apolon tabuasvili - rustaveli.org.ge

apolon TabuaSvili

erekle meoris ekonomikuri

koncefciebi da reformebi qveynis

mmarTvelobis modernizaciisaTvis

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2010

2

naSromi moicavs XVIII sauknis II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos Sida politikuri istoriis TiTqmis yvela aspeqts.

mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba erekle II-is ekonomikur poli-

tikas. naSromSi detalurad aris ganxiluli mmarTvelobis

modernizaciisaTvis erekle II-is mier gatarebuli reforme-

bi. Seswavlilia rigi sakiTxebi (mosaxleobis aRwera, saxel-

mwifo sagadasaxado sistema), romlebsac qarTul istoriog-

rafiaSi naklebi adgili eTmoboda. gaSuqebulia XVIII sauku-

nis 70-90-ian wlebSi saTavadoTa saxlebSi mimdinare masiuri

gayris procesi.

redaqtori Tedo dundua

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori

recenzentebi: dimitri SveliZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori

giorgi JuJunaSvili

istoriis doqtori, profesori

`aRniSnuli proeqti ganxorcielda saqarTvelos erov-

nuli samecniero fondis finansuri xelSewyobiT (granti N GNSF/ PRES08/1-299). winamdebare publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli

nebismieri azri ekuTvnis avtors da SesaZloa ar asaxavdes

erovnuli samecniero fondis Sexedulebebs~.

©apolon TabuaSvili, 2010

©Apolon Tabuashvili, 2010

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2010

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]

ISBN 978-9941-12-988-9

3

sarCevi

Sesavali..........................................................................................5

Tavi I. qarTlis da kaxeTis samefoebi XVIII sau-

kunis II naxevramde (politikur-ekonomikuri

momixilva)......................................................................................16

Tavi II. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ekonomikuri

mdgomareoba XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi .............................. 25

§ 1. vaWroba ..................................................................................... 27

a) centraluri xelisuflebis RonisZiebebi vaWrobis

ganviTarebisaTvis........................................................................27

b) saSinao vaWroba .........................................................................38

g) sagareo vaWroba........................................................................41

§ 2. vaWrobis Sedegad miRebuli saxelmwifo

Semosavlebi................................................................................... 50

a) sabaJo Semosavlebi ..................................................................50

b) savaWro operaciebis Sedegad miRebuli sxva

saxelmwifo Semosavlebi ............................................................66

§ 3. savaxSo kapitali ..................................................................70

§ 4. manufaqturuli warmoebis ganviTareba ...................... 72

§ 5. xelosnoba ...............................................................................89

§ 6. samefo karis RonisZiebebi intensiuri

meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis ..............................................99

§ 7. samefo karis RonisZiebebi saxaso yma-

mamulebis gafarToebisaTvis................................................. 105

§ 8. saxelmwifo Semosavlebi yma-glexTa

gadasaxadebidan...........................................................................109

§ 9. XVIII saukunis II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos ekonomikis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.................112

Tavi III. erekle II-is mier qveynis mmarTvelobis

modernizebisaTvis gatarebuli reformebi..................... 118

§ 1. qveynis aRweris sakiTxi .....................................................119

4

§ 2. cvlilebebi saxelmwifo sagadasaxado

sistemaSi ........................................................................................ 125

§ 3. samxedro reforma................................................................ 134

§ 4. sasamarTlo da sapolicio-administraciuli

reformebi...................................................................................... 158

Tavi IV. cvlilebebi saTavadoTa Sida mflobelo-

baSi ................................................................................................... 179

§ 1. sayaflaniSvilo.................................................................... 181

§ 2. saciciano ................................................................................ 187

§ 3. saamilaxvro........................................................................... 189

§ 4. samuxranbatono ....................................................................195

daskvna............................................................................................. 199

summary.................................................................................................203 damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura..............................213

5

Sesavali

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis imperiam 1801 wels gaa-

uqma da qveyanaSi rusuli mmarTveloba daamyara. pavle I-isa

da aleqsandre I-is manifestebSi mkafiod iyo gamokveTili,

rom ruseTis mTavrobam es gadawyvetileba miiRo `ara ZalTa

SematebisaTvis, ara angarebisaTvis~, aramed qarTveli xal-

xis dasacavad, radgan qveyanam sakuTari ZaliT arsebobis Se-

saZlebloba amowura. swored am formulis gamarTlebas

cdilobdnen rogorc imperiuli xanis, aseve sabWoTaA isto-

riografiis warmomadgenlebi. imperiis politikis gamar-

TlebisaTvis saWiro gaxda qarTl-kaxeTis samefo warmoCeni-

liyo, rogorc daRupvis piras myofi saxelmwifo, romlis ga-

darCenisaTvis gadaudebel saWiroebas warmoadgenda ruse-

Tis `daxmareba~. es ki TavisTavad niSnavda erekle II-is mier

qveynis modernizaciisaTvis gatarebul reformebis mniSvne-

lobis dakninebas. amave dros, bolomde verc sabWoTa isto-

riografiam auara gverdi im pozitiur movlenebs, romlebic

qveyanaSi SeiniSneboda, Tumca yovelive es marqsistul sa-

burvelSi moaqcia. monopoliuri — marqsistul-leninuri

ideologiis batonobis pirobebSi swored aseTi winaaRmde-

gobrivi mosazrebebi arsebobda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

Tanamedrove qarTul istoriografia ki yuradRebas Zi-

riTadad erekle II-is samxedro moqmedebebsa da sagareo po-

litikas uTmobs. aRniSnuli periodis mkvlevarebi qveynis

socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas da administraciul

mowyobas fundamenturad ar exebian.

sxvadasxva istoriuli wyaro migvaniSnebs qarTl-kaxe-

Tis samefos ekonomikur da politikur aRmavlobas. meore

mxriv, imperiis meistorieni da sabWoTa istorikosebi, xazs

usvamdnen qveynis ukidures decentralizaciasa da CamorCe-

nilobas. amdenad, kiTxva Tu ra tipis saxelmwifos warmoad-

genda erekle II-s qarTl-kaxeTi — feodalur-decentralize-

bul, Tu centralizebul-absolutur monarqias — kvlavac

Riad rCeba.

kvlevis mizania XVIII saukunis 70-90-iani wlebis qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos ganviTarebis realuri suraTis warmoCena:

6

erekle II-s reformebis detaluri ganxilva da am reformaTa

Sedegad miRweuli warmatebebisa da naklovanebebis Sefaseba.

Zieba efuZneba kompleqsur meTods, romelic iTvalis-

winebs qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Sida politikis yvela niuan-

sis ganxilvas. ekonomikuri mdgomareobis sruli suraTis

warmosaCenad gamoyenebulia paleoekonomikuri midgomebi.

kvlevis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens istoriul-kompa-

rativistuli meTodi, ris Sedegadac naCvenebia SedarebiTi

analizi erekleseul qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da aRmosav-

leT evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Ses-

wavliT bevri mecnieri dainteresda. mkvlevarTa nawili (f.

gogiCaiSvili, s. avaliani, d. uCaneiSvili da sxv.) XVIII sauku-

nis II naxevris qarTul ekonomikaSi yovelgvar pozitiur mov-

lenas uaryofs, meore nawili (gr. naTaZe, ap. rogava) ki sapi-

rispiro pozicias afiqsirebs. amdenad, aRniSnuli sakiTxis

garSemo mecnieruli diskusia aqtualobas kvlav inarCunebs.

winamdebare naSromSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ekonomikuri

mdgomareobis Seswavlas safuZvlad udevs dokumenturi da

sxva saxis istoriuli wyaroebi. axlebur konteqstSia gan-

sazRvruli gansaxilveli periodis ekonomikis xasiaTi, mo-

cemulia qarTul da aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoTa eko-

nomikis ganviTarebis modelebis SedarebiTi analizi. naS-

romSi detaluradaa ganxiluli mmarTvelobis modernizaci-

isaTvis erekle II-is mier gatarebuli reformebi. Seswavli-

lia rigi sakiTxebi (mosaxleobis aRwera, saxelmwifo sagada-

saxado sistema), romlebsac qarTul istoriografiaSi nak-

lebi adgili eTmobodaT. naSromSi gamoyenebulia dRemde ga-

mouqveynebeli istoriuli sabuTebis erTi nawili.

wyaroebis mimoxilva

XVIII saukunis meore naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

Sesaxeb mravali istoriuli dokumentia Semonaxuli. maTi

umetesoba saqarTvelos centralur saistorio arqivis da

xelnawerTa erovnuli centris (yof. k. kekeliZis saxelobis

xelnawerTa instituti) fondebSi aris daculi. maTi didi na-

wili amJamad ukve gamocemulia.

XIX saukunis samociani wlebidan `kavkasiis arqeografi-

ulma komisiam~ gamosca dokumentebis seria 12 tomad. imis

miuxedavad, rom gamosacemad SerCeulia iseTi tipis doku-

7

mentebi, romlebic ruseTis kavkasiur politikas gaamar-

Tlebda, am sabuTebs sakiTxis kvlevaSi didi mniSvneloba eni-

Weba. CvenTvis saintereso saistorio sabuTebi moTavsebulia

gamocemis pirvel da meore tomSi (АКАК 1866, 1868).

XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi d. furcelaZem gamosca saTa-

vadaznauri, saeklesio da saglexo dokumentebis krebulebi

(Грузинские..., 1881, Грузинские..., 1881А, Грузинские..., 1882). d.

furcelaZis gamocemis mTavari nakli mdgomareobs sabuTTa

fragmentulobaSi — dokumentebi dabeWdilia arasruli sa-

xiT.

cota mogvianebiT a. cagarelma gamosca rusul-qarTu-

li sigelebi da sxva xasiaTis wyaroebi (Грамоты..., 1891, 1898).

Zalzed mniSvnelovania e. TayaiSvilis mier gamocemuli

mravali istoriuli dokumenti (saqarTvelos..., 1907, 1910,

1920).

CvenTvis saintereso saistorio sabuTebs Seicavs s. ka-

kabaZis mier gamocemuli sabuTebis V tomi (kakabaZe, 1913).

statistikuri da sxva saxis Zvirfasi cnonebia daculi

iv. javaxiSvilis mier Sekrebil dokumentebSi (javaxiSvili,

1967, 1974).

XVIII saukunis II naxevris saqarTvelos ekonomikuri is-

toriis dokumenturi wyaroebis publikaciis saqmeSi udide-

si wvlili miuZRvis akad. n. berZeniSvils. mis mier gamocemu-

li dokumentebi pirvelwyaroa moxeleTa xelfasebis, ijare-

bis, vaWrobis, aRmSeneblobis, saxelmwifo ekonomikisa da

sxva sakiTxebis SeswavlisaTvis (masalebi..., 1938, 1953, 1955).

n. berZeniSvils ekuTvnis aseve socialuri xasiaTis dokumen-

tebis publikaciac (dokumentebi..., 1940; 1953).

manve, mamisa berZniSvilTan erTad, gamoaqveyna Tbili-

sis socialur-ekonomikuri viTarebis amsaxveli sabuTebi

(dokumentebi..., 1962).

XVIII saukunis saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri is-

toriis sakiTxebze sxvadasxva dokumentebi gamosces S. mesxi-

am (masalebi...,1948), i. lorTqifaniZem (lorTqifaniZe, 1940),

g. jamburiam (jamburia, 1960) da sxvebma.

L2005 wels l. aslamaziSvilma, gamoaqveyna centralur

saxelmwifo saistorio arqivSi daculi saqarTvelos XV-XVIII

saukuneebis socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis Semcveli do-

kumentebi (aslamaziSvili, 2005).

8

Cveni sakvlevi Temis erT-erTi pirvelwyaroa sakanon-

mdeblo Zeglebi. mniSvnelovan informacias Seicavs vaxtang

VI-is `dasturlamali~ (qarTuli..., 1970A; 1970), vaxtang bato-

niSvilis 1782 w. `ganCineba barisa da mTiulTa adgilTa~ (qar-

Tuli..., 1965: 450-454), 1783 w. `georgievskis traqtati~ (qar-

Tuli..., 1965: 457-482), `saqarTvelos ZvelTagan da Cveulebi-

Tad qarTvelTa mefeTa droTa SemoRebulni sjulni~ (qar-

Tuli..., 1965: 566-584), daviT batoniSvilis `saqarTvelos sa-

marTlisa da kanonmcodneobis mimoxilva~ (bagrationi, 1959)

da sxva. XVIII saukunis II naxevris sasamarTlo arza-ganCinebe-

bis publikaciis saqmeSi udidesi roli Seasrula i. doliZem.

mis mier gamocemuli dokumentebi Tavmoyrilia rva tomSi da

epoqis Sesaxeb TiTqmis yvela saxis informacias Seicavs (qar-

Tuli..., 1963, 1965, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1977, 1981, 1985).

epoqis realur suraTs gvixatavs iese baraTaSvilis

Tavgadasavali (iese baraTaSvilis..., 1950), ioane qarTveliS-

vilis memuarebi (ioane qarTveliSvili..., 1952), aleqsandre

jambakur-orbelianis mogonebebi (jambakur-orbeliani,

1914).

didi qarTuli istorikosis, vaxuSti batoniSvilis

cnobebi istoriuli geografiis aRsadgenad, Tu sxva sakiT-

xebis kvlevisaTvis erT-erTi pirvelwyaroa (batoniSvili,

1973).

XVIII saukunis Sua xanebis istorikosi, papuna orbeliani

Tavis naSromSi, àmbavni qarTlisani~, gadmogvcems 1739-1758

wlebis qveynis politikur da socialur-ekonomikur mdgoma-

reobas (orbeliani, 1981).

papuna orbelianis naSromis erTgvari gagrZelebaa oman

mdivanbeg xerxeuliZis `mefoba irakli meorisa~, romelic

1722-1780-iani wlebis ambebs mogviTxrobs. is uxvadaa dat-

virTuli faqtobrivi masaliT (xerxeuliZe, 1989).

aseve pirvelwyarod unda CaiTvalos XIX saukunis da-

sawyisSi dawerili naSromebi — daviT batoniSvilis àxali

istoria~, bagrat batoniSvilis àxali moTxroba~ (bagratio-

ni, 1941), Teimuraz batoniSvilis àxali istoria~ (bagrati-

oni, 1983).

mravalmxriv sainteresoa ioane batoniSvilis enciklo-

pediuri xasiaTis naSromi `kalmasoba~, romelic epoqis

cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sakiTxs exeba (bagrationi, 1936,

1948).

9

pirvelwyarod SeiZleba CaiTvalos platon ioselianis

`cxovreba giorgi mecametisa~ (ioseliani, 1978).

XVIII saukunis II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Sesaxeb

mdidari cnobebi moepovebaT evropel mogzaurebsa da ruse-

Tis imperiis saxelmwifo moxeleebs. XVIII saukunis 50-iani

wlebis saqarTvelos politikur da ekonomikuri istoriis

Sesaxeb sayuradRebo cnobebs gvawvdis yirimSi myofi safran-

geTis konsuli peisoneli (kakabaZe, 1940).

mniSvnelovan informacias Seicavs ruseTis moxelis,

kapitan iazikovis cnobebi (Грамоты..., 1891) da 1783-1787 wleb-

Si saqarTveloSi ruseTis samxedro misiis xelmZRvanelis,

burnaSovis naSromi (burnaSovi, 1896).

XVIII saukunis II naxevris istoriis Sesaswavlad gansa-

kuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqonea ruseTis mecnierebaTa aka-

demiis namdvili wevris, iohan anton giuldenStedtis naSro-

mi. is saqarTveloSi 1771-1772 wlebSi imyofeboda. Tavis naS-

romSi igi imdroindeli cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela mxares exe-

ba (giuldenStedtis..., 1962, 1969).

aranaklebi mniSvnelobis cnobebs gvawvdis giulden-

Stedtis Tanamemamule iakob rainegsi. is saqarTveloSi XVIII

saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi imyofeboda. iyo samefo karTan da-

axloebuli piri da sakmaod kargad icnobda qarTul realo-

bas (rainegsi, 2002).

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mkvlevarTaTvis mniSvnelovan

informacias Seicavs ruseTis imperiis oficialuri istori-

ografiis warmomadgenlis — butkovis naSromi. mis samtomian

naSroms dokumenturi masalis xasiaTi aqvs da bevr iseT cno-

bas Seicavs, romelic sxvagan ar gvxvdeba. amitom butkovis

naSroms, rogorc saistorio wyaros, didi Rirseba gaaCnia

(butkovi, 1869A, 1869).

erekle II-is Sesaxeb garkveuli informaciaa daculi im

periodis dasavleT evropaSi gamomaval Jurnal-gazeTebSi.

maTi meSveobiT irkveva imdroindeli evropuli sazogadoeb-

rivi azri saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (Jurn. Mercare historiqueet politique da sxva).

sxvadasxva saxis cnobebia daculi somxur wyaroebSic:

simeon erevnelis (erevneli, 1958; gigauri, 1997), artem ara-

ratelis (ararateli, 1980) da sxvaTa naSromebSi.

10

literaturis mimoxilva

erekle II-is droindeli qarTl-kaxeTis samefos poli-

tikuri Tu ekonomikuri istoriis Seswavlisadmi XIX saukuni-

danve did interess iCendnen qarTveli da ucxoeli istori-

kosebi.

1898 wels gamovida m. janaSvilis naSromi `mefe erekle~

(janaSvili, 1898). maleve misive avtorobiT gamoica wigni `sa-

qarTvelos deda-qalaqi tfilisi~, sadac bevri sagulisxmo

cnobaa, rogorc XVIII saukunis II naxevris Tbilisis, aseve zo-

gadad qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb (janaSvili,

1899).

cnobilma ekonomistma filipe gogiCaiSvilma 1902 wels

Jurnal `kvalSi~ dabeWda statia saTauriT: `saqarTvelos

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba XIX saukuneSi~, xolo 1904 wels

Jurnal `moambeSi~ — `Sinauri mimoxilva~. avtori aRniSnul

kvlevebSi Seexo XVIII saukunis II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis same-

fos ekonomikasac da aRniSna, rom am periodSi qveyana iyo

karCaketili, sadac gabatonebuli iyo naturaluri meurneo-

ba, ar arsebobda saqalaqo cxovreba da ar iyo ganviTarebuli

vaWroba (gogiCaiSvili, 1974: 154).

imave azrs aviTarebs s. avaliani Tavis naSromSi

`Крестьянский вопрос в Закавказье~ (avaliani, 1912).

XVIII saukunis II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefos, iseve

rogorc zogadad saqarTvelos, socialur-ekonomikuri is-

toriis Seswavlas safuZveli daudo iv. javaxiSvilma (java-

xiSvili, 1925).

iv. javaxiSvilis saqme ganagrZes qarTuli sabWoTa is-

toriografiis warmomadgenlebma, romelTac gamoavlines da

samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semoitanes mravali faqtobrivi ma-

sala.1 am periodSi didi iyo XVIII saukunis II naxevris qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve socialuri,

kulturuli Tu politikuri istoriis Seswavlisadmi dain-

tereseba. amdenad, maT udidesi roli Seasrules aRniSnuli

sakiTxis kvlevaSi. maT mraval sadavo sakiTxis Sesaxeb arse-

biTad swori daskvnebi SemogvTavazes. Tumca, sabWoTa perio-

dis istoriografiis udidesi nakli iyo is faqti, rom yove-

1 dawvrilebiT ix. v. guCuas naSromi `saqarTvelos XVI — XVIII ss. eko-

nomikuri istoriis Seswavla qarTul sabWour istoriografiaSi

(guCua, 1968).

11

live marqsistul saburvelSi moaqcia. maT moRvaweoba xom

monopolistur, marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis pirobeb-

Si uxdebodaT. miuxedavad sabWour istoriografiaSi miRe-

buli azrisa, qveynis ekonomikuri dauZlurebis Sesaxeb, bo-

lomde verc maT auares gverdi arsebiTad zogierT swor Se-

fasebebs.

dawvrilebiT ganixila aRniSnuli sakiTxi s. kakabaZem

Tavis naSromebSi: `saqarTvelos ekonomikuri viTarebis Sesa-

xeb me-18 saukuneSi~ (kakabaZe, 1924), `Крестьянский вопрос и

крестьянские движения в Восточной Грузии в XVIII веке~ (kakabaZe,

1930). igi amave sakiTxs d. gvritiSvilis wignze `socialuri

urTierTobis istoriidan feodalur saqarTveloSi~ dawe-

ril recenziaSic exeba (kakabaZe, 1956).

pirveli statiis daskvnebi winaaRmdegobrivia. Tu av-

tori Sromis pirvel nawilSi wers, rom qarTl-kaxeTis eko-

nomikur cxovrebas etyoboda TvalsaCino gamococxleba,

qvemoT aRniSnavs, rom qveyana iyo ekonomikurad dauZlure-

buli (kakabaZe, 1924: 272). meore statiaSi kakabaZe miuTiTebs,

rom XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi ekonomikuri cxovreba sag-

rZnoblad iyo ganviTarebuli. misi gaangariSebiT 1760-1770

wlebSi TbilisSi sagareo vaWrobis moculoba 160 aTasidan

400 aTas maneTamde gaizarda (kakabaZe, 1930: 179). mesame sta-

tiaSi avtori exeba kapitalizmis ganviTarebas da akritikebs

d. gvritiSvils, romelsac am sakiTxze sawinaaRmdego mosaz-

reba gaaCnia (kakabaZe, 1956).

erT-erTi pirveli, vinc XVIII saukunis II naxevris aRmo-

savleT saqarTvelos ekonomikis daRmavali ganviTarebis wi-

naaRmdeg gailaSqra, gr. naTaZe iyo. avtori Tavis naSromSi —

`К вопросу об экономическом положении Грузии в конце XVIII

столетия~ — aRniSnavda, rom am periodSi qveyanaSi ganviTarda

sasaqonlo warmoeba, daiwyo mamulebis `damrgvaleba~ da misi

racionalur safuZvlebze mowyoba, ekonomikaSi arsebobda

zusti Sesaval-gasavlis aRricxva da a.S. misi daskvniT XIX sa-

ukunis I naxevarSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos socialur-eko-

nomikur ganviTarebaSi araviTari Tvisebrivi cvlileba ar

momxdara da gagrZelda XVIII saukunis II naxevrSi dawyebuli

procesebi (naTaZe, 1930: 148).

akad. n. berZeniSvili, werilSi `samRebroTa Sesaxeb XVIII

saukunis saqarTveloSi~ — adasturebs, rom Sua saukuneebis

saxelosnoebis gverdiT arsebobda manufaqturuli warmoe-

12

bac. avtori akritikebda gr. naTaZes, romelmac samRebro da

sabaJo erTmaneTTan gaaigiva. is ganixilavda samRebroebs da

acxadebda, rom manufaqturebis arsebobis miuxedavad, misi

roli qveynis cxovrebaSi mcire iyo (berZeniSvili, 1937). n.

berZeniSvili sxvagan miuTiTebda, rom erekle II-is ekonomi-

kur moRvaweobaSi `sruliad axali ram Canda~ (berZeniSvili,

1965: 224).

d. uCaneiSvili Tavis naSromSi — `К вопросу об

экономическом развитии восточной Грузии во второй половине XVIII

века~ — CvenTvis saintereso periodSi uaryofs aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganviTarebas. marTalia, avtori

miuTiTebs vaWrobis ganviTarebaze, magram xazs usvams, rom

vaWrobas qveynis winsvlaze radikaluri gavlena ar mouxde-

nia da kvlav batonobda naturaluri meurneoba (uCaneiSvi-

li, 1937: 386, 427).

akad. p. guguSvilis naSromebSi: `kapitalizmis warmoSo-

ba da ganviTareba saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi~ da

`Развитие промишленности в Грузии и в Закавказье в XIX-XX вв.~ aR-

niSnulia, rom am periodSi qveyanaSi arsebobda manufaqtu-

ruli tipis sawarmoebi. isini ZiriTadad saxelmwifo sarewa-

vebs warmoadgendnen, xolo kerZo kapitalisturi sarewave-

bis warmoqmna ki im dros SeuZlebeli iyo (guguSvili, 1941;

1957).

1954 wels saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis iv. java-

xiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institutSi Catarda diskusia

Temaze: `saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

xasiaTis sakiTxisaTvis XIX saukunis reformamdel period-

Si~. momxseneblebma: m. dumbaZem da z. anCabaZem TavianT moxse-

nebebSi, CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, aRniSnes:

`me-18 saukuneSi saqarTvelo warmoadgenda samefo-samTav-

roebad daqucmacebul feodalur-batonymur qveyanas, sadac

jer kidev ar iyo Seqmnili saTanado pirobebi, amitom soci-

al-ekonomikuri da politikuri `Cixidan~ qveynis sakuTari

ZalebiT gamoyvana SeuZlebeli iyo da misi ruseTTan SeerTe-

ba 1801 wels istoriulad aucilebeli movlena gaxda.

qarTl-kaxeTis ruseTTan SeerTebiT daiwyo mtruli gare-

mocvis garRvevis periodi da arsebuli `Cixidan~ qveynis daZ-

vris xana~ (anTelava, 1977: 14). rogorc vxedavT, es iyo ruse-

Tis imperiis politikis gamarTlebis mcdeloba da ara sakiT-

xis realurad kvleva.

13

mogvianebiT, es pozicia uaryo m. dumbaZem naSromSi:

`Tavisufal glexTa fenis sakiTxisaTvis XVIII saukunis saqar-

TveloSi~. avtori aRar saubrobs qveynis ekonomikur dauZ-

lurebaze da aRniSnavs, rom Tavisufal glexTa fenis arse-

boba da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtiva batonymobis rRvevis

procesze miuTiTebda (dumbaZe, 1966: 398).

es mosazreba Setanilia, agreTve, saqarTvelos narkve-

vebis IV tomis meTerTmete Tavis im nawilSi, romlis avtoric

Tavad aris (dumbaZe, 1973: 555-559).

sainteresoa ap. rogavas gamokvlevebi. is Tavis Sromeb-

Si — `Обозрение Грузии по части прав и законоведения Давида Георгевича Багратиони~ (rogava, 1959), kapitalizmis Canasaxi sa-

qarTveloSi da erekle II-is politika~ (rogava, 1964) da

`Зачатки капитализма в Грузии и политика Ираклия II~ (rogava, 1974)

— mkveTrad daupirispirda im istorikosebs, romlebic XVIII

saukunis II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefos socialur-eko-

nomikur ganviTarebaSi progresulobas ver xedavdnen. av-

torma ganaviTara azri, rom im droisaTvis kapitalisturi

elementebi imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom man Seutia feodalur

sistemas da daiwyo am formaciis rRveva (rogava, 1974: 163).

manve aRniSna, rom erekle II kapitalisturi urTierTobebis

gamarjvebis Tavdadebuli momxre iyo (rogava, 1974: 30). misi

Sexedulebebi qarTul istoriografiaSi nawilobriv gazia-

rebulia. Tumca miiCneven (maT Soris Cvenc), rom avtoris Se-

fasebebi gadaWarbebulia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ap. rogavas kvlevebma XVIII saukunis II

naxevris aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTare-

bis Sesaxeb adre damkvidrebuli Sexeduleba ramdenadme Sec-

vala.

sainteresoa d. gogolaZis naSromi `samTamadno samTo-

saqarxno mrewveloba saqarTveloSi da kapitalizmis genezi-

sis zogierTi sakiTxi~ (gogolaZe, 1966). avtori detalurad

aRwers axtalisa da alaverdis vercxlisa da spilenZis sa-

warmoebs, maTi warmoebis moculobas da a.S. avtori iziarebs

im azrs, rom qveyenaSi arsebobda kapitalisturi wesis sawar-

moebi (gogolaZe, 1966: 168). aseve Tvlis, rom imdroindeli

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo `gardatexis xanaSi~ iyo da mzaddebo-

da pirobebi feodaluri urTierTobebis rRvevisaTvis (go-

golaZe, 1966: 166).

14

aRniSnul sakiTxs mniSvnelovani kvleva miuZRvna S. mes-

xiam. `saqarTvelos istoriis damxmare saxelmZRvaneloSi~

man miuTiTa, rom Tof-zarbaznebis qarxanaSi, zarafxanaSi,

stambaSi, minis sawarmoSi, samRebroebSi... iyenebdnen daqira-

vebul Sromas. avtoris azriT dawinaurebula soflis meur-

neobac. soflad met sabazro produqcias amzadebdnen da

aqac xSiri iyo daqiravebuli Sromis gamoyeneba (berZeniSvi-

li..., 1958: 362-364).

S. mesxiasve ekuTvnis naSromi `Города и городской строй

феодальной Грузии~, sadac detaluradaa ganxiluli saqarTve-

los qalaqebi, vaWroba-xelosnoba da a.S. avtori aRniSnavs,

rom XV-XVII saukuneebisagan gansxvavebiT, XVIII saukunis II na-

xevarSi Seiqmna xelsayreli pirobebi qveynis ekonomikuri

aRorZinebisaTvis. misi azriT, am periodSi farTod iyo gav-

rcelebuli daqiravebuli Sroma da savaWro-savaxSo kapita-

li xels uwyobda naturaluri meurneobis rRvevas (mesxia,

1959).

sainteresoa v. CantlaZis naSromi: `sulxan-saba orbe-

lianis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi~. avtoris azriT, saqar-

TveloSi feodalizmis daSlis winapirobebi Camoyalibda XVII

saukunis bolos da XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi da kidev ufro

ganviTarda XVIII saukunis II saxevarSi. is miuTiTebda vaWro-

bis ganviTarebasa da manufaqturebis arsebobaze (CantlaZe,

1959: 11).

