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APLS 4th Edition References
Chapter 6
Ref Title Authors Journal Description
323
Recommended guidelines for uniform
reporting of pediatric advanced life
support: the pediatric Utstein style: a statement for healthcare
professionals from a task force of
the American Academy of Pediatrics,
the American Heart Association and
the ERC
324 Pediatric cardiopulmonary
resuscitation: a collective review Young KD, Seidel JS Ann Emerg Med
1999;33: 195-
205
325
Belgian Cerebral Resuscitation Group.
Quality and efficiency of bystander
CPR
Van Hoeyweghen RJ,
Bossaert LL, Mullie A,
Calle P, Martens P, Buylaert WA, Delooz H
Resuscitation 1993;26: 47-52
326
Bystander cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) in out-of-hospital
cardiac arrest the Cerebral
Resuscitation Study Group
Bossaert L, Van
Hoeyweghen R Ann Emerg Med
1989;17: S55-
S69
327
A cumulative meta-analysis of the
effectiveness of defibrillator-capable
emergency medical services for
victims of out-of-hospital cardiac
arrest
Nichol G, Stiell IG,
Laupacis A, Pham B, De
Maio VJ, Wells GA
Ann Emerg Med 1999;34: 517-
525
328
Modifiable factors associated with
improved cardiac arrest survival in a
multicenter basic life
support/defibrillation system: OPALS
Study phase I results. Ontario
Prehospital Advanced Life Support
Stiell IG, Wells GA, De
Maio VJ, Spaite DW, Field
BJIII, Munkley DP, Lyver
MB, Luinstra LG, Ward R
Ann Emerg Med 1999;33: 44-50
329
Low-energy biphasic waveform
defibrillation:evidence-based review
applied to emerg cardiovas care
guidelines:statement for health-care
professionals from the Amercian Heart Assoc Comm on Emerg
Cardiovas Care & the Subcomms on
BLS, ACLS & Pediatric Resusci
Cummins RO, Hazinski MF,
Kerber RE, Kudenchuk P,
Becker L, Nichol G,
Malanga B, Aufderheide
TP, Stapleton EM, Kern K, Ornato JP, Sanders A,
Valenzuela T, Eisenberg M
Circulation 1998;97: 1654-
1667
330 A new definition of children with
special health care needs
McPherson M, Arango P,
Fox H, Lauver C, McManus M, Newacheck PW, Perrin
JM, Shonkoff JP,
Strickland B
Pediatrics 1998;102:137-
140
331 An epidemiologic profile of children
with special health care needs
Newacheck PW, Strickland
B, Shonkoff JP, Perrin JM, McPherson M,
McManus M, Lauver C, Fox
H, Arango P
Pediatrics 1998;102: 117-
123
332 Emergency Preparedness for children
with special health care needs
Committee on Pediatric
Emergency Medicine, American Academy of
Pediatrics
Pediatrics 1999;104: e53
333 Use of emergency medical services by
children with special health care
Spaite DW, Conroy C,
Tibbitts M, Karriker KJ,
Prehosp Emerg
Care 2000;4 :19-23
needs Seng M, Battaglia N, Criss
EA, Valenzuela TD, Meislin
HW
334
Advance directives and do not
resuscitate orders: nurses' knowledge
and the level of practice in school
settings
Schultz-Grant LD, Young-
Cureton V, Kataoka-Yahiro
M
J Sch Nurs 1998;14 (4-10):
12-13
335
Guidelines for cardiopulmonary
resuscitation and emergency cardiac
care, VI: pediatric advanced life
support
Subcommittee on Pediatric
Resuscitation AHA JAMA
1992;268: 2262-
2275
336
An advisory statement from the
Pediatric Working Group of the
International Liaison Committee on
Resuscitation
Kattwinkel J, Niermeyer
S, Nadkarni V, Tibballs J,
Phillips B, Zideman D, Van
Reempts P, Osmond M
Pediatrics 1999;103: e56
337
Pediatric resuscitation: an advisory statement from the Pediatric
Working Group of the International
Liaison Committee on Resuscitation
Nadkarni V, Hazinski MF, Zideman D, Kattwinkel J,
Quan L, Bingham R,
Zaritsky A, Bland J,
Kramer E, Tiballs J
Circulation 1997;95: 2185-2195
338 Deaths: final data for 1997 Hoyert DL, Kochanek KD, Murphy SL
National Vital Statistics Report
1999;47: 1-105
339
A prospective, population-based study
of the demographics, epidemiology,
management and outcome of out-of-
hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest
Sirbaugh PE, Pepe PE,
Shook JE, Kimball KT,
Goldman MJ, Ward MA,
Mann DM
Ann Emerg Med 1999;33: 174-
184
340 Pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac
arrests: epidemiology and outcome.
