbkg cf og ekmtar pktt frgs wotb tojf ;=2

<5 4 Fhshaa4 buts og usf og eorst mfr kjo m pbks f ;<0



0 = > H O ] \ A E E O C V P F ]

<3 4 Fhshaa4 buts og usf og sfmagl mfr kjo m pbks f ;<0

<24 Fhshaa4 buts og usf og tbo rl mfr kjo m pbk sf ;<0

<?4 Fhshaa9 but s og usf og eaurt b mfr kjo m pbks f ;<=

6>4 Fhshaa4 buts og usf og eoetb mfr kjo m pbks f ;<=

6; 4 Fhshaa4 cfacrkp bomkh rfhamkt oag ae but craups wotb tojf ;<<

604 Fhshaa4 lost roù toa g ae joxfs ae jkda r vkro k`hf s og pbks f o ;<5

6=4 Fhshaa4 lost roù toa g ae joxfs ae jkda r vkro k`hf s og pbks f 0 ;<5

6<4 Fhshaa4 lost roù toa g ae joxfs ae jkda r vkro k`hf s og pbks f = ;<5

664 Fhshaa4 lost roù toag ae joxfs ae jkda r vkro k`hf s og pbks f < ;<3

654 Fhshaa4 lost roù toa g ae joxfs ae jkdar vkro k`hf s og pbks f 6 ;<3

634 \w a cfgfrkt oag skjphfs ae k lomb ataja us vkrok` hf ;6>

624 Ag f kgl k bkhe cfgfr ktoa g skjphfs ae k lomba tajau s vkrok` hf ;6>

6?4 Bofg bfo j4 magstkgmy kgl mbkg cf og ekmtar pkt tfrg s wotb tojf ;65

5>4 Bof gbf oj 4 phkg ae eogls eraj eorst mfr kjo m pbks f ;5>

5; 4 Bof gbf oj 4 phkg ae eogls eraj sfmagl mfr kjo m pbks f ;5;

504 Bo fgb fo j4 phkg ae eogls eraj tbo rl mfr kjo m pbks f ;50

5=4 Bof gbf oj4 phkg ae eogls eraj eaurtb mfrkj om pbksf ;5=

5<4 Bo fgb fo j4 phkg ae eogls eraj eoetb mfr kjo m pbk sf ;5<

56 4 Bof gbf oj 4 phk g ae eogls eraj soxtb mfr kjo m pbks f ;56554 Bofg bfo j4 ùohlo gc phats ;55



0 = 0 HO]\ AE \ K @ H F ]

<39 IOshag crk vfy krl 4 crkvfcoets U]. sfx, eaurtb lrkw.

<24 Fhshaa crkvfykrl 4 JKOG JA\OE] U]. ]\PVM\VPF].

<?4 Fhshaa crkvfy krl4 JKOG JA\OE] `y sfx.

6>4 Fhshaa crkvf ykrl4 spfmokhosts' pasotoags og tbf hogfkcf jal f ae pral umto ag.

6; 4 Fhshaa crkvfy krl4 khhambtbagf s' pasotoags og hogfkcf jalf ae pralumtoag.

604 \b f pbksfs eraj Mbk ptf r = majp krfl wotb tbasf eraj Mbkpt fr 6 .

6=4 Hfgctbs ae mfgtrk h pkrt s ae Lut mb H@I but s.

6<4 But typfs kt Fhshaa vs. stktus kt tbf crkvfykrl.

664 Hfgctbs ae mfgtrkh pkrt s pfr but typf, Lutm b H @I.

654 But typfs kgl kssamoktoag wotb lfmar ktfl sbfrls kt Fhshaa.

634 Gas. ae buts pfr typ f vs. gas. ae sbfrls kt Fhshaa.

624 Fhshaa4 jomra-pbksf s.

6?4 Fhshaa4 wotbog but craup lostkgmfs.

5>4 Fhshaa4 erfqufgmofs ae joxfs ae vkr ok` hf ]\PVM\VPF].

5; 4 Feefmts ae skjph f hfgctb ag jox ae lombat ajaus vkro k`hf .

504 Fhshaa4 but typfs pfr cra up kgl pbksf .

5= 4 Fhshaa4 lostro`ut oag ae but typfs ok kgl o ` avfr craups ae buts.

5<4 Bu t typfs kt Bofgbfoj kgl Fhshaa majpkrf l.

564 Hfgctb s ae mfgtrkh pkrt s ae buts, Lutmb H@ I vs. Bofgbf oj.554 ]ozfs kgl gas. ae but s pfr typf kt Fhshaa kgl Bofg bfo j.

539 Bofgbfoj4 typf h k buts U]. lfmarktfl sbfrls kssamoktoags.

524 Bofg bfoj4 gas. ae buts pfr typf vs. gas. ae lfmark tfl sbfrls.

5?4 Bof gbf oj4 joxfs ae jkda r vkro k`h fs pfr eogl.

3>4 Bofgbfoj4 tbf klaptoag ae bktmbogc kgl stk`- kgl-lrkc.

3; 4 Bofgbfoj4 bktmbogc kgl stk`-k gl-lrkc `y pbksf.

304 Bofg bfoj 4 joxfs ae JKOG JA\OE] kg l ]\PVM\VPF] avfr tojf.

3=4 Bofg bfoj 4 joxfs ks ammur rogc og but kssamoktfl pots.

3<4 Bof gbfo j4 but typfs vs. `uohlo gc phats.

364 Bofgbfo j4 marrfhktoags `ftwffg jkdar lojfgsoags ae lfmarktoag.

354 Bofgbfoj4 Focfg-vkhufs ae progmopkh maj pagfgts.

334 Bofg bfoj 9 ekmtar haklogcs ear jkdar lojfgsoags ae mfrkj om lfma rkto ag.

324 Bof gbfo j4 mbragahacy kgl sozf ae eogls.



KV\BAP OGLFR

Klkjs, P.JmM. <5

Klkjs, UU._. =3

.Jlfoolfrefr, J.]. 3

Kjjfggkg, K.D. ;05

Kppfh, C.G. =2

Kulauzf, E. <5

@kifhs, M.M. 06G<, 2<, ;;<, ;;?G;<, ;05, ;0?, ;=;, ;=0, ;==,

•=3. O67. '66@fchfo, I.@. 20

@mbrmgs, B. 03, ;03, ;02, ;=0, ;==, ;<3

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@frcfr, K.B. ;>2

@frcfr, H.P. 6>, 3;, 30G0

@frhfikjp, B. ;05

@frtfhs, I. 03, =?, 66, ;;3G0

@ogearl, H .P . o, ==, =<, =5, =2, =?, <?, 2>, ca, ?;, ?0, ;0;, ;0<,

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@hksbhofhl, P.I. 3

@hamho, GH 20, ;;>, OOO@hai, K. 5, 3, 05

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Mkbfg,L. 03

Mkgookg, E. 25

(Wkrgfora, P.H. ;0=Mkvkhho-]earzk, H.H. ;05

Mbkgfy, P.P. 5

M'bkr`aggofr, M O

Mhoohlf, U.C. o, ;=, ;06, ;05, ;03, ;=0

Mhorostmgsag, K.H. 3

Mhkfssfg, B.D.J. =, =2, 2;, 25, 23

Mhkri, D.C.L. =3, <>G5, ;06, ;03

Mhkri, P.J. 3=G5

Mhk rim , L.H . o, 5, 3, 06G 0, 05, ==, =<, =5, =3, =2, =?, <=, <2, <?,

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Maf, J.L. ;0;, ;06, ;05

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Lkhtag, C, ;0=, ;30G;

Lkgohavk, H.U. ;>2, ;>?