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi fulis mimoqcevis, saxelmwi-

fos Semosaval-gasavlis da sxva ekonomikuri sakiTxebis Se-

saxeb mniSvnelovani gamokvleva SemogvTavaza finansist-eko-

nomistma n. qoiavam. misi naSromis erT-erTi Rirseba isicaa,

rom avtorma mogvca mravali terminisa da imdroindeli eko-

nomikuri niuansis ganmarteba (qoiava, 1963).

aRsaniSnavia aseve g. akofaSvilis kvlevebi. man mravali

naSromi miuZRvna am sakiTxs. erT-erT naSromSi — `fulad-sa-

batono gadasaxadebi XVIII s. damlevisa da XIX s. damdegis sa-

qarTveloSi~ — avtori amtkicebs, rom am periodSi arsebob-

dnen memamule racionalistebi, rom isini mkacri aRricxvis

sistemas iyenebdnen, iyo soflad daqiravebuli Sromis faqte-

bi da a.S. (akofaSvili, 1964). es debulebebi man Camoayaliba sa-

qarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis IV tomis meTerTmete TavSi,

sadac aRniSna, rom XVIII saukunis 40-80-ian wlebSi mimdinare-

obda Sromis danawileba, viTardeboda xelosnoba, farTovde-

15

boda saSinao da sagareo vaWroba, mkvidrdeboda manufaqtu-

ruli warmoeba da a.S.

i. anTelavam 1965 wels moskovSi gamarTul diskusiaze,

romelic feodalizmidan kapitalizmSi gadasvlis proble-

mebs mieZRvna, arsebiTad uaryo XVIII saukunis II naxevris aR-

mosavleT saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis progre-

suloba (ix. anTelava, 1977: 25). mogvianebiT, naSromSi — `XVIII

saukunis saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomiuri ganviTarebis

xasiaTis sakiTxisaTvis~ — avtorma azri Seicvala. man er-

Tgvari Sualeduri pozicia daikava im mkvlevarTa Soris, ro-

melTagan nawili XVIII saukunis II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis sa-

mefoSi veraviTar progresuls ver amCnevda da im mkvlevar-

Ta Soris, romlebic, misi azriT, gadaWarbebiT afasebdnen

movlenebs. avtorma arsebiTad aRiara qveynis ekonomikis da-

winaureba (anTelava, 1977).

sayuradRebo gamokvlevebi SemogvTavaza mixeil samso-

naZem, naSromebSi: `Tbilisis samrewvelo ganviTareba mecxra-

mete saukunis reformamdel xanaSi~ (samsonaZe, 1968) da `sa-

qarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba XIX saukunis

pirvel mesamedSi~ (samsonaZe, 1980). gamoTqmulia mosazrebe-

bi, rom qarTl-kaxeTSi dawinaurebuli iyo vaWroba, rom Se-

saZlebelia XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnaze ganviTarebuli bam-

beulis saqsovebSi manufaqturuli warmoebis daSveba (samso-

naZe, 1968: 219). avtori zogadad miuTiTebs XVIII saukunis II na-

xevris ekonomikis ganviTarebaze da XIX saukunis movlenebs

ara `rusul siaxled~, aramed winamorbedis gagrZelebad mi-

iCnevs (samsonaZe, 1980: 7).

1990 wels mamia dumbaZis redaqtorobiT gamocemul

`Tbilisis istoriis~ I tomSi — `Tbilisi uZvelesi droidan

XVIII saukunis bolomde~ — aRniSnulia, rom XVIII saukunis II na-

xevarSi qveyana ekonomikurad dawinaurda (dumbaZe, 1990).

rac Seexeba postsabWour da Tanamedrove qarTul is-

toriografias, am kuTxiT TiTqmis araferi gakeTebula.

saerTod am sakiTxze, rogorc vxedavT, gamoTqmulia

araerTi urTierTgamomricxavi mosazreba.

16

Tavi I.

qarTlis da kaxeTis samefoebi XVIII saukunis

II naxevramde

(politikur-ekonomikuri momixilva)

qarTlis da kaxeTis samefoebis politikuri da ekono-

mikuri mdgomareobis ganxilvisas, upirveles yovlisa, yu-

radRebas gavamaxvilebT saTavadoTa sistemaze. saTavadoTa

sistemis Seswavlas (iseve, rogorc gviani Sua saukuneebis sa-

qarTvelos teritoriaze arsebul samefo-samTavroTa zo-

gad politikur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis ganxilvas) qar-

Tul istoriografiaSi didi adgili aqvs daTmobili. aRniS-

nul sakiTxebze muSaobdnen cnobili qarTveli istorikose-

bi: n. berZeniSvili, d. gvritiSvili, g. akofaSvili, o. sose-

lia, m. qiqoZe, g. jamburia, n. asaTiani da sxvebi. aRniSnul

TavSi Cven swored am istorikosTa kvlevis gamocdilebas

veyrdnobiT.

XV saukunis samefo-samTavroebad daSlil saqarTvelo-

Si Camoyalibda saTavadoTa sistema. misi formirebis umTav-

resi wyaro qveynis decentralizacia da ekonomikuri mdgo-

mareobis ukiduresad dabali maCvenebeli iyo. naturaluri

meurneoba saTavadoebis karCaketilobis aucilebel pirobas

warmoadgenda. saTavados ganagebda Tavadi, romelic garkve-

uli kompaqturi teritoriis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli iyo.

saTavadoSi iyvnen gverdiTi Stos warmomadgenlebi — Tava-

diSvilebi, romelnic pirvel Tavads, anu `saxlis ufross“

emorCilebidnen .2

profesori m. qiqoZe saTavados politikur uflebebs

ase axasiaTebs: `1. Tavadi kanonieri mflobeli iyo saTavado-

Si da mefe umetes SemTxvevaSi, ver axerxebda CamoerTmia sag-

vareulosaTvis mopovebuli Zalaufleba mis saTavadoze. 2.

Tavadi sargeblobda uflebiT ewarmoebina omi mezobel sa-

Tavado-seniorebTan. Tavads SesaZleblad miaCnda misi siu-

zerenis — mefis winaaRmdegac galaSqrebuliyo, Tu amas mo-

2 gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba gvaqvs kaxeTis samefoSi, sadac gaer-

Tianebuli saqarTvelos ukanasknelma mefem giorgi VIII-m saerisTa-

voebi gaauqma da centraluri mmarTveloba Seqmna (ix. asaTiani,

1959: 27-56).

17

iTxovda misi saTavados interesebi. 3. Tavads hqonda Tavisi

iZulebiTi aparati (aznauroba, msaxurTa razmebi da sxv.),

romlis saSualebiT igi axerxebda ganexorcielebina bato-

noba uSualo mwarmoeblebze. 4. Tavadi awarmoebda saTavado-

Si samarTals, garda im gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevisa, rode-

sac saqmeebs mefe an mdivanbegi ganixilavdnen. 5. saTavados

hqonda dadgenili garkveuli teritoriuli sazRvrebi, rom-

lis sazRvrebSi xorcieldeboda Tavadis Zalaufleba. amas-

Tan erTad, gvianfeodalur saqarTveloSi saTavado gvevli-

neba, rogorc administraciuli erTeuli~ (qiqoZe, 1963: 97-

98). amdenad, saTavadoebs gaaCndaT sasamarTlo-administra-

ciuli imuniteti. `administraciuli Seuvaloba gamoixata im

viTarebaSi, rom saTavadoSi centraluri xelisuflebis mo-

xeleebi ver Sedian. `saxelmwifo xarjsa~ da molaSqris ga-

moyvanis organizacias Tavadi Tavisi moxeleebis saSualebiT

axdenda~ (jamburia, 1973: 206) — `Cveni moasili ama TqvenTa ma-

mulTa Siga versad Sevides da vercavin ra saqme daidos~ ac-

xadebs konstantine mefe fanaskerteli zazasadmi micemul

mamulebis boZebis sigelSi (gvritiSvili, 1955: 121-122).

erTi sityviT `saxlis ufrosi~ iyo uzenaesi gamgebeli

saTavadoSi. igi ganagebda saTavado saxlis yvela saqmes (jam-

buria, 1973: 210).3

saTavadoSi sakuTrebis ZiriTadi forma saerTo, anu

`saxaso~ mamuli iyo. mamulSi iyo eklesia, sasaxle, moxeleebi

da yma-glexebi. yovelives saxlis ufrosi ganagebda. is Semo-

savlidan saufrosos iRebda. Semosavlis SedarebiT mcire

nawili TavadiSvilebs gadaecemodaT. `saerTo~ mflobeloba

saTavados arsebobis garanti iyo. `saerTo~ qonebis gareSe

mas ar SeeZlo arseboba, radgan misi ekonomikuri, sasamar-

Tlo da administraciuli Seuvaloba am erTian mamulze iyo

damokidebuli.

saTavadoSi mflobelobis meore forma `saufliswulo~

qoneba iyo. TavadiSvilebs droebiT gadaecemodaT miwisa da

yma-glexTa garkveuli nawili `sarCoT da sacxovreblad~.

saxlis ufrosis daukiTxavad TavadiSvili mas verc gaaCuqeb-

da da verc gayidida. is iyo `saxlis qoneba, nawili saerTo

3 didi uflebebis miuxedavad, Tavads ar gaaCnda sakanonmdeblo

funqcia da ar SeeZlo fulis moWra. amitom is ar iyo bolomde da-

moukidebeli da emorCileboda mefes.

18

qonebisa, romelic droebiT mflobelobaSi aqvs gadacemuli

TavadiSvils~ (jamburia, 1973: 204-205). `saufliswulo~ qone-

bas ormagi buneba gaaCnda — saTavados Zlierebis dros is sa-

erTo mamulad iqceoda, misi degradaciis periodSi damaxasi-

aTebeli iyo `saTavisTaod~ gadaqcevis tendencia.

saTavadoSi droTa ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda sakuTre-

bis mesame forma. es iyo `saTavisTao~ qoneba. `saTavisTao~ qo-

neba feodaluri saxlis wevrebis, TavadiSvilebis mier pira-

dad SeZenili (nayidi, namziTevi, mefis nawyalobevi da sxv.) qo-

neba iyo. mflobels am miwaze sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba gaaC-

nda. is ar Sedioda saerTo mamulis daqvemdebarebaSi. `saTa-

visTao qonebis gaCena saxlis SigniT am saxlis rRvevaze miu-

TiTebs. adre saxli ufro mtkice erTeuli iyo. yvelaferi sa-

erTo iyo. Semdeg piradi sakuTrebis roli izrdeba. Tu saxlis

wevri Tavisi monagebiT iZens, igi pirad sakuTrebaSi rCeba. es

stimuls aZlevs SenaZenisTvis. saTavisTao qonebis gaCena, sax-

lis saerTo qonebis sapirispirod, niSnavs individualuri me-

urneobis gamarjvebas saxlis meurneobaze. es garemoeba mow-

mobs meurneobis maRal safexurs da xels uwyobs intensiuri

meurneobis ganviTarebas. es garemoebave miuTiTebs imaze, Tu

rogor irRveva `saxlis erTianoba~ — aRniSnavda akad. n. berZe-

niSvili (jamburia, 1955: 144). saTavisTao qonebis ganmtkicebi-

saTvis saWiro iyo: I. ekonomikuri mdgomareobis ganviTareba,

rac saTavadoTa sistemas Zirs gamouTxrida da moamzadebda

pirobebs kerZo sakuTrebisTvis. aseT pirobebSi Tavadebi po-

litikur uflebebs moklebul memamuleebad iqceodnen; II.

Zlieri centraluri xelisufleba, romelic kerZo sakuTre-

bis xelSeuxeblobis garanti gaxdeboda.4 saTavadoTa sistemis

arsebobis dros `saTavisTao~ qonebis ganviTarebisaTvis sa-

Tanado pirobebi ar iyo. zogjer `saTavisTao~ qoneba Svilebi-

sa da SviliSvilebis xelSi saerTo an saufloswulo qonebad

iqceoda (jamburia, 1973: 204-205). aseTi iyo saTavadoTa Sig-

niT arsebuli mdgomareoba.

XV-XVIII saukuneebSi qarTlis samefoSi arsebobda Sem-

degi didi saTavadoebi: 1) aragvis saerisTavo, 2) qsnis sae-

risTavo, 3) samuxranbatono, 4) saamilaxvro, 5) saciciano, 6)

4 kerZo sakuTrebaSi vgulisxmobT saTavadoTa erTiani mflobelo-

bis sapirispirod TavadiSvilTa da aznaurTa individualur meur-

neobebis arsebobas.

19

sabaraTiano, romelic daiSala da XVII saukuneSi mis bazaze,

sxva mcire saTavadoebTan erTad, warmoiqmna mZlavri saTava-

do — sayaflaniSvilo. maT gverdiT arsebobda mravali Seda-

rebiT mcire saTavado: samaCablo, sajavaxiSvilo, saabaSiZeo,

saTarxno da sxva.

qarTlis samefos samxedro-administraciuli dayofa

did saTavadoTa principebis gaTvaliswinebiT moxda. qveyana

daiyo oTx sadroSod. mewinave sadroSos sardlad yaflaniS-

vilebis saxlis ufrosi gvevlineboda. memarjvene sadroSos

amilaxvari, memarcxenes — muxranbatoni, samefo sadroSos

ciciSvili xelmZRvanelobda. formalurad muxranbatonis

sadroSoSi gaerTianebis miuxedavad, aragvis da qsnis saeris-

Tavoebic cal-calke samxedro-administraciul erTeulebs

qmnidnen. feodaluri daqucmacebulobis pirobebSi sust sa-

mefo xelisuflebas ar gaaCnda Zala provinciebSi uSualod,

Tavadis Zalauflebis gverdis avliT, ganexorcielebina Ta-

visi politika. `qveynis mosaxleobis ZiriTad masas da cen-

tralur xelisuflebas Soris dgeboda seniori-Tavadi, ami-

tom centraluri xelisufleba iZulebuli iyo yvela saxel-

mwifoebrivi RonisZieba qveynis marTvis dargSi adgilze Ta-

vadis saSualebiT gaetarebina. am SemTxvevaSi Tavadi gamodi-

oda rogorc administraciuli piri~ (qiqoZe, 1963: 98). saTa-

vado saxelmwifoSi farTo avtonomiuri uflebebiT aRWur-

vili politikuri erTeuli iyo. gvian feodalur xanaSi qar-

Tlis samefo faqtobrivad saTavadoTa krebuls warmoadgen-

da.

erTi sityviT, samefo mkveTrad decentralizebuli

iyo. centraluri xelisufleba, romelic naTlad xedavda

qveynis sisustis wyaros, ar ibrZoda am realobis winaaRmdeg.

mefisa da Tavadis dapirispirebis erTeuli SemTxvevebi ar

niSnavda saTavadoTa sistemis winaaRmdeg organizebul

brZolas. mefe moRalate Tavadis dasjis dros ki ar auqmeb-

da saTavados, aramed mis adgilze maTive saxlidan TavisTvis

sasurvel kandidats niSnavda (isic im SemTxvevaSi Tu mefes

saamiso Zala gaaCnda). mTeli am periodis manZilze samefo xe-

lisuflebas arcerTi saTavado ar gauuqmebia. piriqiT, dro-

Ta ganmavlobaSi mefeebi sxvadasxva Tavadebs kidev ufro met

uflebebs ukanonebdnen. mefis xelisuflebis aseTi `pasiu-

robis~ mizezebi, imave, ukiduresad `feodaluri~ saxelmwi-

fos wiaRSi unda veZioT. ekonomikuri degradaciis pirobeb-

20

Si, samefo xelisuflebis erTaderT dasayrden Zalas, rao-

den paradoqsaluradac ar unda JRerdes, saTavadoebi war-

moadgendnen. samefo biujetis simciris gamo, mefes ar SeeZ-

lo mravalricxovani biurokratiisa da armiis Senaxva. xeli-

suflebis erTaderT dasayrdenad swored saTavadoTa siste-

ma iqca. amitom samefo kari xels uSlida saTavadoTa dana-

wevrebas. saxelmwifo politikad iqca Zlieri saTavadoebis

SenarCuneba: `nefis nazaralixanis brZanebiTa... rac saamila-

xoros kacisagan da saamilaxoros mamuli, glexi, miwa Tu ve-

naxi, rac an mamis Cvenisagan da an Cvengan nayidi iyos, xuTTav

saxlis kacebs es piroba dagvidebia, ro unda sasaxloT dav-

dvaT, aRarca xelaxla viyidoT~ — aRniSnulia 1703 wlis saa-

milaxvros saxlikacobis rigSi (qarTuli..., 1974: 687). am sa-

buTidan naTlad Cans, rom mefe (nazaralixani) dainterese-

buli iyo Zlieri, erTiani saamilaxvros arsebobiT. misi

brZanebiT `saTavisTaod~ danawilebuli mamulebi kvlav `sa-

erTod~ daido.

* * *

saTavadoTa sistemis zogadi daxasiaTebis paralelu-

rad sainteresoa qarTlis da kaxeTis samefoebis politi-

kur-ekonomikuri momixilva.

XVIII saukunis I meoTxedSi qarTlis samefoSi mdgomare-

oba wina periodTan SedarebiT gamosworda. vaxtang VI-is

(1703-1712; 1716-1724 ww.) aRmSeneblobiTma politikam Tavisi

Sedegi gamoiRo — dawinaurda rogorc soflis meurneoba,

aseve saqalaqo cxovreba. mefem Caatara farTo sakanonmdeb-

lo samuSao. normatiuli aqtiT gansazRvra saxelmwifo mo-

xeleTa ufleba-movaleobani. magram bevri ram, risi regla-

mentirebac moaxdina kanonmdebelma mefem, qveynis bedukuR-

marTobis gamo, praqtikaSi ver dainerga.

petre I-Tan uSedego samxedro-politikuri kavSiris

Semdeg, vaxtang VI iZulebuli gaxda qarTls gascloda da

mravalricxovan TavadTa TanxlebiT, ruseTSi wasuliyo. qa-

laqi Tbilisi da mTlianad qarTli jer gamuslimebuli kaxe-

Tis mefis konstantines da mis mier daqiravebuli lekTa ja-

ris agresiis msxverpli Seiqmna, Semdeg ki qveyanaSi daiwyo

`osmaloba~, romelic 1735 wlamde gagrZelda. mas Caenacvla

`yizilbaSoba~. es iyo mTeli aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTvis

umZimesi periodi.

21

1723 wlidan osmalebma qarTuli miwa-wylis sabolood

mitaceba da qveynis safaSoebad qceva gadawyvites. am mizniT

maT qarTli eqvs nawilad dahyves da mosaxleobas mZime saos-

malo gadasaxadebi dauweses (berZeniSvili..., 1958: 338). os-

malTa batonoba xels uwyobda daRestnelTa laSqrobebs. ma-

Ti, osmalTagan TiTqmis sanqcirebuli Semosevebi, mTels

qarTl-kaxeTs aCanagebda. 1735 wlidan qarTlSi `osmalobas~

`yizilbaSoba~ Caenacvla. Nnadir-Sahi aRmosavleT saqarTve-

los mZime eqspluatacias uwevda. 1741 wels aRweres da da-

xarkes qarTli. saTiTaod daTvales yoveli vazi, xexilis xe

da yvelaferze gadasaxadi daaweses. aTi wlis asakidan yovel

mamakacze iTxovdnen fulad gadasaxads. dabegres pirutyvi,

bostani, wisqvilebi da sxva. aseTi politika aiZulebda mo-

saxleobas TviTonve gaenagurebina Tavisi meurneoba da ayri-

liyo mkvidri mamulidan (berZeniSvili...., 1958: 338). papuna

orbeliani gadmogvcems, rom `mravali suli aiyara, bevri ad-

gili umetesad aoxrda. mravali kaci venaxsa da baRebs Tavisi

ÃeliT kafdis da aoÃrebdis~ (orbeliani, 1981: 46). nadir-Sahi

amiT ar kmayofildeboda da damatebiT aseuli aTasobiT ma-

neTis gadaxdas iTxovda.

ucxoelTa batonobas mudmivad Tan axlda qarTvelTa

ajanyebebi, ajanyebebs ki damsjeli eqspediciebi. am dros ki-

dev ufro gamoikveTa feodaluri qveynis sisuste: nawili

Tavadebisa Tu ucxoeli dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda,

meore nawili — Tavis saTavados interesebisagan gamomdina-

re, sawinaaRmdego pozicias ikavebda. amas emateboda SimSi-

loba da epidemiebis gavrceleba (berZeniSvili, 1965: 199). yo-

velive amis Sedegad mosaxleobis raodenoba mkveTrad Sem-

cirda. daicala saciciano, somxiT-sabaraTiano da sxv. (ba-

toniSvili, 1973: 512). gaxSirda saTavadoTa Soris brZola,

urTierT mixdoma da Zarcva-rbeva. moiSala qveynis ekonomi-

ka. meurneobis warmarTva SeuZlebeli xdeboda. soflis me-

urneobis dacemam damRupvelad imoqmeda saqalaqo cxovre-

baze. Tbilisi, iseve rogorc sxva qalaqebi, mterma gaZarcva

da aaoxra.

vaWruli fena tovebda saqarTvelos da saxldeboda as-

traxanSi, yizlarsa da mozdokSi. aRniSnuli procesis Ziri-

Tadi mizezi, usafrTxoebis garantiebis ar arsebobasTan er-

Tad, is iyo, `rom vaxtang VI-is prorusuli orientaciiT ga-

nawyenebulma iranma Tbilisel vaWrebs Seuwyvita SeRavaTia-

22

ni sabaJo tarifi. ruseTis moqalaqeobis miRebiT Tbiliseli

vaWrebi avtomaturad iRebdnen rusi vaWrebis privilegiebs

iranis bazarze~ (dumbaZe, 1990: 362). Tbilisi umniSvnelo qa-

laqad iqca.

am negatiuri movlenebis gverdiT 1744 wels qveynis is-

toriaSi moxda erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqti. nadir-Sahma

Teimuraz II qarTlis, xolo misi Svili erekle II kaxeTis mefe-

ebad daniSna. givi amilaxvris medgarma winaaRmdegobam Sahi

aiZula Tavisi `mokavSiris~ — Teimuraz-erekles sasargeb-

lod mniSvnelovan daTmobaze wasuliyo — aswliani pauzis

Semdeg qarTlis da kaxeTis samefo taxtze qristiani mmar-

Tvelebi avidnen.

Teimuraz II-m, romelic Sahis oficialur dasturamdec

qarTlis faqtobrivi mmarTveli iyo, saTavadoTa sistemis

winaaRmdeg pirveli radikaluri nabiji gadadga, rac aragvis

saerisTavos gauqmebaSi gamoxata. es iyo uprecendento aqti.

kaxeTis samefos realobaze aRzrdilma Teimuraz II-m brZola

gamoucxada naxevrad saxelmwifoebrivi uflebebiT aRWur-

vil saTavadoebs. man isargebla mosaxleobis ajanyebiT eris-

Tavebis winaaRmdeg da 1743 wels saerisTavo gaauqma. manve

daamarcxa givi amilaxvari, daimorCila misi samflobeloebi

da CamoarTva qsnis saerisTavo. Teimurazis dasayrdens am

SemTxvevaSi iranis Sahi (nadir-Sahi) warmoadgenda. qarTlSi

misi gamefebis da Sahisagan damoukidebeli politikis war-

marTvis Semdeg, Teimuraz II swrafad Seegua qarTlis realo-

bas. naTeli gaxda, rom misi mefobis garanti swored didi Ta-

vadebis Tanadgoma iyo. amitom man qsnis saerisTavo daubru-

na qsnis erisavebs. damarcxebuli givi amilaxvaris saTavado

ki ar gaauqma, aramed is sxva mflobels, amirindo amilaxvars,

gadasca da cdilobda `osmaloba-yizilbaSobis~ dros zogi-

erTi danawevrebuli saTavados — sayaflaniSvilos, samux-

ranbatonos — erTianobis xelovnurad SenarCunebas. 1740-ian

wlebSi ramdenime `saxliskacobis rigi~ ganuwesa orbelia-

nebs, raTa misi erTiani organizmi SeenarCunebina (jamburia,

1960: 123-124). muxranbatonTa Sesaxeb Sedgenil `saxlikaco-

bis rigSi~ aRniSnavda, rom `...amaTi ojaxis gayra ar iqneba da

nurcavin ikadrebs~ (qarTuli..., 1974: 711-712).

erTi sityviT, Tavdapirveli politikis miuxedavad,

Teimuraz II iZulebuli aRmoCnda saTavadoTa mimarT loia-

23

luri politika gaetarebina. samefos `siZlieris~ socialu-

ri safuZveli arc amjerad Secvlila.

miuxedavad amisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom cvlilebebi mainc

ganicades saTavadoebma. mudmivma Semosevebma maTi kuTvnili

yma-glexebis odenoba mniSvnelovnad Seamcira. moiSala saTa-

vadoTa ekonomikuri safuZvlebi. yvela saxlSi, mniSvnelov-

nad gazrdil TavadiSvilTa pirobebSi, gamoikveTa saTavado-

Ta mamulebis gayofis tendencia, rac mis degradacias iwvev-

da. es is SemTxveva iyo, rodesac saTavadoebis daqveiTeba,

ara qveynis ekonomikur-politikurma aRmavlobam, aramed pi-

riqiT, misma ngrevam — sagareo mterma — gamoiwvia. swored am

daqveiTebam ubiZga Teimuraz II-s maTze Tavdapirveli Sete-

visaken. Tumca man maleve igrZno, rom im pirobebSi qveynis

arsebobis erTaderTi garanti saTavadoebi iyo. daTmobiTi

politikiT Teimuraz II-m qarTlis Tavadebis metnaklebi Ta-

nadgoma moipova da aqcenti sagareo mtris winaaRmdeg gadai-

tana.

nadir-Sahis gardacvalebam da iranSi areulobis dawye-

bam qarTlis da kaxeTis samefoebs faqtobrivi damoukideb-

loba moutana. Teimuraz II-is da erekle II-is moqnili diplo-

matiisa da warmatebuli samxedro moqmedebebis Sedegad qar-

Tlis da kaxeTis samefoebma 1748-1750 wlebSi ara Tu SeZles

rTul mdgomareobaSi Tavis dacva, aramed aRmosavleT amier-

kavkasiaSi pirvelobasac miaRwies: daimorCiles da daxarkes

ganjis, erevnis da naxWevanis saxanoebi. qarTlis samefos Se-

madgenlobaSi mtkiced Sevida yazax-borCalos da baidaris

saxanoebi.

Teimuraz II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTi

erekle II-is xelSi erT samefod gaerTianda. erTi SexedviT,

qveyanas mieca normaluri ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba. mag-

ram qveynis winsvla damokidebuli iyo Semdeg pirobebze: I.

lekTa gaxSirebuli TareSis aRkveTa, rac TavisTavad urTu-

les amocanas warmoadgenda, radgan baris mosaxleobaze Tav-

dasxma daRestnel mTielTa cxovrebiseul normad iyo qceu-

li; II. sagareo safrTxis (iran-osmaleTi) mogerieba da mona-

povaris (ganja, erevani) SenarCuneba; III. mkacri saSinao poli-

tikis gatareba. mkacri saSinao politika erekle II-s ara mxo-

lod qveynis ukeTesi mowyobisaTvis da `absoluturi ten-

denciebisaTvis~ esaWiroeboda, rac TavisTavad xels Seuw-

yobda pirveli ori amocanis gadaWras, aramed misTvis wminda

24

pragmatuli mniSvnelobac gaaCnda — erekle II ar iyo qarTlis

mefis memkvidre da TavadTa garkveul wreSi uzurpatorad

moiazreboda. amitomac misTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba ga-

aCnda TavadTa uflebebis xarjze centraluri xelisufle-

bis gaZlierebas. miT ufro, rom vaxtang VI-is memkvidreebi

taxtze pretenzias yovelTvis acxadebdnen.

zemoT CamoTvlil problemaTa gadasaWrelad erekle II-s

upirvelesad Zlieri samxedro Zala esaWiroeboda. feoda-

luri laSqari am amocanebisaTvis gamousadegari iyo. aseTi

samxedro ZaliT mefe verc sagareo problemebs gadawyvetda

da verc mkacr saSinao politikas gaatarebda, radgan is sa-

TavadoTa sistemis pirmSos warmoadgenda. sayrdeni Zalis

SeqmnisTvis mtkice finansuri baza iyo saWiro. imdroindeli

(XVIII saukunis Sua xanebis) qarTl-kaxeTis ekonomikuri mdgo-

mareoba aranairad ar iZleoda myari finansuri resursis

Seqmnis garantias. piriqiT, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, `osma-

lobis~ da yizilbaSobis~ gamo, qveynis ekonomikuri SesaZ-

leblobebi ukiduresad dabali iyo. papuna orbelianis sit-

yvebidan naTlad Cans, rom samefos Semosavali faqtobrivad

nuls utoldeboda. Sirvanis mflobelis, aji-Calabis Tav-

daxmis mosagerieblad `gamoitanes mefeTa CvenTa Tvissa sa-

laroTi oqrosa da vercxlis iaraRi, misces zarafxanaSi, mo-

aWrevines fluri da TeTri da aZlevdnen jars~ (orbeliani

1981: 196). erTi sityviT ekonomikis degradacia saxeze iyo.

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis am niSnulidan, zednaSenuri

ganviTarebiT, qveyanas ramdenime aTeuli weli esaWiroebo-

da, raTa XVIII saukunis I meoTxedis donemde mieRwia, xolo

zemoT CamoTvlil problemaTa gadaWra saerTod utopiuri

Canda.