Kuisma M, Suominen P,
Korpela R Resuscitation 1995;30: 141-150
341 The etiology of cardiac arrest in
children and young adults: special
considerations for ED management
Richman PB, Nashed AH Am J Emerg Med 1999;17: 264-
270
342 Sudden cardiac death and substance
abuse
Adgey AAJ, Johnston PW,
McMechan S Resuscitation
1995;29: 219-
221
343 The long QT syndrome Ackerman MJ Pediatr Rev 1998;19: 232-
238
344 Paramedic intubation training in a
pediatric operating room
Brownstein DR, Quan L,
Orr R, Wentz KR, Copass
MK
Am J Emerg Med 1992;10: 418-
420
345
Intubation success rates improve for
an air medical program after
implementing the use of
neuromuscular blocking agents
Ma OJ, Atchley RB,
Hatley T, Green M, Young
J, Brady W
Am J Emerg Med 1998;16: 125-127
346
Rapid sequence induction for
intubation by an aeromedical
transport team: a critical analysis
Sing RF, Rotondo MF,
Zonies DH, Schwab CW,
Kauder DR, Ross SE,
Brathwaite CC
Am J Emerg Med 1998;16: 598-
602
347
A prospective randomized study of
the effect of out-of-hospital
pediatric endotracheal intubation on
survival and neurological outcome
Gausche M, Lewis RJ,
Stratton SJ, Haynes BE,
Gunter CS, Godrich SM,
Poore PD, McCollough MD,
Henderson DP, Pratt FD,
Seidel JS
JAMA 2000;283: 783-
790
348 Flight crew airway management in
four settings: a six-year review
Thomas SH, Harrison T,
Wedel SK
Prehosp Emerg
Care 1999;3: 310-315
349
Transesophageal echocardiographic
assessment of mitral valve position
and pulmonary venous flow during
cardiopulmonary resuscitation in
humans
Ma MH, Hwang JJ, Lai LP,
Wang SM, Huang GT, Shyu
KG, Ko YL, Lin JL, Chen
WJ, Hsu KL et al
Circulation 1995;92: 854-
861
350 Oesophageal intubation can be
undetected by auscultation of the
chest
Andersen KH, Schultz-
Lebahn T
Acta Anaesthesiol
Scand
1994;38: 580-
582
351 Nonphysician transport of intubated
pediatric patients: a system
evaluation
Beyer AJIII, Land G,
Zaritsky A Crit Care Med
1992;20: 961-
966
352
Utility of monitoring capnography,
pulse oximetry and vital signs in the
detection of airway mishaps: a
hyperoxemic animal model
Poirier MP, Gonzalez Del-
Rey JA, McAneney CM,
DiGiulio GA
Am J Emerg Med 1998;16: 350-
352
353 An evaluation of the efficiency of face masks in the resuscitation of
newborn infants
Palme C, Nystrom B, Tunell R
Lancet 1985;1: 207-210
354 Limitations of self-inflating
resuscitators
Finer NN, Barrington KJ,
Al-Fadley F, Peters KL Pediatrics
1986;77: 417-
420
355
Combitube, laryngeal mask and oral
airway: a randomized prehospital
comparative study of ventilatory
device effectiveness and cost-
effectiveness in 470 cases of
cardiorespiratory arrest
Rumball CJ, MacDonald D,
The PTL
Prehosp Emerg
Care 1997;1: 1-10
356 Use of the laryngeal mask airway in
air transport when intubation fails
Martin SE, Ochsner MG,
Jarman RH, Agudelo WE,
Davis FE
J Trauma 1999;47: 352-
357
357
The laryngeal mask airway in
emergency medicine, neonatal
resuscitation and intensive care
medicine
Berry AM, Brimacombe
JR, Verghese C
Int Anesthesiol
Clin 1998;36: 91-109
358 Laryngeal mask airway in pediatric
practice: a prospective study of skill
acquisition by anesthesia residents
Lopez-Gil M, Brimacombe
J, Cebrian J, Arranz J Anesthesiology
1996;84: 807-
811
359 Safety and efficacy of the laryngeal mask airway: a prospective survey of