Lkvol, G. ;0;LfCkrja, CO.L. ;0=, ;0<, ;06

Lf Craat, K.L. ==, 66

Lf Craatb, J.F.\b. ;52, o5c

Lfbg, S. <;

Lfdagcf, B. 6;

Lfdassfhog lfdagc, ^.F.4 3c, 2=, ;><, ;>3, ;0=

Lfiog, K.K. ;;2G5

Lf Hffuw, D. 62

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Loxag, S.D. =>

Lab rg- hbj oc, J. 0, c, ;>, ;0, ;=, co , ;;?G;0, ;6=

Larkg, D.F. 3, 0?, =>, <3, <2, <?

Lrfggkg, P.L. 0?, =>, 63, 3>

Lujagt, H. 3c, 2=, ;0<

Luggfhh, P. 0-3, ;0, 06G0, 02

Fkrhf, \.I. ;00

Fgcfh`rfmbt, S. ;00, ;06

Fgcfhs, E. =?, ;>2, ;02

Fromsag,D.F. ;00

Fvkgs, P.I. o

Fvkgs-^rotmbkrl, F.F. c5

Ekrruccok.D.^. <>G=

Eortb, P. ;;> .

Ehkggfry, I.U. ;0;, ;06, ;05

Eaumkuht, J. <>G5Eax, P. c5, oocGoa, ;0=, ;30G0

Erofl, J.B. 20, 25, ;;;, ;;0, ;;5G;, ;;?G;0, ;30G!

Erofljkg,D. ;>?, ;;5, ;00, ;05

Ck`rofh, H ;;<, oocGo0, ;6=

Cfr`rkgls, K.K. 06G=

Chflbohh,D2=Calfhofr, J. o, =, 2=, ?5, ;>2, ;>?, ;;>, ;;;

Cahljkgg, I. <3

Cahhf r, I. ;>, <; , <5, 3;



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Cau`frt, ^. ;<>

Crkbkj, O. <5

Mhuohhk oogoog, D. 3?

Bkàrfy, UU. 0, ;>, ;;, ;=Bkfifh.D. ;=0

Bkccftt, ^. ;00

Bkrjkg, B.B. <2, <?, ;;3G=

Bkrros, J. =5, =2, <>G5, 2;, 25, ;>?

Bkushfr, K. 23, 2?, ?>, ?; , ?0

Bkwifs, D. =<

Bkwifs, \. 3?

Bkys, S.H. 05, 02, =>, =;, =<, =6

Bmjpfh, M.C. =0, ==, =<, =6, =5, =3, =2

Bohh,D.G. O, =2

Balsag, E. 3, 0?, =>, <3, <2, <?, 3>, 2;, ?0

Bahhágkgg, F. 0, 2, ?, ;>, ;0, ;=

Backrtb, K.M. =3, =2

Bahf, E. =5, ;00

Immsoooc, E.J. ?5

Iaoolkhh, L.C. <3

IOmdg, H.]. =<, <>G5, ;03, ;02, ;==

Ihaas,^. 2;,25, 23, ;<;

Iõgoc, P. O

Iraf`fr, K.P. ;;?G;0

Iufgfg, L.D. =?, <=

Iubg, \b.]. =<, =5, =3, =2, <>G5, 2;

Iuhmzymik-Hfmofdfwomzawk, K. ;=>, ;30G0

Iupfr, P. 2, ;;<, ;;3G<, ;=>, ;=0, ;=?, ;5>, ;30G<, ;3=G3

O.kogogc-Ejpfrkorf, K, 20

O.kghoooc.D.G. =<, =2h.koofr, ^.I. ?=

Hfkmb, F.P. 20, ;><, ;;?G?

Hfkmami, F. ?6

h.mBkr, E.J. ;0;

Hm@h kgm, ]. <3 •

Hfcras, L. ;;>, ;;;

Hfrao-Caurbkg, K. =5, 20

Hïvo-]trkuss, M. ;,=, 06G=, =5, =3, =?, <0, 3?, 2>, 20, 2=, ??,

;>>, ;><, ;>3, ;;0, ;;2G5, ;;?G?, ;;?G;=, ;00, ;05, ;=5-

;=3. ;<;. '6=Hogif, S. ;05, ;=;Hosmbik, D.D. <2Hagckmrf, UU.K. ;00, ;0<, ;06Hauwf Iaaodjkgs, H.^. ==Høgo gc, D. o, <0, <=, <5, 3>, 30G0, ;;<, ;02, ;=>, ;=0, ;30

Jkhfr, P.K. ;<, <;,3;

.Jkhogawsio, @. =5

Jkrx, I. =?, ;>?

Jkssfy, E.D. =>

Jkusfr-Cahhfr, I. sff Cahhfr, I.

JmFvfly, M. 03

Jmhgtasb, P.D. 03

Jfofr-Krfglt, S. 0, c, ;0, ;= ,< ;, 5; ,3 ;, 30 , ;5<

Jfohhkssaux, M ;>?

Johoskusiks, ]. 62, ;=;, ;=0, ;==

Jallfrjkg, ^.D.P- 0, 2, ?, ;>, ;;, ;0, ;=, 03, =6, <3, 62, 5;,

50 , 2;, 2<, 25, 23, 2?, ca, ?0, ;;<, ;;5G0, ;;2G6, ;;?G;0,

g c G o < , ;0>, ;05, ;0?, ;=>, ;=;, ;=0, ;==, ;=<, ;=3, ;=2,;<>, ;<<, ;<6, ;<?, ;6>, ;6=, ;6<, ;66, ;62, ;6?, ;30, ;30G=,

o 3 0 G 5 9 \ . 6 = , \ . 6 6 , \ . 5 < , \ . 5 6

Jagtfhous, A. 03, 02, 0?, <>G0

Jaarf, E.S. ;0;

Jarckg, M.C. =0, =<

Jarckg, H.B. O O5G; , ;02

Jaragfy, J.D. 6;

Jayfr, L. ;>3

Jurlami, C.^. ;;?G;>, ;0;, ;0=, ;0?, ;<2, ;<?, ;53, ;30G6

Gkgl ros, D. ;03

Gkrahh, P. ;0?, ;<?

Gkutk, L. 66

Gfflbkj, P. =, 5, 05Gfustupgy, F. <>G5, 62

Gfwfhh, P.P. ;;2G5

Gof,G.B. =6,<2, ;=6

Gaatfr, C. ;;;

A'Hkucbhog, @. 2<, ;>?

Agvhff, H. =5

Astfrbkus, V. 2?, ?;

Attkwky, @. ;00, ;0=

^kvhø, H 02, ;0?, ;=>, ;=;, ;=0, ;==, ;=<, ;<6, ;6>-;6;, ;30,

O 30G5

^kvøi,D. 2;, 2c, ?>, ?;, ?<, ?5, ;=;, ;53

^ftravk-Kvfriofvk, _u. ;>?^bohhops, ^. ;00, ;0?