25

Tavi II.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ekonomikuri

mdgomareoba XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi

mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad sa-

mefo karma aqcenti sagareo daxmarebaze gadaitana. 1752

wels ruseTSi gaigzavna elCoba aTanase amilaxvriSvilisa da

simon mayaSvilis SemadgenlobiT. elCebs samxedro daxmare-

basa da fuladi sesxis micemaze mokrZalebuli uari uTxres.

amas mohyva TviT Teimuraz II-is elCoba. mefe 1761 wels Tavad

eaxla imperator elisabeds (1741-1761 ww.), magram amjeradac

elCobam realuri Sedegi ver gamoiRo. samefo kars sagareo

daxmarebis imedi gadaewura.

erekle II-saTvis naTeli gaxda, rom qveynis mZime mdgo-

mareobidan gamoyvanis da stabilurobis SenarCunebisaTvis

saWiro iyo myari finansuri bazis Seqmna mxolod Sinagani re-

sursebis mobilizebis xarjze. saxelmwifo Semosavlebis mo-

Ziebis erTadaerT alternativad, samefos mesveurTagan ukve

kargad Seswavlili, ruseTis imperiis gzis gavla moCanda.

amitomac samefo xelisufleba ruseTis saxelmwifos gamoc-

dilebis gaziarebiT, daadga ekonomikuri ganviTarebis for-

sirebul meTods, rac ekonomikuri berketebis srulad sa-

xelmwifo kontrolze ayvanaSi gamoixata. analogiuri gza

ganvles petre I-is ruseTma da centraluri evropis rigma

qveynebma. am qveynebSi damyarda àbsolutizmis“ gansakuTre-

buli forma, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT àbsolutizmis

aRmosavleT evropuli modeli“.5

5 àbsolutizmi~ — es aris absoluturi monarqia, monarqiuli sa-

xelmwifos erT-erTi ukanaskneli forma. absoluturi monarqiis

dros mefe dgas yvela kanonze maRla. monarqis xelSi Tavmoyrilia

sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. am dros qveyana

mkacrad centralizebulia. àbsolutizmi~ dasavleT evropis sa-

xelmwifoebSi Caisaxa XV saukunis damlevsa da XVI saukunis dasawyis-

Si. Tavis ganviTarebis mwvervals miaRwia XVI saukunis miwurulsa da

XVII saukuneSi. am droisaTvis dasavleT evropis ekonomikurma ganvi-

Tarebam Searyia feodalizmis safuZvlebi. gauqmda baton-ymoba. war-

moiSva burJuazia. mefis xelisufleba wodebriobasa da burJuazias

Soris lavirebda da maT Soris urTierTobebis erTgvar momwesrige-

bel Zalas warmoadgenda. gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba iyo evropis

26

rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, erekle II-is ekonomikur

koncefciebSi Sedioda vaWroba-mrewvelobis ganviTareba. vi-

naidan kerZo iniciativebi ar arsebobda da imdroindel rea-

lobaSi verc aRmocendeboda, samefo karma gadawyvita vaW-

roba-mrewvelobis ganviTarebaSi Tavad gamxdariyo warmmar-

Tveli Zala. akad. guguSvili Tavis naSromSi `kapitalizmis

warmoSoba da ganviTareba saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi~,

marTalia, sakiTxs amgvarad ar ayenebda, magram faqtobrivi

masalis motanis Semdeg aRniSnavda: `...kerZo kapitalisturi

sarewavebis warmoqmna im dros CvenSi arsebul pirobaTa sa-

fuZvelze SeuZlebeli iyo. rac Seexeba Tofxanas, zarafxa-

nas, stambas da sxva sarewavebs, romlebic saxelmwifo wamow-

yebaTa saxiT warmoiqmnen — da e.w. `saxelmwifo manufaqture-

bad~ SeiZleba CaiTvalon — warmoadgendnen marjve mefis mi-

er Tavis samxedro Zlierebis gaumjobesebis, samefo prero-

gativebis ganxorcielebis da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo

zogierT centralur da aRmosavleT nawilebSi. dasavleTisgan gan-

sxvavebiT, aRmosavleT evropis ekonomikuri potenciali ar iZleoda

garantias, rom im droisaTvis ganviTarebis yvelaze progresuli sa-

xelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma — `absolutizmi~ — daemyarebinaT. aq

baton-ymoba da feodalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva elementebi

yofierebaSi jer kidev myarad iyo gabatonebuli.

petre I-is droidan ruseTSi damyarda absoluturi monarqia.

misi umTavresi Tavisebureba is iyo, rom is warmoiqmna da Tavisi

momdevno ganviTareba hpova baton-ymobis pirobebSi. ruseTi XVIII

saukunis dasawyisSi tipiur feodaluri saxelmwifos warmoadgen-

da. amitomac susti burJuaziuli warmonaqmnebi CasaxvisTanave sa-

xelmwifoze iyo damokidebuli. XIX saukunis II naxevramde politi-

kuri batonoba mxolod Tavad-aznaurTa prerogativa iyo.

kapitalizmis neli ganviTarebis pirobebSi XVIII saukuneSi `ab-

solutizmma“ miiRo `ganaTlebuli absolutizmis“ forma (ekateri-

ne II-is ruseTSi, fridrix II-is prusiaSi, iozef II-is avstriaSi) (ix.

tarle, 1923; kareevi, 1909).

dasaxelebulma saxelmwifoebma ekonomikuri progresisaTvis

forsirebul meTods mimarTes, rac gamoixata samrewvelo indus-

triis ganviTarebaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris dominantobiT. aseTma,

gansakuTrebulma qmedebebma aamaRla ekonomikuri maCveneblebi da

aRniSnul qveynebs miecaT centraluri xelisuflebis moxeleTa

gazrdis da absoluturi monarqiebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi manufaqturebis gaCena da TiTqmis nu-

lovani niSnulidan ekonomikis swrafi gamococxleba, Cveni azriT,

swored aRniSnul saxelmwifoTa gamocdilebis gaziarebiT moxda.

27

moRvaweobis sferoSi meti Tu naklebi warmatebiT gadad-

gmul nabijebs~ (guguSvili, 1941: 209).6

CvenTvis miuRebelia ap. rogavas mosazreba, TiTqos

erekle II iyo kapitalisturi urTierTobebis ganviTarebis

momxre da misi mtkice damcveli (ix. rogava, 1974). piriqiT,

erekle II Tavadac mebatonea. igi flobs yma-glexebs, icavs me-

batoneTa sakuTrebis uflebebs da a.S. erTi sityviT mefe fe-

odaluri sazogadoebis wevria.

miuxedavad samefo karis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi-

sa, rom ganviTarebuliyo mrewveloba, gamravlebuliyo vaWar-

Ta ricxvi, daculi yofiliyo maTi interesebi da qonebis xel-

Seuxebloba, dRis wesrigSi ar damdgara da arc gvaqvs safuZ-

veli vifiqroT, rom momavalSi mainc igegmeboda arsebuli

`socialuri kontraqtis~ (feodaluri urTierTobebis) gada-

xedva. xelisufleba yovelnairad cdilobda, Tavisive mecadi-

neobiT, droTa ganmavlobaSi, Seqmnili e.w. `burJuaziuli ele-

mentebis~ arsebul socialur TanafardobaSi moqcevas.

erekle II-is gegma, marTalia, ar iTvaliswinebda feoda-

luri urTierTobebis moSlas, magram misTvis sasicocxlo

mniSvneloba hqonda naxevraddamoukidebeli, `avtonomiuri~

uflebebiT aRWurvili, saTavadoebis sistemis mospobas da

politikuri uflebebis armqone wodebriobaze damyarebul

saxelmwifos Seqmnas. am miznisaTvis mefes esaWiroeboda axa-

li sayrdeni Zala. es Zala unda yofiliyo isev Tavadaznaur-

Ta fenidan da ara sxva socialuri elementebidan (dawinau-

rebuli vaWar-mrewvelebic ki mas TavadaznaurTa rangSi ah-

yavda). erTi sityviT, erekle II cdilobda ara feodaluri sa-

xelmwifos moSlas, aramed misi `mankierebisagan~ gaTavisuf-

lebas. erekle II-is moRvaweoba gvaZlevs safuZvels vifiq-

roT, rom swored aseTi iyo misi ekonomikuri koncefciebi.

§ 1. vaWroba

a) centraluri xelisuflebis RonisZiebebi vaWro-

bis ganviTarebisaTvis

upirveles yovlisa, erekle II-m yuradReba miaqcia vaW-

robis ganviTarebas. saerTod, aRsaniSnavia, rom odiTganve

6 yovelives avtori mokled Seexo, radgan misi kvlevis obieqti XIX

saukune iyo.

28

qarTvelebi zogadad vaWrobas gaurbodnen da am saqmes Cven-

Si somexi, muslimi da ebraeli vaWrebi eweodnen (bagrationi,

1952: 40). maTi umetesoba, XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebisaTvis,

rogorc aRvniSneT, qveynidan wasuli iyo. vaWarTa mosazidad

saWiro iyo qveynis stabilurobis da avtoritetis ganmtki-

ceba. erekle II sakuTari samxedro niWisa da diplomatiis

wyalobiT XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi swored aseT avtori-

tetad warmoCnda: 1760 wlis dekemberSi erekle II-m kidev er-

Txel daamarcxa yarabaRis xani — fana. am gamarjvebiT man

aRadgina uflebebi ganjaze da yarabaRic daimorCila. Zve-

leburad kontroli aRadgina erevnis saxanoze. Semaxam, Saq-

ma, yarabaRma da naxWevanma sajarod aRiares qarTl-kaxeTis

upiratesoba. es iyo sruli kompensacia aji-CalabTan orgzis

gancdili marcxisa. sparseTTan mimarTebaSi erekle II-s gan-

sakuTrebiT fasi daedo mas Semdeg, rac xelSi Cauvarda ira-

nis taxtis erT-erTi maZiebeli azat-xani. 1763 wels erekle

II-m moaxerxa qerim-xanTan, romelic didi jariT mdinare are-

zis napirebze idga, urTierTobis mogvareba. `qerim xanma

scno erekle II ara marto gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis me-

fed, aramed oficialurad aRiara qarTveli mefis uzenaeso-

ba md. arezis CrdiloeTiT mdebare azerbaijanul saxanoeb-

ze~ (tuxaSvili, 1983: 75-79). manamde, 1762 wels, erekle II-m

qarTl-kaxeTi erT samefod gaaerTiana.

`lekianobis~ problemis miuxedavad, am faqtebs vaWar-

Ta miswrafebebze ar SeiZleboda gavlena ar moexdina. regi-

onSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefo yvelaze mimzidveli Canda da ami-

tom, samxreTkavkasielma vaWrebma daiwyes erekles qveSev-

rdomobaSi Sesvla. erekle II-m am mizniT gamosca specialuri

`manifesti somxebisadmi~, `romliTac igi sparseTis sxvadas-

xva provinciebSi gafantul somxebs, `urjuloTa mier wame-

bul xalxs~, Tavis qveyanaSi Tavmoyrisaken mouwodebda da

`Tavisuflebriv cxovrebasa~ da `monagebTa~ xelisuflebas

da qarTveli eris Tanabar pativs da siyvaruls hpirdeboda~

(mesxia, 1983: 212).

erekle II-is vaWrobis gafarToebisaken swrafvas kargad

exmaureba yirimSi myofi safrangeTis konsuli peisoneli.

igi werda: `qarTvelebi exla (igulisxmeba XVIII saukunis 50-

iani wlebi) Zalian moklebuli arian fuls, amitom isini sia-

movnebiT Sexvdebian vaWrobis damkvidrebas, romelic daat-

rialebs maTSi Zalian did fuls~ (kakabaZe, 1940: 120).

29

peisonelma XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi safrangeTis

mTavrobis winaSe, romelsac ukve gacxovelebuli vaWroba

hqonda osmaleTTan, aRZra sakiTxi sparseTis bazrisaken

gzis gakvlevis Sesaxeb. misi proeqtiT Tbilisi iyo yvelaze

ufro mokle da moxerxebuli qalaqi sparseTTan dasakavSi-

reblad. peisonelis azriT, TbilisSi unda Seqmniliyo mTava-

ri savaWro kantora da frangi vaWrebi iqidan dakavSirebod-

nen sparseTis qalaqebs — `Tbilisi warmoadgenda yvelaze

ufro xelsayrel punqts sparseTTan vaWrobis dasamyareb-

lad, radgan Tbilisis mdebareoba xdis mas sparseTis yvela

qalaqis klite-gasaRebad~ (kakabaZe, 1940: 117). misi gegmiT

unda amoqmedebuliyo Semdegi savaWro marSruti: baTumi-

axalcixe-Tbilisi — aqedan erTi ganStoeba gaemarTeboda

ganja-Semaxis da meore ki erevan-Tavriz-arzrumis mimarTu-

lebiT.

raRa Tqma unda, aseTi gegma erekle II-isaTvis misaRebi

iqneboda. s. kakabaZe, am movlenis Sefasebisas, kidev ufro

Sors midis da aRniSnavs, rom erekle II da kaTalikosi antoni

I swored profranguli partiis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen da

antonis saqarTvelodan gaZeveba da misi kaTolikur sarwmu-

noebaze moqcevac am faqtze metyvelebs (kakabaZe, 1940: 109-

122). Cven ver daveTanxmebiT s. kakabaZis am mosazrebas, rad-

ganac imdroindeli franguli diplomatia saqarTvelosTan

arc ise axlos iyo, rom aq `profranguli partiis~ warmoqmna

ganepirobebina. Tumca, rogorc Cans, erekle II am ideis mi-

marT garkveul imedebs amyarebda — man 1763 wels moaxdina

kaTolike berebis sruli reabilitacia, romelTa uflebe-

bic Selaxuli iyo antoni I-is gaZevebis Semdeg. kaTolike be-

rebis reabilitaciis Semdeg erekle II-m dauSva somxuri da

evropuli savaWro kapitalis Tavisufali urTierTkonku-

rencia da am konkurenciaSi samefo xelisuflebam sruli ne-

itraliteti gamoacxada (tuxaSvili, 1983: 380). magram peiso-

nelis proeqts realuri Sedegi ar mohyolia da TavisTavad

verc Tbilisi iqca am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovan satranzi-

to xidad. aRniSnulma magistralma samxreTiT — irani-baRda-

di-alepo-xmelTaSua zRva — gadainacvla (dumbaZe, 1990: 355).

droTa ganmavlobaSi somxuri savaWro kapitalis upirateso-

ba TvalSi sacemi gaxda.

samefo xelisuflebam aqcenti regionalur vaWrobaze

gadaitana. mTavar sazrunavad iqca is faqti, rom Tbilisi

30

gamxdariyo amierkavkasiis masStabiT da ruseT-irans Soris

saqonelgacvlaSi ZiriTadi savaWro obieqti. warmatebis miR-

weva aqac sakmaod rTul amocanas warmoadgenda. ruseTsa da

irans Soris intensiuri savaWro urTierTobebi warmoebda

kaspiis zRviT. aseve popularuli iyo baqo-daruband-yizla-

ris gza. imisaTvis, rom Tbilisi regionaluri masStabiT ma-

inc gadaqceuliyo mniSvnelovan savaWro punqtad, samefo

karma pirveli nabiji 1750 wels gadadga — gaxsna darialis,

igive òseTis~ gza. ruseTTan damakavSirebeli gzis gaxsna

Tavdapirvelad efeqturi ar aRmoCnda. is usafrTxod ar iT-

vleboda. erekle II-m am gzis popularizaciis mizniT mniSvne-

lovani RonisZiebebi gaatara. man òseTis gziT~ Semotanil

saqonelze SeRavaTiani baJi daawesa (АКАК, 1868: 1136). aseve

daiwyo zrunva saqaravno gzis keTilmowyobisaTvis. iakob

rainegsis gadmocemiT gzis gaswvriv CarWobili iyo maCveneb-

lebi — maRali boZebi, èrTmaneTTan axlos, raTa, roca yvela

gza TovliT iketeba, qaravnebs SeeZloT maTi saSualebiT

gzis gakvleva~ (rainegsi, 2002: 153). erekle II-m gzis usaf-

rTxoebac uzrunvelyo. am gzis gaxsniT ruseTis imperiac

yofila dainteresebuli (cxadia, ara marto savaWro mizne-

biT) da usafrTxoebas CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Tavad uzrun-

velyofda. igive avtori gvauwyebs, rom `mravali wlis man-

Zilze am mTebis veluri mosaxleoba iyo SiSis zaris damcemi

yovlisSemZle gambedavi vaWrebisaTvis. mokvla, Zarcva,

tyveoba da vaWrobis sawinaaRmdego siZneleebis Seqmna gzaze

iyo am xalxis yvelaze bejiTi saqmianoba. magram rusuli

mmarTvelobisa da saxeldobr, general fabricianis sazrian-

ma gulmodginebam bolo mouRo maT yaCaRobas. axla kavkasio-

nis gzebi imdenad usafrTxoa, rom iq, sadac asi kacic ki ver

gaivlida, axla ori kazakic Zalze Tamamad mogzaurobs~ (rai-

negsi, 2002: 154). rogorc wyaroebidan irkveva, am gzam maleve

SeiZina popularoba, 1771 wels erekle II-is brZanebiT SeRava-

Tiani baJi gauqmda (АКАК, 1868: 1136). Cans, amis saWiroeba

aRar arsebobda.

garda am magistralisa, mniSvnelovan savaWro arteriad

rCeboda Zveli tradiciuli saqaravano marSrutebi. Tbilisi

xom aRmosavleT amierkavkasiisa da iranis qalaqebs stambul-

Tan akavSirebda.

iyo xelisSemSleli faqtorebic. vaWrobis ganviTareba-

ze uaryofiTad moqmedebda `lekianoba~. papuna orbeliani

31

gzebis Sekvrisa da vaWarTa gaZarcvis uamrav faqts adastu-

rebs (ix. orbeliani, 1981). ar eridebodnen Tbilisis gareub-

nebze Tavdasxmebsac: `avlabris mxares... mtkuaris pirzed

mCiTavebsa CiTebi hqondaT gafenili da wyliT Turme namav-

dnen. am dros CuRureTsa da avlabris Sua xevidan daqveiTe-

buli lekebi wamoeparnen, mCiTavebi mtkvarSi Securdnen, le-

kebma CiTebi daitaces da gaiqcnen~ (dumbaZe, 1990: 348).

am faqtebiT dasturdeba, Tu ramdenad rTul pirobebSi

uxdeboda samefo xelisuflebas ekonomikis ganviTareba.

cxadia, erekle II-m energiuli nabijebi gadadga mdgomareo-

bis gamosasworeblad. `noqari~, `morige jari~, `morige yara-

uli~, lekTa jarebis mdevrobis kuTxobrivi sistema, aseu-

lobiT SekeTebuli da axlad aSenebuli cixe-simagre qveyena-

Si usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebas da lekTa TareSis alagmvas

emsaxureboda.

am RonisZiebebma qveyanas met-naklebi warmateba mouta-

na da XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebidan SedarebiT mSvidoba dam-

yarda. rainegsi miuTiTebda ra saukuneTa manZilze qarTvel-

Ta medgar brZolaze, aRniSnavda: `mainc sabolood es winaaR-

mdegoba Sesustdeboda, rom mefe erekles xan brZoliT, xan

dapirebebiTa da ZRveniT bolo ar moeRo am gamCanagebelTa

(lekTa — a. T.) TavdasxmebisaTvis~ (rainegsi, 2002: 147). igive

avtori, aRwerda ra qarTl-kaxeTis samefos dasavleT saz-

Rvars, miuTiTebda: `Tumca akiskas (axalcixis — a. T.) mTebi

qarTlisaTvis kargi kedelia, mainc mefe erekle arasodes ar

tovebs am sazRvars daucvelad, raTa TurqTa Tavdasxma ar

dauSvas, aseve uzrunvelyos mogzaurTa da vaWarTa usaf-

rTxoeba, romlebsac qarTlidan imereTSi da ukan mimoaqvT

sursaTi~ (rainegsi, 2002: 148). axalcixe-quTaisis gzasTan er-

Tad daculi iyo sxva saqaravno gzebic.

vaWrobis ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo sabaJo

sistemis mowesrigeba. erekle II-m mtkiced gansazRvra sabaJo

tarifi. `am dros qarTlSi (da kaxeTSi-a. T.) iseve rogorc

yvela feodalur saxelmwifoSi, Cven Sinagani sabaJoebi

gvqonda da baJic Sinagani iyo; ...magram amasTanave ...baJi xSi-

rad ewodeboda sxvagvar gadasaxadebsac (misagebels)~ (qoia-

va, 1963: 138). baJi ikribeboda savaWro adgilebSi, ZiriTadad

qalaqebSi, saqonlis Setanis da gatanis dros. qarTul isto-

riografiaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom feodalur saqar-

TveloSi baJis aRebis ufleba mefis prerogativad ar qceu-

32

la da mas Tavis sasargeblod calkeuli feodalebic iReb-

dnen (qoiava, 1963: 187). Tumca XVIII saukunis 70-90-iani wlebis

dokumentebSi aseT faqts ver vxedavT. saqme isaa, rom zog-

jer ubralod termin `baJTan~ gvaqvs saqme da ara mis realur

SinaarsTan. magaliTad, orbeliani Tavis sakuTari tyiTa da

saZovriT sargeblobisaTvis gareSe kacisagan aRebul gada-

saxads baJs uwodebda. imave sagvareulos wevrebi ganjidan

motanil Tevzze iRebdnen gadasaxads da mas baJs uwodeb-

dnen. realurad ki es iyo zurab orbelianis saxelos, meTev-

zeTa qaravanbaSobis,7 gadasaxadi (guguSvili, 1949: 48). saer-

Tod ki, am dros saSinao Tu sagareo vaWrobisaTvis arsebuli

yvela saqaravno gza mefis saxaso mamulSi mdebareobda. xo-

lo yvela savaWro adgili: Tbilisi, gori, surami, ali, cxin-

vali, axalgori, ananuri, duSeTi, lore, Telavi, siRnaRi, sa-

garejo mefis sakuTrebas Seadgenda da misi daniSnuli moxe-

leebi — mouravebi — ganagebdnen. Tu Cven mainc davuSvebT Ta-

vadTa mier baJis aRebis faqts, es ra Tqma unda umniSvnelo

iqneboda. qveyanaSi met-naklebad sabaJo kontrols samefo

kari axorcielebda. mefe mfarvelobda ruseTTan vaWrobas

da iqidan Semotanil tvirTebze sabaJo ganakveTi, iran-osma-

leTidan Semosul saqonelTan SedarebiT, dabali iyo. iseve,

rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelosTan warmoebuli vaWroba nak-

lebad ibegreboda. kaxeTSic vaWrobis donis asamaRleblad

dabali sabaJo tarifi dawesda.

Cven sabaJoebis sakiTxs kvlav davubrundebiT. amjerad

ki, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT vaWrobis stimulirebisaTvis

samefo karis mier gadadgmul uprecedento aqciaze.

profesiuli TvalsazrisiT, feodaluri samarTali

vaWrebs ganixilavda erTian fenad. socialuri niSnis mixed-

viT isini glexTa kategorias miekuTvnebodnen. vaWrebi oTx

ekonomikur kategoriad iyofodnen: didvaWrebi, Sua vaWrebi,

qvemo vaWrebi da dabali vaWrebi. vaxtang VI-m gaiTvaliswina

ra vaWrobis mniSvneloba, win wamoswia ekonomikuri momenti

da didvaWrebis `sisxli~ Sua aznauris `sisxls~ gauTanaswo-

ra —`Sua aznauris mTeli sisxlis toladve — didebulis did-

vaWris moqalaqis sisxli, ....calmogvi aznauris sisxli — ...me-

ore vaWris sisxli, msaxuris sisxli — ...mesame vaWaris sisxli,

7 qaravanbaSebis movaleobas warmoadgenda qaravnis gacileba da, Se-

sabamisad, maTTvis usafrTxoebis normebis dacva.

33

glexis kacis sisxls — ...meoTxe vaWris sisxli~ (qarTuli...,

1963: 489). Tumca, vaWari ar iyo aznauri da rCeboda glexTa

kategoriaSi.

ra Tqma unda, erekle meorec feodaluri klasis inte-

resebis damcveli iyo. man vaWarTa fenas zogadad socialuri

statusi ar aumaRla, magram iTvaliswinebda ra qveyanaSi vaW-

robis mniSvnelobas, ekonomikuri niSniT awinaurebda maT. me-

fem daarRvia feodaluri konservatuloba da vaWrebi, ro-

melTac didi kapitali gaaCndaT, aiyvana TavadTa da aznaur-

Ta rangSi. es ar iyo erTeuli gamonaklsi. ekonomikuri niS-

niT qveyanaSi yvela fenis warmomadgenels SeeZlo gamxdari-

yo umaRlesi wodebis matarebeli. mefem Tavadis wodebebi mi-

aniWa abimeliqovs, bebuTaSvils, arRuTaSvilebs, indoeTSi

myof somex didvaWars Sahamirians da sxva. aznaurebi gaxdnen

ivangulovi, arSievi, meliqovi (dumbaZe, 1990: 165), Saxovi

(bagrationi, 1997: 65) da sxv. xSirad maT maRal saxelmwifo

Tanamdebobebze niSnavda. es qveyanaSi vaWrobis ganviTarebi-

saTvis uaRresad didi stimuli iyo. qarTul istoriografi-

aSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom didvaWarTa fenam aiZula

samefo kari aRniSnuli wodebebis darigebisaken; rom maT xa-

risxebi miiRes fuladi sesxebis, qrTamis da saCuqrebis wya-

lobiT (dumbaZe, 1990: 365). Cven kategoriulad vemijnebiT am

mosazrebas da aRvniSnavT, rom es iyo saxelmwifo politika

vaWrobis ganviTarebisaTvis. am faqtze metyvelebs Tundac

erekle II-is da Sahamirianis urTierToba. ereklem II-m, imi-

saTvis rom indoeTidan saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebuliyo es

somexi didvaWari da aq savaWro da samrewvelo saqmianoba ga-

nexorcielebina, mas avansad Tavadoba da lore uboZa. am mo-

sazrebas pirdapir exmaureba platon ioselianis cnobebi,

romelic gadmogvcems: `mefe irakli II ibarebda mdidar som-

xebs indoeTidan da sparseTidan da sTavazobda maT... saqar-

TveloSi privilegiebs, miwebs da aznaurobasac ki~ (ioselia-

ni, 2009: 188). vaWar-mrewvelTa stimulirebisaTvis rom axor-

cielebda mefe am novacias, es kargad Cans mis mier gacemuli

Semdegi sabuTidan: `q. wyalobiTa R[vT]isaiTa Cven irakli me-

ore mefe qarTlisa da mefe kaxeTisa, memkvidre mTavari sam-

cxe-saaTabagosi, mTavari yazaxisa, mTavari borCalosa, mTa-

vari SamSadilisa, mTavari kakisa, mTavari Saqisa, mTavari

Sirvanisa, mflobeli da brZanebeli ganjisa da erevnisa da

sxvaTa raTgan yoveli keTil Sobileba mogebuli patiosanTa

34

da erTgulebiTiTa qcevaTa vidre sisxlis daTxevamde da

ufrosad usakuTresisTa msaxurebaTa mamulisaTa Zvirfa-

sobs yovelsa Sina gvarsa da STamomavlobasa missa visganca

ars igi amisaTvis ara umizezo ars raTa mieces Cven mier mow-

moba ese erTgulsa ymasa Cvensa aznavursa gurgena estatiCs,

samefosa qalaqsa Sina Cvensa tfilis[s]a Sobilsa, romlisaca

gvari ars areSovi.... dros sparsTa da TurqTa marbevelobisa

cxovrebs aw yizlarsa Sina sadaca upovnis Tvisad umaR[l]esi

mowyaleba yovlad umowyalesisa da uavRustoesisa monarxi-

naÁsa Cemisa ekaterina aleqsivnaÁsa imperatricaÁsa yovlisa

ruseTisa da aRricxul ars ricxvTa Sina abreSumisa mkeTe-

belTasa..~ (xec., H — 609). sabuTi TariRdeba 1784 wliT. Fro-

gorc vxedavT erekle II yizlarSi mcxovreb abreSumis mwar-

moebel (da movaWre) areSovs umtkicebs aznaurobas, rac Se-

iZleba aixsnas mxolod im faqtiT, rom mefes surs misi saqar-

TveloSi mowveva da qveynis savaWro-samrewvelo saqmianoba-

Si CarTva.FF

amave politikiT kargad dasturdeba Cven mier zemoT

Camoyalibebuli mosazreba, rom erekle II-s vaWroba-mrewve-

lobis ganviTarebiT burJuaziuli elementebis socialuri

statusis amaRleba ki ar surda, aramed cdilobda maT arse-

bul `socialur kontraqtSi~ moqcevas. aseTi elementebis

TavisTavad Camoyalibebac TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo. maT

`Semqmneladac~ saxelmwifo gvevlineba Tavisi fiskaluri

politikidan gamomdinare. sabolood, mefe maTgan qmnida ara

burJuaziul fenas, aramed axali tipis Tavad-aznaurobas,

romelic erTi mxriv, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ga-

ranti iqneboda da meore mxriv, isini gaxdebodnen saTavado-

Ta sistemis moSlis placdarmi.

mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi gatarda, agreTve, saqala-

qo cxovrebis mowesrigebisaTvis. aRmSenebloba, keTilmow-

yobisaTvis zrunva, Tavdacvis ganmtkiceba — es iyo saqalaqo

cxovrebis amaRlebis erTi mxare. erekle II-m, agreTve, mtki-

ced gansazRvra qalaqis moxeleebis sargo (maTi kompetencia

da ufleba-movaleobani) da aRkveTa Zaladoba. magaliTad,

qalaq goris mosaxleobis saCivris safuZvelze moZalade mo-

uravi iase amilaxvari mefem mkacrad dasaja. 1770 wels mefem

SemoiRo e.w. `sakuTrebis qalaquri wesi~, romlis ZaliTac

gardacvlili moqalaqis qoneba, memkvidris ar yolis Sem-

35

TxvevaSi, gadaecemoda mis Soreul naTesavs da ara mefes

(berZeniSvili, 1965: 224).

aseTi RonisZiebebiT samefo karma xeli Seuwyo saqala-

qo cxovrebis ganviTarebas. Tbilisi male, araTu daubrunda

XVIII saukunis I meoTxedis niSnuls, aramed ramdenadme gada-

aswro mas. gaizarda Telavi, gori da sxva qalaqebi. qalaquri

cxovrebis amaRlebaSi samefo xelisuflebis Careva imdenad

qmediTi iyo, rom xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT ramdenime

weliwadSi daarsda axali qalaqi — siRnaRi. Tbilisis mosax-

leobam XVIII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi 25-30 aTass miaRwia. mniS-

vnelovnad gaizarda sxva qalaqebic. qalaqebis mosaxleoba im

droisaTvis Seadgenda qveynis mosaxleobis 13%-s. tradici-

ul saTavadoTa `saerTo~ mamulis rRvevis fonze, Tavadazna-

urobas aRar akmayofilebda Zveli Semosavali — renta. am

dros daiwyo qalaqebisaken feodaluri aristokratiis

ltolva. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi TbilisSi 70-ze meti Tavadi

da 200-mde aznauri cxovrobda (dumbaZe, 1990: 364). qalaqebis

mosaxleobis zrda amaRlebda vaWrobis dones. iqmneboda mya-

ri Sida bazari. savaWro urTierTobebSi Cabmuli aRmoCnda

Tavad-aznaurobac.8 mokle droSi Tbilisi iqca amierkavkasi-

is mTavar savaWro punqtad. erekle II-is qveSevrdomobaSi Se-

vida uamravi somexi Tu muslimi vaWari. am periodSi aRmosav-

leT saqarTveloSi daiwyo somexTa masobrivi Camosaxleba.

1787 wlidan yarabaRis meliqebi, romelTac garTulebuli

urTierToba hqondaT adgilibriv muslim xanTan — ibrahim-

Tan, gadmosaxldnen TbilisSi (geguCaZe, 1995: 36). savarau-

dod, maT qveyanaSi sakmao kapitali unda SemoetanaT.

erekle II-is ekonomikuri politikis erT-erTi mTavari

monapovari is iyo, rom ruseTis imperiis mibaZviT, mmarTve-

lobaSi calke dargad Camoyalibda saxelmwifo Semosavlebi.