1400 children
Lopez-Gil M, Brimacombe J, Alvarez M
Anaesthesia 1996;51: 969-972
360 The advantages of the LMA over the
tracheal tube or facemask: a meta-
analysis
Brimacombe J Can J Anaesth 1995;42: 1017-
1023
361
The use of the laryngeal mask airway
by nurses during cardiopulmonary
resuscitation: results of a multicentre
trial
Baskett PJF, (co-
ordinator) Anaesthesia 1994;49: 3-7
362 Comparison of the endotracheal tube
and laryngeal mask in airway
management by paramedical personnel
Pennant JH, Walker MB Anesth Analg 1992;74: 531-
534
363 The incidence of aspiration associated
with the laryngeal mask airway: a
meta-analysis of published literature
Brimacombe JR, Berry A J Clin Anesth 1995;7: 297-305
364 The incidence of regurgitation during
cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a
comparison between the bag valve
Stone BJ, Chantler PJ,
Baskett PJ Resuscitation 1998;38: 3-6
mask and laryngeal mask airway
365 Efficiency of manual resuscitators at
birth
Field D, Milner AD, Hopkin
IE Arch Dis Child
1986;61: 300-
302
366 A comparison of infant ventilation
methods performed by prehospital
personnel
Terndrup TE, Kanter RK,
Cherry RA Ann Emerg Med 1989;18: 607-611
367 Venting vs ventilating: a danger of
manual resuscitation bags
Hirschman AM, Kravath
RE Chest
1982;82: 369-
370
368
Comparison of self-inflating bags with
anesthesia bags for bag-mask
ventilation in the pediatric emergency
department
Mondolfi AA, Grenier BM,
Thompson JE, Bachur RG
Pediatr Emerg
Care 1997;13: 312-316
369 Bag-valve-mask ventilation: two
rescuers are better than one:
preliminary report
Jesudian MC, Harrison RR,
Keenan RL, Maull KI Crit Care Med 1985;13: 122-123
370 The effect of cricoid pressure on preventing gastric insufflation in
infants and children
Moynihan RJ, Brock-Utne JG, Archer JH, Feld LH,
Kreitzman TR
Anesthesiology 1993;78: 652-656
371
Efficacy of cricoid pressure in
preventing gastric inflation during
bag-mask ventilation in pediatric patients
Salem MR, Wong AY, Mani
M, Sellick BA Anesthesiology 1974;40: 96-98
372 Cricoid pressure to control
regurgitation of stomach contents
during induction of anesthesia
Sellick BA Lancet 1961;2: 404-406
373 Airway obstruction with cricoid
pressure Hartsilver EL, Vanner RG Anaesthesia
2000;55: 208-
211
374 Severe ventilatory compromise dur to
gastric distention during pediatric
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Berg MD, Idris AH, Berg
RA Resuscitation 1998;36: 71-73
375 Cuffed endotracheal tubes in
pediatric intensive care
Deakers TW, Reynolds G,
Stretton M, Newth CJ J Pediatr 1994;125: 57-62
376
Comparison of cuffed and uncuffed
endotracheal tubes in young children
during general anesthesia
Khine HH, Corddry DH,
Kettrick RG, Martin TM,
McCloskey JJ, Rose JB,
Theroux MC, Zagnoev M
Anesthesiology 1997;86: 627-
631
377 Length-based endotracheal tube and
emergency equipment in pediatrics
Luten RC, Wears RL,
Broselow J, Zaritsky A,
Barnett TM, Lee T, Bailey
A, Valley R, Brown R,
Rosenthal B
Ann Emerg Med 1992;21: 900-
904
378 Endotracheal tube selection in
children: a comparison of four
methods
King BR, Baker MD,
Braitman LE, Seidl-
Friedman J, Schreiner MS
Ann Emerg Med 1993;22: 530-
534
379 Choice of tracheal tube size for
children: finger size or age-related
formula?