ôccatt, ]. ;06, ;03, ;=0, ;==

^hac, E.\. =3, =2, 63, 30G0, 3=G6, ;0<

^hac, ]. O

âppfr, I.P.4 05, =0, ==, =<, =6, =5, =3, <>G6, 66, 2=

[uohtk, B. ;=, 0>

Pklmhoh\f-@rawg, K.P. 2;, 20, ;>3

Pkglsàrc, I. 2;, ;0<

Pkpp, P. ;;>

Pkppkpart , P.K. ;<;

Pfkl, L.S. 3

Pflhomb, M. ?5

Pfogfmif, I. 2?, ;=;, ;=0, ;==

Pfge rfw, M =3, ;0=, ;05

Pacfrs, F.J. <=

Pajfog, D. <>G5

Pajgfy, K.I. <2

Pawhkgls, J.D. 2=

Pugrojkg, S.C. 25

]kbhogs, J.L. =5, 20, 25, 23, ?=, ;;>, ;;0, ;;=, ;;3G0, ;00,

;0=, ;0<, ;06, ;02, ;30G;



K V \ B A P O G L F R 0=6

]khos`ury, P.E. ;>0, ;<;

]khjag, J.B. =0, ==, =<, <>G6, 66

]kgcjfostfr, F. <;, ;=0

]mbo ftzf h, I. ;= '

]mbohhfr, J.@. o, =, ?0]mbgkpp, K. =<

]mbgfolfr, B.I. ;>?, ooa

]fhhtoz , M. <, =6, <3, ;;2G5

]frvomf, F.P. 2;, 20, ;;;, ;;5G;, ;0;, ;00, ;0<, ;06, ;05, ;03,

;02

]bfggkg, ]. 23, ;0<

]bfpkrl, K.A. ;>, ;<-0>

]bmpkrl, P.G. 3>

]bfrrkht, K.C. ;06, ;05, ;03, ;=0, ;==

]ofhjkg, @. ;=;

]ofvfiogc, C. lf C. ;00

]osiogl,D. 20

]ikhgoi, ^. =2

]haestrk,D. =0]gfktb, ^.B.K. 5, 3, 05, <3, 5>

]goxhcrkss, K.J. =2

]aikh, P.P. 5, 3, 05, <3, 5>

•]aulsiy, @. 0, ;>, ;;, ;05, ;0?, ;=>, ;=;, ;=0, ;<3, ;30G0,

;30G=, ;30G5

]pkuhlogc, K. 0

]proccs, J. OI)

]tfbho, ^. 0, 2, ;>, ;;, ;0, ;=, ;3, ;?, 0>

]trkbj, M. ;00, ;0=

]trab, K. ;>, ;=, 3;, ;5<

\k`kmzyoosio, ]. ;03, ;02, ;=0

\kogtfr.D.K. ;0<

\kutu, ^. <3\frrky, F. 23, ;;>, ;;<

\daidaf, J. 62

\ar`røccf, S. 3;

\umi,D.K. ;06

Vfgzf, B.^. 3;

Uk g @kkh, D. ;><

Ukg lf Cffr, D.^. =6, <2

Ukg lfr Hffuw, ].F. =0, =5

Ukg lfr Skkhs, L. =<, =2, <0, 3;, 30G0

Ukg lf Ufhlf, ^. 06G;, 06G3, 06G2, <<, 3?

Ukg Cfggfp, K. 2>, ?6, ;0;, ;0<

Uk g SWaulfg, E.K.F. 6, 2=

Ufrwfrs, C.D. ==

Sktfr`ahi, B . ;". c, ;>, ;; , ;0, ;= , =<Sbkhhag, P. ;00, ;06, ;56

Sofhfgck, C. 6;

Sohiogsag, F.J. <3

Sohhokjs, @.D. ;0;

Sothcmgstfog, H. 5, 3, <0

Sahe, F.P. ;>?, ;<>, ;<?

_fgcaykg, K. ;;?G;<

Tkpatamik, J. ;>, ;0, ;=, ;3, <;, <0, 3;, ;5<

Tojjfrjkgg, K. ;; 3G<, ;;?G2

Tuol`frc, H. ;<>



]V@DFM\ OGLFR

K syg. @4 '@' fjfrfl kt awg hamus, yft aghy wotb rfefrfgmf ta 'K'.

K ogmh. @4 'K' ogmhulfs '@', wbfrfks kt hamus '@' rfefrfgmf ta 'K' os

jklf aghy.

K9 sff kh.sa @4 kt fgtry '@' k rfhktfl su`dfmt os eaugl.

l f e : lfeogotoag

G : gatf

\ : tk`hf

Klkphktoag =3, ;00

- prf-klkptktoag ;05-;03

W8/a/otae/7A\S<=lfe-<5,6< 66 ,6 3, ;=<-; =6, Eocs. 2-;; (<=-<6)

Klzfs ae H@I pravfgofgmf 26, 25, 23, 22, ?=, ?<, ?6, hak, ;;=,

;;<, O ;2G2, ;=5, ;6=, ;6<9 \. oa , \. ;6- ;3, \. <=, \ .<5

- jkr ifr s ae mbra gahac y 26-2 5, ?=, ;;<, ;;5

- jkrifrs ae jksmuhogoty 23- 2?, ?;9 \. ;6- ;3, \.<3

- jkr ifrs ae jfg 's samoftofs ;=;

Kcromuhturf, ^rojotovf9 sff khsa Majjugoty ]amofty 2;, ;; a-;;;

- H@ I4 ;06, ;03-; 02, ;=0, ;==

- sboetogc muh hovk toa g, swol lfgo gc4 ;05, ;03

- sbart tfr j ekhhawogc4 ;=;-;=0

Khhokgmf, ]yshfjs ae9 sff khsa Jkrrokcf Puhfs, ]amokh ]trumturf,kgl Fxmbkgcf9 5, ;;;, ;0=, ;02, ;=0, ;50-;5=, '52, ;30G6

- ugohogfkh4 oa<lfe, ;>6, ;>3, ;<2, ;5<-;53, ;3>

jktrohktfrkh4 ;><-;>6, ;;6, ;00-;0=, ;03, ;=>, ;==, ;=?,

;<2-;<?, ;6>-;6;, ;60-;6=. ;65, ;5<-;56, ;3>, ;3;9

Eocs.<o(o>6), 60-65(;<5-;<3)

pktrohktfrkh4 ;><-;>6, ;00, ;<2, ;56-;53, ;52, ;3>, ;3;9

Eoc-<0(7a6)- `ohogfkh9 O><lfe, ;>5-;>3, ;;6, ;;?G;>, ;;?G;=, ;==, ;<3-

' <? . ' 6 o - ' , 6= . '5=- 'Õ3. '30G6- - uxarohamkh-pk trohogf kh4 ;>59 Eoc.<=(;>6)

- - voroh amkh -jkt roho gfkh 4 6-5 , ;>5, ;>3, ;;;- ;;0, ;==, ;<2

'<? . '60-;6=. 'Õ6. '3a9E'c-<<( '>6)- jalfhs4 ;>< ;>59 Eocs .<;-< <(;>6 )

Kgtbrapahacy, syg. Etbgahacy4 06G=, =2

- ugot ae kgkhysos4 02

- rfhktfl takrmbkfahacomkh rfsfkrmb4 03- 0? ,2; ,2 0,2 3, ?6, ;0;,;00, ;06-;05, ;30G;

- hkws og =6- =5, 2>

Krmbkfahacy o, ;=, 05, 0?, =;, =0-=2, <>G 6, <6, <5, 6?, 30G0, 2;,

20, ;;>, ;30G;

- kgl jktfrok h vkholoty =5-=? , 20

- kgl hkws ==, =6 -=5 , =2

- rfmfgt pkrk locj sboet 05, =3-= ?, <>G5, <>G3

- 'gfw ' krmbkfa hacy =0-<>

- gfa-jkrxost ;>2-;;;

- pramfssukh 05, =?

- strumt urkh 05, =?, 2=, ;0;-;00

- systfjom 05, =?