`erekles dros Camoyalibda agreTve safinanso uwyeba —

`gansakuTrebuli sabWo~, romelSiac Sediodnen samefo sax-

lTuxucesebi, mdivnebi da qalaq Tbilisis meliq-mamasaxli-

si. amieridan samefo Semosaval-gasavlis saqme marto sax-

lTuxucess ki ar miendo, aramed amas igi axla ganagebda

8 amis damadasturebeli uamravi dokumenti arsebobs. magaliTad,

iseTi didi Tavadi, rogoric iyo zaal orbeliani, dagrovili vale-

bis gastumrebas axalcixidan miRebuli saqonlis gayidviT cdilob-

da (masalebi..., 1953: 90-91)

36

mdivnebTan da meliq-mamasaxlisTan erTad. safinanso saqmeTa

mmarTvelobam kolegialuri forma miiRo~ (soselia, 1973:

532).

erekle II yvelanairad cdilobda sakuTari qveynis va-

WarTa uflebebis dacvas. 1783 wlis traqtatis dadebis dro-

sac, gaiTvaliswina ra maTi interesebi, qarTveli vaWrebi uf-

lebrivad gauTanabra rus vaWrebs. maTve igive privilegiebi

miiRes, riTac iranSi rusi vaWrebi sargeblobdnen (samsona-

Ze, 1980: 106-107).

vaWarTa interesebis dacvis mravali faqti gagvaCnia:

1792 wels xuT qarTvel vaWars astraxanSi CamoarTves 20 000

maneTi oqros monetebi. erekle II-is SuamdgomlobiT maT aR-

niSnuli Tanxa daubrunes. 1797 wels 2 vaWars CamoarTves 700

naxevarimperiali, 700 maneTi, 4200 maneTis oqros moneta da

sxv., es Tanxa patrons erekles SuamdgomlobiT daubrunda

(dumbaZe, 1990: 359). aseve gvaqvs cnoba, rom mefem potiomki-

nis winaSe aRZra sakiTxi faTh-ali xanis winaaRmdeg, radgan

misi mizeziT erekles vaWarebma 60 000 maneTis zarali naxes

(mesxia, 1959: 218).

friad sainteresoa erekle II-is werili anton mouravo-

visadmi: `Sens brwyinvalebas CvenTvis ekiTxa — misi didebu-

lebis oqro da vercxli rogor ixarjeba gamomicxadeo. Cven

ase ganvacxadebT Sens brwyinvalebisadmi: romelic Zveli

rubli aris is eqvs abazad aqaurs TeTrzed, da axali rubli

xuT abaz da erT Saurad. Cven qveyanaSi brZanebiT Zalasac mo-

vindomebdiT yovlad mowyalis xelmwifis samsaxurisaTvis,

rom unametnavesadac gasuliyo oqroc da vercxlica, magram

radganac garSemo mezoblebSi metad ar daixarjeba, amisaT-

vis vaWarT zians gaufrTxildiT, rom qveyanas savaWro ar mo-

akldes~ (Грамоты..., 1898: 37).

am werilSi kargad Cans erekle II-s Sexeduleba, rogorc

savaluto politikis mimarT, ise vaWarTa interesebis dacvis

TvalsazrisiT. mefe, romelic ase iswrafoda ruseTis impe-

riis keTilganwyobisaTvis, iZulebuli iyo, vaWarTa intere-

sebidan gamomdinare, maT mTavrobisaTvis, romelsac aRniS-

nuli kursi ar akmayofilebda, kursis gazrdaze moklrZale-

buli uari eTqva.

vaWrobis ganviTarebas aseve xels uwyobda erekleseu-

li samoneto reforma. saqarTveloSi iWreboda saerTo spar-

suli vercxlis monetebi. es niSnavda samoneto politikaSi

37

iranisadmi lmobier vasalobas. XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi

aseTi monetebis gamoSveba Sewyda da qarTuli monetebi gaTa-

visuflda iranis vasalobisgan (kapanaZe, 1950: 100). `...qar-

Tlis da kaxeTis samefoTa gaerTianebis Semdeg (1762 w.),...

erekle II monetis moWris dargSi axorcielebs mTel rig axal

RonisZiebebs. am RonisZiebaTa Seswavla gvaZlevs srul uf-

lebas vilaparakoT mefe erekles samoneto reformis Sesa-

xeb~ (qoiava, 1963: 21).

burnaSovis cnobiT, qarTvelebma ar icodnen vercxlis

legireba (sxva liTonTan Sereva). Tumca qoiavas da kapanaZis

iniciativiTY Catarebulma laboratoriulma sinjebma daa-

dastura, rom es cnoba yalbia (qoiava, 1963: 37). burnaSovis

Secdoma gamoiwvia im faqtma, rom erekle II-is moWrili sirma

abazebi wminda vercxlis STabeWdilebas tovebda. Teimuraz

batoniSvili amis Sesaxeb werda: `aseTs vercxlsa sWridnen

CvenSia, rom yovels evropiisa da aziis vercxlzeda Cveni

vercxli ufro wminda iyo~ (kakabaZe, 1925: 34).

erekles dros iWreboda vercxlis Semdegi nominalebi:

Sauri, uzalTuni (2 Sauri), abazi, marCili (3 abazi). iWreboda

spilenZis xurda fulic: naxevari fuli, bisti, Sauri (2,5 bis-

ti iyo erTi Sauri anu 5 rusuli kapiki). 1796 wels moiWra ase-

ve oqros fulic (qoiava, 1963: 27-28).

Tbilisis zarafxanaSi moWrili fulis garda mimoqce-

vaSi iyo rusuli vercxlisa Tu oqros monetebi, aslani — ho-

landiuri oqros moneta, fluri/florini, venetikuri seki-

ni, sparsuli uzalTuni, Turquli piastri. Teimuraz bato-

niSvilis mtkicebiT `oqro CvenSi srulad golandiisa muSa-

obda, veneciisa da osmalisaca ufro cota, magram osmalos

oqro wminda ar aris da amisaTvis ar uyvarT qarTvelebsa~

(kakabaZe, 1925: 34).

n. qoiava aRniSnavda, rom `qarTl-kaxeTSi fuli moqme-

debda rogorc msoflio fuli, msoflio fuli ki moqmedebda

yvela Tavis funqciaSi~ (qoiava, 1963: 36). qarTl-kaxeTis same-

foSi vercxlisa da oqros SedardebiTi Rirebuleba iyo 1:14 —

1:15, anu swored iseTi, rogoric iyo im dros msoflio bazar-

ze (dumbaZe, 1990: 349).

ucxouri monetebi gamoiyeneboda saerTaSoriso vaWro-

bisaTvis. maT Sinauri bazridan adgilobrivi monetebi ar ga-

moudevniaT. piriqiT, erekle II-is sirma abazebi mTels kavka-

siaSi didi popularulobiT sargeblobda. es ki mefes saSua-

38

lebas aZlevda fiskaluri miznebisaTvis moneta gaefuWebina.

XVIII saukunis I aTwleulSi abazis wona 7,3 grami iyo. erekle

II-s dros ki 2,65-3,5 gramamde Semcirda (qoiava, 1963: 26). es

iyo saxelmwifo Semosavlis gazrdis erT-erTi saSualeba.

amis miuxedavad, qarTul vercxlis fuls mimoqcevis mxriv

araviTari safrTxe ar Seqmnia.

aseTi iyo samefo karis mier vaWrobis donis asamaRleb-

lad ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi. amjerad ganvixilavT

im Sedegebs, rasac XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebis Semdeg qveya-

nam am kuTxiT miaRwia.

b) saSinao vaWroba

Tavdapirvelad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT Sida bazris

ganviTarebaze. qalaqebis mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad iz-

rdeboda produqtze moTxovna. mTavroba soflad glexTa sa-

xelmwifo gadasaxadebs ukve, ara naturiT, aramed fulis sa-

xiT iTxovda. paralelurad, Tavadebic aRar kmayofilde-

bodnen tradiciuli rentiT da gadaxdis formas cvlidnen.

gadasaxadebis komutaciam 70-90-ian wlebSi Tavisi ganviTare-

bis etapebi gaiara da Semdeg niSnuls miaRwia: saxelmwifo ga-

dasaxadebis 60% da sabatono gadasaxadebis 20-30% fulad

rentad iqca..

fuladi gadasaxadebi glexur meurneobas mWidrod

akavSirebda bazarTan. glexebi iZulebulebi xdebodnen baz-

risaTvis daemzadebinaT produqcia. aseTi faqtebi dokumen-

turad dasturdeba. magaliTad, giuldenStedti axasiaTebda

ra kaxeTis soflebis mcxovrebTa mdgomareobas, sxva damza-

debuli produqtebis gverdiT aRniSnavda meabreSumeobis

ganviTarebas da dasZenda: `yoveli ojaxi wliurad iRebs 2-4

fuT abreSumis parks, xolo girvanqas yidian 60-90 kapikad~

(giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 35). es ki 100 maneTze meti Rirebu-

lebis iyo. sainteresoa, agreTve, im periodSi farTo moxma-

rebis sagnis — endros eqsportis maCvenebelic. p. guguSvi-

lis gamoTvliT, iransa da osmaleTSi saqarTvelodan 10 000

baTmani anu 66-70 aTasi maneTis endro gadioda (guguSvili,

1949: 118). amas emateboda adgilobriv samRebroebSi moxmare-

buli endros sakmaod didi odenobac. cxadia, am raodenobis

produqtis damzadebas ramdenime pirovneba ver SeZlebda. mas-

39

Si Cabmuli iyo qveynis mosaxleobis didi nawili da is glexTa

damatebiTi fuladi Semosavlis erT-erT wyaros Seadgenda.

bagrat batoniSvilis `Semoklebuli soflis ekonomia~-

Si aRniSnulia, rom `Semosavali yovelive mamulsa... ganiyo-

febis samad. erT nawilSi aiRebis saxlis saxarjavad, meore —

Sesanaxad, xolo mesame gaiyidebis~. es naSromSi kargad asa-

xavs imdroindel ekonomiur azrs (anTelava, 1977: 82).

fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobis ganviTarebam gamoiw-

via Sida bazris ganmtkiceba. sainteresoa bazris produqciis

farTo asortimenti. `XVIII da XIX saukuneebis dasawyisis sa-

buTebi naTlad mowmoben, rom saqarTveloSi (umetesad qala-

qebSi) yidva-gayidvis sagania yvelaferi, rac ki SeiZleba ada-

mianma moixmaros (iseTi sagnebic ki, rogoricaa ZeZvi SesaRo-

bad, baris tarebi, mwvanilis Tesli, lobio, fiCxi, WanWuri,

TuTa da a.S.). niSandoblivia, rom yvelaferi zemoT CamoT-

vlili SemTxveviT zedmeti produqtebi ki ar aris, aramed sa-

gangebo gasacvlelad, bazrisTvis aris damzadebuli, amas

araerTi sabuTi gvidasturebs~ (samsonaZe, 1980: 17).

soflis meurneobis produqtebis garda, Sida bazari

maragdeboda xelosnobis nawarmiTac.9 erTi sityviT, mokle

droSi Camoyalibda qveynis SigniT saqonelgacvlis sistema.

erTmaneTs daukavSira qveynis sxvadsxva kuTxeebi. TbilisSi

da sxva qalaqebSi samxreT saqarTvelodan SemohqondaT mec-

xoveleobis produqtebi, fqvili, qeri da sxv. Sida qarTli-

dan xili, marcvleuli; kaxeTidan — endro, yurZeni, Rvino da

sxv. amasTanave, mWidrod daukavSirda erTmaneTs dasavleT

da aRmosavleT saqarTvelo.

wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom qarTlsa da imereTs Soris

savaWro qaravnebi TiTqmis yoveldRe midi-modiodnen. sura-

mis aRwerisas iakob rainegsi aRniSnavs, rom is `erTaderTi

qalaqia iberiasa (imereTs — a.T.) da qarTls Soris, amitom iq

sakmaod gacxovelebuli vaWrobaa~ (rainegsi, 2002: 148). sain-

tereso informacias gvawvdis giuldenStedti xonis bazris

Sesaxeb: `17 agvisto (1772 w.). Cven Rame xonSi gavaTieT. xonSi

eklesiis gverdiT aris didi moedani cacxviT da aRmosavlu-

ri WadriT... es moedani 2 versis farTobs moicavs; rogorc

yovel paraskevs am xeebis CrdilSi Sekrebiliyvnen orive sqe-

sis myidvel-gamyidvelni da [gaeCaRebinaT] bazroba. iyidebo-

9 dawvrilebiT ixileT qvemoT.

40

da Semdegi saqoneli: ruxi da Savi maudis Coxebi da nabdebi,

romelic SemoaqvT baranidan da dugoridan, onis gziT. bam-

bis wiTeli da cisferi uxeSi qsovilebi SarvlebisaTvis, pe-

rangebisaTvis da qalTa zedatanisaTvis da saxiani bambis

qsovilebi qvedatanisaTvis Tbilisis fabrikebidan.... aWaru-

li arSiebi evropuli tilosi, adgilobrivi ruxi maudis qu-

debi... erTvedroiani spilenZis qvabebi... zRvis marili yiri-

midan, damarilebuli zurgieli... salianidan da Tbilisidan~

(giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 153-155).

sxvadasxva avtorebis da sabaJo tarifebis mowmobiT

aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan imereTSi metad farTo asorti-

mentis saqoneli SehqondaT: bambis, abreSumis, Salis qsovi-

lebi; bamba, matyli, Sabi, endro, marili, Ceqmebi, wuRebi, cxe-

nis aRkazmuloba, xaxvi, saponi, Cai, yava, Tevzis sxvadasxva

saxeoba, gogirdi, saweri qaRaldi da sxva. imereTSi gatanil

saqonelze dabali sabajo tarifi (4%) iyo sawesebuli (qoia-

va, 1963: 190).

droTa ganmavlobaSi fulad-sasaqonlo urTierToba

kidev ufro ganviTarda. qalaqis mosaxleoba srulad daukav-

Sirda bazars. ucnobi piris qorwilis xarjebis 1779 wlis

nusxa gvauwyebs, rom bazarze SeuZeniaT: arayi, Rvino, Zroxa,

cxvris xorci, bati, oraguli, zurgieli, xramuli, qiSmiSi,

erbo, qonis sanTeli, wminda sanTeli, xaxvi, nigozi, xoxobi,

Cai, WanWuri, jonjoli, ispanaxi, sxvadasxva mwvanilebi, kver-

cxi, yveli, zeTisxili, kovzebi, naxSiri, sasarCule materia,

gaji, Zafi da sxva (masalebi..., 1938: 69-75).

TumaniSvilTa saxlis wevrebma 1788 wels bazarze SeiZi-

nes: Rvino, Zroxis xorci, yveli, mwvanili, oraguli, xizila-

la, cxvris xorci, batknis xorci, kvercxi, erbo, xaxvi, mawoni,

zeTisxili, wminda sanTeli da sxva (masalebi..., 1938: 89-96). aR-

saniSnavia, rom TumaniSvilebi msxvili memamuleni iyvnen. maT

hyavdaT yma-glexebi da maTgan iRebdnen gadasaxadebs. miuxe-

davad amisa, iZulebulebi iyvnen bazarze SeeZinaT garkveuli

produqti. 1797 wlis sabuTi gvidasturebs, rom wilknis ekle-

siis winamZRols, romelic, agreTve, yma-glexebis mflobeli

iyo, uyidia: 4 cxeni, ori uremi Rvino, `saxlis mofeniloba da

saxlisaTvis WurWeli~ da sxv. 1790 wlis ucnobi piris danaxar-

jis nusxa gvauwyebs, rom is yoveldRiurad bazarTan yofila

dakavSirebuli da iZenda: Rvinos, varias, xorcs, `samwuade~

xorcs, sanTels, zeTs, lobios, nigozs, erbos, nesvs, kitrs,

41

SeSas da sxv. (masalebi..., 1938: 100-119). aseTi uamravi sabuTi

arsebobs.10

erTi sityviT, saxelmwifos ekonomikurma politi-

kam daaCqara fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebis ganviTareba.

Camoyalibda erTiani Sida bazari da mas samefo kari uwevda

mfarvelobas. Sida produqtebis umetesobas Seadgenda sof-

lis meurneobis nawarmi, bambis, abreSumis, Salis qsovilebi,

spilenZis nawarmi da sxva xelosnuri dargebidan warmoebuli

savaWro produqti.

g) sagareo vaWroba

qarTuli produqciisaTvis mTavar gasaRebis areals

warmoadgenda kavkasiis mTianeTi, sadac qarTuli savaWro sa-

qoneli didi raodenobiT saRdeboda. mTielebTan vaWrobis

Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan informacias gvavwvdian saqarTveloSi

myofi rusi moxeleebi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo gubernato-

r kovalenskis moxsenebaSi mTavarmarTebel knoringisadmi

aRniSnulia: `Sikrikma moitana anwuxisa da kapuCinis xalxis-

gan Cems saxelze gamogzavnili werilebi, romlebSic isini

iTxoven neba mieceT, raTa uwindeburad awarmoon vaWroba sa-

qarTvelosTan, risTvisac maT ukve gamouSves sazRvarze er-

Ti qaravani; meore mxriv aqauri vaWrebi da xelosnebi, ro-

melTa nawarmiTac uwin lekebTan vaWroba warmoebda... daJi-

nebiT iTxoven, raTa lekebs neba miecaT Zveleburad awarmo-

on vaWroba saqarTveloSi~ (gamrekeli, 1968: 27).

rusi moxele burnaSovi, axasiaTebda ra saqarTvelos

sagareo vaWrobas, gansakuTrebiT gamoyofda mis saqonel-

brunvas mTiel da sparsel (igulisxmeba azerbaijanuli saxa-

noebi) mezoblebTan `...didi vaWroba aqvT mTiel da sparsel

axlo mezoblebTan. maTi xelnaqnariT anu spilenZis Wur-

WliT, moCiTuli, SeRebili da TeTri bambis tiloebiT, cxe-

nis mosarTavebiT, xmlebiTa da xanjlebiT, rkinis wvrilmani

saqonliT, labadebiT, qudebiTa da fexsacmelebiT, rameTu

am saWiroebiT kavkasiis TiTqmis yvela xalxebi da yvela me-

zoblebi Tbiliseli somxebis SromismoyvareobiT sargeblo-

10 saerTod n. berZeniSvilis mier Sedgenili ekonomikuri istoriis I

tomi naTeli dasturia imisa, rom XVIII saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi

soflis Tu qalaqis mosaxleoba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli bazar-

Tan.

42

ben~. imave avtoris mtkicebiT mTielebi aRmosavleT saqar-

TveloSi modiodnen did jgufebad, zogjer 500 da meti ka-

cic ki (burnaSovi, 1896: 2-3). maT CamoqondaT adgilobrivi

nawarmi: maudi, nabdebi, iaraRi, mecxoveleobis produqtebi

da sxva. umeteswilad maTTan vaWroba gacvliTi formiT xde-

boda. maSinac ki, roca mTielebi Tavis nawarms uSualod

fulze yididnen, am fuliT isev maTTvis saWiro da ucxo na-

warms iZendnen, samSobloSi fulis gatanas maTTvis araviTa-

ri azri ar hqonda, radgan saqonelgacvlaSi iq fuli saer-

Tod ar monawileobda (dumbaZe, 1990: 357). vaWrobis aseTi

forma Zalzed momgebiani iyo qarTuli mxarisaTvis.

rusi moxelis zubovis informacia mniSvnelovani wya-

roa imis gansasazRvrad, Tu ra mogebas iZleoda Crdilo kav-

kasiel mTielebTan vaWroba: `amierkavkasiis mxaris bevri va-

Wari swavlobs ra mTielTa sxvadasxva enebs, midis yvelaze

daSorebul xeobebSi da sargeblobs ra stumarTmoyvareobis

siwmindiT, eweva vaWrobas TiTqmis daujerebeli mogebiT, aw-

vdis ra mTielebs sagnebs, romlebic maTTvis ukve aucilebe-

li gamxdaran~, Semdeg avtori CamoTvlis im saqonels, rom-

lebic vaWrebs CaaqvT kavkasiis mTielebTan. esenia: feradi

abreSumis da bambis qsovilebi, sabnebi, yava, pilpili, nugba-

ri, surnelovani saponi, qiSmiSi, nigozi, finiki, zeTisxili,

ferumarili, blis xis Cibuxebi, qarva, savarcxlebi, didi ra-

odenobiT unagirebi, yovelgvari iaraRi, tyvia, foladi,

tyavebi, nalebi, namglebi, maudi, Cardaxebi, Tambaqo, marili

Rvino da sxv. (samsonaZe, 1980: 117). sainteresoa C. axrievis

cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom Zvel dros saqarTvelo inguSeTSi Ci-

Tebis qveyanad iTvleboda (samsonaZe, 1980: 112).

gacxovelebuli vaWroba iyo gaCaRebuli rogorc ami-

erkavkasiis saxanoebTan aseve iranTan, osmaleTTan, buxaras-

Tan da indoeTTanac ki. saqarTvelodan gadioda abreSumis

nawarmi, matyli, tyaveuloba, Rvino, endro, erbo, Tafli da

sxva. kidev ufro meti am qveynebidan Semodioda. komercia

Zalze did masStabebs aRwevda. magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT

vaWrobas erevnis saxanosTan: erT-erTi cnobiT Tbilisel

vaWrebs erevnidan yovelwliurad 70 000 fuTi nedli bamba

SemohqondaT, risganac 21 milioni arSini qsovili mzaddebo-

da (roJkova, 1949: 111).

burnaSovi aRniSnavda, rom erekle II-is qveSevrdomi

vaWrebi `vaWroben sparseTTan, indoeTTan, ruseTidan mcire

43

raodenobiT Camotanili saqonliT; xolo aqedan qaravnebiT

iReben abreSumis, bambis sparsul da indur qsovilebs, aseve

faifuris WurWels~ (burnaSovi, 1896: 2-3).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Tbilisze gadioda iransa da

osmaleTs Soris damakavSirebeli erT-erTi gza. peisonelis

cnobiT, Tbilisze gahqondaT tranzituli saqoneli irani-

dan konstantinopolSi, aleposa da smirnaSi da piriqiT, am

qalaqebidan iranSi. konstantinopolidan mohqondaT evro-

puli saqoneli: inglisuri drapi, veneciuri oqroqsovili,

franguli yava, Saqari da sxv. Tbilisidan konstantinopolSi

gahqondaT abreSumi, endro, matyli, tyavebi da sxv. es cnobe-

bi dokumenturadac dasturdeba. magaliTad, Tbiliseli vaW-

ris ter-Smovanovis werilidan Tavis simamris manuCar Tuma-

niSvilisadmi Cans, rom Tbilisel vaWar sarubeJanas buxara-

dan Camoutania didi raodenobiT tyavebi da gasayidad kon-

stantinopolSi wauRia (berZniSvili, 1965: 167, sab. #37).

igive vaWari sxva werilSi aRniSnavda: `kvira ar gava,

rom erevnidam, yarsidam Tu axalcixidam (TbilisSi) qaravani

ar movides. vinc saqonlis momtania eseni sul baJis mimcemni

arian. bambac davarda litra CR (1 maneTi da 70 kapiki) ase ga-

yides~ (berZniSvili, 1965: 136, sab. #12). gasaTvaliswinebelia

is faqtic, rom am werilebSi gadmocemulia aRa-mahmad xanis

Semosevis momdevno, 1796 wlis movlenebi. Tu sastikad aox-

rebul qalaqSi aRmosavleTis qveynebTan aseTi farTo vaW-

roba warmoebda, advili warmosadgenia misi masStabebi qala-

qis darbevamdel periodSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom aRmosavleTis qveynebTan saqo-

nelbrunvis zusti moculobis Sesaxeb pirdapiri monacemebi

ar gagvaCnia, sxvadasxva wyaroebze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebe-

lia misi miaxloebiTi gansazRvra. Tbilisidan da aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebidan erevnis, ganjis, Semaxis,

SuSis da sxva qalaqebis mimarTulebiT, aseve piriqiT, savaW-

ro qaravanebi mudmivad moZraobda. peisonelis cnobiT, jer

kidev XVIII saukunis 50-iani wlebis bolos da 60-ian wlebis

dasawyisSi sxvadasxva saqonliT datvirTuli 150-200 uremi

yovelTviurad erevnis, Tavrizisa da arzrumis mimarTule-

biT midioda (kakabaZe, 140: 109-122). cnobilia, rom 70-iani

wlebidan tvirTbrunva kidev ufro gaizarda. amitom aRniS-

nul periodSi iranisa da osmaleTis mimarTulebiT Tbilisi-

dan minimum 300 uremze meti tvirTis gatanaa savaraudebeli.

44

kidev ufro meti am qalaqebidan Semovidoda. gamodis, rom

iran-osmaleTTan vaWroba weliwadSi sul cota 8000 uremiT

ganisazRvreboda. uxeSi gaTvlebiT 1 uremis Rirebulebas Tu

100-dan 150 maneTamde viangariSebT gamodis, rom aRmosavle-

Tis qveynebTan tvirTbrunva XVIII saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi

800 000-dan 1 200 000 maneTamde meryeobda. am monacemebs kar-

gad Seesabameba 1809 wlis oficialuri statistika: astraxa-

nis sabaJos ufrosisa da Tbiliseli vaWrebis CvenebiT yo-

velwliurad erevnidan SemohqondaT 250 000 maneTis Rirebu-

lebis 30 000 fuTi bamba; iranis qalaqebidan — xoidan, Tavri-

zidan, qaSanidan, ispahanidan da sxv. — 200 000 maneTis abreSu-

mis da 100 000 maneTis bambis qsovili, 50 000 maneTis yava, nu-

Si, pilpili, qiSmiSi, xmeli xili da sxva wvrilmani, 20 000 ma-

neTis lurji saRebavi; nuxidan, Seqidan da Semaxidan 10 000

maneTis abreSumi; daRestnidan da Sirvanidan 15 000 maneTis

nabdebi; TurqeTidan 60 000 maneTis bambis qsovilebi, fola-

di, tyvia, nali da sxv. sul, am qveynebidan, aRmosavleT saqar-

TveloSi 700 000 maneTze meti Rirebulebis savaWro saqone-

li Semodioda (АКАК, 1870: 99-80). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im

faqts, rom XIX saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi arc sabaJo sis-

tema, arc vaWarTa pirobebi da motivacia ar Secvlila11

(pi-

riqiT, savaWro urTierTobebze ruseT-iranis da ruseT-

TurqeTis omebi uaryofiT gavlenas axdenda), savsebiT lo-

gikurad migvaCnia, rom es statistikuri monacemebi gavav-

rceloT XVIII saukunis 70-90-ian wlebzec. erTi sityviT, gan-

saxilvel periodSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aRmosavleTis

qveynebTan savaWro urTierTobebi sakmaod intensiuri iyo.

darialis gzis gaxsnidan mokle xanSi gacxovelda vaW-

roba ruseTTan. XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebidan daiwyo saqar-

Tvelodan ruseTSi qarTuli saqonlis gatana. 1770-ian wleb-

Si ki am procesma intensiuri saxe miiRo. qarTveli vaWrebi

mudmivad mogzauroben ruseTis qalaqebSi. isini savaWro

operaciebs axorcieleben ara marto astraxanSi, mozdoksa

da yizlarSi, aramed niJni-novgorodSi da moskovSi. amis da-

madasturebeli mravali cnoba mogvepoveba. magaliTad, 1780

wlis aprilSi mozdokSi erTdroulad Cadis daaxloebiT 30

11 yvela dokumenti mowmobs, rom XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis moq-

medebda mxolod da mxolod qarTveli mefeebis dros dadgenili

normebi.

45

vaWris 3 qaravani, romelTac didi raodenobiT tyavebi, qso-

vilebi da sxv. CautaniaT (samsonaZe, 1972: 24).

sxvadasxva cnobebiT mtkicdeba, rom saqarTvelodan

ruseTSi didi raodenobiT bambis qsovilebi gaedineboda. sa-

qarTveloSi damzadebul produqcias ruseTis bazrebze ga-

tanis iseTi donisaTvis miuRwevia, rom igi saTanado masa-

lebSic aisaxa. magaliTad, m. Culkovis naSromSi —

`Историческое описание российской комерции~ — ruseTSi sxvadas-

xva qveynebidan Setanil saqonelTan erTad, Tbilisuri narma

da xamxalaTic saxeldeba. igive avtori aRniSnavda, rom sam-

xreT ruseTSi bambeulis qsovilebi Sedioda `Из Гори~ da `Из Андреевской деревни~. am faqtis Sesaxeb mkvlevari m. samsonaZe

aRniSnavs, rom Tu avtori `Из Гори~—Si ara qalaq gors, ara-

med CrdiloeT kavkasias gulisxmobda, cnobilia, iq bambeu-

lis qsovilebi ar iwarmoeboda da Sedioda saqarTvelodan;

andrias sofelSi ki ZiriTadad qarTveli vaWrebi saqmianob-

dnen (samsonaZe, 1980: 137). igive avtori ganixilavs ra mozdo-

kis sabaJos uwyisebs da sxva saarqivo masalebis monacemebs,

aRniSnavs, rom XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis dasaw-

yisSi qarTl-kaxeTis teqstiluri nawarmiT vaWroba ruseT-

Tan aRemateboda am saxeobis nawarmiT iranis saeqsporto

vaWrobas ruseTSi (samsonaZe, 1977: 31).12

zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi exeba mxolod bambis qso-

vilebiT vaWrobas. ruseTSi qarTvel vaWrebs sxva saqonelic

uxvad CahqondaT.

zogadad XVIII saukunis 70-90-iani wlebSi qveyanaSi saga-

reo vaWrobis maRali donis damadasturebeli mravali pir-

dapiri Tu arapirdapiri cnoba mogvepoveba. adgilobrivi

warmoebis saqonlidan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi nawarmi: liTonis

sxvadasxva sameurneo da saojaxo nakeTobebi, safeiqro na-

warmi — bambeulis, abreSumis da Salis qsovilebi, matyli, se-

li, nedli bamba, sursaT-sanovage, marcvleuli, pirutyvi,

Rvino, xorci, frinveli, zeTi, erbo, qoni, Tafli, xili, bos-

tneuli, endro, Tambaqo da sxva.

kidev ufro mravalferovania importuli saqoneli: ab-

reSumis qsovilebi — daraia, tafta, atlasi; Salis qsovile-

bi, nabdebi, bambis maRali xarisxis qsovilebi, evropuli qso-

12 detalurad ruseTTan vaWroba ix. samsonaZis dasaxelebul naSro-

mebSi.