van den Berg AA, Mphanza
T Anaesthesia
1997;52: 701-
703
380 The position of the larynx in children
and its relationship to the ease of
intubation
Westhorpe RN Anaesth
Intensive Care
1987;15: 384-
388
381 Use of tube condensation as an
indicator of endotracheal tube placement
Kelly JJ, Eynon CA, Kaplan
JL, de Garavilla L, Dalsey WC
Ann Emerg Med 1998;31: 575-
578
382 Mechanisim of endotracheal tube Donn SM, Kuhus LR Pediatr Radiol 1980;9: 37-40
movement with change of head
position in the neonate
383 Movement of oral and nasal tracheal
tubes as a result of changes in head
and neck position
Hartrey R, Kestin IG Anaesthesia 1995;50: 682-
687
384
Rapid-sequence intubation of the pediatric patient. Pediatric Emergency
Medicine Committee of the American
College of Emergency Physicians (see
comments)
Gerardi MJ, Sacchetti AD, Cantor RM,
Santamaria JP, Gausche
M, Lucid W, Foltin GL
Ann Emerg Med 1996;28: 55-74
385
Continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation in prehospital patients with
severe illness: the problem of
unrecognized hypoxemia
Bota GW, Rowe BH J Emerg Med 1995;13: 305-311
386 An evaluation of pulse oximetry in
prehospital care
Aughey K, Hess D, Eitel D,
Bleecher K, Cooley M, Ogden C, Sabulsky N
Ann Emerg Med 1991;20: 887-
891
387 Can prehospital personnel detect
hypoxemia without the aid of pulse
oximeters?
Brown LH, Manring EA,
Kornegay HB, Prasad NH Am J Emerg Med 1996;14: 43-44
388 Esophageal intubations: a review of
detection techniques
Birmingham PK, Cheney
FW, Ward RJ Anesth Analg
1986;65: 886-
891
389 Utility of an end-tidal carbon dioxide
detector during stabilization and
transport of critically ill children
Bhende MS, Thompson AE,
Orr RA Pediatrics
1992;89: 1042-
1044
390 Validity of a disposable end-tidal CO2 detector in verifying endotracheal
tube placement in infants and children
Bhende MS, Thompson AE, Cook DR, Saville AL
Ann Emerg Med 1992;21: 142-145
391 Evaluation of an end-tidal CO2
detector during pediatric
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Bhende MS, Thompson AE Pediatrics 1995;95: 395-
399
392
Multicenter study of a portable,
hand-size, colorimetric end-tidal
carbon dioxide detection device
Ornato JP, Shipley JB,
Racht EM, Slovis CM,
Wrenn KD, Pepe PE,
Almeida SL, Ginger VF,
Fotre TV
Ann Emerg Med 1992;21: 518-
523
393 Portable devices used to detect
endotracheal intubation during
emergency situations: a review
Cardoso MM, Banner MJ,
Melker RJ, Bjoraker DG Crit Care Med
1998;26: 957-
964
394 End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in
emergency medicine, 2: clinical
applications
Ward KR, Yealy DM Acad Emerg Med 1998;5: 637-646
395
Effect of epinephrine on end-tidal
carbon dioxide pressure during
prehospital cardiopulmonary
resuscitation
Cantineau JP, Merckx P,
Lambert Y, Sorkine M,
Betrand C, Duvaldestin P
Am J Emerg Med 1994;12: 267-
270
396
Changes in expired end-tidal carbon dioxide during cardiopulmonary
resuscitation in dogs: A prognostic