- rfhk tfl ta samokh rfsf krmb 4 02, 2; , ;0>, ;0<- ;=<, ;=5, ;30G;

.(WrraId/oekreo ?=, ?<, ?6, ?2, ;>0, ;;=, ;;6, ;;3G<, ;;2G2, ;0=,

'=<

- jkrifrs ae jkhf crkvfs4 23, 22- 2?, ?'o \. ;6 -;3 , \.<3- og efjkhf crkvfs4 2?, ;;3G<

/oBro ou/e, syg. \rkot =-<lfe, 3-2, ;>, ;;, ;0, 0>, 06G0, 05, 02-0?,

= ' . <0-<6. <3. <?. 6 > - 6 ' . 6<-66. 63. 3>. 3=W6. '=69 \.6- 'jk rif rs' (ae mbragahacy, ae iogsbop, ftm.) ;=,=0

- maugto gc kgl malogc 0>, 0;-0 <, 05

- fxprfssfl ks pfrmf gtkcf ae vkrok`h f 0>, 05, =;- =0, <0, <2

- wfocbtog cae =;-=0, <2

- ify trkot s ==- =<

- klaptov f pfroal <=

marrfhktoags `ftwffg <5, <3-<2

@kglifrkjoi (sfgsu hkta)9 sff khsa ]amokh ]trumturf, ^attfry

Lfmarktoag, Crassckrtkmb, Bogifhstfog, H@I, Jøgmbs-

baefg, ^hkgoc-Erofl`frc Craup, Pafssfg, ]]I, ]traif SkrfMuhturf4 ;, ;0, o=lfe, =<-=6, =?, <>G=, <<-<6, <5, ;;;-;;<,

;0>-;0<

- k mfrkj om magmfpt ;=, <<- <6

- rfcoa gkh X'kr okt oag ?, ;0

- mbragahacomkh vkrokto ag ?, <;, 3>-3 0, 30G;

- lfmarktfl pattfry ;=-0>, 0>-0<, 06G=, 03, 3>-30

hotfrkturf ag samokh strumturf ;0>, ;0<-;=<, ;3>-;3;

- samokh str umt urf 3?, ;0>, ;0<- ;=<, ;=5, ;5?-;3;

@kvkrokg PafssfgW sff ]]I.

@kyfrosmbfs Põssfg,sff ]]I.

@(W jm« 23lfe, ?6, ;=;, ;=0-;==, ;<;, ;3;

Mfrfjagokh, sff Olfahacy.

Mbkgcf, ]amoa-muhturkh9 sff khsa Magt oguot y4 o, <=- <6, 66- 63, 56,

'>? . '=<. '6<. '5=-;5<9 \.5?-3=

- magtoguoty kgl losmagtoguoty <0-<6, 66-63, ;5=

- ' hkrcfdujp'6olfe, 63

- rkt f ae 6>, 63, ;5=

- Fhshaa U]. Bof gbf oj 56, ;5=- ;5<

Miofe]ylfe, ?6 , ;;=, ;03, ;02, ;=0, ;==, ;=3, ;<;, ;60, ;62,

;3>,;3;

Mbofelajs ;0<

Mbragamfgtgsj kgl Fhbgamfgorosj og krmbkfahacy =5-=?, ?=, ;0;, ;0<



0=2 ] V @ D F M \ O G L F R

Mbragahacr, sff khsa Lkhogc Jft bals 50, 3>, 26, ;;<9 \ .< -6

- rfhk toag s wotb tojf <0, <5, <?, 6>, 36- 33, ;=<, ;<;-;< 6

- tbra ucb vkrokto ag kgl typahacofs ;;, <3, <2, <?-6 >

- 'jk rif r' kttro` utfs ;=, =0, <2- 6>, 63, 50

- tbf 'pbks f' magmfpt 05, 6>, 6;- 66, 63, 3>, 30G0, 33-3 2, 26,

' 0> , ;=> , ;=0, o=<9\.< ,\.2 ,\.60 ,\.629Eoc . 6;(;<<)- kgl lostr oùto agaeeog ls<5, <3, 6>, 6;-6 6, 63-3>, 3<-33, 26,

;629 \.60, \.5?, \.339 Eocs. <5-6> (;<0-;<=), Eocs. 60-65

(;<5-;<3), Eocs. 5>-56 ('5>-;56)

- kgl JU K <?-6>, 50, 3>, 3=G2, 36-33, 26-25 , 22, o= <- '= 69

\.35Mhkg =lfe, 6, 5, ;;?G;=, ;03, ;02, ;6=-;6<, '52

Mtkssoeuktoag4 ;, 0- 3, 05, <5, 20, 26

- rfquorfjfgts <, 2-c, ;;-;0,=;, ;62

- pkrt otoa gogc =-6 , 2-?

- rfhk toag ta tbfa ry =, 3- 2, ;=

- rfhkto ag ta jalfhs o, ==- =<, <<

- rfh kto ag ta pra` hfj = -<, ;=, ;<, ==- =< , <<, <3, ;<2

- rfhkto ag ta fjporom kh lktk o, ;=, ;<, 0>- 0<, 05, ;62

- @kglifrkjoi pattfry lfmarktoag ;, ;=-0>, 0>-0<, W6 ' ' 'W 6

Eoc.6('2)trklotoagkh o, 3-;=, ;;09 Eoc. 0(2)

- - - k `ksf ear k pk rkl oc jk to m mhkssoeomktoag 3, ;=

- fxtfgsoagkh, fgujfrktovf =lfe, 3, ;?

- ogtfgsoagkh =lfe', 3-2, ;2-;?

- feeomofgmy 0<- 06 , ;;0, ;<29 \.o

- gag-mhkssoe okòhoty <, ;>

- tkxagajof <-5lfe, ?, ;;, ==-=<9 Eoc. o (6)

- pkrklocjktom <-5lfe', 2, ;>-;;, ;=9 Eoc. ;(6)

- pahytbfto m kgl jagatbft om 5 3, 05

Majjugoty ]amofty ogmh. fckhotk rokg k gl sf cjfgt kry samofty9 sff

khsa4 ^rojotovf Kcromuhturf, Bugtfr s kgl Cktbfrf rs, ]fcjfg-

tk to ag 2o ,2 =, 25 23lfe,?>, ?5, ;>2, ;>?, ; hõGolfe, ;0;, ;00,;0=, ;06, ;03-;02, ;<>-;<;, ;30G;

- samokh loeefrf gtokt oag 25 , 23, ?>, ?6, ?5, ;0;-;0 0

- kgl Bausfbahl cra up ;0?-;=> , ;=?-;<;

Majpofjfgtkry Appasotoag sff ]mcjf gtkt oag k gl M'.ajphmjfgtkry

Appasotoag.

Mageolfgmf Ogtfrvkhs9 sff khsa ]tktostomkh Jftbals 6;-66, 63, 6?-

5> , 56, 3<

Magtoguoty9 sff khsa Losmagtoguo ty ;,= 3,< ;, <0lf e-<6, <5, <3, 6>,

3>-3;, 30G0, ;05, ;=>, ;5;, ;539 \.=

- jalfhs <0- <6, <3, 6>, 66-63 , 6?-5 >, 50, 56, 3=G69 Eocs.

2-;"(<=-<6)- kgl trkloho ag 30G ;

- øh H@I vohhkcf sftt hfj fgts ;=>

- 'psfula magtoguo ty' <=lfe-<6, 6<, 3>Marrfhktoags <3-<2, ;;3G=

- [."'ypm U]. P- typ f <3- <2 , 5>

- ae kttr oùt fs <5, <39 \. 36

- ae lojf gsoa gs <5

Lkhogc jftbals9 sff khsa Mbragahacy, Pkloamkràg, ]trkto-

crkpby, <5-<3, 3=G2

- oglorfmt ;;5

- \H ( : tbfrjahujogfsmfgmf) <5, <3, 62

- stktostomkh jftbals <5, 63- 62, 3=G2, 3<

- majpkrfl <3-<2

Lfmarktoag, âttfry ;, <>G=, <<, ?=, ;>0, ;3;

- vkrok toag o, 02, <<, ;=<

- cfacrkpbomkh vkroktoag ;, ;=, ;5;-;53

- samokh vkr okt oag ;=, ;00 -;0 =, ;=3, ;<2, ;50-;53- lokmbragom vkroktoag o, ;>-;0, ;=, 0?-=>, <0, <6, <?-66,

'=2-;=?. o66- '63- stktostomkh kgkhysfs ;=-0>, 02-=> 9 Eocs. ;0- 06(6 >-33 )9

\.36-35- a`sfrvkòhot y \. ;- kgl rfsf krmb pra` hfj 02 , <0, 6>, 3>- 30 , ;0>, ;=3, ;3;

- @kgl ifrkj oi o, 2-; =, ;=-0>, 06G5, 05, <>G=, 2=, ;=3

- - shop mavfr ogc <>G <

- - H@I 3>-30, ;=2-;<>, ;66-;639 Eocs. =-6 ( '6 - '2 )

- - ]]I 3a-30lfe, ;66-;639 Eocs. 6-5(;2-;?)