46

vilebi, rusuli CiTi, sxvadasxva saxis bewveuli — wavisa da

Taxvis qurqebi, meliis da kvernis bewvi; foladi, rkina, gvar-

jila, qaRaldi, Tof-iaraRi, Zvirfasi Tvlebi — almasi, mar-

galiti, iagundi, zurmuxti da sxva; marili, Saqari, yava, li-

moni, Tambaqo, Tevzeuli, mixaki, dariCini, pilpili, zeTisxi-

li, vardis da zeiTunis zeTi...

wyaroebSi bevria cnoba ucxouri ZviradRirebuli sag-

nebis farTo moxmarebaSi gavrcelebis Sesaxeb — mag., manuCar

TumaniSvilis 1788 wlis tanisamosis nusxaSi aris èrTi mwva-

ne frangis atlasis kaba, erTi frangis Salis ioma, erTi TeT-

ri frangis Salis Coxa, erTi wyvili espaneTis winda, erTi

rusuli CiTis axaluxi Sesakeravi da erTi rusuli CiTis axa-

luxi Sekerili...~ 1795 wlis sabuTSi moxseniebulia `rusuli

stamba“ (stamburad nabeWdi wigni), `rusuli yuTi“, `rusuli

klite“, `rusuli xelsaxoci“, `rusuli CiTi“, `rusuli far-

Ca“, `rusuli varayis qaRaldi“, èspanuri sarke“, èspanuri

qamari“... (anTelava, 1977: 54).

`konkurencia adgilobrivsa da ucxour saqonels So-

ris TiTqmis ar SeimCneoda, radgan adgilobrivi mrewveloba

awarmoebda farTo moxmarebis produqcias, romelic ZiriTa-

dad sazogadoebis dabali fenebis moTxovnilebas pasuxobda,

maSin roca importuli saqonelis momxmarebeli arsebiTad

feodaluri zedafena iyo. ...gabatonebuli zedafenis sac-

xovrebeli, aveji, tansacmeli, samkaulebi, kvebis racioni da

sxva gansxvavebuli unda yofiliyo da iyo kidec. meore

mxriv, swored imis gamo, rom adgilobrivi sawarmoebi amza-

debdnen naxevarfabrikatebsa da SedarebiT dabali xarisxis

mza produqcias, misi masobrivi gasaReba ufro metad iyo ga-

rantirebuli. farTo moxmarebis Tbilisuri samrewvelo

produqcia mezobel qveynebSiac saRdeboda~ (dumbaZe, 1990:

356).

savaWro urTierTobaTa mniSvnelovan warmatebebze mi-

uTiTebs is faqti, rom qarTveli vaWrebi, erTi mxriv, maqsi-

malurad iyenebdnen adgilobrivi mrewvelobis SesaZleblo-

bebs da Sesabamisad eqsports sakmaod didi adgili eWira maT

savaWro operaciebSi, xolo meore mxriv, ar kmayofildebod-

nen amiT da farTo saSuamavlo vaWrobas eweodnen msxvili sa-

vaWro-ekonomikur regionebs Soris (dumbaZe, 1990: 360).

XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebidan vaWrobis donem Tavis

piks miaRwia. saqonelgacvlaSi sakmaod msxvil kapitals vxe-

47

davT. magaliTad, 1800 wels Tbilisel vaWar dimitris indoe-

Tidan Camoutania 13 680 maneTis sxvadasxva qsovili da ram-

denime aTasi maneTis Rirebulebis Zvirfasi qvebi. Camotani-

li saqonelis erTi nawili, kerZod 9 830 maneTis Rirebule-

bis qsovili da 12 030 maneTis Rirebulebis Zvirfasi qvebi,

sazRvargareT realizaciis mizniT Seisyida vaWarma aRa zu-

rabovma, xolo meore nawili ki tvirTis Camomtans adgilze

gauyidia. gvaqvs cnoba, rom 1775 wels darubandTan daiRupa

enzelidan astraxans mimavali gemi, romelic skvorcovs

ekuTvnoda. gemi datvirTuli iyo astraxaneli da Tbiliseli

vaWrebis naxevari milioni maneTis Rirebulebis saqonliT

(dumbaZe, 1990: 358-359); 1806 wels Tavadma n. amilaxvarma sasa-

marTloSi aRZra saqme Tavad abameliqovis winaaRmdeg, rom man

ispahanSi gardacvlil ivan xan amilaxoris mindobilobiT, ro-

melic misi Zma iyo, saam SixanaSvilisagan 95 884 Tumnis Zvirfa-

seuloba miiRo, rac udrida 1 677 970 maneTs spilenZiT (samso-

naZe, 1980: 70); cxadia es Zvirfaseuloba savaWrod gamoiyene-

boda. `qarTveli vaWrebi13

wamyvan rols asrulebdnen ara mar-

to iransa da saqarTvelos vaWrobaSi, aramed iranis sagareo

vaWrobaSi saerTod~ (samsonaZe, 1980: 94).

aseTi masStabis komercia warmoudgeneli iyo farTo

organizaciis gareSe. `XVIII-XIX ss. saqarTvelos rigi msxvili

vaWrebisa did organizatorebad gvevlinebodnen. isini pri-

kaSCikebis, muSakebis, noqrebis da a.S. mTel Stats aerTianeb-

dnen~ (prikaSCiki — magieri, vaqili vaWarTa, noqari) (samsona-

Ze, 1983: 89-90).

m. samsonaZe ganixilavs ra TumaniSvilTa saqmianobas,

aRniSnavs, rom magaliTad, manuCar TumaniSvilis savaWro

warmomadgenlebi gafantulni iyvnen saSinao Tu sagareo sa-

vaWro-samrewvelo centrebSi: gorSi, cxinvalSi, astraxanSi,

peterburgSi da a.S. `damaxasiaTebelia rom erT-erT werilSi

manuCar TumaniSvili amayad acxadebda `me vaWari rodi va-

ro~. igi marTlac ar aris vaWari, igi gacilebiT farTo gaqa-

nebis moRvawe saqmosania, finansisti, kapitalisti, romelic

meTaurobs mTel sistemas, romelSiac araerTi daqvemdeba-

rebuli piria gaerTianebuli: vaWrebi, prikaSCikebi, mrewve-

lebi, noqrebi, msaxurebi da a.S. XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnaze

saqarTveloSi amgvar msxvil saqmosnebad moCanan anton oqu-

13 igulisxmeba erekles qveSevrdomobaSi myofi vaWrebi.

48

aSvili, merab aRa oquaSvili, osefa yorRanaSvili da a.S.~

(samsonaZe, 1980: 92).

vaWrobis gafarToebas mohyva savaWro amxanagobebis

Seqmna. sainteresoa erTi aseTi amxanagobis saqmianoba — amxa-

nagobaSi gaerTianebulia ramdenime pirovneba. ZiriTadi fi-

guraa vaWari aRa. is TbilisSi saqmianobs. sxva pirebi — ste-

fan aslanovi, aRas Zma karapeta, Saroa da qevoa — astraxanSi

ewevian savaWro operaciebs. aRam Tbilisidan astraxanSi gag-

zavna farCa da bewveuli, xolo aslanovma mas jer 5000 mane-

Tis, Semdeg 3000 maneTis saqoneli gaugzavna. aslanovma kara-

peta 16 000 maneTis saqonliT gagzavna baqoSi, is ki abreSumis

qsovilebiT dabrunda astraxanSi (masalebi..., 1953: 182).

savaWro amxanagobebis Seqmna imdenad Sors wavida, rom

mas kanonmdeblobaSi specialuri muxlebi daeTmo. magali-

Tad: `saqarTvelos ZvelTagan da CveulebiTad qarTvel me-

feTa droTa SemoRebulni sjulnis~ 5 muxli eTmoba savaWro

amxanagobas — gansazRvrulia `movaWre amxanagTa, veqilTa da

TirqTaSikTa~ uflebebi, urTierTSeTanxmebebi da a.S. (doli-

Ze, 1960: 54-56).

amxanagobebis saSualebiT xorcieldeboda satranzito

vaWroba. bevr qarTvel vaWarsa Tu savaWro kompanias YTavisi

mudmivi warmomadgeneli hyavda iranis saxvadasxva savaWro

centrSi. iqidan iRebdnen savaWro saqonels da Semdeg ruse-

Tis bazrebze gahqondaT.

saqarTvelosa da irans Soris saqonelgacvlas da mis

Semdgom eqsports, ZiriTadad qarTveli vaWrebi axdendnen,

Tumca am saqmeSi iraneli vaWrebic monawileobdnen. 1801

wels Sedgenili erTi sabuTi adasturebs, rom saqarTveloSi

komercias eweoda 25 iraneli vaWari (samsonaZe, 1980: 102).

qarTveli vaWrebis saSualebiT iransa da ruseTs Soris far-

To satranzito vaWrobas adasturebs goreli vaWrebis — ju-

labaSvilebis — davTari. es vaWrebi dadiodnen: isfahanSi,

TavrizSi, gilanSi, meShedSi, reSTSi; mTel kavkasiaSi: Semaxa-

Si, darubandSi, yizlarSi; TurqeTSi: stambolSi; ruseTSi:

stefanwminda — gveleTis gziT da zRviT astraxanSi (megre-

laZe, 1963: 209).

erTi sityviT, XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebidan vaWrobis

done qveyanaSi mkveTrad amaRlda. TbilisSi gaCndnen iseTi

vaWrebic, romlTa kapitalic 50 000 maneTs aRemateboda

(berZeniSvili..., 1958: 365).

49

savaWro kapitalis gaZliereba droTa ganmavlobaSi

tons aZlevda mis samrewvelo kapitalad gadaqcevas.

kameraluri aRweris mixedviT, XIX saukunis dasawyisSi,

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 1043 vaWris ojaxi cxovrobda

(samsonaZe, 1980: 58). Cven vfiqrobT, rom es cifri garkveul

koreqtirebas saWiroebs da XVIII saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi

realurad vaWarTa meti raodenoba unda vivaraudoT, radgan

aRa-mahamd xanis Semosevis Sedegad maTi ricxvi aSkarad Sem-

cirdeboda.14

rogorc aRvniSneT, vaWrobas gaaCnda erTi friad mniS-

vnelovani Tavisebureba — vaWrobas eweodnen araqarTuli

eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi. marTalia, etapobrivad

mimdinareobda maTi `gaqarTveleba~, magram qarTl-kaxeTSi

savaWro kapitalis mflobelni ZiriTadad eTnikuri somxebi

iyvnen. samefo kari naTlad xedavda am nakls da cdilobda

mis gamosworebas. ioane batoniSvilis sjuldebaSi aRniSnu-

lia: `...Cven TiTqmis somxebis da TaTrebis vaWrebis xelis

Semxedvelni varT da es Zliereba iqmneba Cveni, odesca vaWar-

nica Cvenni iqmnebian. da amisaTvis gamovarCioT qarTlidam,

kaxeTidam, raodenime kacni, isev vaWrebTan namyofni da Se-

vaCvioT vaWrobas. amaT xeli ganemarTos saqveynos Semosav-

lidam, raTa iswavlon vaWrobaÁ. garda amisa, somexTaca da

TaTarTaca ise ivaWron, ragvaradac uvaWriaT pirvel~ (bag-

rationi, 1952: 40).

rogorc vxedavT, vaWrobam, samefo xelisuflebis Cata-

rebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad, sakmaod maRal niSnuls miaR-

wia. TbilisSi, gorSi da sxva qalaqebSi Camoyalibda mdidari

vaWarTa fena. erekle II-is qveSevrdomi vaWrebi XVIII saukunis

ukanasknel meoTxedSi iqcnen mTeli regionis masStabiT vaW-

robis mTavar warmmarTvel Zalad. isini qveyanaSi mniSvnelo-

van Tanamdebobebze iniSnebodnen da Sesabamisad sakmaod mya-

14 vaWarTa ricxvi Semcirda, rogorc 1795 wels Tbilisis aoxrebis

Sedegad, aseve saukunis miwuruls maTi ruseTSi gadasaxlebiT. XVIII

saukunis miwurulSi vaWarTa ruseTSi gadasaxlebaze metyvelebs

Semdegi faqtebi: 1795 wlis 28 noembers ioseb yorRanaSvili dare-

jan dedoflisadmi mirTmeul moxsenebaSi Tavs imarTlebs, rom som-

xebis ruseTisaken wasvlaSi mas araviTari brali ar miuZRoda. aseve

aleqsandre batoniSvili 1796 wels mefes atyobinebda, rom saWiro

iyo sagangebo zomebis miReba somexi vaWrebis ruseTisaken ltol-

vis SesaCereblad (guguSvili, 1949: 77-78).

50

ri politikuri mdgomareobac gaaCndaT. mefes maTi nawili

ayavda TavadTa da aznaurTa rangSi. aseTi tipis vaWrebi iq-

cnen `axali tipis Tavad-aznaurobad~, romlebic reformebis

gatarebisa da saTavadoTa sistemis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi me-

fis axal dasayrdens warmoadgendnen.

§ 2. vaWrobis Sedegad miRebuli saxelmwifo

Semosavlebi

a) sabaJo Semosavlebi

amjerad Cveni mizania vaWrobis Sedegad miRebuli sa-

xelmwifo xazinis Semosavalebis raodenoba ganvsazRvroT.

imis garda, rom vaWrebi qalaqis maxtis da malis ZiriTadi ga-

damxdelebi iyvnen, samefo karis ZiriTadi kreditorebadac

gvevlinebodnen15

da erekle II am vaWrebis saSualebiT Tava-

dac axorcielebda mniSvnelovan savaWro operaciebs,16

vaW-

robidan saxelmwifo Semosavali ZiriTadad mainc sabaJo ta-

rifis odenobiT ganisazRvreboda.

saqarTveloSi, termin baJis paralelurad, ixmareboda

Celieqi. es sityva iranuli warmoSobisaa da niSnavs 1/40. ro-

gorc Cans, Tavdapirvelad baJis tarifi 2,5% ganisazRvrebo-

da, Tumca savaWro urTierTobebis ganviTarebam erekle II-s

saSualeba misca Semosavlebis gazrdis mizniT gaedidebina

tarifi. n. qoiava adarebs ra XVIII saukunis I naxevris sabaJo

tarifs imave saukunis miwurulis sabaJos monacemebs, Semdeg

daskvnas gvTavazobs: `abazis Sinaarsi saukunis manZilze Sem-

cirda daaxloebiT 2,5-jer. maSin rodesac specifikuri baJe-

bi gaizarda gacilebiT ufro metjer. aqedan unda davas-

kvnaT, rom baJebis gadidebas fiskaluri xasiaTic hqonda~

(qoiava, 1963: 198). XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebidan wyaroebSi

fiqsirdeba `yadimi Celieqi~ da `momatebuli Celieqi~ (masa-

lebi..., 1955: 191; masalebi..., 1948: 2). `yadimi Celieqi~ es aris

Zveli baJi. mis sapirispirod ki gaCnda `momatebuli~ anu axa-

li sabaJo tarifi. gansaxilvel periodSi baJi 4-dan 15% mer-

yeobda. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom imdroindel qarTl-kaxeTis sa-

15 iyo mravali SemTxveva, rom vaWrebs saxelmwifos sasargeblod sa-

valdebulo uprocento sesxis gaReba ekisrebodaT. 16

am sakiTxs Cven mogvianebiT detalurad ganvixilavT.

51

mefoSi xSirad baJis saxelwodebiT ixsenieba sxvadasxva ija-

ra Tu misagebeli. amitom sakmaod rTulia erTmaneTisgan ga-

imijnos baJi da sxva Semosavlebi.

baJi aiReboda yvela savaWro obieqtze, magram vaWars

ufleba hqonda baJi gadaexada ara sazRvarTan, magaliTad

gatexil xidTan, suramSi, andac duSeTSi, aramed im adgilze,

sadac sabolood miitanda Tavis tvirTs. vinaidan saqonel-

brunvis ZiriTadi nawili Tbilisze modioda, amitom Cven Zi-

riTadad yuradRebas Tbilisis sabaJoze gavamaxvilebT.

Tbiliss am dros gaaCnda Svidi kari: kojris kari, diRmis

kari, meidnis kari, qvemo kari, abanos kari, ganjis kari da av-

labris kari. yvela am karebTan mebaJeebi idgnen da saxelmwi-

fos sasargeblod iRebdnen baJs. baJi aiReboda rogorc Seta-

nil saqonelze, aseve gazidulze. sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom

tranzitis SemTxvevaSic aiReboda baJi. satranzito vaWrobis

Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan cnobas Seicavs 1802 wels samoqalaqo gu-

bernatoris kovalenskis mier gagzavnili moxsenebiTi baraTi

mTavarmarTvel knoringisadmi — `Tu ruseTidan, sparseTidan,

TurqeTidan Semotanili saqonlis gatanas moisurvebs misi

mflobeli, man Semotanaze gadaxdil mTel baJs garda gatana-

ze naxevari baJi unda gadaixados, magram Tu Semotanili sa-

qonlis Sesyidva adgilzeve moxda (misi Semdgomi gatanis miz-

niT — a.T.) am ukanasknelma mTeli baJi unda gadaixados~ (АКАК, 1866: 478-479). baJis Sekreba moijaradreebis saSualebiT xde-

boda. ijariT gaicemoda zogjer mTeli Tbilisis sabaJo, zog-

jer ki konkretuli saqonlis mosakrebeli. saxelmwifoSi ar-

sebobda ijariT gacemis Tavisufali konkurencia.

wyaroebi Tbilisis baJis wliuri Semosavlis Sesaxeb

gansxvavebul informacias gvawvdian. kapitan iazikovis cno-

biT, Tbilisidan baJis Semosavali 1770 wels 10 000 maneTs Se-

adgenda17

(Грамоты..., 1891: 187). iakob rainegsi CamoTvlis ra,

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Semosavlebs, aRniSnavs: `baJi yovel-

wliurad aiReba 25 000 maneTi~ (rainegsi, 2002: 184). aqve unda

aRiniSnos, rom iazikovs da rainegss saeWvoa sabaJo Semosav-

lebis dazustebuli monacemebi hqonodaT.

aqtebis I tomSi mocemulia 1801 wlis sabaJo Semosavle-

bis statistikuri cnobebi (АКАК, 1866: 479-481). n. qoiava am

17 Cveni azriT am periodSi moqmedebda mxolod `yadimi~ baJi.

52

monacemebis ganxilvis fonze miiCnevs, rom baJi mTlianad

18 586 maneTs Seadgenda (qoiava, 1963: 200).18

gvaqvs arapirdapiri cnoba Tbilisis sabaJos raodeno-

bis Sesaxeb. Tbilisis mouravi Tavadi evstaTi ciciSvili,

mTavarmarTebel pavle cicianovisadmi moxsenebaSi, acxadeb-

da: `...q. pirveli ianvari, rom dadgeboda, sami dRe qalaqis ka-

rebi me meWira; rac baJi Semovidoda naxevars me aviRebdi da

naxevari samefo iyo. amas raodenoba ar erqo, bevr[jel] bevrs

aviRebdi, bevrjer cotasa. aqedamac oci Tumani momividoda~

(masalebi..., 1948: 91). mouravis moxsenebidan naTelia, rom sam

dReSi Tbilisis sabaJo Semosavali 40 Tumani (naxevari same-

fo, naxevari mouravis — sul 40 Tumani) anu 400 maneTi iyo.

Tu am cnobas vendobiT, qalaqis wliuri baJebis Semosavali

48 000 maneTi gamodis. Tanac gaviTvaliswinoT, rom evstaTe

ciciSvili qalaqis mouravad dainiSna aRa-mahmad xanis mier

Tbilisis aoxrebis Semdeg. amitom 80-90-ian wlebSi, am cnobis

mixedviT, qalaqis baJebi 48 000 maneTze meti unda yofiliyo.

gagvaCnia, agreTve, gviandeli cnobebic. ruseTis impe-

riis moxeleebis cnobiT, 1807 wlisaTvis qarTl-kaxeTis Sina-

gani sabaJoTa Semosavali Seadgenda 63 000 maneTs (guguSvi-

li, 1937: 295).

rogorc vxedavT, saxelmwifo sabaJos Semosavlebis Se-

saxeb ramdenime erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli monacemi gag-

vaCnia. imisaTvis, rom metnaklebad zustad ganvsazRvroT

Tbilisis sabaJos Semosavali, saWiroa detalurad ganvixi-

loT sabaJoebTan dakavSirebuli yvela pirdapiri, Tu ara-

pirdapiri cnoba.

upirvelesad movitanT sabaJo tarifis monacemebs:

Semozidvis baJi:

farCa abreSumis, bambis, matylis, motanili imereTidan an

ruseTidan —— Tumanze 50 kap. (5%).

igive, motanili iranidan an osmaleTidan — Tumanze 1 mane-

Ti (10%).

18 Cveni dakvirvebiT aqtebSi motanili 1801 wlis Cvenebebi arasru-

lia. rusi moxeleebi Tavdapirvelad qarTuli ekonomikis Tavisebu-

rebebSi bolomde ver gaerkvnen. aRreva Cans sabaJosa da sxva tipis

ijarebs Sorisac. monacemebis arasrulobaze metyvelebs is faqtic,

rom samxedro da samoqalaqo moxeleebis wliuri xelfasebi gansaz-

Rvrulia mxolod 16 990 maneTiT. realurad ki aseTi tipis xarjebi

gacilebiT didi iyo (АКАК, 1866: 480-481).

53

narTi — sapalneze 2 man.

narTi bambisa — litraze 4 man.

narTi — 50 kap.

laJvardi ruseTidan — Tumanze 50 kapiki (5%).

laJvardi motanili iranidan da osmaleTidan — Tumanze 1

man. (10%).

crufariani koSenili motanili iranidan da osmaleTidan —

Tumanze 1 man. (10%).

Saqari — sapalneze 4 man.

sxvadasxva wvrili saqoneli — sapalneze 4 man.

bamba erevnidan motanili — sapalneze 2 man.

muxis muwuki — sapalneze 2 man.

SreSi — sapalneze 2 man.

nuSi, qiSmiSi da sxvadasxva mSrali xileuloba — sapalneze

3 litra.

saxtiani — sapalneze 4 man.

saxtiani motanili ruseTidan — 20 calze 1 cali.

rkina — uremze 4 man., 85 kap.

rkina — sapalne 80 kap.

rkina motanili ruseTidan — uremze 8 man.

rkina motanili ruseTidan — sapalneze 1 man. 8 kap.

rkina motanili ruseTidan da iranidan — litrze 16 kap.

rkina motanili ganjidan da bolnisidan — litraze 10 kap.

Sabi — uremze 4 man. 80 kap.

Sabi — sapalneze 1 man.

bewveuli motanili ruseTidan — Tumanze 50 kap. (5%).

bewveuli motanili iranidan da osmaleTidan — Tumanze 1

man. (10%).

spilenZi da tyvia, motanili meqarxnis mier sakuTari qar-

xnidan — Tavisufalia baJisagan.

spilenZis nivTebi motanili ucxoeTidan — sapalneze 4 man.

lula (Tofis) CuqurTmiani — 1 calze 22,5 kap.

igive Tu sadaa — 1 calze 22,5 kap.

tyavi gamouqneli — sapalneze 1 man.

wavi — 1 calze 10 kap.

Taxvi — 1 calze 10 kap.

kverna yviTeli — 1 calze 10 kap.

kverna TeTri — 1 calze 5 kap.

mela — 1 calze 2 kap.

marili — uremze 2 man.

54

marili sapalniT — 4 naWerize 77,5 kap.

brinji — sapalneze 66,5 kap.

lobio — sapalneze 60,5 kap.

puri, motanili TaTarTa soflebidan — sapalneze... (ar Cans

gadasaxadi)

xurma — sapalneze 30 kap.

nigozi — sapalneze 30 kap.

vaSli Semotanili abanos karebidan — sapalneze 12 kap.

xaxvi — sapalneze 14 kap.

erbo, Tafli, qoni — sapalneze 1 man.

rqiani saqoneli — erT Tavze 50 kap., (daaxloebiT 8-10%)

rqiani saqoneli morekili meyasbis mier — 1 Tavze 10 kap.

cxvari — 1 Tavze 5 kap.

cxvari, morekili meyasbis mier — 1 Tavze 3 kap.

zeTi — sapalneze 1 man. 10 kap.

Tevzi — uremze 3 man. 40 kap.

oraguli da zuTxi — sapalne 2,5 man.

gelaqnuri da kalmaxi — 20 kapiki TiTo parkze.

zeTisxili — sapalneze 3 litra.

nesvi da sazamTro — sapalneze 10 kap.

Tambaqo furclovani — ar aris naCvenebi.

Tambaqo motanili gasatanad — litraze 3 stili.

gogirdi — sapalneze 2 man. 60 kap.

gvarjila — sapalneze 1 man. 10 kap.

endro — baTmanze 1 man. 10 kap.

kanafis narTi — litraze 5 kap.

kanafi — litraze 50 kap.

cvili — litraze 10 kap.

cvili — (ar aris naCvenebi) 4 man.

nawlavis simebi — dastaze 10 kap.

uxti — 1 calze 10 kap.

naxSiri TaTarTa soflebidan — sapalneze...(ar aris naCve-

nebi).

kalaqva — sapalneze 50 kap.

yveli — sapalneze 27,5 kap.

matyli — sapalneze 1 man.

WurWeli — Tumanze 50 kap. anu 5%

kubis maudi — naWerze 20 kap.

savazne motanili ganjidan — 1 calze 5 kap.

xe-tye — tivze 1 xe.

55

Rvino — uremze 1 man. 15 kap.

arayi — Tungze 2,5 kap.

spirti — Tungze 5 kap.

gazidvis baJi:

rkina da Sabi, gatanili momtanis mier — uremze 2 man.

spilenZi da tyvia nayidi — baTmanze 20 kap.

waRa da qoSi — wyvilze 20 kap.

lekebisagan nayidi nabdebi — 1 nabadze 20 kap.

lekebisagan an mTielebisagan nayidi xubuxi an maudi — 1

calze 10 kap.

xunZuri maudi da sabavSvo xubuxi — 1 calze 5 kap.

Sarvali — 1 calze 2,5 kap.

Tafli — sapalneze 1 man.

erbo — sapalneze 1 man.

qoni — sapalneze 1 man.

bewveuli — Tumanze 50 kap. (5%)

crufariani koSenili, Tu ruseTidan Camomtanma TviTon

gaitana — Tumanze 16,8 kap.

Tu misgan sxvam iyida da gaitana — Tumanze 50 kap.

TivTiki — sapalneze 2 man. 60 kap.

qarTlidan motanili iordasalami gatanis dros — sapalne-

ze 2 man, 60 kap.

xili — sapalneze 60 kap.

nigozi — sapalneze 60 kap.

lobio — sapalneze 60 kap.

spilenZis zodebi — baTmanze 1 man. da 60 kap.

spilenZis WurWeli — litraze 10 kap.

matyli — sapalneze 1 man. 30 kap.

endro — sapalneze 1 man. 60 kap.

Txa (?) — sapalneze 4 man.

saqoneli, romelic midis imereTSi an ruseTSi — Tumanze 40

kap. anu 4%.

iranSi da osmaleTSi — Tumanze 1 man. 50 kap. (15%).

wavi — 1 calze 10 kap.

abreSumis nedli — ar aris miTiTebuli.

abreSumi gamoxarSuli — Suloze 10 kap.

narTi — litraze 50 kap.

aseTia Tbilisis sabaJoze arsebuli tarifebi. rogorc

vxedavT TbilisSi mravali dasaxelebis sxvadasxva saqone-

li moZraobda. sabaJo tarifi 4-15%-mde meryeobs. saSua-

56

lod ki 10%-ia. aRniSnul sabaJo tarifs gvidasturebs, ag-

reTve, giuldenStedti, romelic aRniSnavs: `baJebi Tbi-

lisSi da yvelgan Seadgenen 10 procents~ (giuldenSted-

tis..., 1962: 93).

aqve movitanT sabaJos zednarTebs minbaSis (cixisTavis) da

mouravis sasargeblod.

zednarTi minbaSisaTvis:

yoveli saqoneli — uremze 10 kap.

yoveli saqoneli — sapalneze 2,5 kap. (anu realur baJze da-

axloebiT 40-jer naklebi).

cxvari — jogze 1 cxvari.

batkani — jogze 1 batkani.

SeSa — uremze 1 SeSa.

fiCxi — uremze fiCxi.

xili — sapalneze 8 kap. weliwadSi.

zednarTi mouravisTvis:

Rvino — uremze 2 Tungi.

Tevzi xmeli — uremze 1 Tevzi da 15 kap.

zeTisxili — sapalneze 1 Careqi.

gelaqnuri — sapalneze 2 Tevzi.

zuTxi — sapalneze 1 zuTxi.

oraguli — sapalneze 0,5 Tevzi.

xramuli da fiCxuri — sapalneze 1 Careqi.

nesvi — sapalneze 0,5 nesvi.

nesvi — uremze 2-3 SuSa.

SeSa — uremze 2-3 SeSa.

yurZeni ganjidan — sapalneze 0,5 litra.

zeTi — sapalneze 5 kap.19

zednarTi aiReboda, agreTve, Tbilisis meliq-mamasax-

lisis, mouravis nacvlis da kaTalikosis sasargeblodac.

sabaJo tarifze dakvirveba naTelyofs, rom samefo ka-

ri Sida bazars da ruseTTan vaWrobas mfarvelobda.

arsebuli sabaJo tarifebiT SegviZlia met-naklebi si-

zustiT ganvsazRvroT zogierTi tvirTis sabaJo gadasaxadis

moculoba. Tbilisis nacvalis, mikirtum surgunovis, pavle

cicianovisadmi mirTmeul moxsenebidan Cans, rom qalaqSi yo-

19 aRniSnuli monacemebis Sedgenisas visargeble n. qoiavas naSromi-

dan `fulis mimoqceva, krediti da finansebi XVIII saukunis qarTl-

kaxeTSi~ (qoiava, 1963: 189-193).