guide for resuscitation efforts
Kern KB, Sanders AB, Voorhees WD, Babbs CF,
Tacker WA, Ewy GA J Am Coll Cardiol
1989;13: 1184-1189
397
Prediction of outcome of
cardiopulmonary resuscitation from end-tidal carbon dioxide
concentration
Callaham M, Barton C Crit Care Med 1990;18: 358-
362
398 End-tidal carbon dioxide and outcome Levine RL, Wayne MA, N Engl J Med 1997;337: 301-
of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest Miller CC 306
399
Clinical utility of a colorimetric end-
tidal CO2 detector in cardiopulmonary
resuscitation and emergency
intubation
Varon AJ, Morrina J,
Civetta JM J Clin Monit 1991;7: 289-293
400 A comparison of interposed abdominal compression CPR and standard CPR by
monitoring end-tidal Pco2
Ward K, Sullivan JR, Zelenak RR, et al
Ann Emerg Med 1989;18
401
A comparison of chest compressions
between mechanical and manual CPR
by monitoring end-tidal PC02 during human cardiac arrest.
Ward KR, Menegazzi JJ,
Zelenak RR, Sullivan RJ,
McSwain Jr N.
Ann Emerg Med 1993;22:669-
674
402 Cardiac output and end-tidal carbon
dioxide.
Weil MH, Bisera J,
Trevino RP, Rackow EC. Crit Care Med 1985;13:907-909
403 Relationship between cardiacoutput
and the end -tidal cardon dioxide
tension.
Ornate JP, Garnett AR,
Glauser FL, Ann Emerg Med
1990;19:1104-
1106
404
End-tidal cardon dioxide changes
during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
after experimental asphyxial cardiac
arrest.
Bhende MS, Karasic DG,
Karasic RB. Ann Emerg Med 1996;14:349-350
405
Initial end-tidal CO2 is markedly
elevated during cardio-pulmonary
resuscitation after asphyxial cardiac
arrest.
Berg RA, Henry C, Otto
CW, Sanders AB, Kern KB,
Hilwig RW,Ewy GA.
Pediatr Emerg
Care 1996;12:245-248
406 The self-inflating bulb to detect esophageal intubation during
emergency airway management.
Kasper CL, Deem S. Anesthesiology 1998;88:898-902
407 The esophageal detector device: does
it work?
Zaleski L, Abello D, Gold
MI. Anesthesiology
1993;79:244-
247
408 Esophageal detector device versus
detection of end-tidal cardon dioxide
level in emergency intubation.
Bozeman WP, Hexter D,
Liang HK, Kelen GD. Ann Emerg Med
1996;27:595-
599
409 The oesophageal detector device: an
assessment with uncuffed tubes in
children.
Wee MY, Walker AK. Anaesthesia 1991;46:869-871
410 Use of the oesophageal detector device in children under one year of
age.
Haynes SR, Morton NS. Anaesthesia 1990;45:1067-1069
411 Efficacy of the self-inflating bulb in
comfirming tracheal intubation in the
morbidly obese.
Lang DJ, Wafai Y, Salem
MR, Czinn EA, Halim AA,
Baraka A
Anesthesiology 1996;85:246-
253
412
Efficacy of the self inflating bulbin
differentiating esophageal from
tracheal intubation in the parturient
undergoing cesarean section.
Baraka A, Khoury PJ,
Siddik SS, Salem MR,
Joseph NJ
Anesth analg 1997;84:533-
537
413
National association of EMS
Physicians position paper: verification
of endotracheal tube placement
following intubation.