- kgl but typfs ;<;, ;62-;6?9 \.6 5-6 3, \ .53 -52

Lfjacrkpby ;>?, ;0=, ;05, ;=;, ;<>, ;50-;5=

- craw tb jalfh =?, ;05

- sfx rkto a og Fhshaa crkvf ykrl 23 -?> , ;;;, ;;6

- kcf lost roù toa g og Fhshaa crk vfy krl ?>“?0

- kgl samokh str umt urf 20, ;>?, ;0=, ;05, ;<?-; 6>, ;50- ;5=

Lfsmfgt9 sff khsa Iogsbo p ]ystfjs, ]amokh ]tr umtu rf 6, ?5, ;><,

;;>, ;<?, ;5?-; 3>

- ugoh ogfk h, jkt ro 6, ;><, ;==, ;=?, ;<2, ;60, ;5? ;3>9 Eoc.

<6(;=2), Eocs. 60-65(;<5-;<3)

- ugoh ogfk h, pkt ro 6, ;><, ;52, ;5?- ;3>, ;30G0

- òhktf rkh ;;?G?, ;30G6

- H@I ;>0, ;>3, ;;6, ;03 -;02 , ;=>, ;=0, ;=?, ;<3- ;<?, ;65,

;3>-;3;, ;30G6

Õ!/dWJ«'ag =3-=2, ;05-;03

Lojfgsoag syg. Ukrok`h f =-<lfe, ;<,06G0,<0-<<,<3-<2,56, ;=<

- kgl mhkssoeomktoag =-< , h a- o ;, ;=, 02- kgl ktt roùt fs =-<, ;=-0>, 02, =;-= 0, 63, ;<2- ;<?

- oglf pfglf gmf ae <5, 63

Losmagtoguoty9 sff khsa Magtoguoty <;, <0-<6lfe, <5, 6>, 3>, 3;,

30G0, 3<-329 Eocs. ;=-;5(60-6?), Eocs. 0=-06(35-33)9 \.=

- jalfhs ae <0- <6, <3, 6;, 66- 63. 6?-5 a, 56, 3=G6

- 'hkrcf du jp '6o lf e, 30G0

Lovosoag ae Hkàur 20, 25, ;03-;02, ;=0

- kg l sfx 25, 23 -? >, ;;; , ;;<- ;;6 , ;03- ;02, ;=0, ;==, ;=?,

'63 . o 3 a 9 \ . o 6 - o 3 , \ . < = , \ . < 3

Fmagajy9 sff khsa Lovosoag ae Hkà ur, Ogerkstru mturf 20, ?0“?=,

;>2-;;;, ;;=, ;00, ;06, ;03, ;60, ;3;

- sotf tfrrotarofs ;=;-;=0

- H@I surphus pralu mt oag ;;>, ;;=, ;05, ;03, ;=;, ;== Fckhotkrokg ]amoftofs sff Majjugoty ]amofty

Fjom, sff Ftom kgl Fjom

Frasoag ae sotfs 03, =<, ;=3, ;66, ;5;

Ftigamfgtrosj, sff Mbragamfghrosj kgl Ftbgamfgtrosj

Ftom kgl Fjom stulofs ae samokh strumturms 5, =2lfe, <>G5, 3? 2>,

25, ?=, ;;>

Fvahutoag 30G0, ;>2, ;;5G;

- cfgfrkh 3=G6, ;00, ;06-;05

- spfmoeom 30G0



] V @ D F M \ O G L F R 0=?

Fxmbkgcf, smf khsa KVokgmf ]yshfjs, Ioooshoop ]ystfjs, ]amokh

]trumturf ?5, ??-;>0, ;>3-;>2, ooo, ;00, ;06, ;03-;02,

;5=-;53, ;3>, ;3;, ;30G;

- kgl t rkl m =0, ;;;, ;3;

- 'mhasfl'systfjs ;>0

- jalfhs ??- ;>0 9 Eocs. ==-= 3(;> ;), Eoc. <>(;><)- majphfx ??lfe, ;;2G2, ;;?G?, ;=5-;=3, ;30G69 Eoc.

=<( 'a o)

- ksyjjftromkh kgl hogfkr ??-oaalfe, ;>=-;><, ;>3, ;>2,

;;2G2, ;05, ;==, ;=5-;=3, ;<6, ;3>, ;3;, ;30G69 Eoc.

=6('8")

- ksyjjftromkh kgl khtmrgktogc ;>> oa0lfh', ;;2G29 Eoc.

=5(;>;)

- syjj ftr omkh oa0lfh', ;;2G2, ;5<9 Eoc. =3(;>;)

- H@I ;>0-; ><, ;>3, ;;?G?, ;06, ;==, ;<6, ;<2- ;<?, ;5= -

;53, ;3>, ;3;

Fxackjy, sff khsa Ixmhokgcm, Io gsb op ]ystfjs 6 5, ?5, ;;0, ;05,

;03, ;<2

- jalfhs ;6>9 Eocs 63-62 (;6> )9 \.5;- fxac kjau s ugots og H@I ;05, ;03, ;<2, ;6>, ;56-;53, ;52

FxtfglflEkjohofs ;06, ;0? ;=>, ;=0, ;<>, O< ?l fe -o 6> , ;53, ;3;

Ekmhaos ad t'gBhumtotjX'eo, ;>2 ;;>

Ekmtar ]marfs sff ^M'K

Eoooktoag o30G0lfr

Eogls, syg. Pfe'usf ôts 05 0?lfe, =; =0, =?G ;, <ØG<, <<, <6,

6 ' - 6 6 9 ' r õ ? , \ . 3 3

- rfhk toag ta rfsfk rmb pra`h fj ;=, 05 0?, =?G; , << < 6, ;66

- 'mhasfl gfss' 03 -0 2, 0? =>, =?G0 , <6

- kgl 'gaosf' 0?-= >, =?G0, <>G<, 6? -5>

- kgl rfprfsfgtkto voty <6, 6?- 5>, 30G<

- mbragahacomkh lostroùto ag <5, 6>- 66, 3<-329 \.0 , \.33 9 Eoc.