57

velwliurad 500 uremi xmeli Tevzi, 200 sapalne zeTi, 200 sa-

palne zeTisxili, 100 sapalne nali Semodioda (masalebi...,

1948: 98). sabaJo tarifis mixedviT xmeli Tevzis baJi uremze

3,4 maneTs udrida. gamodis, rom marto am nawarmidan 1700 mane-

Ti baJi aiReboda. amis garda, imave surgunovis moxsenebaSi da

sabaJo tarifSi fiqsirdeba moxarSuli Tevzis, oragulis da

zuTxis, gelaqnuris da kalmaxis Semotanac. saSualod Tevzis

sxvadasxva saxeobidan baJi sul mcire 2500 maneTi aiReboda. n.

qoiava, aqtebis mixedviT, Tevzis baJs 1050 maneTiT gansaz-

Rvravs. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi saqme TevzeuliT vaWrobisTvis

dawesebul sabaJo gadasaxadTan ar unda gvqondes. es unda

iyos Tevzaobis sanacvlod mefis misagebeli. Cvens mosazrebas

amagrebs giorgi XII-is 1799 wlis 2 noembris brZaneba navTlu-

Ris mouravisadmi: `q. Cveni brZaneba aris, meiTris-Svilo nav-

TluRis mouravo niniav, merme yaraiidam mokidebuli Tqvens

mamulamdis visac saficxulo hqondes da an oCxi, aTze erTi

Rala unda gamoarTo da Cven mogvarTo...., visac unda gaekeTe-

binos, aravis patieba iqneba. yvelas unda gamoarTo~ (masale-

bi..., 1955: 130). TbilisSi Tevzaobis amgvari misagebelis (igive

Ralis) ijara 1801 wels albaT 1050 maneTad gaica. germaneli

mogzauri giuldenStedti swored aseTi konteqstiT axasiae-

Tebs am gadasaxads: `Tbiliseli meTevzeebi, mtkvarSi Tevzis

Weris uflebisaTvis, mefes yovelwliurad uxdian aTas samas,

an aTas oTxas maneTs, xolo naturiT — daWerili Tevzis erT

mesameds~ (giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 233). aqtebSi am gadasaxads

baJi ewodeba. realurad ki, rogorc aRvniSneT, Tevzis baJi

2500 maneTze meti iyo.

imave CvenebiT zeTidan, zeTisxilidan da Semotanili

nalebidan yovelwliurad 550 maneTis baJi aiReboda. zemoT -

CamoTvlil oTxi saxis saqonlidan 3000 maneTze meti baJi

iReboda. xolo TbilisSi 80-mde saxis nawarmi ibegreboda.

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom erevnidan TbilisSi SemohqondaT

70 000 fuTi nedli bamba (roJkova, 1949: 111). es ki daaxloe-

biT 5000 sapalneze metia.20

bamba sxva qveynebidanac Semodio-

da. sapalneze bambis sabaJo tarifi 2 maneTiT ganisazRvrebo-

da. aseTi didi moculobis produqcias adgilobrivi bazari

ver aiTvisebda da ra Tqma unda, sxva qveynebSic gaitandnen.

baJi gatanazec aiReboda. bambis Semozidvaze sabaJos wminda

20 misi realuri Rirebuleba 500 000 maneTs aWarbebda.

58

Semosavali, yvela SeRavaTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, minimum

10 000 maneTiT unda ganvsazRvroT.

aqtebis masalebis mixedviT, 1801 wels endros baJi 2300

maneTiT aris gansazRvruli. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, iran-

sa da osmaleTSi 10 000 baTmani, anu 66-70 000 maneTis, endro

gaedineboda. amas garda endros didi raodenobiT iTvisebda

Tbilisis da sxva samRebroebi, romlebic ramdenime milion

arSin wiTel qsovils amzadebdnen. sabaJo tarifi TbilisSi

endros Semotanaze ganisazRvreboda baTmanze 1 maneTi da 10

kapikiT, gatanaze ki sapalneze 1,6 maneTiT. saerTod ki iran-

sa da TurqeTSi gatanili saqoneli 15%-iT ibegreboda. ami-

tom endros baJis Semosavali realurad gacilebiT maRali

unda yofiliyo. SesaZloa 1801 wels qarTvelma moijaradre-

ebma ruseTis mTavrobis qarTul ekonomikaSi gaurkvevlobiT

isargebles da ijaris dabal fasad Sesyidva moaxerxes. Cveni

azriT, endros baJis Semosavali naCveneb cifrze orjel me-

ti unda yofiliyo.

garda endros sabaJo tarifiT dabegvrisa, samefo kars

es farTo moxmarebis produqcia damatebiT Semosavlis wya-

rod uqcevia. saqarTvelos centralur saistorio arqivis

1448 fondSi daculi sabuTi # 1448 warmoadgens giorgi XII-is

brZanebas da Semdegi Sinaarsisaa: `Cveni brZaneba aris vinca-

vin endros mali ijaridarni iyvneT merme xaSmze rac endro

moiTxreba amisi malidam naTlimcemlis udabnos SevwireT,

rom mudam wels am malis fuls TormetTumnamden efTvime wi-

namZRvars unda miabarebdeT. mibarebis baraTi unda gamaar-

ToT. im baraTs Cveni moxeleni angariSSi Cagigdeben~ (1800 w.

5 maisi) (scssa, f. 1448 sab. # 1448, aslamaziSvili, 2005: 90).

rogorc vxedavT arsebobda endros malis ijara. xaSmSi am

ijaris Semosavali 12 Tumnamde (120 man.) aRwevda. ra Tqma un-

da mefes sxva saxaso soflebSic eqneboda endros malis aRe-

bis ufleba. gadasaxadis Segroveba ijariT gaicemoda. SesaZ-

loa, masac endros baJi ewodeboda da 1801 wels endros ma-

lis ijara gaica 2300 maneTad da swored es faqti aris dafiq-

sirebuli aqtebSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi xazina endrodan ormag

Semosavals iRebda — sabaJo dabegvris da malis ijaris saxiT.

n. qoiava samarTlianad miuTiTebda, rom XVIII saukunis I

meoTxedisagan gansxvavebiT saukunis II naxevarSi gauqmda ar-

yis monopolia da RviniT, aryiT da spirtiT vaWroba Tavisu-

fali gaxda (qoiava, 1963: 200). sabaJo tarifebic mowmoben,

59

rom RviniT da aryiT vaWroba monopolistur xasiaTs ar ata-

rebda. wyaroebidan dgindeba, rom Rvinis da aryis baJis aReba

calke gaicemoda ijariT da am produqtebiT sabaJo Semosa-

vali 1801 wlis CvenebiT 3030 maneTs udrida (АКАК, 1866: 197,

479-478). ekonomikuri istoriis masalebSi ki qoronikoniT

uog anu 473 wels, rac Seesabameba 1785 wels, Rvinis da aryis

saijaro fasi 216 TumniT anu 2160 maneTiT iyo gansazRvruli

(masalebi..., 1955: 102). Tumca, rogorc Cans, samefo karis Se-

mosavali RviniT vaWrobidan mxolod amiT ar Semoifargle-

boda. Tbilisis mouravis evstaTi ciciSvilis moxsenebaSi

aRniSnulia: `q. meore WaSniki Cemi sakuTari ijara iyo, amas

gavcemdi xolme xan samoc TumnaT da xan oTxmoc TumnaTa.

ufro oTxmoc Tumnad gavcemdi xolme~ (masalebi..., 1948: 91).

cxadia, mouravi pirvel `WaSnikSi~ gulisxmobda samefo `WaS-

nikis ijaras~. sardal-saxlTuxucesi ioane orbeliani, pavle

cicianovisadmi mirTmeul moxsenebaSi, Rvinis da aryis baJis

ijarisagan damoukideblad, saidanac misi Semosavali 63,5 ma-

neTs Seadgenda, asaxelebs Rvinis ijaras calke da iqidan mi-

si sargo Seadgenda 73 maneTs. ioane orbelianis sargos mi-

xedviT saxelmwifo Rvinis ijaris Semosavali aWarbebda Rvi-

nis da aryis baJis ijaras (2100-3000 maneTs). Cveni azriT, es

iyo samefo karis mier sakuTari meurneobidan miRebuli mo-

savlis realizaciis saijaro safasuri. samefo kars farTo

moxmarebis sagniT — RviniT — vaWrobidan, iseve rogorc en-

drodan, ormagi Semosavali hqonia.21

aRniSnul savaWro saqonelze — Tevzis sxvadasxva saxe-

oba, zeTi, zeTisxili, bamba, endro, Rvino da arayi — daaxlo-

ebiT 20 000 maneTze meti baJi aiReboda.

zemoTCamoTvlis garda, amierkavkasiis saxanoebidan,

iranidan da TurqeTidan 400 000 maneTze meti Rirebulebis

sxva savaWro saqoneli Semodioda. am qveynebSi qarTl-kaxe-

Tidanac sakmaod didi raodenobis saqoneli gaedineboda da

baJi am SemTxvevaSic aiReboda. arsebuli monacemebis mixed-

viT marto aRmosavleTis qveynebTan vaWrobiT, yvela SeRava-

Tebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 40 000 maneTze meti baJi aiReboda.

21 aq ar igulisxmeba glexTa Rvinis gadasaxadi `Rala~. am gadasaxadis

Sekreba ijariT ar gaicemoda da arc misi realizacia xdeboda. aseTi

tipis gadasaxadebi (sursaTi, kodispuri da sxva) gamoiyeneboda ja-

ris, moxeleTa da samefo ojaxis saWiroebisaTvis.

60

amas davumatoT Sida vaWrobis dabegvra, CrdiloeT kavkasia-

sa da ruseTTan sakmaod maRali tvirTbrunva, maSin cxadi

gaxdeba, rom Tbilisis mouravis mier naCvenebi sabaJo Semo-

savali — 48000 maneTi — realobas unda asaxavdes.

Tbilisis sabaJo Semosavlis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan in-

formacias Seicavs n. berZeniSvilis gamoqveynebuli Semdegi

dokumenti: `q. batoni manuCar mdivnisagan aviRe havlabris

karis saminbaSo da abanos karis saminabaSo baRebiT, Tavis

ganwesebiT, samoc TumnaT, me, uzbaSanT Saqaruas Svili isai-

am...~ (masalebi..., 1938: 251-253). am dokumentidan Cans, rom

ori karis saminbaSos ijara 1802 wlis 1 ianvars gaica 60 Tum-

nad. misi realuri fasi ki, sadac igulisxmeba sakuTriv ija-

ris fasi, ijaris mowyobis danaxarjebi da moijaradreebis

mogeba, minimum 80-90 Tumani iqneboda. Cans, rom Tbilisis Ti-

To karis saminbaSos zednarTi saSualod 40 TumniT ganisaz-

Rvreboda. Svidive karisa ki 280 TumniT. sabaJo tarifis mi-

xedviT minbaSi yovel uremze iRebda 10 kapiks da sapalneze

2,5 kapiks, anu sabaJo tarifis meormoceds. Tumca igive sabu-

Ti cxadyofs, rom minbaSi cxvris jogze, SeSaze, fiCxze da

xilze iRebda gacilebiT mets. amitom saSualod saminbaSo

zednarTi SegviZlia baJis meocediT ganvsazRvroT. am mona-

cemiT, Svidi karidan aRebuli sabaJo Semosavali 5000 Tumans

aWarbebs.

es monacemebi kidev ufro amagrebs Tbilisis mouravis

Cvenebas. amitom vfiqrobT Tbilisis baJis odenoba daaxloe-

biT 50 000 maneTiT unda ganisazRvros. sabaJos organizebisa

da moijaradreTa mogebis gamoklebiT samefo karis wminda Se-

mosavali, Cveni gamoTvliT, daaxloebiT 40 000 maneTs udrida.

garda Tbilisisa, sabaJoebi arsebobda gorSi, duSeTSi,

axalgorSi, cxinvalSi, TelavSi, siRnaRSi da sxv. uxeSi gaTvle-

biT maTi saerTo Semosavali 10 aTas maneTze meti iqneboda.22

zogierTi savaWro saqoneli sabaJo tarifSi Setanili

ar iyo da saerTo mebaJeTa mier ar ibegreboda. am produqci-

iT vaWroba monopolizirebuli iyo.23

sabaJo tarifSi ar fiqsirdeba Tambaqos arc Semozid-

22 marto goris baJis ijara 1400 maneTs Seadgenda.

23 `monopolia ewodeba mefis gansakuTrebul uflebas ama Tu im sa-

xis warmoeba-vaWrobis eqspluataciaze. monopoliis dawesebas miz-

nad aqvs Semosavlis miReba, Semosavlis gadideba~ (qoiava, 1963: 136).

61

vis da arc gazidvis dabegvra. naCvenebia mxolod satranzi-

to vaWrobisaTvis gankuTvnili Tambaqos — `motanili gasa-

tanad~ — tarifi. TambaqoTi vaWroba samefo karis preroga-

tivas warmoadgenda. am produqciiT vaWrobis ufleba ija-

riT gaicemoda da mas burnioTis ijara24

ewodeboda. erekle

II-is iakob auStrisSvilisadmi meidanze duqnis wyalobis si-

gelSi aRniSnulia: `meidanze cixis adgilze saydris win erTi

duqani (giboZeT). zeviT mxares burnioTis qarxnis kedeli...~

(scssa, f., 1449 sab., # 1126, aslamaziSvili, 2005: 61). am sabu-

Tidan Cans, rom TbilisSi iyo burnioTis, anu Tambaqos `qar-

xana~, sadac, savaraudod, Tavs uyridnen mosaxleobisagan

Sekrebil Tu Sesyiduli Tambaqos. aq xdeboda misi gadamuSa-

veba-dafqva da Semdeg realizacia.

Tambaqos ijara sakmaod maRal Tanxad gaicemoda. 1801

wels Tambaqos saijaro fasi 5300 maneTi iyo (qoiava, 1963: 187).

`moxeleTa sargos nusxaSic~ 1788 wels saijaro fasi 530 Tum-

niT (5300 maneTiT) ganisazRvreboda (masalebi..., 1955: 102).

Tbilisis garda burnioTis ijara ikribeboda gorSi, Telavsa

da sxva adgilebSi. samefo kari monopoliuri vaWrobiT miRe-

buli Semosavlis garda, satranzito vaWrobisas Tambaqoze

sakmaod mozrdil baJs — litraze sam stils iRebda.

sabaJo tarifSi aseve ar fiqsirdeba teqstiluri nawar-

mis gatanis dabegvra. aqac saqme gvaqvs specifikur mdgomare-

obasTan. safeiqro warmoebis gafarToebam samefo kars ubiZ-

ga specialuri mosakrebeli daewesebina masze. samefo xeli-

suflebam TeTr da wiTel ferad SeRebil qsovilze SemoiRo

e.w. `sabeWdavis~ anu `beWdis~, igive `xamxalaTis~ ijara. ro-

gorc qoiava ganmartavs, es iyo teqstilis aqcizi. yovel 10

arSin SeuRebav qsovilze xazinis sasargeblod aiReboda 2,5

kapiki. SeRebil qsovilze 5 kapiki. xolo moCiTul qsovilze

7,5 kapiki. baJis aRebis dasturi beWdis dasma iyo (qoiava,

1963: 185; samsonaZe, 1980: 295). aqedan modis termini — `beW-

dis~ — `sabeWdavis~ ijara.

1801 wels `beWdis~ ijaris fasi 3850 maneTs Seadgenda

(АКАК, 1866: 479). qalaqis saxelmwifo ijaraTa nusxis mixed-

viT 1785 da sxva wlebSi `sabeWdavis ijara~ 500 Tumnad, anu

5 000 maneTad, gaicemoda (masalebi..., 1955: 102). sxva wyaroe-

biTac aRniSnuli Tanxa fiqsirdeba. Cans aRa-mahmad xanis Se-

24 burnioTi, burnuTi niSnavs dafqvil Tambaqos (masalebi..., 1957: 11).

62

mosevis Semdeg ijaris fasi Semcirebula. Tbilisis garda

garkveul Semosavals iZleoda goris, duSeTis, Telavis da

sxv. `beWdis ijarebic~.

sainteresoa mariliT vaWrobasTan dakavSrebuli faq-

tebic. giuldenStedti gadmogvcems, rom qarTl-kaxeTis sa-

mefoSi `marili SemoaqvT erevnidan, romelic sazRvridan

ori dRis savali gziT aris daSorebuli da mefes aZleven

baTmans 10 kapikad, xolo Semdeg iyideba 20 kapikad~ (giul-

denStedtis..., 1962: 93). am cnobasTan dakavSirebiT n. qoiava

aRniSnavda: `rogorc Cans, mefe samocdaaTian wlebSi awarmo-

ebda mariliT vaWrobas. Cven jerjerobiT ver vityviT drois

ra manZilze xdeboda mariliT vaWroba, igi iyo monopolizi-

rebuli Tu ara, rogori iyo Semosavali. advilad SesaZlebe-

lia, rom saqme gvaqvs mariliT vaWrobis monopoliasTan, ro-

melic sakmaod xSiri movlena iyo feodalur saxelmwifoeb-

Si~ (qoiava, 1963: 212). qoiava masalebis simciris gamo radika-

luri daskvnebisagan Tavs ikavebs.

Cven mariliT vaWrobasTan dakavSirebiT ufro detalu-

ri informacia mogvepoveba. 1782 wlis `moxeleTa sargos anga-

riSis wignSi~ aRniSnulia: `q. batonis brZanebiT, marilis mom-

tanisagan erTs litrs marils orSauraT hyidulobda da saba-

tonoT erT litras aba[za]T hyidda. ramTens weliwads ase hyi-

dda, rom moxeleeb[s] jer sargo ar agveRo; amas ukan erTianad

batonma TayuaSvilze mocemis brZaneba ineba. imisi Cveni wi-

laT gvergo, rom unda mogvces (cxrametTuman naxevari).

q. masukan batonma TavisTvis marilis syidva ar ineba da

ijariT gacema ineba. TayuaSvilma ijariT aiRo. amaSi amxana-

goba ase iyo: ori wili TavisTvis da Tavis xeCaturasaTvis,

ori wili Cven oris ZmisTvis da erT wili meliqis-Svilis Sa-

qarasi. amisi angariSi rom vnaxeT, TviTos ocTumanamdis

gvergo. oris Zmis wili iqneba (ormoci Tumani)~ (masalebi...,

1955: 67).

am sabuTidan irkveva, rom mariliT vaWroba marTlac

monopolizirebuli iyo. erekle II uSualod ereva mariliT

vaWrobaSi. fasebs Tavad aregulirebs da Tavisi komersantis

saSualebiT mas ormag fasad hyidis. aseTi mdgomareoba gag-

rZelda 1782 wlamde. mogvianebiT, mefem mariliT vaWroba

ijariT gasca amxanagobaze. amxanagobaSi 5 pirovneba iyo ga-

erTianebuli. maTi saerTo Semosavali am saqmianobidan 100

Tumani, anu 1000 maneTi iyo. mefis Semosavali ki savaraudod

63

gacilebiT maRali iqneboda. qarTlis saxlTuxucesis ioane

orbelianis CvenebiT marilis ijaridan mas, rogorc mefis

moxeles 12 Tumani ergeboda. xolo `xamxalaTis~ anu `sabeW-

davis~ ijaridan is iRebda 21 Tumans. am ori Semosavlis Se-

darebiTi gaangariSebiT marilis ijaris fasi SeiZleba gan-

vsazRvroT daaxloebiT 3000 maneTiT.

giuldenStedtis gadmocemiT TbilisSi arsebobda me-

fis marilsaxdeli qarxana — `...1 dekembers davaTvaliere aqa-

uri marilsaxdeli qarxana...~ (giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 9).

Cans, TbilisSi Semodioda marilis kvnitebi. mas yidulob-

dnen mefis komersantebi. misi Semdgomi damuSaveba xdeboda

`marilsaxdel qarxanaSi~. am procesis warmarTva da marilis

realizacia gaicemoda ijariT, romlis Semosavali, rogorc

aRvniSneT sakmaod soliduri unda yofiliyo.

mariliT vaWrobis monopoliis arsebobas saeWvos xdis

sabaJo tarifi, radgan Cans, rom Semozidul marilze moz-

rdili baJi aiReboda. es ki TiTqos adasturebs mariliT Ta-

visufal vaWrobas da ewinaaRmdegeba Cven mier damowmebul

dokumentebs. Tumca marilis tranziti ar fiqsirdeba. iseve,

rogorc ar Cans arc gazidvis SemTxvevaSi misi dabegvra. es

procesi mefis moijaradreebis prerogativa iyo da, cxadia,

baJiT ar ibegreboda. mariliT vaWrobis monopolia swored

am aspeqtSi gamoixateboda. Semotanas ki vaWrebi axorcie-

lebdnen da, cxadia, baJic aiReboda. samefo kari mariliT

vaWrobaSi ormag Semosavals iRebda — Semotanaze baJis, gada-

muSaveba-realizaciaze ijaris saxiT.

1770 wels moqalaqe isaia TayuaSvilma erekle II-is ne-

barTviT Tofiswamlis qarxana aaSena. Cven am sawarmos deta-

lurad samrewvelo ganviTarebis aRweris dros ganvixilavT.

amJamad ki yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT sxva kuTxiT. sawarmo

rom monopolizirebuli iyo mefis mier, Cans missave brZane-

bidan, sadac aRniSnulia, rom TayuaSvilis `meti kaci veravin

daanayvinebda da verc gvarjilasa da Tofis wamals gahyidi-

da~ (ix. klimiaSvili, 1962: 272).

n. qoiava aRniSnavda, rom Tofis wamlis qarxana samxedro

daniSnulebis iyo da aRniSnuli produqcia bazarze ar gadio-

da (qoiava, 1963: 211). Cveni azriT, es varaudi mcdaria. mefis

brZanebave miuTiTebda, rom Tofiswamals da gvarjilas Tayu-

aSvilis garda veravin gayidida. am brZanebis Sinaarsive uSveb-

da mis realizacias.

64

sabaJo tarifSi fiqsirdeba gvarjilis da gogirdis Se-

motana (es mineralebi Tofis wamlis dasamzadeblad gamoiye-

neboda), xolo maTi da Tofiswamlis gatanis baJi arsad fiq-

sirdeba. cxadia, es samefos prerogativa iyo da baJiTac ar

ibegreboda. giuldenStedti aRwers ra `Tofiswamlis qarxa-

nas~, dasZens, rom `erTi citra wamali rusul fulze Rirs

12-15 kapiki~ (giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 15).

es `qarxana~ samefo xelisuflebam Tavisi maRali moge-

bis gamo male ukanve gamosTxova TayuaSvils da Tavisad dai-

Wira (dumbaZe, 1990: 349). konkretulad Tu ra Semosavals iZ-

leoda aRniSnuli produqciis realizacia, ar Cans. savarau-

doa, rom is erTi mxriv akmayofilebda qveynis samxedro moT-

xovnilebas da amave dros fulad Semosavalsac iZleoda.

rogorc vxedavT, saxelmwifo xazinaSi sabaJoebidan da

monopoliuri vaWrobidan miRebul Semosavals sakmaod did

adgili eWira da daaxloebiT 65 000 maneTiT ganisazRvrebo-

da. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom imave periodSi imere-

Tis samefos wliuri sabaJo Semosavali 15 000 maneTs Seadgen-

da (soselia..., 1973: 583-584), maSin vfiqrobT, sadavo ar unda

iyos Cven mier dasaxelebuli sabaJo tarifis raodenobis mi-

axloebiTi sizuste, radgan sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi saqonelbrunva ramdenjerme aRema-

teboda imereTisas. Cveni mosazrebis sasargeblod metyve-

lebs aseve 1807 wlis qarTl-kaxeTis sabaJoebis monacemebic,

romlis mixedviTac, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, Semosavlebi

63 000 maneTs Seadgenda25

(guguSvili, 1937: 295). 1807 wlisaT-

vis XVIII saukunis 70—90-ian wlebTan SedarebiT qarTl-kaxe-

Tis savaWro tvirTbrunvaSi raime radikaluri cvlileba ar

25 XIX saukunis dasawyisSi cicianovma daayena sakiTxi qarTl-kaxeTSi

Sinagani sabaJoebis gauqmebisa da saerTo imperiuli sabaJo sistemis

SemoRebis Sesaxeb. misi proeqtis mixedviT uqmdeboda aseve mozdokis

sabaJo da imperiis samxreTSi oTx adgilas — suramSi, walkasTan, lo-

resa, SamSadiloSi — ixsneboda sabaJoebi. proeqtis mixedviT, irani-

dan da osmaleTidan momavali tvirTi am adgilebze unda dabegrili-

yo, xolo imperiis SigniT vaWroba Tavisufali xdeboda. 1803-1804

wlebSi gamoica kidec Sesabamisi brZanebulebebi, Tumca qarTl-kaxe-

Tis Sinagani sabaJoebis Semosavali imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom

imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma 1807 wels SeaCera wina brZanebebi da

aRadgina Sinagani sabaJoebi XVIII saukunis II naxevris tarifiT (guguS-

vili, 1937: 293-296).

65

momxdara. piriqiT, am periodSi saomari moqmedebebis gamo,

kidevac Semcirda iranTan da osmaleTTan vaWroba.26

aseTi suraTi iSleba sabaJo Semosavlebis mxriv XVIII sa-

ukunis 70-80-iani wlebis qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi. rogorc

vxedavT, samefo karis qmediT RonisZiebaTa Sedegad, sabaJo-

ebi xazinas solidur Sevsebas aZlevda. Tu ra tempiT gaizar-

da sabaJo Semosavlebi, amas naTelyofs XVIII saukunis dasaw-

yisis sabaJoTa Semosavlebis Sedareba gansaxilvel period-

Tan. `dasturlamalis~ da turneforis Cvenebebze dayrdno-

biT sargis kakabaZis gamoangariSebiT XVIII saukunis dasawyis-

Si qarTlis samefos sabaJo Semosavlebi Seadgenda 500 Tu-

mans (kakabaZe, 1924: 222) anu 5000 maneTs, rac imave saukunis

70-90 wlebis kursiT 12 500 maneTs udrida. kaxeTis samefos-

Tan erTad sabaJo Semosavali daaxloebiT 20 000 maneTiT ga-

nisazRvreboda. `osmaloba-yizilbaSobis~ da lekianobis Se-

degad mosaxleobis mkveTri Semcirebis miuxedavad, erekle

II-is ekonomikuri politikis wyalobiT am mimarTulebiT sa-

mefo Semosavlebi samjer da metad gazrdila.

Sinagani sabaJoebis Semosavali didad iyo damokidebu-

li qveynis stabilurobaze. sagareo mterTa Semosevebi saba-

Jo sistemaze damRupvelad moqmedebda. rusi moxele burna-

Sovis 1785 wlis 4 noembers potiomkinisaTvis gagzavnil mox-

senebaSi aRniSnulia omar-xanis Semosevis uaryofiTi Sede-

gebi: `saqarTvelo ukiduresad nadgurdeboda, imis gamo, rom

gzebze mimosvla saSiSia, vaWroba mTlianad Sewyda, puris

moyvana Seferxebulia, radgan mosaxleobas saxelmwifo Tu

samxedro samsaxurSi iwveven... mis umaRlesobas (erekle II-s)

ar SeuZlia Segrovili jaris didxans Senaxva, radgan fuli

ara aqvT, misi Semosavali TiTqmis gaqra...~ (dumbaZe, 1973:

705). miuxedavad aseTi didi xelisSemSleli faqtorebisa,

ekonomikuri progresi mainc ar Seferxebula. erT weliwadSi

moxerxda omar-xanis Semosevis Sedegad miRebuli zaralis

kompensireba da qveyanam ekonomikuri ganviTareba ganagrZo.

1795 wels ki aRa-mahmad xanma miwasTan gaaswora Tbili-

si, ramac qarTul ekonomikas udidesi dartyma miayena. Tum-

ca wyaroebidan dasturdeba, rom ekonomika amis Sedegad ar

ganadgurebula da savaWro operaciebi kvlav warmoebda. ro-

26 1804-1813 wlebSi mimdinareobda ruseT-iranis, xolo 1806-1812

wlebSi ruseT- osmaleTis omi.

66

gorc zemoT aRiniSna, ter-Smovanovis werilidan manuCar

TumaniSvilisadmi irkveva, rom 1796 wlidanve kvlav amoqme-

debula Tbilisis bazari: `kvira ar gava, rom erevnidam, yar-

sidam Tu axalcixidam (TbilisSi) qaravani ar movides. vinc

saqonlis momtania eseni sul baJis mimcemni arian. banbac da-

varda litra CR (1 maneTi da 70 kapiki) ase gayides~ (berZniS-

vili, 1965: 136, sab. #12). sxvadasxva monacemidan Cans, rom

1800-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis saijaro fasebi TiTqmis

utoldeboda 1795 wlamdel mdgomareobas.27

XVIII saukunis

dasawyisidan XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis sabaJoTa Semosav-

lebi grafikulad ase gamoiyureba:

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

sabaJoTa

Semosavali

1700-iani wlebi

1770-90-iani wlebi

1800-iani wlebi

rogorc vxedavT progresi aSkaraa da xelisSemSleli

faqtorebis miuxedavad qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ekonomikis

es aspeqti sakmaod sicocxlisunariania.

b) savaWro operaciebis Sedegad miRebuli sxva saxel-

mwifo Semosavlebi

garda sabaJoebis Semosavlisa, samefo kari Tavisi komi-

sionerebis saSualebiT, Tavadac monawileobda savaWro ope-

raciebSi. rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, qveyanaSi arsebobda en-

dros malis ijara. moTxrili endro iyideboda da Semosava-

27 am sakiTxs sagangebod qvemoT ganvixilavT.

67

li samefo xazinaSi Sedioda. misi saijaro fasi ramdenime

aTas maneTs Seadgenda. amave dros daSvebuli iyo endros Ta-

visufali vaWroba. endros msgavsad Rvinis ijarac ramdenime

aTas maneTs iZleoda.

sabaJo tarifSi asaxulia rkinis Semozidvis faqtebi.

CamoTvlilia rkinis Semozidvis sxvadasxva SemTxvevebi —

`rkina motanili ruseTidan, rkina sapalniT, rkina urmiT,

motanili ruseTidan da iranidan, motanili ganjidan da

bolnisidan~.28

sabaJo tarifebis garda gvaqvs burnaSovis da

iazikovis cnobebi, rom rkina saqarTveloSi Semodioda ruse-

Tidan da iranidan (burnaSovi, 1896: 2; Грамоты..., 1891: 189).

erTi sityviT, rkiniT vaWroba qveyanaSi Tavisufali iyo.

dokumentebSi Tavisufali vaWrobis paralelurad,

rkiniT vaWrobaSi samefo karis monawileobasac vxvdebiT.