O'Connor R, Swor RA. Prehosp Emerg
Care 1999;3:248-250
414 Pulmonary disorders: airway
obstruction.
Zander J, Hazinski MF.
Nursing care of the
critically ill child.
Mosby-Year Book
1992
415 High frequency jet ventilation in CPR Klain M, Kaszler H, Brader Crit Care Med 1981;9:421-422
E.
416
Percutaneous transtracheal jet
ventilation for paediatric endoscopic
laser treatment of laryngeal and
subglottic lesions.
Depierraz B, Ravussin P,
Brossard E, Monnier P Can J Anaesth
1994;41:1200-
1207
417
Percutaneous transtracheal ventilation for laser endoscopic
procedures in infants and small
children with laryngeal obstruction:
Report of two cases.
Ravussin P, Bayer-Berger M, Monnier P, Savary M,
Freeman J. Can J Anaesth 1987;34:83-86
418 Needle cricothyroidotomy revisited. Peak DA, Roy S. Pediatr Emerg Care
1999;15:224-226
419 Percutaneous dilatational
cricothyroidotomy : Outcome with 44
consecutive patients.
Barrachina F, Guardiola
JJ, Ano T, Ochagavia A,
Marine J.
Intensive Care
Med
1996;22:937-
940
420 Neutral Cervical spine positioning in
children. Nypaver M, Treloar D. Ann Emerg Med 1994;23:208-211
421
Emergency transport and positioning
of young children who have an injury
of the cervical spine: the standard
backboard my be hazardous.
Herzenberg JE, Hensinger
RN, Dedrick DK, Phillips
WA.
J Bone Joint Surg
Am 1989;71:15-22
422
Effects of active compression-
decompression resuscitation on
myocardial and cerebral blood flow in
pigs.
Lindner KH, Pfenninger
EG, Lurie KG, Schurmann
W, Lindner IM, Ahnefeld
FW.
Circulation 1993;88:1254-
1263
423
Active compression-decompression CPR improves vital organ perfusion in
a dog model of ventricular
fribrillation.
Chang MW, Coffeen P, Lurie KG, Shultz J, Bache
RJ, White CW. Chest
1994;106:1250-1259
424
Evaluation of standard and active
compression-decompression CPR in an
acute human model of ventricular fribrillation.
ShultzJJ, Coffeen P,
Sweeney M, Detloff B,
Kehler C, Pineda E, Yakshe P, Adler SW, Chang M,
Lurie KG.
Circulation 1994;89:684-
693
425
Benefit of active compression-
decompression cardiopulmonary
resuscitation as a prehospital advanced cardiac life support: a
randomized multicentre study.
Plaisance P, Adnet F,
Vicaut E, Hennequin B,
Mange P, Prudhomme C, Lambert Y, Cantineau JP,
Leopold C, Ferracci C,
Gizzi M, Payen D.
Circulation 1997;95:955-961
426
Active compression-decompression
resuscitation: a prospective, Randomized study in a two -tiered
EMS system with physicians in the
field.
Mauer D, Schneider T,
Dick W, Withelm A, Elich D, Mauer M,
Resuscitation 1996;33:125-134
427
The Ontario trial of active
compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation fo in-
hospital and prehospital cardiac
arrest.
Stiell IG, Herbert PC,
Wells GA, Laupacis A, Vandemheen K, Dreyer JF,
Eisenhauer MA, Gibson J,
Higginson LA, Kirby AS,
Mahon JL, Maloney JP,
Weitzman BN.
JAMA 1996;275:1417-
1423
428
Pencreatic injury associated with
interposed abdominal compression in
pediatric cardiopulmonary
resuscitation.
Waldman PJ, Walters BL,
Grunau CFV Am J Emerg Med 1984;2:510-512
429 PASG: does it help in the management
of traumatic shock?
Chang FC, Harrison PB,
Beech RR, Helmer SD. J Trauma
1995;39:453-
456
430 Prospective MAST, Study in 911
patients.