;3(5=), Eoc 00(36), t'oc- ••'<(33). h'"'c- 05(26)- rfhk toag ta buts ;=, 03, <6, 5; , ;<;

- eugmtoag <6

- pfro al ae usf <5

- sozf 0?- =>, =;, <6, ;=5

Ehogt ae@kglifrkjoi pravfgofgmf9 sff khsa /Rrrawbfkls 26, 23,

?=-?<, ;>0, ;;2G2, ;5?9'E.;>

- `hkl fs, jk rif rs ae jkh f crkvfs 23, ;== ;=<9 \. ;6-; 3,

\.<3Erfqufgmy Lostroùtoags, sff khsa ]tktostomkh . Xgkh ysfs 05, 02-=>,

= ' -=0- lfmarktfl kgl uglamarktfl wkrf ag k sotf 02 0?, <>G=,

7<3-'<?7 o 6 a - ' 6 ' . ;52-;5?9 W''cs- 60-62(;<5-;6>)- purpasfhy luj pfl wkstf 0? =>, 6;- 66

- kmmolmgt khhy luj pfl wkstf 0?- =>- eogls avfr tojf 6>-66, 6?-5>, 36-339 \.0

- eogls avfr spkmf ;6=

- - crkvfcoet s ?5 -; >= 9 Eocs. ==- =2( ;>; ;>=), Eoc <>(;><)

- kttr oùtf s avfr ljf <0 -< 6, 66-6 3- 3=G69 Eocs 2-;; (<=-<6)

'Ckkt eaao haao' (Cfr jkg9 (hfoseoosshfog) ha, o<lfe, 0>, =0, 3;9

\.5?, \.36-35

Crkvfykrl ]tulofs 2> ,2 3, ?> -? ;, ;0;, ;0=, ;0<, ;=5 ;=3, ;5? ;3>

- H@I 2? ?0, ?<, ?(7, ;;3G< , ;=;

Crassckrtkmb Muhturf ;>, ;=, <;, 30

Craup, Khcfbrkom ;3, 06G=, 06G59 Eoc. 6(;2)

Craup, ]amokh, sff Bausfba hl Cra up

Bogifhstfog ;0, <; , 5; , ;;<

- mbragahacy ;;?G0 Bosharomkh Jktfrokhosj, sff Jkrxosj

Bausfbahl Craup 0-Z, ;;>, ;06, ;03-;02, ;=0, ;<?-;6>, ;53, ;3;

- lokmbragom magtoguoty ;=>, ;3>

- og rfhk toag ta @k gli frk jo i eogls 03, ;<? -;6>

rfhktoags `ftwffg ;06, ;03-;02, ;=0, ;6;-;60, ;3;

- sozf ;0?, ;=?- ;<>, ;<?-;6> , ;63-; 62

- - magvf rsoag ekmtars ;0?- ;=>, ;<?-; 6>

Bugtfrs kgl Cktbfrfrs 2;, ;;>, ;; cG ;<

But Craups ;<; -;<69 Eocs. <5-6>(;<0-;<=)

Buts9 sff khsa Bausfbahl Craups, \ypahacofs WBausfs) 03, ;=<-

"=6. ;=5, ;<?. ' 3 ' . 730ksu got sae kgk hys os0 3-0?, 5; 50, 2;

- hoef to jf ;==, ;6>-;6;, ;52, ;3;

- ]]I 02, ;66, ;6?

Olfahacy ogmh. Mfr fja gok h, P ot ukh 25 -2 3, '*WW2 ;;>, ;0;, ;0=,

;=0-;==- kgl tb f iog systfj 25, ;;0

- krmbkfahaco mkh a`sfrvkòhot y 25- 23, ' ' a , ;;0, ;=;

Ogdrkstrumturf9 sff khsa ]amokh Ear jk to ag 20, ;>2 ;>?, ;==

kgl supfrstrumturf ;>2-;>?, ;06-;05

jalfs ae pralum toag oa2lf e-;>?

- ekmtars ae pra lum to ag 20

- rfhktoags ae pralumt oag 20, 25, ?5, ;>2-;;;

- ae @kgli frkjo i samokh earjktoags ;03-;0 2, ;6<

Oggavktoag <=, 30G0, ;=6, ;6=, ;66-;659 \ .5? -3;

Ogvksoag =2

Kj Craups sff Iogsbo p ]ystfjs

Iogsbop ]yshfjs9 sff khsa KVokgmf ]ystfjs, Lfsmfgt, ]amokh

]trumturf 2;-20, 25-23, ?5lfe, ??-;>0, ;0;, ;0=, ;06, ;=0,

;50-;56, '52

- mbkgcf ;50-;53

eugmtoags 25-23, ?5, '>?. ;;5G;, ;00-;0=, '<2-;<?. ;6=

- sfcjf gts 2;, 25, ;;>, ;00, ;0?, ;<2-;<? , ;6;, ;3>, ;30G0

- jk rro kcf mhkssfs ;>3, ;;6, ;;?G; =, ;;?G;<

- Mr aw- Aj kb k typf ;;?G?, ;30G6

- H@I ;>0-;><, ;>5-;>3, ;;6, ;==, ;60- ;6=, ;50-;53, '5 2 -

;5?,;5?-;3;

H@I ( W Hogfkr @kgl Ifrkjoi Muhturfs)9 sff khsa @kglifrkjoi 02, <;,Q <<-<5 , 5;, ;0<-;=<

- samokh strum turf ;>0 -;><, ;>5-;>2, ;;6, ;0<-;=<, ;=3-;6< ,

;6<-;5?, ;5?-;3;

- bgfkc fs ;02, ;=0, ;6;-;6 =, ;6<, ;6?, ;5;

- sftt hfj fgt typfs ;=>, ;<6, ;5>-;5;, ;52, ;30, ; 30G<

fxpkgsoag 3=G6, ;05-;03

fglogc og Bahhkgl ;;<, ;;5, ;;?G;0

- fglogc og @kvkrok ;, <;, 3>-30, 3<- 32

Hojùrc Craup, Hoj ùrc Sk rf ;6=

http://nalyses/

http://nalyses/

http://nalyses/



0<> ] V @ D F M \ O G L F R

Hogfkcfs, sff Iogsbop ]ystfjs-sfcjfgts, kgl Jalfs ah' ^ralum

toag

Jkrrokcf Puhfs9 sff khsa Khhokgmf ]ystfjs

- mrass-mausog jkrrok cfs ;>=- ;><

- jktr ohkt frkh ;>=-;><, Eocs. <;-<< (;>6)- og H@I ;>=-;><, o o á

Jkrxosj syg. Bostaromk! Jktfrokhosj 2=-2<, ;>2-;;;, ;06,

;03-;02, ;=<, ;3>

Jktrohogy, sff Lfsmfgt

Jfg's Mhu`s ;=;, ;=0-;==

Keaa/oUKám 3=G6, ;05-;03

- og @kvk rok 3=G6

Jfhbalahacy 0, =0-=?, 5;, 30G0, ;0>, ;=<-;=3, ;5?, ;3;-;30

Jox =lfe, =>-=0, <0lfe, <3, 6?-5>, 3=G39 Eoc. ?(<=), Eoc.

;;(<6) .E 'cs-63-62(76a) 9\.5 o

- fv ah ut oa ga e6 o, 63, 56, 30G<, 3=G3, ;<2, ;6>, ;5=-;5<9 Eoc,

?(<=). E'c- ;;(<6)

Jalfs ae ^ralumtoag9 sff khsa ]amokh Ear jkto ag 2=-2<lfe, ;>2-O O O , ;02, ;==-;=<, o<?-'6>. •6=-"6<. '52, ;5?