1785 wlis noemberSi erekle II potiomkinisaTvis gagzavnil

werilSi iTxovda, rom neba miscemoda mis mier gagzavnil

Tbilisel somex grigol qedxudaSvils SeeZina yovelwliu-

rad astraxanSi artileriisa da sxva samxedro saWiroebisaT-

vis 1500 fuTi gaglonuri rkina da wamoeRo is baqos gziT

(lorTqifaniZe, 1940: 73). aseTive Sinaarsisaa imave wlis 17

oqtombris werili potiomkinisadmi (lorTqifaniZe, 1940:

136). gvaqvs cnoba, rom 1779 wlis 29 aprils qarTvel aznaurs

dilanCevs neba mieca astraxanidan gaetana rusuli rkina.

aseve 1789 wlis 15 noembers erekle II-is komisioners xomja-

minovs, romelsac wyaro `qarTvel Tavads~ uwodebs, ufleba

eZleva rkina gaitanos. rogorc vxedavT, samefo kari, Tavisi

komisionerebis saSualebiT, rkiniT Tavisufali vaWrobis pa-

ralelurad (romelic ibegreboda sabaJo tarifiT) axorcie-

lebda savaWro operaciebs.

garda sxvadasxva saWiroebisaTvis (artileriisa da sxva)

ruseTidan saqarTveloSi Semotanili rkinisa, Cans, rom rki-

niT vaWrobis saqme kidev ufro Sors wasula. butkovis infor-

maciiT 1789 wels nebadarTuli iqna, rom erekle II-is sasargeb-

lod ubaJod ruseTidan daRestanSi gataniliyo kala, foladi

da rkina (butkovi, 1869: 197-198). d. janeliZe am faqtTan da-

kavSirebiT aRniSnavda, rom erekle II `saxelmwifo xazinis Se-

28 sabaJo tarifi gansxvavebulia rkinis fasis mixedviT. iafi rkina

motanili ganjidan da bolnisidan — litra 10 kapikad ibegreba. ru-

seTidan litra 16 kap. da a.S.

68

mosavlis gazrdis mizniT midis farTo savaWro kombinaciebze

sazRvargareT awyobs ra ruseTis rkinis Sezidvas kaspiispi-

reTSi Tavisi somexi komisionerebis meSveobiT~ (janeliZe,

1957: 283). am mosazrebas ar eTanxmeba prof. d. megrelaZe. misi

mtkicebiT, erekles sasargeblod daRestanSi gatanili rkina

qarTveli tyveebis daxsnas xmardeboda (megrelaZe, 1964: 113).

im SemTxvevSic ki, Tu rusuli rkina-foladis daRes-

tanSi SetaniT tyveTa dasxna xdeboda, mas mainc fiskaluri

mniSvneloba gaaCnda. samefo kari xom tyveTa gamosyidvisaT-

vis asiaTasobiT maneTs xarjavda. xolo sagareo vaWrobiT am

Tanxis nawilis dazogvac, garkveul pirdapir saxelmwifo Se-

mosavals niSnavs. Cven ver ganvsazRvravT zustad rkiniT vaW-

robaSi saxelmwifos Semosavals, Tumca cxadia, is uniSvnelo

ar iqneboda. butkovis cnobiT, marto 1789 wels erekle II-is

komisionerebma ubaJod daRestanSi 1 tona kala, 500 kilo

foladi da 20 tona rkina gaitanes, rac ramdenime aTasi mane-

Tis Rirebulebis iyo.

wyaroebSi asaxulia, agreTve, samefo karis mier oqros

realizaciis faqtebic. cnobilia, rom axtalis vercxlis

madnidan warmoebuli oqros mTeli maragi mefes ekuTvnoda.

Teimuraz batoniSvili oqroTi vaWrobis Sesaxeb gadmog-

vcems, rom `...rac oqro saqarTvelos madnebidan Semodioda,

imas Cveni mefeebi ar aWrevinebdnen (igulisxmeba oqros mone-

tebi — a. T.), amisaTvis rom rac dasWirdebodaT, TavianTTvis

iaraRaT qalisa da kacisas akeTebinebdnen, TavianT saxleu-

lebasac axmarebdnen da vinc wyalobis Rirsni iyvnen, imaTac

uboZebdnen. eklesiis nivTebsac akeTebdnen da ufross na-

wils ki hyidden. ufro wminda da kargi oqro rom iyo, vaWrebi

Zvirad yidulobdnen. zogi evropiis mxares da zogs aziis

mxares avaWrebdnen da TiTonac sargebloba hqondaT da me-

feTa CvenTa da maTs xazinas ufro sargebloba hqonda amiTi,

vinem rom moeWraT da ise gaeyidaT~ (kakabaZe, 1925: 35).

rogorc cnobilia, samefo kari alaverdis sawarmodan

sakmao raodenobis spilenZs iRebda. Warbi spilenZis reali-

zacia vaWarTa saSualebiT xdeboda.29

29 oqros da spilenZis realizaciiT miRebul Semosavals calke pun-

qtad ar gavitanT, radganac igi igulisxmeba axtala-alaverdis sa-

warmoTa SemosavalSi.

69

vaWrobis ganviTareba, rac saqonelbrunvas aorkeceb-

da, iwvevda sxvadasxva samefo misagebelTa ijaris fasis mo-

matebasac.

erT-erT misagebels warmoadgenda yafani. yafani didi

saswori iyo, romelic idga bazarze da romliTac, gansaz-

Rvruli fasis gaRebiT, sargebloba yvela vaWrisaTvis sa-

valdebulo iyo. zogadad, sapalneze 1 bisti anu 2 kapiki,

cxenze — 30 kap., xarze — 10 kap., fqvilze, xorbalze, qerze —

uremze ori Sauri, marilis TiTo naWerze — 1 kap., bambasa da

matylze — TiTo konaze 1 Sauri da a.S. aiReboda. 1801 wlis

monacemebiT,Y yafanis ijaris fasi 850 maneTs Seadgenda (qoia-

va, 1963: 205). cxadia, 1795 wlamde misi saijaro fasi gacile-

biT didi iqneboda. marTlac, qalaqis saxelmwifo ijarebis

nusxaSi qoronikoniT up wels anu 1792 wels yafanis saijaro

fasi Seadgenda 115 Tumans anu 1150 maneTs (masalebi..., 1955:

102). rogorc vxedavT, yafanis ijaris fasi 800-dan 1150 mane-

Tamde meryeobda.

yafanis garda iyo sxva misageblebic — yasabxana, dabaxa-

na,30

da Tevzaobis misagebeli. yasabxanaSi da dabaxanaSi yo-

vel daklul rqian saqonelze aiReboda garkveuli safasuri.

maTi saijaro fasi 1801 wels 3300 maneTiT ganisazRvreboda

(qoiava, 1963: 233). ar gvaqvs zusti cnobebi XVIII saukunis 70-

90-ian wlebSi yasabxanis da dabaxanis Semosavlis Sesaxeb. qar-

Tlis saxlTuxucesis sargos mixedviT gansaxilvel period-

Sic Semosavali daaxloebiT 3300-3500 maneTi unda yofiliyo.

Tevzaobidan gadasaxadis Sekrebac ijariT gaicemoda da

wliurad 1200-1400 maneTs Seadgenda (masalebi..., 1955: 102; gi-

uldenStedtis..., 1962: 233).

Tbilisis garda garkveul Semosavls iZleoda qarTlsa

da kaxeTSi arsebuli sxva ijarebi. goris mouravis YTavad

oTar amilaxvaris CvenebiT, goris samefo ijarebidan saSua-

lod igi iRebda meTxuTmeteds. xolo am ijarebidan misi Se-

mosavali 15 Tumans Seadgenda. gamodis, rom goris ijarebis

saerTo fasi 2250 maneTs udrida. aq Sedioda baJic. baJis ga-

moklebiT goris ijaris Semosavali daaxloebiT 800 maneTiT

ganisazRvreba (masalebi..., 1948: 86). cxinvalis yvela ijara

(baJi, samRebro da a.S.) 1800 maneTad gaicemoda.

30 yasabxana — xorcis savaWro duqani. dabaxana — tyavis mosaqneli sa-

xelosno (masalebi..., 1957: 13, 44).

70

kaxeTis saxlTuxucesebis — qaixosro ColoyaSvilisa

da aleqsandre mayaSvilis — CvenebebiT kaxeTis ijarebidan

maT 50 Tumani ergebodaT (masalebi..., 1948: 7-9). radgan moxe-

leebis sargo meaTedze meti ar iyo, amitom kaxeTis ijarebis

saerTo fasi sul mcire 500 TumaniT mainc ganisazRvreba.

masSi kaxeTis baJebic igulisxmeba. baJebis garda kaxeTis

ijaris fasi 2500-3000 maneTi iqneboda.

samefo kari ijariT gascemda, agreTve, mis sakuTrebaSi

myof qalaqis midamoebSi arsebul baRebs da abanoebs. maTi

umetesoba dedoflis sakuTrebas Seadgenda.

mefes, agreTve, gaaCnda mravali savaWro Tu saxelosno

duqani. maTgan mefis Semosavali ramdenime aTasi maneTi unda

yofiliyo. vaWrobidan, sabaJoTa gamoklebiT, samefo karis

pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri Semosavlebi daaxloebiT 15-20

aTas maneTs Seadgenda.

rogorc vxedavT, XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebidan qarTl-

kaxeTis samefoSi vaWroba sagrZnob progress ganicdida. vaW-

robis ganviTarebiT da uSualod savaWro operaciebSi Car-

TviT, samefo kari sakmaod did Semosavals iRebda. samefo xe-

lisuflebis mecadineobiT XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebidan vaW-

roba aRmavali xaziT viTardeboda da 80-iani da 90-iani wlebis

pirvel naxevarSi Tavis kulminacias miaRwia. droTa ganmav-

lobaSi mniSvnelovani savaWro kapitali dagrovda.

§ 3. savaxSo kapitali

savaWro kapitalis dagrovebam da fulad sasaqonlo

urTierTobebis ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo sakredito opera-

ciebis gafarToebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanaSi oficia-

luri sakredito dawesebuleba ar arsebobda (qoiava, 1963:

82), savaxSo kapitali mainc farTod funqcionirebda. sesxs

gascemdnen ZiriTadad vaWrebi, iSviaTad Tavad-aznauroba da

glexebi. msesxeblebi ki iyvnen glexebi, Tavad-aznaurebi,

vaWrebi da sxva. am periodSi samefo xelisuflebas savalde-

bulo saxelmwifo sesxic SemouRia. mefe adgenda im pirTa si-

as visac saxelmwifosaTvis, uprocento, savaldebulo sesxis

gacema evaleboda (akofaSvili, 1973: 562).

sesxis aRebas mimarTavdnen glexebi, raTa daefaraT

fuladi saxelmwifo gadasaxadebi.

amave dros gaxSirda sagiravno sesxi. aseTi sesxis aRe-

71

bas mimarTavdnen Tavad-aznaurebi. wyaroebSi xSirad vxvde-

biT aseT faqtebs — `... iis cixe, avkeTi javaxiSvilTan aT Tu-

mannaxevraT giraoT yofila da aleqsandre sardals daux-

snia~ (jamburia, 1960: 132); `... grakali ergoT minbaS gogias,

daviTis saqme ara aqvs amisaTvis rom samoci Tumani gaswyvi-

ta. saxlis valica da graklisac giraoT iyo..~ (scssa, f., 1448,

sab., # 2972); `... Cvengan zogi miwa da zogi sawisqvilo dagi-

ravebuli da gasyidulia... rac giraod Seni miwebis da wisqvi-

lia, RmerTman SegaZlebinos, daixsen...~ (jamburia, 1960: 137);

`aviRe me, ciciSvilma nikoloz... ciciSvilis giorgisagan,

aTi Tumani qalaqis TeTri. amis giraoT Cveni wili doesi mog-

virTmevia...~ (masalebi..., 1955: 102).

garda samomxmareblo sesxisa, gvxvdeba, agreTve, fulis

gasesxebis progresuli formebic, roca msesxeblad gamodi-

odnen msxvili vaWrebi an savaWro amxanagobebi da Sesabamisad,

kredetis procenti ifareboda savaWro kapitalis mogebiT.

`aviRe me ter-asaturaSvilma araqelama, Sen TumaniSvi-

lis mdivnisa manuCrisagan oTxmoci Tumani... es TeTri... Cem-

Tvis vimuSao.... amis xeirsa da zianSi Sen saqme ar gqondes!...

Senma oTxmocma Tumanma rac Cems xelT dahyos, weliwadSi aTi

ToTxmetnaxevrad gaurjelad mogce~ (dumbaZe, 1990: 361).

sesxi formdeboda xelweriliT, anu TamasuqiT. Tama-

suqze ideboda beWedi (qoiava, 1963: 82).

sesxis mogebis procenti gansazRvruli iyo vaxtangis

samarTlis wigniT (qoiava, 1963: 82), Tumca sakredito opera-

ciebis gafarToebam gamoiwvia procentis momateba.

sakredito operaciebis gaxSirebaze metyvelebs

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos erT-erTi moxelis, Tavad irodion

gurgeniZis cnoba:

`...rac, qarTlSi Tu kaxeTSi TamasuqiT TeTri aiReboda

iasaulebisagan, Tumanzed eqvsi abazi samdivanbego iyo, erTi

abazi mordlebisa iyo. me mergeboda Cems wilad weliwadSi

xuTi Tumani, xan meti da xan naklebi~. imaves amtkicebs meore

mordali Tavadi zaal baraTaSvilic (masalebi..., 1948: 46-47).

am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs im problemur sesxebTan, ro-

melic sasamarTlos ZaliT aiReboda. mordlebis CvenebiT sa-

samarTlos ZaliT 5000 maneTande sesxi ifareboda. sasam-

rTlos ZaliT ki, ra Tqma unda, saerTo sesxebis Zalze mcire

raodenoba aiReboda. yovelive es naTel suraTs gviSlis imis

Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad intensiuri iyo sakredito operaciebi.

72

niSandoblivia ioseb da aRalua yorRanaSvilebis qone-

bis nusxis monacemebi, sadac dasturdeba, rom am pirebs Tama-

suqiT gacemuli hqondaT ramdenime aTasi Tumani sxvadasxva

pirze (masalebi..., 1955: 375-378). msxvili kreditis gamcemad

gvevlinebian, rogorc vaWruli fenebis warmomadgenlebi,

ise memamuleebi. sakredito operaciebiT miRebuli mogeba

imdenad TvalSisacemi gamxdara, rom ioane batoniSvili Ta-

vis kanonproeqtSi samefos Semosavalis erT-erT wyarod sa-

xelmwifo sesxebis gacemas miiCnevda (bagrationi, 1957: 43).

sakredito operaciebis intensifikacia qveynis ekonomikuri

winsvlis kidev erTi argumentia.

§ 4. manufaqturuli warmoebis ganviTareba

XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebidan SeiniSneba savaWro kapi-

talis samrewvelo kapitalad gadaqcevis tendencia. am mxriv

TvalSisacemia safeiqro mrewveloba (ix. samsonaZe, 1980). es

procesi xels uwyobda mrewvelobis ganviTarebas. magram iqi-

dan gamomdinare, rom zednaSenuri principiT (rac iTvaliswi-

nebs kerZo savaWro kapitalis Seqmnas, mis samrewvelo kapita-

lad gadaqcevas, SemdgomSi gafarToebas da a.S.) mrewvelobis

ganviTareba sakmaod did dros moiTxovda, petre I-is droin-

deli ruseTis imperiis gamocdilebis gaziarebis gziT, saxel-

mwifo am mimarTulebiTac novatorad iqca da Semosavlebis

gasazrdelad saxelmwifo sawarmoebis Seqmna daiwyo.

mas Semdeg, rac erekle II-isaTvis naTeli Seiqmna, rom

ruseTidan fuladi Tu samxedro daxmareba, mxolod momav-

lis perspeqtiva SeiZleba yofiliyo, daadga ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis zemoT aRniSnul meTods. vaWrobis aRorZinebi-

sa da mfarvelobis paralelurad, samefo xelisuflebam da-

iwyo zrunva mrewvelobis ganviTarebisTvis. am mxriv pirveli

nabiji gadaidga 1763 wels. gaixsna axtalis vercxlis sadno-

bi da dambluRis spilenZisadnobi `qarxnebi~, xolo 1770 wels

mwyobrSi Cadga alaverdisa da SambluRis sadnobi `qarxnebi~

(guliSambarovi, 1894: 31).

zogadad, qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoTqmulia mo-

sazreba, rom erekle II-is xelSewyobiT XVIII saukunis meore

naxevarSi saTaves iRebda mravali safabriko-saqarxno wa-

mowyeba, rac qveynis ekonomikuri winsvlis da dawinaurebis

Sedegi iyo (gogolaZe, 1966: 8). Cven am mosazrebas ver dave-

73

TanxmebiT da kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom mrewvelobis

ganviTareba qveyanaSi uzrunvelyo ara zogad ekonomikurma

maCvenebelma, aramed xelisuflebis gegmam, romelic ekono-

mikuri ganviTarebis forsirebul meTods gulisxmobda.

Cvens mosazrebas pirdapir exmaureba imdroindeli is-

torikosis, oman xerxeuliZis, sityvebi, rom erekles `ara aq-

vnda ra pirdapiri Zali arca jariTa da arca xaziniTa da

Tvinier simxnisa kide... friadisa RonisZiebiTa da SromiTa

eZeba mamulsa Tvissa miwa oqrosi da vercxlisa, romelmanca

ipova somxiTis mamulsa S(ori)s..... da moiyuanna saberZneTiT

berZenni mciredni mcnobelni javarisani, gamomdnobelni oq-

rosa da vercxlisa miwisani, viTarca daiwyo madnisa mis muSa-

koba, isargebla miT friad~ (xerxeuliZe, 1989: 66).

erekle II-m XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi mra-

vali saCuqrisa da dapirebebis wyalobiT moaxerxa TurqeTi-

dan, giumiSxanes provinciidan, berZen ostatTa 800 ojaxis

Camosaxleba (gogolaZe, 1966: 9), romlebmac aamoqmedes aR-

niSnuli warmoeba.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi samTamadno warmoeba detalu-

rad aqvs Seswavlili d. gogolaZes naSromSi `samTamadno,

samTo-saqarxno mrewveloba saqarTveloSi da kapitalizmis

genezisis zogierTi sakiTxi~ (ix. gogolaZe, 1966), zemoT Ca-

moTvlil sawarmoTa ganxilvisas Cven ZiriTadad vsargeb-

lobT aRniSnuli naSromiT.

axtalis qarxana mdebareobda memamule meliqiSvilis

miwaze, xolo alaverdisa da SambluRis spilenZsadnobi qar-

xnebi arRuTin-dolgorukovebisa (mxargrZelebis) da orbe-

lianis miwebze. maT mefem es miwebi CamoarTva da iq saxelmwi-

fo sawarmoebi Seqmna. sakompensaciod miwebis mepatroneebi

minbaSebad, anu mefis warmomadgenlebad da meTvalyureebad

daniSna, risTvisac maT xelfass uxdida. xelfasis garda isi-

ni garkveul madans naturiT iRebdnen (gogolaZe, 1966: 11).

mefesa da berZen `madanCebs~ Soris Semdegi saxis xel-

Sekruleba daido: axtalis qarxnebSi miRebul oqros berZne-

bi mTlianad mefes aZlevdnen. xolo vercxlidan 25% mefes

ekuTvnoda. darCenil 75 %-s mefe maT ubrunebda Tbilisis

zarafxanaSi moWrili vercxlis abazebis saxiT.

alaverdis qarxnidan, radgan berZnebi sakuTari xarje-

biT awarmoebdnen madans, miRebuli spilenZis mxolod 12 %

ergeboda mefes. berZen madnismwarmoeblebs saxelmwifom

74

privilegiebi mianiWa. isini spilenZiT da tyviiT vaWrobis

dros ar ixdidnen sabaJo gadasaxadebs da ar gadiodnen jar-

Si (gogolaZe, 1966: 10-11).

axtalis qarxanaSi berZnebTan erTad daqiravebuli mu-

Sebic muSaobdnen. mefe sabervelTa dabervisa da sxva saqmia-

nobisaTvis qiraobda 120-150 SeiaraRebul kacs. TveSi maT 3

maneTi eZleodaT. damatebiT berZnebi dReSi abazs, anu 20 ka-

piks aZlevdnen.

vercxlis madani berZnebs weraqvebis da burRebis saSu-

alebiT amohqondaT. zogjer madnis amosaRebad berZnebi da-

qiravebul muSebsac iyenebdnen. amoRebuli madnis sadnobSi

misatanad da mis gasarCevad berZnebi maxlobel soflebSi

bavSvebs qiraobdnen. bavSvebi madans tyavis tomrebiT ezide-

bodnen. am samuSaosTvis berZnebi maT 6 TveSi 10-dan 20 mane-

Tamde uxdidnen, damatebiT ki or xel tanisamoss aZlevdnen.

ZiriTad samuSaos berZnebi asrulebdnen (gogolaZe, 1966: 12-

13). sul sawarmoSi 1200-1300 kaci muSaobda.

`gamorCeuli madani (nigvzis kaklebis odena) berZnebs

mihqondaT maRaroebTan axlo mowyobil qarxnebSi. aq cilin-

drismagvar sawvav RumlebSi xdeboda madnis gamowva 10-12

dRe-RameSi. am droSi gamoiwveboda 300-dan 500-mde fuTi ma-

dani. am samuSaos berZnebi zogjer TviTon asrulebdnen,

zogjer daqiravebuli muSebi, romelTac dReSi 20 kapiks ux-

didnen.

Semdeg xdeboda gamomwvari madnis gamodnoba Sesabamis

sadnob RumelSi. madnis gamodnobisaTvis SenaerTSi urev-

dnen sxvadasxva masalas (nedl cements, widas). 100 fuTi ga-

momwvari madnisagan (gamodnobis Semdeg) iRebdnen 10-12 fuT

vercxlisfer tyvias.

Semdegi procesi iyo tyviisagan vercxlis gamocalkeve-

ba. es xdeboda Ria jamSi, romelSic Tavsdeboda 50 fuTamde

tyvia. bervis Sedegad tyvia Zirs miedineboda, zemoT rCebo-

da vercxli. 50 fuTi tyviisagan Rebulobdnen 1-dan 1,5 lit-

ramde (8-12 girvanqa) vercxls~ (gogolaZe, 1966: 13).

axtalis qarxnidan 1763 wlidan 1785 wlamde (omar xanis

Semosavemde) weliwadSi iRebdnen 150, 200, 300 da met litra

vercxls. erTi litra vercxlidan 46 misxali oqro gamodio-

da (esaZe, 1903: 1). misxali iyo daaxloebiT 4, 5 grami. 300 lit-

ra vercxlidan 60 kilogramze met oqros iRebdnen.

alaverdis spilenZsadnob qarxanaSi berZeni ostatebi

75

`amxanagobebSi~ erTiandebodnen. ostatebi qiraobdnen daqi-

ravebul muSebs. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, qarxana moijarad-

reebis xelSi iyo. sam `amxanagobaSi~ gaerTianebuli iyo 46

ostati. maT 170 muSa hyavdaT daqiravebuli. muSebi iyvnen ya-

zaxidan, qarTlidan, imereTidan da javaxeTidan. am droisaT-

vis aRa-mahmad xanis Semosevis gamo warmoeba mkveTrad Semci-

rebuli iyo. savaraudoa, rom 1795 wlamde warmoeba erTi-

orad didi iqneboda, dasaqmebulTa ricxvi ki 600-700 kaci ma-

inc iqneboda.

spilenZis madans adnobdnen axtalis qarxanaSi aprobi-

rebuli meTodebis mixedviT. erT RumelSi 500 fuT madans 4-5

dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi adnobdnen. aqedan Rebulobdnen 88

fuTamde Sav spilenZs. Sav spilenZs wmendnen brZmedebSi. 10

fuTi Savi spilenZisgan miiReboda 7,5 fuTi dawmendili spi-

lenZi.

omar-xanis (1785 w.) Semosevamde alaverdis spilenZis

qarxnidan wliurad amohqondaT 200 000 fuTi madani. aqedan

Rebulobdnen 15 000 fuT Sav spilenZs. misi dawmendis Sede-

gad ki iRebdnen 12 000 fuT sufTa spilenZs. fuTi spilenZis

fasi saSualod 16 maneTi iyo.

Cven ar mogvepoveba cnobebi SambluRisa da dambluRis

qarxnebis Sesaxeb. es faqti aixsneba Semdegi garemoebiT — ax-

tala-alaverdis qarxnebis Sesaxeb informaciis umetesoba

modis XIX saukunis Canawerebze, romelsac rusi moxeleebi

agrovebdnen. ruseTis mTavrobas surda warmoebis gaumjobe-

seba da yvela saWiro cnobas krebda. SambluRisa da damblu-

Ris qarxnebi 1795 wlis Semdeg ar aRudgeniaT, amitom maT mi-

marT interesi aRar iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi muSaobis

Sesaxeb cnobebi ar gagvaCnia. Tumca wyaroebSi fiqsirdeba,

rom es sawarmoebi erekle II-is dros marTlac muSaobdnen.

cnobilia, rom 1795 wlis laSqrobis dros axtalis da

alaverdis qarxnebSi aRa-mahmad xanis jarebma mokles 700

berZeni madnismwarmoebeli da 836 kaci tyved waiyvanes. sava-

raudod, muSaTa da ostatTa garkveulma nawilma moaxerxa

gaqceva.31

aqedan gamomdinare orive qarxanaSi 2000-ze meti

adamiani iqneboda dasaqmebuli.

samefo kari sawarmoTa teqnikuri saSualebebis gaum-

jobesebazec zrunavda. daviT batoniSvilis werilidan ru-

31 warmoebis ganaxleba gadarCenilma ostatebma SeZles.

76

seTis imperiis moxelis musin-puSkinisadmi Cans, rom iakob

rainegsis daxmarebiT madnebSi wylis meqanikuri saberveli

mouwyviaT, Tumca warmoebis donis amaRlebis mxriv metis ga-

keTeba veRar mouxerxebiaT — `marTalia, man moaxerxa ise,

rom wylis saSualebiT borblebs moZraobaSi mohyavdaT sa-

berveli da adamianis xeli saWiro aRar iyo, magram miuxeda-

vad misi sakmao gaTviTcnobierebisa gadadnobis am saqmeSi,

Rumelebis srulyofa ver SeZlo. berZenma ostatebma, rom-

lebic yovelTvis muSaobdnen Cvens qarxnebSi, saqmiT daam-

tkices, rom mas ar SeeZlo kargad dnoba~ (rainegsi, 2002: 39).

samefo kari didad zrunavda ostatTa adgilobrivi

kadrebis Seqmnaze. erekle II cdilobda aseTi kadri Seeqmna

yma-glexebisgan. mravlismetyvelia erekle II-is werili kaTa-

likosis saxlTuxuces amilbarisadmi, romelic 1775 wlis 29

oqtombriT TariRdeba — `madanCad misabarebeli Segirdebi

qarTlsa da kaxeTSi SevawereT. kaxeTs garda qarTlsa da qa-

laqSi, rac misis uwmindesobis Zmis k[aTaliko]zis (igulis-

xmeba anton I — a. T.) yma aris amaT eqvsi kaci aweriaT. amis

ias[a]uli Sena xar. romelic saxlis kaciani kaci iyos imisTa-

na gamoiyvane, ocis wlidam mokidebuli ocdaaTwlamdin rom

iyos, amgvari unda movides. im Sagirdebs TiTo xeli tanisa-

mosi, TiTo wamosasxami nabadi, TiTo Tofi da iaraRi, xuT-

xuTi minalTuni (5 abazi anu maneTi — a.T.) TeTri unda mis-

ceT. amaze nuravin dabrkoldeba. es sarwmunoebis erTgule-

bac aris da Tavis qveynisac. es rom Cvens qveyanaSi gamrav-

ldes (igulisxmeba madnis warmoeba — a.T.) mtrisagan Cvenis

qveynis morCena amas SeuZlia. romelic am xelobas iswavlis

Tavis ojaxs gaamdidrebs. jer amis gemo ar ician, Tvarem amis

swavlisaTvis kidec Semogvexvewebian. weliwadSi erTi osta-

ti samocs, oTxmoc Tumans moigebs da amis ukeTesi mogeba

glexis kacisaTvis sxva ra unda~ (vsargeblob d. gogolaZis

naSromidan. gogolaZe, 1966: 19).

am werilSi kargad Cans erTi mxriv erekle II-is RonisZi-

ebebi madnismwarmoebeli kadrebis gamravlebaze zrunvisa,

meore mxriv is faqti, rom mefe `zemodan ZaldatanebiT~ cdi-

lobda warmoebis mowyoba-gafarToebas. warmoebis mowyobi-

saTvis jer sazogadoebrivi ganwyoba ar arsebobda, `Tvarem

amis swavlisaTvis kidec Semogvexvewebiano~- acxadebs mefe.

werili lakonurad xsnis samefo karis gegmas qveynis gadar-

CenisaTvis — `mtrisgan Cveni qveynis morCena amas SeuZlia~.

77

erekle II-s ekonomikis ganviTareba da myari finansuri Semo-

savlebi warmoedgina qveynis Tavdacvis garantad.32

`saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis pe-

riodSi — werda d. gogolaZe — samefo xelisufleba, erekle II

da giorgi XII saxiT, did mzrunvelobas iCenda masze (madneb-

ze — a. T). es exeboda fulad sufsidias, spilenZis realiza-

cias Tu muSaxeliT uzrunvelyofas. im dros mrewvelobis

sisustis miuxedavad, qarTuli damoukidebeli saxelmwifo

mainc axdenda spilenZis realizacias. mas SeeZlo igi Tavi-

suflad da nebismier fasad (rogorc saWirod dainaxavda) ga-

etana iq, sadac undoda~ (gogolaZe, 1966: 45).

madnebSi mimdinareobda mkacri finansuri angariSgeba.

amis damadasturebelia n. berZeniSvilis mier gamoqveynebu-

li 1790 wlis axtalis oqros gamosavalis danaxarjis wigni,

sadac zedmiwevniT zustadaa aRniSnuli yvela Semosavali da

gasavali (masalebi..., 1955: 85).

evropeli mogzaurebi erTis mxriv aRniSnavdnen mefis

maRal Semosavals sawarmoebidan, magram meore mxriv xazs

usvamdnen mis dabal teqnologiur dones (giuldenSted-

tis..., 1962: 229). Tumca, aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ruseTis

imperia XIX saukunis pirvel mesamedSi kolosalur Tanxebs

xarjavda warmoebis gasaumjobeseblad (magaliTad 1803-1813

wlebSi xazinam 1 108 812 maneTi gaiRo), magram warmoeba erek-

lesdroindel kondiciebs mxolod XIX saukunis 30-ian wleb-

Si daubrunda. Tu XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi alaverdis qar-

xnidan wliuri gamosavali 12 000 fuTi dawmendili spilenZi

iyo, 1817-1829 wlebSi, anu 12 wlis manZilze iq moipoves 24 000

fuTi. amrigad, warmoebam erTisamad iklo (berZeniSvili...,

1958: 419).

madniswarmoeba samefo karisaTvis mniSvnelovani finan-

suri Semosavlis wyaro iyo. amitomac sagareo mtrebis mizans

misi ganadgureba warmoadgenda. 1785 wels omar-xanis Semose-

vis Sedegad axtalisa da alaverdis qarxnebi ganadgurda. os-

32 werili sxva mxriv imiT aris saintereso, rom Segirdebis Sewera

xdeba mTels qarTl-kaxeTSi. maT Soris kaTalikosis da, raRa Tqma

unda, Tavadebis ymebs Sorisac. TvalSi sacemia is faqtic, rom mefe

kaTalikosis moxeles aZlevs brZanebas da Tavis samsaxurSi ayenebs

(Sewerili ymebis gamoyvanis iasaulad niSnavs). es ki TavisTavad si-

axle iyo. Cans, rom erekle II-s Tavis qveSevrdomebze srulad miuw-

vdeboda xeli da bolomde ereoda kerZo samamulo urTierTobebSi.