Mattox KL, Bickell W,
Pepe PE, Burch J, Feliciano
D,
J Trauma 1989;29:1104-
1111
431 Use of Pneumatic antishock trousers in the management of pediatric pelvic
hemorrhage.
Brunette DD, Fifield G, Ruiz E.
Pediatr Emerg 1987;3:86-90
432 MAST - associated compartment
syndrome (MACS): a review.
Aprahamian C, Gessert G,
Bandyk DF, Sell L, Stiehl
J, Olson DW.
J Trauma 1989;29:549-
555
433
Lung mechanics, gas exchange and
central circulation during treatment
of intra-abdominal hemorrhage with
pneumatic anti-shock garment and
intra-aortic balloon occlusion.: an experimental study in pigs.
Blomquist S, Aberg T,
Sloem JO, Steen S. Eur Surg Res
1994;26:240-
247
434 Manual open-chest cardiopulmonary
resuscitation. Bircher N, Safar P. Ann Emerg Med 1984;13:770-773
435
A technique revisited:hemodynamic
comparison of closed and open chest
cardiac massage during human
cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Boczar ME, Howard MA,
Rivers EP, Martin GB,
Horst HM, Lewandowski C,
Tomlanovich MC, Nowark
RM.
Crit Care Med 1995;23:498-
503
436 Efficacy of emergency room
thoracotomy in pediatric trauma.
Beaver BL, Colombani PM,
Buck JR, Dudgeon DL,
Bohrer SL, Haller Jr JA.
J Pediatr Surg 1987;22:19-23
437 A comparison of open chest and
closed chest cardiac massage in dogs. Redding JS, Cozine RA. Anethesiology 1961;22:280-285
438 Outcome and cost of open and closed
chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation
in pediatric cardiac arrests.
Sheikh A, Brogan T. Pediatrics 1994;93:392-
398
439 The optimum timing of resuscitative
thoracotomy for non traumatic out of
hospital cardiac arrest.
Takino M, Okada Y. Resuscitation 1993;26:69-74
440
Use of rapid deployment
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
for the resuscitation of pediatric
patients with heart disease after
cardiac arrest.
Duncan BW, Ibrahim AE,
Hraska V, Del Nido PJ,
Laussen PC, Wessel DL,
Mayer Jr JE, Bower LK,
Jonas RA.
J Thorac
cardiovasc Surg
1998;116:305-
311
441 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator
rescue in children during cardiac
arrest after cardiac surgery.
Del-Nido PJ, Dalton HJ,
Thompson AE, Siewers RD. Circulation
1992;86(suppl
II):II-300-
II304
442
Extracorporeal membrane
oxygenation for cardiac rescue in
children with severe mycardial
dysfunction.
Dalton HJ, Siewers RD,
Fuhrman BP, Del-Nido P,
Thompson AE, Shaver MG,
Dowhy M.
Cit Care Med 1993;21:1020-
1028
443
Percutaneous Venoarterial
extracorporeal membrane oxyganation
for emergency mechanical circulatory
support.
Mair P, Hoermann C,
Moertl M, Bonatti J,
Falbesoner C, Balogh D.
Resuscitation 1996;33:29-34
444 Emergency cardiopulmonary bypass for cardiac arrest refractory to
pediatric advanced life support.
Cochran JB, Tecklenburg FW, Lau YR, Habib DM.
Pediatr Emerg Care
1999;15:30-32
445 Emergency department Martin GB, Rivers EP, Chest 1998;113:743-
cardiopulmonary bypass in the
treatment of human cardiac arrest.
Paradis NA, Goetting MG,
Morris DC, Nowark RM.
751
446 Difficulty and delay in intravascular
access in pediatric arrests.
Rosetti V, Thompson B,
Aprahamian C, Darin J,
Mateer J.
Ann Emerg Med 1984;13:406
447
Central versus peripheral intravenous routes in cardiopulmonary
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