- laj og kg mf ;> 2-;> ?, ;;5, ;02, ;==- ;=<, ;6<, ;5?, ;3>

Jalfhs ;, =<, =5, =?, <0 -< 6, <3, 66lfe

- kgl tbfa ry =5

- kgl fxphk gkto ag 66

- apfrkt oagkh ozkt oag kgl fjpo ry <<, ;=5-;=3

- vkholk toag 5;- 50, 3;

- 'pkr tom opkg ts" U].'a`sfrvfr's'3?lfe-2a , 25 . •

- 'jfm bkg omk h' vs. 'stktost omkh' 3?lfe-2a, ;>3, ;>2, ;=5

- ae (los)magt oguoty <0- <6, <5, 66- 62, 5>, 3;, 3=G6

- ae fxac kjy ;6>9 Eocs. 63 -6 2 (;6>)9 \. 5;

- ae mbra gaha comk h lostro ùto ag ae eogls 6>, 63, 3=G2

- ae papuhk toag mbk gcf =?, 3=G6

Jaofhofs9 sff khsa Iogsbop ]ystfjs ;;0, ;;6- og tbf H@I ;>=, ;>3, ;;6, ;==

Jufgmbsbafefg (Jøgmbsbõef g) ;=

Juhtophf Pfcrfsswg Kgkhysos9 sff khsa ]tktostomkh . Xg kh ysms 3=G2,

33 32, ;=<9 Eoc . 0<(33)

Juhtovkroktf Kgkhysfs ('JUK')9 sff khsa ^MK, Juhtophf Pfcrfs-

soag Kgkhysos <3-<2

- mkgagom kh kgkhysos 629 \.5

WJusom Gatfs'' (Cfrjkg 'Gatfgiõpef') o3lfe, 00

- lo oe frfg to kt fl e raj KVRoHoKP_ HOGF] ;3

JUK, sff Juht ovkr okt f Kgkhysfs

.K/fatýKoe 20, 25, ?>, o o a - o o o , ;;5G;, ;0;-;00

- Fur apf kg Fkr hy <; , <?, 5; , ;;?G;0, ;; ?G;<, ;03, ;02, ;=>

- Fura pfkg Jol lhf <; , <?, ;5<- ftbgacrkpbom tfxtàaisag -sa mok h strumturf ;;5G;

DWfahohbozktoag \dGW, ;0=, ;05-; 03

DUaosf og lktk, ]tktostomkh 03, 02-=alfe, =?G0, <2, 6?-5>, ;53

- stktostomkh lfejotoag 02-=> , ;;3G<

- trfk tjfg t og hotmr kturf 02-=>

- Bof gbf oj =>, <>G< , ;539 Eoc. 3(=>)

- Fhshaa 50

- Fhshaa Crkv fykr l ;;3G<

'dUatfgoõd6/«', sff'Jusom Gatfs'

Apfrktoagkhozktoag

- magtogu oty <<- <6, ;=>

- sfxfs 23- ?> , ;;;, ;;6, ;;?G;;9 Eoc. 03(?>)9 \.<5

- rkgio gc ?0 -? 6, ;;0, ;=;, ;=?-;<;

- bausfb ahl typfs ;<>, ;<? -;6>

- iogsbop ??- ;>0 , ;><-;>5, ;;0, ;00-; 0=, ;=5, ;<3-;<2 , ;5=-;52, ;30G6

- jalfs ae pralum toag ;;;-;;<

- samokh mbkgc f ;=<-; =6

^ktrohogy, sff Lfsmfgt

^ktrohamkhoty, sff Uorohamkhoty

^MK (W^rogmopkh Majpagfgts Kgkhysos)9 sff khsa ]tktostomkh

Kgkhysfs <3, <2-6>, 63, 5>, 23-2?, ;;<, ;;3G=

- sfhfmtoag ae vkrok`hf s <3, <2- 6>, 50, 3<, ;=< -;=6

- lfejotoag ae majpa gfgts <2 -<?

- sfhfmtoag mrotfrok ear majp agfgt s <2-< ?, ;=6, \. 35

' oglf pfglf gmf ae majpa gfgts <?, ;=6

- Olfgtoeomktoag ae majpa gfgts <2-< ?, ;=6-;=5- cfgfrkh , spfmoeom, òpahk r majpag fgts <?, 23, ;;0, ;;3G=lfe

- gaosf og <2, ;=6

- ekmtar haklo gcs <2-<?lfe, ;=69 \.;>, \.33

- ekmtar smarfs <?, 30G=lfe, ;;3G=, ;=<

- rat kto ag 3=G2 , ;=6

- majp krfl wotb mkgago mkh kgkhysos 629 \.5

- majpkrfl wotb juhtophf rfcrfssoag kgkhysos 3=G29 Eoc.

0<(33)^fkskgtry ; ha-o ;;

^bksf, Mbragahacomkh, sff Mbragahacy

ôhat støly

- mbragahacy <2-6> , 50, 3>

- samokh str umt urf 2>, ;==, ;5?

^hkgoc-Erofl`frc Craup ;3âpuhktoag ]ozf

- og Maj jug ot y ]amofty 20

Maai's ^rogmophf 3=G6

- og @k gli frk joi samofty ;0?

- - k gl sotf tfrr ota ry ;=;-; =0

- fstojk tfl eraj Fhshaa Crk vfy krl ?0, ;;?G;<, ;0?

- fstojktfl eraj Fhshaa Uohhkcf ;;?G;<, ;0?, ;<>, ;<6,

;<?-;6>

- fstojktf l eraj Bof gbfo j Uohhkcf ;6?, ;50-;5 =, '' '3 " '5 2

âsotoagkh ^krklocj, sff ]tktus

âttfry, Vglfmarktfl 0 2, <>G=, 23 , ?0-?=, ?<, ;;2G2

- k jkrifr ae jkh f crkvfs 22, 2c, ?; 9 \. ;6-;3, \.< 3

- og efjkhf crkvfs 2?

^rogmopkh Majpagfgts Kgkhysos, sff ^MK

[ufrj ae @kglifrkjoi pravfgofgmf 26, 22, ?=-?<, ;>0, ;;2G2

- jkrif rs ae efjogoty 22-2 ?9 \. ;6-;3, 'E.<3

Pkloamkràg lktogc9 sff khsa Lkt ogc Jft bals

- Bof gbf oj <5, 62, 3<, 36, ;=<9 Eoc. ;5(6?) , Eoc. 06(3 3)9 \. 32

- - k tfst ear mbragahaco mkh sfqufgmo gc 62, 36

- Fhshaa ;=<

Pkgiogc9 sff khsa ]tktus 2;, 25lfe, ?0-?5, ;0;, ;03, ;=0, ;=?-

;<;,;63-;62

http://nalyscs/

http://nalyscs/

http://nalyscs/



] V @ D F M \ O G L F R 0<;

- kgl ufkhtho 2o, ?0-?6 , ;;0-;;=, ; o(o, ;0;, X;;, ;0?, ;=;, ;=0

- og H@I samofty ?0- ?5, ;;0 -;; =, ;;5, ;=? ;<;, ;63- ;62, ;3>9

\.00-05, \.<;-<0

- ae sftt hfjf gts 20, ;03, ;02, ;66

Pkgiogc ]amofty 20, 25-23lfe, ?<, ;;0, ;;5G;, ;00 Pfl Ambrf 26, ?=-?<, ?6, ;>0, ;;2G2

- k jkrifr ae efjogogoty 22-2 ?, ?69 \. ;6-;3, \.<3

- og jkh f crkvfs 2?

Pfdusf pohs, sff Iogls

Pfhghoagkh ^krklocj 2h~B0, ;00, ;0<

- kgl pasotoagkh pkrkl ocj 2;- 20

- kgl strumturkhost pkr klo cj 20 -2 =

Pfhfvkgmf 0- =, = =, =6, <3

- kgl vkholo ty 06, <3

ae mhkssoeomktoag =, <-6

Pfhokòhoty 0< 06lfe, =6, <6-<5, <3, <2, <?-6>, 63-62, ;>2 Pfprfsfgtkhovoty 02, =<-=6, <6, ;=5

- kgl skjph f sozf 05, 02, 30G<

- kgl skjphf lostroùtoags 02, 6?-5 >

eoWWore1g«/1«/e,á9 sff khsa Iogs bo p ]ystfjs ;><, ;>5, ;06, ;<2 ;<?,;56-;52, ;3>

- uxaroham kh ;00, ;56-; 52

- voro hamkh 6, ;;<, ;;5, ;==, ;<2 ;<?, ;6>, ;60 ;6=, ;56-; 52,

O3>-;3;

- òhamkh ;05

- gfahamkh ;;?G?

