President John F. Kennedy encourages the space program to look toward the moon

president kennedy's moon speech to congress - Google Video2.flv

Objectives To establish the technology to meet other national

interests in space. To achieve preeminence in space for the United

States. To carry out a program of scientific exploration of

the Moon. To develop man's capability to work in the lunar

environment.

Two more groups of astronauts are added Group 4 – 6 astronauts Group 5 – 19 astronauts

A large number of uncrewed missions were performed

These tested: The three-stage Saturn V rocket Command, Lunar and Service Modules

On January 27, 1967 – tragedy struck During a launch pad test, the astronauts get

into the spacecraft to perform a ‘run-through’ of what will happen during the launch

Virgil Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee were preparing for the first manned Apollo flight

During the launch pad test, a spark ignited in the wiring insulation which caused a flash fire

The hatch door stuck, and the crew was unable to get out

After performing three unmanned missions (Apollo 4, 5, 6) – it was time to try a manned mission

Apollo 7 (Oct. 22, 1968) Walter Schirra, Donn Eisele, Walt Cunningham Tested the Command/Service module Only orbited the Earth Lasted 10 days and 20 hours

Apollo 8 Frank Borman, James Lovell Jr, William Anders Orbited the moon

20 hours with 10 orbits Lasted 6 days, 3 hours

Apollo 9 James McDivitt, David Scott, Russell

Schweickart Tested the Lunar module Only orbited Earth

Apollo 10 Eugene Cernan, John Young, Thomas Stafford Orbited the moon with the lunar module Simulated lunar landing by undocking

Apollo 11 Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, Edwin Aldrin First lunar landing

Stayed for 21.6 hours Sea of Tranquility

Apollo 12 Charles Conrad, Richard Gordon, Alan Bean Landed on moon

Ocean of Storms Completed two lunar walks

Apollo 13 James Lovell, John Swigert, Fred Haise Days before the mission, backup lunar module

pilot exposed command module pilot Ken Mattingly to the measles Backup CM – John Swigert stepped in

At 56 hours, after stirring the oxygen tanks - #2 blew up and #1 also failed “Houston, we have a problem” Lovell reported venting into space

It was the oxygen

Apollo 13 They had to shut down the command/service

module and ‘live’ in the lunar module It was decided they would still orbit the moon Carbon Dioxide soon became a problem Ken Mattingly helped to find how to power up

the CM after its long, cold sleep They returned home safely Known as the ‘successful failure’

Apollo 14 Alan Shepherd, Stuart Roosa, Edgar Mitchell Landed on Fra Mauro

Apollo 15 David Scott, James Irwin, Alfred Worden Landed on Hadley-Apennine region

Apollo 16 John Young, Ken Mattingly, Charles Duke Landed on Descartes Highlands

Apollo 17 Eugene Cernan, Ronald Evans, Harrison Schmitt Landed on Taurus-Littrow highlands and valley area

Bringing together American Apollo project with Soviet Soyuz project

Goals First international manned spaceflight Test compatibility of rendezvous and docking

systems Open the way for international space rescue Open the way for future joint manned flights

July 15-24, 1975 Apollo Crew

Thomas Stafford, Vance Brand, Donald Slayton Soyuz Crew

Valeriy Kubasov, Alexei Leonov Soyuz was launched 7 hours before Apollo Apollo maneuvered to rendezvous 52 hours

after Soyuz launch Together conducted experiments over a 2-

day period