- kgl fxtfgl fl ekjohofs ;<?- ;6>, ;3;

Potukh, sfm Olfahacy

Pafssfg (Passfg) Muhturf ;>, ;=, 3;

Pafssfg, @kvkrokg (@kyfrosmhofs Passfg), sff ]]I

skrik ^bksf, sff ]traif Skrf Muhturf

]@I, sff ]traif Skr f Muht urf

]fcjfgtkh ]amofty, sff Maj jug ot y ]amofty

]fcjfgtktoag kgl Majphfjfgtkry Appasotoag ;0<lfe

- eohoktoag ;=>, o30 G0l fe

- eossoagogc o05lfe, ;=;

]froktoag, sff Lktogc Jftbals

]ftthfjfgt Kgkhysos, @ftwffg 20, ;00, ;0<, ;06-;03, ;=;, ;==,

• 6 = - ' 6 < . ;56-;53, ;52-;5?, ;3>. o37-730

- UUotbog 20, ;00-;0 <, ;03- ;02, ;=>, ;<;- ;<6, ;<?- ;6>, ;6;,

;63-;50, ;56-;53, ;52, ;3>, o30G<9\.62, \.6?, \.5=9Eoc.

6;(;<<), Eoc. 55(;55)

]ftthfjfgt Pfhamktoag, sff 'Sk glfr `kuf rg'

]ojohkroty kgl Lossojohkroty ks jfksurfs ae vkroktoag 05, 02,

<5-<3. 6>

']goaatbogc' ae lostroùtoags 6>-6 olfe, 66, 3=G5- earjuhk 6;

]amokh Earjktoag9 sff khsa Ogerkstr umturf, ]upfr strum turf, Jalfs

ae ^ralumtoag, ]amokh ]trumturf 20, 2=-2<lfe, ;>2-;;;, ;03-

;02,;==

- rfhk toags ae Ogerk- kgl ]upfrs trum turf s =-< , 2=- 2<, ;>2, ;==

- lajo gkgm f ae Jalf ae ^ralumtoa g ;>2-;>?

]amokh ]orumturf9 sff khsa KVokgmf ]ystfjs, Lfsmfgt, Iogsbop

]ystfjs, ]amokh Earjktoag 2>-2<, ;;5G0, ;0>-;0<, ;=5,

;30G6

- pfrm fpt kòh oty og tbf krmb kfah acomk h rfmarl 2>, ;=<, ;=5

6/)temj/zWeh/zag9 sff khsa Lovosoag ae Hkàur 2=, ;03, ;<;, ;3>

- og gfaho tbom tfmbgah acy 20, ;;;

- bfrf loty ae ;;=, ;6<

- og Fhshaa Crk vfy krl ?6 , ;;;, ;;=, ;;6, ;==-; =<9 \. <= , \.6>

- og Fhshaa Uohh kcf ;<;, ;6<

- og Bof gbf oj ;62, ;5?

]]I (:W ]oomb-]tromb Iajphfx9 earjfrhy @kvkrokg Pafssfg) ;,

;>, ;0, <;, 3>-30, 3=G6, 3<-32, ;66

- samokh strumt urf ;5>-;5?, ;5?-;30

- mfrkjoms 3a-30lfe, ;53-;52

- rfhktoags wotb H@I ;,<;,<5, 3>-30, 3<-35, ;5;-;50

- rfhkt oags wotb ]@I ;0 ,3;

- lokmbra gomkh vkrokt oag ;>, <;, <5, 30G; , 3=G?, ;56-;52

- Jugzo gcfr \y pf <;

- Vgtfrosh ogcfr \ypf ;>, <;, 3;, 3=G?

- A`fr hk utf r`k mb \ypf ;>, <;, 3;, 3=G?

]tktostomkh Kgkhysfs9 sff khsa9 Mageolfgmf Ogtfrvkhs, Erfqufgmy

Lostroùtoags, Juhtophf Pfcrfssoag Kgkhysos, Gaosf, ^MK,

kgl Pfprfsfgtkhovoty 0?-=>, =<-=6, <5-<3, ;6>

- rfquorf jfgts ear =;- =0, =<-= 6

- ugots ae 05- 0?, <5

- skjp hogc hfvfh 02, =>, =<-= 6

- kgl lkt k `ksf ;=, 05, 0?-= >, =;-=< , =<-=6 , ;=6, ;6>

- jossogc lk tk ;6, 0>, 05, 30G=, ;=6

- gfkrfst gfocbàur s ;;;, ;;<-;;6, ;;?G;;, ;<69 \.=2

]tktus9 sff khsa Pkgiogc, ]pfmokhozktoag 3?, 25-?5

- 'pasotoagke pkrk locj 3?, 2;, 25- 23, ;==, ;5?-;3>

- kgl rfhk toag kh pkr klo cj 2; 20, ;0;

- gftw ari 20, 25, ;0<

- bo fr kr mb y2 o, ;;0, ;0;, ;0<, ;=;, ;62

- 'fjom ' & 'ftom' 25

- loeefrfgtoktoag 2;, 25lfe, ;0;, ;==, ;5?-;3>-, - sf x2 o, 23, ?;, ?<, ;0;, ;=;, ;==, ;=?, ;60-;6=, ;5?-;3>

- krmbkfhacomk h a`sfrvkòhoty 2>-2;, ?0-?6, ;06

]trktoeomktoagUoWKmá, ;0<, ;06 -;0 5, ;03, ;=;

- H@I ?<, ;==-;=<, o=?- o< o7 ;62, o3a7 '3 '

]trktoeofl]amoftofs â% 2(7Kf4{, ;;5G;, ;00, ;0<, ;06-;05]trktocrkpby9 sff khsa Lktogc Jftbals <5-<3

- Bofgbfoj <5-<3, 62-5;, 3<]traif Skrf Muhturf, syg. ]@I ?, ;0, <;, 3;

- rfhktoags wotb ]]I <; ,3;

]trumturkhosj9 sff khsa Jalfhs, ]amokh ]trumturf 20, ?5

- pkrklocj 2;-2=, ;;?G?, ;==

- og krmbk fahac y 20

]upfrstrumturf, sff Olfahacy, ]amokh Earj kto ag

]ystfjs \bfary =3-=2, =?-<>, ;06

\kxagajy, sff Mhkssoeomktoag

\kxagajy, Gujfromkh 3

\bfary 0-=, 02, =0-=2, 2>, ;03

- hkws ==-= 5, 2=

\rkot, sff Kttroùtf

\vpahacofs ae Lfmarkt fl Skr f, sff Mhkssoeomktoag @kglimrk joi

trklotoagkh



0< 0 ]V@DFM\ OGLFR

\ypahacofs ae @kglifrkjoi bausfs ?, ;63 -;6? , ;52, ;30, ;30G= Ukholooy 06lfe, =0-=?, <6, <3, <2, 66-63, 3>, 36

lfe, ;30G59 \.6 <-6 3, \.50 , \.3< Ekrko ef, sff Lojfgsoag

- eugmto agkh ;0?-;=> , ;=0, ;=?-;<;, ;6;, ;3;9 \.50 Uorohamkhoty, (syg. pktrohamkhoty) sfm Pfsolfgmm Puhfs

- typf O ;=>-;=2, ;<>-;<;, ;6;, ;60, ;66, ;63-;6?, ;52, ;3;,

o30G=lfe9 \.6<-63, \.50-5= "Skglfr`kufrg (W jo cr kg t, ar garjklom kcromuhturkhosts)

;05, ;=>, ;=;, ;=0Vxarohamktoty, (syg. jktrohamkhoty) sff Pfsolfgmf Puhfs

apl12 on bandkeramik social structure

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