78

tatTa da muSaTa nawilma tyeebsa da monasters Seafara Tavi.

omar-xani SeiWra monasterSi. berZnebis nawili amoxoca, nawi-

li tyved waiyvana. samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia

mosazreba, rom amis Semdeg warmoeba ori wliT SeCerda da misi

ganaxleba 1787 wels moxda (gogolaZe, 1966: 20). `axtalis oq-

ros gamosavalis wigni~ gansxvavebul informacias iZleva:

`...q-ks uog (473 anu 1785 w.) mariamobis ki-dam (25) q-ks uod (474

anu 1786 w.) mariamobis damdeqamden madani aRar umuSavnia, mam-

cdari yofila. uod (1786 w.) mariamobidan uoe (1787 w.) dekem-

bris gasvlamde weliwadnaxevarSi drami Smv. misxali qÁb...~ (ma-

salebi..., 1955: 85). am sabuTidan naTlad Cans, rom omar-xanis

Semosevis Semdeg qarxnis muSaoba erT welze naklebi xniT Se-

Cerebula (25 agvistodan 1786 wlis agvistos dasawyisamde).

1795 wels madnebi sastikad aaoxra aRa-mahmad xanma. sa-

mefo karma amjeradac moaxerxa misi aRdgena, Tumca warmoe-

bis moculobam mkveTrad iklo.

vercxlisa da spilenZis madnebidan samefo xazinis Se-

mosavlebis raodenobis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli informaciebi

mogvepoveba.

rainegsis cnobiT 1780 wels axtalis sabadodan xazinis

Semosavali iyo 60 000 maneTi vercxliT da 3200 maneTi oqro-

Ti.

memamule solomon meliqiSvilis CvenebiT, romlis ma-

mulSic mdebareobda sawarmo, axtalis vercxlis sadnobi

qarxnidan wliurad mefis Semosavali Seadgenda 77 574 ma-

neTs, xarjebi ki 29 293 maneTs. sufTa Semosavali udrida

48 281 maneTs. berZnebis Semosavali iyo 69 920 maneTi, xarje-

bi 25 000 maneTi. berZnebis sufTa Semosavali udrida 44 920

maneTs (gogolaZe, 1966: 14-15).

XVIII saukunis miwuruls, rodesac aRa-mahmad xanis Se-

mosevis Semdeg warmoebis done mkveTrad Semcirebuli iyo,

alaverdis spilenZis qarxnidan samefo biujetSi 12 000 mane-

Ti Sedioda. intensiuri warmoebis dros am qarxnidan mefis

Semosavali 2-3-jer meti iqneboda.

ar gvaqvs cnobebi dambluRisa da SambluRis sawarmoe-

bis Semosavlebis Sesaxeb. umniSvnelo arc maTi warmoebuli

produqcia iqneboda.

garda fuladi Semosavlisa, axtalis qarxnidan saxel-

mwifo iRebda tyviis did marags, romelic gamoiyeneboda sam-

xedro warmoebisa Tu sxva saWiroebisaTvis.

79

Cveni azriT, intensiuri muSaobis dros aRniSnuli sa-

warmoebidan samefo xazinis Semosavali 80 000 maneTze meti

unda yofiliyo.

garda pirdapiri Semosavlebisa, madnebis muSaoba qvey-

nis ekonomikaze sxva mxrivac dadebiTad moqmedebda. sawar-

moTa muSaoba xels uwyobda zarafxanaSi fulis moWris mo-

culobis gazrdas. wliurad, axtalis qarxnidan miRebuli me-

fis wili vercxlidan moWrili fulis garda, berZnebisaTvis

daaxloebiT 70 000 maneTis abazianebi iWreboda. zarafxanaSi

fulis moWraze garkveuli procenti xazinis sasargeblod

aiReboda.

berZeni madanCebis dagrovili fuladi kapitalic xom

qarTul bazarze trialebda.

cnobilia, rom sawarmoebSi `Sewerili~ glexebi muSaob-

dnen, romlebic monacvleobiT gamodiodnen da amdenad, aTa-

sobiT adamiani iRebda xelfasis saxiT fulad Semosavals. es

faqti, bunebrivia, xels uwyobda fulad sasaqonlo urTier-

Tobis Semdgom ganviTarebas.

rogorc vxedavT, saqme gvaqvs feodalur saxelmwifo-

saTvis uprecedento warmoebasTan, sadac 2000 da SesaZlebe-

lia meti adamiani iyo dasaqmebuli. kidev erTxel aRvniS-

navT, rom es sawarmoebi Seiqmna ara raime kerZo iniciativiT,

ara Sesabamisi ekonomikuri garemos xelSewyobiT, aramed sa-

mefo karis mravalgzis da didi mcdelobis Sedegad.

arsebuli cnobebis mixedviT, XVIIIO saukunis II naxevarSi

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi rkinis madnebsac amuSavebdnen. gi-

uldenStedti asaxelebs rkinis da spilenZis sabadoebs bol-

nisTan, yulfTan da sxva adgilebSi (giuldenStedtis..., 1962:

73 ,77, 81).

d. gogolaZe zemoT dasaxelebul naSromSi aRniSnavda:

`gadmocema da warmoebis nakvalevi bolnisSi imaze metyve-

lebs, rom es sabadoebi muSavdeboda Zveli droidan, qarTve-

li mefeebis dros. 1795 wels aRa-mahmad xanis Semosevisas aq

mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani raodenoba ganadgurda, ris Se-

degad Sewyvites rkinis warmoeba. rogorc Cans, Semdgom

wlebSi kvlav moukidiaT xeli warmoebisaTvis, magram metad

mcire masStabiT~ (gogolaZe, 1966: 77).

radganac qveyanaSi adgili hqonda rkinis Semozidvas

ruseTidan da iranidan, zogierTi mkvlevari aRniSnul peri-

odSi rkinis warmoebis arsebobas eWvqveS ayenebs (ix. megre-

80

laZe, 1964: 105-114). Tumca sabaJo tarifSi dafiqsirebuli

cnoba — `rkina motanili ganjidan da bolnisidan~ — adastu-

rebs, rom rkinis warmoeba bolnisSi marTlac mimdinareobda.

imave sabaJo tarifSi fiqsirdeba, `rkina motanili ru-

seTidan da iranidan~. am dokumentze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebe-

lia davaskvnaT, rom bolnisSi rkinis warmoeba namdvilad

mimdinareobda, Tumca misi masStabebi mcire iyo. imdenad

mcire, rom adgilobrivi MmoTxovnebsac ver akmayofilebda.

Tu ra Semosavals iRebda saxelmwifo am warmoebidan, samwu-

xarod, masalebis uqonlobis gamo verafers vityviT.

rogorc akademikosi giuldenStedti gadmogvcems,

erekle II didi interesiT ecnoboda sxvadasxva mineralebis

damuSavebis wess da cdilobda warmoebebis gafarToebas —

`[erekle] xSirad mixmobda karze, maCvenebda xolme minera-

lebs, ecnoboda maT damuSavebis xerxebs~ (giuldenSted-

tis..., 1962: 7).

zemoT naxseneb warmoebaTa garda, wyaroebis uqonlo-

bis gamo, araferi viciT sxva mineralebis damuSavebis Sesa-

xeb. mogvepoveba mxolod erTi cnoba gogirdis warmoebasTan

dakavSirebiT. `q. mis umaRlesobas oqmiT gogirdis madnis mu-

Saoba ubrZanebia...~ (masalebi..., 1955: 99).

rogorc vxedavT, erekles brZanebiT (oqmiT) gogirdis

madnis warmoeba amuSavebula. Tu ra raodenobis produqcias

amzadebda es sawarmo, mxolod samxedro mrewvelobisaTvis

gamoiyeneboda Tu gadioda bazarzec, amis Sesaxeb aranairi

cnoba ar gagvaCnia.

`adgilobrivi samTamadno warmoebis bazaze (igulisxme-

ba axtala-alaverdis qarxnebi — a.T.) TbilisSi aSenda liTo-

nis Camosasxmeli qarxana. gamoSvebuli produqciis nawili

samxedro mrewvelobas xmardeboda (zarbaznebisa da morti-

rebis Camosasxmeli qarxana), danarCeni nedleuliT uzrun-

velyofda ara marto Sesabamisi dargis (ZiriTadad spilenZis

WurWlis) adgilobriv sawarmoebs, aramed zodebis saxiT sak-

maod didi raodenobiT gadioda ucxoeTis bazarze~ (dumbaZe,

1990: 347). am sawarmos Seqmnac, raRa Tqma unda, samefo karis

mier iyo organizebuli.

liTonCamosasxmeli warmoebis bazaze Seqmnila egreT

wodebuli `WurWleulis qarxana~, razec aleqsandre amilax-

vari mogviTxrobs `georgianul istoriaSi~. amilaxvari, 1770

wlis ambebis gadmocemis dros, rodesac is Tbilisidan ga-

81

parvas apirebda, wers: `...mwuxris zarebi darekes, roca qala-

qis karibWesTan mivedi. mcvelebs azradac ar mosvliaT, rom

ase gvian Sor gzas gavudgebodi. laparaki Camovagde Sav Wir-

ze, romelic qalaqSi mZvinvarebda. — Cveni codvebis dasasje-

lad esec cotaao, mipasuxes. sxvaTa Soris vikiTxe, kidev mu-

Saobs Tu ara WurWleulis qarxana, romelic qalaqs gareTaa,

cota ram minda viyido meTqi. mipasuxes, iq muSaoba ar Sewyve-

tila, yvelaferis Sovna SeiZlebao. amis Semdeg qarxnisaken

gavwie, magram iqve beniaminisaken gadauxvie...~ (amilaxvari,

1939: 150).

rogorc monaTxrobidan irkveva qalaqgareT iyo Wur-

Wleulobis qarxana, sadac `yvelafris Sovna SeiZleboda~.

amilaxvari midioda zemo qarTlSi, amitomac is `diRmis ka-

riT~ unda gasuliyo qalaqidan. amdenad qarxana qalaqis ked-

lis gareT, dasavleTis mxares lokalizdeba.

liTonCamomsxmeli qarxnis bazaze aSenda, agreTve, zar-

baznebisa da mortirebis Camomsxmeli qarxana (dumbaZe, 1990:

348).

daviT batoniSvilis werilidan musin-puSkinisadmi (ra-

inegsi, 2002: 29), ioseb delaportis cnobebidan (xec., H - 609: 93r), rusulidan qarTul enaze naTargmn saartilerio wignis

ydis minaweridan (xec., S — 167), aseve burnaSovisa (burnaSovi,

1896: 7) da sxva cnobebidan irkveva, rom 1770-ian wlebSi Tbi-

lisSi marTlac arsebobda zarbaznebis Camosasxmeli qarxana.

saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi daculia am qarxanaSi Camos-

xmuli zarbazani, romelic amtkicebs, rom warmoeba sakmaod

maRal doneze iyo dayenebuli.

zarbaznebis qarxana maragdeboda alaverdidan spilen-

ZiT, axtalis madnidan tyviiT, ruseTidan foladiT. is sam-

xedro daniSnulebis iyo. amzadebdnen zarbaznebs, morti-

rebs da yumbarebs. qarxana samxedro uwyebis daqvemdebareba-

Si iyo, emsaxureboda Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebas da,

amdenad, produqcia bazarze ar gadioda. piriqiT, misi muSa-

obisaTvis samefo xazina sakmaod did Tanxebs xarjavda (igu-

lisxmeba nedleuliT, muSaxeliT da a.S. momarageba). es sawa-

rmoc saxelmwifos mier iyo Seqmnili.

1770 wels moqalaqe isaia TayuaSvilma mefis nebarTviT

Tofiswamlis qarxana aaSena. sawarmo monopolistur xasiaTs

atarebda, radgan TayuaSvilis `meti kaci varavin daanayvi-

nebda da verc gvarjilasa da Tofiswamals gahyidda~. am sa-

82

warmos agebiT mkveTrad gaumjobesda Tofiswamlis damzade-

bis saqme (dumbaZe, 1990: 349).

giuldenStedti detalurad mogviTxrobs am sawarmos

Sesaxeb — `18 Tebervals davaTvaliere Tofiswamlis fabrika.

aq gamoyenebuli (wamlis) Semadgeneli nawilebis proporcia

Semdegia: 13 citriani nawili gvarjila, 2 nawili anu citra

gogirdi da 2 nawili anu citra naxSiri tirifisa an Txilisa,

aseT Semadgenlobas nayaven mTeli dRe kaklis-xis sanaySi,

romelsac Signidan aqvs odnav konusisebri forma, zeviT

aris 10 diumi siganisa da 12 diumi siRrmisa, aqvs granitis

konusuri filTaqva, romelTac mTeli dRe nayaven. es fil-

Taqva zeviT iweva RerZis meSveobiT, romelic fexiT moyavT

moZraobaSi. Semdeg wamali ifxvneba spilenZis rofSi, rom-

lis siganea futi, simaRle 2 diumi da fskeri aqvs Caxvreti-

li. erTi citra wamali rusul fulze Rirs 12-15 kapiki~ (gi-


aseTi iyo Tofiswamalis sawarmo. rogorc vxedavT, mu-

Saoba qarxanaSi arc Tu primitiuli wesis mixedviT mimdina-

reobda.

daviT batoniSvilis werilidan Cans, rom iakob rainegss

XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolosa da 80-iani wlebis dasaw-

yisSi Tofiswamlis qarxnisaTvis augia sanayis axali modeli

— warmoebaSi garkveuli siaxle danergila (rainegsi, 2002:

39).

zemoT ukve iTqva, rom Tofiswamali ara marto samxed-

ro saWiroebisaTvis mzaddeboda, aramed produqcia bazar-

zec gadioda. aRniSnuli warmoebac saxelmwifos xelSewyo-

biT daarsda.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, TbilisSi iyo marilsaxdeli

`qarxana~, Tambaqos `qarxana.~ iyo aseve minis, Tixis WurWlis,

sapnis da sxva `qarxnebi~. yvela es sawarmo saxelmwifos sa-

kuTrebas Seadgenda da ijariT gaicemoda. saijaro sistemiT

samefo kari xels uwyobda kerZo iniciativebs, rom maTac Se-

eqmnaT aseTi msxvili saxelosnoebi. es, SedarebiT Mmcire, sa-

warmoebic garkveul Semosavals iZleodnen: mag., qoiavas ga-

moTvliT, sapnis `qarxnis~ saijaro fasi 60 maneTi iyo (qoia-

va, 1963: 211).

erekle II-is oqromWedel beJiaSvilis wyalobis sigelSi

naxsenebia `raxtarxanis~ ijara: `...yovel weliwadSi Tormeti

Tumani Cuenis saijaradros raxtarxanisagan ucvaleblad mi-

83

ecemodesT SvilTa da mamavalTa saxlisa SenisaTa...~ (qroni-

kebi..., 1967: 297). samwuxarod `raxtarxanis~ zusti ganmarte-

ba, saTanado masalebis ararsebobis gamo, ver xerxdeba. `rax-

ti~ oqros an vercxlis balTebiT moWedili cxenis morTu-

lobas ewodeboda (masalebi..., 1957: 31). amitom savaraudoa,

rom `raxtarxana~ oqros da vercxlis nakeTobaTa damamzade-

bel adgils niSnavda. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom aRniSnul

wyalobas mefe elisabed batoniSvilisadmi naboZeb samefo

karis oqromWedels aZlevda. SesaZloa mefe oqromWedels

sargos uniSnavda swored im dargis ijaridan, sadac manamde

is muSaobda. am mokle cnobidan irkveva, rom es saxelosno

Tu sawarmo samefos sakuTreba yofila, radganac mefe mas

`Cuenis saijaradros raxtarxanas~ uwodebs. Tanac misi sai-

jaro fasi sakmaod soliduri unda yofiliyo, radgan mefem

`raxtarxanidan~ yovelwliurad erT adamians 120 maneTi dau-

niSna jamagirad.

sxva saxelmwifo sawarmoebidan gamosayofia zarafxana da

stamba. XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan Tbilisis zarafxanam

Tavi daaRwia iranis samoneto hegemonias. igi aRar warmoadgen-

da iranis zarafxanis filials. 1757 wlis Semdeg iranis Sahis

saxelebi maTze aRarasodes aRbeWdila (quTelia, 1981: 47).

`monetis moWra unda warmoebdes usafasurod an iseTi

safasuris aRebiT, romelic faravs monetis moWris xarjebs,

magram feodalur saxelmwifoebSi monetis moWra Semosavlis

wyarod gadaiqca. qarTlSic monetis moWra mefis monopolias

Seadgenda da iseT monopolias, romelic mas Semosavals aZ-

levda..... monetis moWris safasuri faqtiurad gadaiqca gada-

saxadad. mtkiced unda gvaxsovdes, rom aq ar aris saubari im

Semosavalze, romelic miiReba monetis moWris dros xurda

fulis nominalur da realur RirebulebaTa gansxvavebidan an

gafuWebidan; aq laparakia mxolod im Semosavalze, romelic

miiReboda monetis SemkveTi piris gadasaxdelisagan~ (qoiava,

1963: 157). yovelwliurad Tbilisis zarafxanaSi asi aTasobiT

maneTis safasis vercxlis da spilenZis nominalebi iWreboda.

zarafxana gaicemoda ijariT. monetis moWra nebismier pirs

SeeZlo sakuTari vercxliT. moWrili fulidan, samefo xazi-

naSi garkveuli procenti rCeboda. kapitan iazikovis cnobiT,

zarafxanidan mefis Semosavali yovelwliurad Seadgenda

30 000 maneTs (Грамоты..., 1891: 187). Cveni azriT, es ar unda yo-

filiyo mxolod saijaro Semosavali, masSi iazikovi, albaT,

84

gulisxmobda monetis gafuWebas da sxva operaciebs. zarafxa-

nac, raRa Tqma unda, saxelmwifo sawarmo iyo, romelic did

Semosavals iZleoda.

stamba qarTlis samefoSi jer kidev 1709 wels daarsda.

Tumca muSaoba maleve Sewyvita. misi aRdgena moxda 1749

wels. sagamomcemlo saqmianobisaTvis gardamtexi aRmoCnda

1780-1782 wlebi. am dros moxda stambis fundamenturi gadai-

araReba da Tanamedrove teqnikuri baziT aRWurva. erekle II-

s mouwvevia sastambo xelobis specialistebi da konstanti-

nopolidan Tanamedrove stambis mowyobilobebi gamouweria.

ostatebs axali nusxuri da mxedruli Srifti CamousxamT.

erekle II-s stambis gadaiaraRebisaTvis, imdroisaTvis sakma-

od didi Tanxa 20 000 maneTi gauRia.

XVIII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi stambis muSakTa Soris ixse-

nebian: `mestambeTuxucesi~, `beWdvis zedamxedveli~, `stam-

bis saxmarTa zeda gamrjelni~, mTargmnelebi, `Rramatikul

kanonze Semsworeblebi~ anu cenzorebi da sxva (guguSvili,

1929: 67-68).

stamba moijaradres gadaecemoda ijariT. XVIII saukunis

80-90-ian wlebSi stambis moijaradre qristefore keJeraSvi-

li iyo. 1785-1795 wlebSi Tbilisis stambaSi 10 000-ze meti

wigni daibeWda, rac ramdenime aTeuli aTasi maneTis Rirebu-

lebis iyo.

aRa-mahmad xanis Semosevam stamba gaanadgura. misi aR-

dgena moxerxda 1799 wels. stambam MmuSaoba ganaaxla qriste-

fore badriZis TaosnobiT (qiqoZe..., 1973: 783).

zemoT CamoTvlili sawarmoebi Sua saukuneebis saxe-

losnoebad ar moiazreba. isini iyvnen msxvili sawarmoebi, sa-

dac daqiravebul Sromas iyenebdnen. amitom dabejiTebiT

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom isini manufaqturebs warmoadgendnen.

daqiravebuli Sromis faqtebi imdenad gaxSirda, rom igi sa-

Tanado sakanonmdeblo ZeglebSic aisaxa. daviT bagrationis

`saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonmcodneobis mimoxilva~

iTvaliswinebs daqiravebuli Sromis sxvadasxva formebs, as-

xvavebs dRiurad da xelSekrulebiT, gansazRvruli vadiT

daqiravebis SemTxvevebs (bagrationi, 1959: 317). XVIII saukunis

50-iani wlebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis fonze, aseTi rea-

lobis axsna mxolod SesaZlebelia im movleniT, rac ekono-

mikis ganviTarebis forsirebul, zemodan Tavsmoxveul po-

litikaSi gamoixateboda.

85

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politika TavisTavad sti-

muls aZlevda kerZo savaWro kapitals, raTa samrewvelo ka-

pitalad qceuliyo. droTa ganmavlobaSi savaWro kapitali

aRwevda samrewvelo saqmianobaSi. Sedegad saxeze gvaqvs Sua-

saukuneebis saxelosnoebis gamsxvileba. wyaroebiT dastur-

deba, rom moqalaqe ioane pentelaSvils ekuTvnoda Tixis

WurWlis `qarxana~, glaxa gabaSvils ki aguris `qarxana~ da

sxva (akofaSvili, 1973: 550).

savaWro kapitalis samrewvelo kapitalad gadaqcevis

procesi SeimCneva safeiqro mrewvelobaSi (samsonaZe, 1980:

207). rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, abreSumi da nedli bamba qve-

yanaSi didi raodenobiT Semodioda, rac ganpirobebuli iyo

safeiqro warmoebis moculobis didi masStabebiT.

qarTuli safeiqro warmoebis gafarToebas isic uwyob-

da xels, rom gasaRebis areali metad farTo iyo. igi moicav-

da adgilobriv bazars (dasavleT saqarTvelosTan erTad),

kavkasiis mTianeTs, mezobel amierkavkasiis saxanoebsa da ru-

seTis Sida guberniebs.

sxvadasxva wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom XVIII saukunis

ukanasknel meoTxedSi TbilisSi (da ara marto TbilisSi) sa-

feiqro mrewveloba, umetesad bambis qsovilebis warmoeba,

sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo.

burnaSovi am sakiTxis Sesaxeb Semdeg informacias gvaw-

vdis: `...aris abreSumisa da bambis mcire xelis fabrikebi,

ukanaskneli metad bevri... maT Tavisi xeliT nakeTobebiT anu

moCiTuli, SeRebili da TeTri bambis tiloebiT didi vaWro-

ba aqvT mTiel da sparsel axlo mezoblebTan... rameTu am sa-

WiroebebiT, TiTqmis yvela kavkasieli mezobeli Tbiliseli

somxebis Sromis moyvareobis meSveobiT sargebloben~ (bur-

naSovi, 1896: 2).

tuCkovis gadmocemiT, saqarTveloSi `Cinebulad amza-

deben sxvadasxva saxis, ferisa da moxatulobis abreSumisa

da bambis qsovilebs, romelTa naxati kargia, xolo saRebavi

erTob magari~ (samsonaZe, 1980: 244).

aRniSnul sakiTxs didi yuradReba dauTmo mixeil samso-

naZem Tavis naSromSi `saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri

ganviTareba XIX saukunis pirvel mesamedSi~. igi aRniSnavs,

rom safeiqro mrewveloba, CvenTvis saintereso periodSi,

Zalze ganviTarda. moxda saxelosnoebis gamsxvileba. magali-

Tad, saukuneTa mijnaze `sakmaod mozrdili sawarmos meTau-

86

rad Cans feiqari qoCora, romelic pirsaxocebs amzadebda da

am saqonliT mTel qalaqs amaragebda~ (samsonaZe, 1980: 207).

avtori sxvadasxva faqtebze dayrdnobiT warmogvid-

gens Semdeg daskvnas: `...aSkaraa, rom savaWro kapitalis mier

safeiqro warmoebis dapyroba, vaWrebis mier warmoebis meTa-

uroba, savaWro kapitalis samrewvelo kapitalad gadaqceva

gansaxilveli periodisaTvis (igulisxmeba XIX saukunis I me-

samedi — a. T.) aris ara calkeuli SemTxveva, aramed qveyanaSi

gavrcelebuli dakanonebuli movlena da, rac mTavaria, igi

Camoyalibebulia jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi. TiTqmis yvela sa-

buTSi, romelic ki Sesabamis sakiTxs Seexeba, sagangebodaa

aRniSnuli, rom yvela moqmedi wesi SemoRebulia jer kidev

qarTveli mefeebis dros da axal xalisuflebas masSi aravi-

Tari cvlileba ar Seutania.....

......warmoebis gaZRola da sakuTriv vaWrobis warmoeba

erTad, cxadia, SeuZlebeli iyo. es saqme, erTi mxriv imiT

gvardeboda, rom iqmneboda kompaniebi, romlebSic ramdenime

vaWari Sedioda, romelTagan nawili adgilze ganagebda saq-

mes, nawili uSualod vaWrobas eweoda~ (samsonaZe, 1980: 332).

safeiqro warmoeba mTlianad kerZo kapitalze iyo da-

fuZnebuli Tu saxelmwifosac gaaCnda qsovilis damamzade-

beli msxvili saxelosnoebi, amis Sesaxeb Cven pirdapiri in-

formacia ar mogvepoveba. gvaqvs mxolod erTi bundovani

cnoba. XIX saukunis damdegs suramis yofili mouravi (da sa-

varaudod salaros naziri abaSiZe) ruseTis mmarTvelobi-

sadmi, misi kuTvnili sargos Sesaxeb, moxsenebaSi acxadebda:

`...q. rac batonis farCa iyideboda, iqidam mergeboda Tuman-

zed ori Sauri arbaT. aTi-Tormeti aTasisi Tumnis iyidebo-

da~ (masalebi..., 1955: 351). sabuTSi suramis yofili mouravi

rom sakuTari Semosavlis gazrdis mizniT, gadaWarbebul

cifrs asaxelebs, es Semdegidan Cans: moxele moxsenebis mom-

devno punqtSi lekebisaTvis misacemi farCis raodenobas 7-8

aTasi TumniT gansazRvravs, maSin, rodesac sxva moxeleebi am

Tanxas 3-4 aTasi TumniT gansazRvravdnen (ix. masalebi...,

1948). erTi sityviT yofili mouravi batonis, anu mefis gayi-

dul farCis raodenobas, sul mcire aormagebs. Tumca aq is

faqtia aRsaniSnavi, rom dokumentSi mefis kuTvnil qsovile-

bis gayidvazea saubari. SesaZlebelia mefe, romelsac mrava-

li savaWro Tu saxelosno duqani gaaCnda, Tavisi yma xelos-

nebis saSualebiT awarmoebda qsovilebs da Semdeg sakuTari

87

komisionerebis saSualebiT yidda mas. samwuxarod, am faqtis

Sesaxeb sxvas verafers vityviT.

safeiqro warmoebis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia samRebro-

Ta ricxvis zrda. samRebroTa Sinagani organizaciis da, rac

mTavaria, am organizaciis socialur-ekonomikuri arsis ana-

lizi mocemulia n. berZeniSvilis naSromSi: `samRebroTa Se-

saxeb XVIII saukuneSi~ (berZeniSvili, 1937).

n. berZeniSvilma samarTlianad gaakritika g. naTaZe,

romelic samRebroebs sabaJosTan aigivebda (ix. berZeniSvi-

li, 1937).

avtors sruliad logikurad miaCnia darejan da mariam

dedoflebis Cvenebebi, rom Tbilisis samRebroTa saijaro fa-

si 5000-dan 7000 maneTamde ganisazRvreboda. es iyo qveyanaSi

yvelaze didi samRebro, romelic TbilisSi iyo ganTavsebuli.

n. berZeniSvili sxvadasxva dokumentze dayrdnobiT Sem-

deg daskvnas gvTavazobs: `amrigad, me-18 saukunis meore naxe-

varSi sul qarTl-kaxeTSi 50-60-mdis samRebro unda yofili-

yo. qarTlis 12 samRebros saijaro fasi 383 Tumans udrida.

erT samRebroze saSualod 32-33 Tumani modis. maS qarTlis

yvela samRebroTa saijaro fasi 960 Tumnidan 1050 Tumnamdis

SegviZlia viangariSoT (tfilisis samRebros gamoklebiT). ex-

la, Tu Cven qarTlis samRebroTa mimarT miRebul sazoms kaxe-

Tis samRebroebzedac gavavrcelebT, gamogviva, rom kaxeTis

yvela samRebroTa saijaro fasi 412 Tumanidan 600 Tumnamdis

unda yofiliyo. sul qarTl-kaxeTSi (tfilisis samRebroTa

CaTvliT) samRebroTa saijaro fasi unda yofiliyo 2072 Tum-

nidan 2410 Tumnamdis~ (berZeniSvili, 1937: 445).

saintereso daskvnas gvTavazobs avtori samRebroTa

sacialur-ekonomikuri analizis mxriv: `zogierTi samReb-

roTa SedarebiTi sidide TavisTavad hgulisxmobs, rom iq

ara erTi muSaxeli saqmianobs. im SemTxvevaSi, roca samReb-

ros moijaradre TviT ar iyo saqmis ostati, bunebrivia, mas

aseTi ostati daeqiravebina, jamagiri da xalaTi eZlia mis-

Tvis. ostatis aseTi daqiravebis magaliTi, vfiqrob, gvaqvs

Cven tfilisis samRebros Sesaxeb im sabuTSi, zemore rom mo-

viyvaneT. roca ostati imave dros ijaradaricaa, aseT osta-

tisa da SegirdTa samRebroSi muSaoba, es, ase vTqvaT, feoda-

luri epoqis Cveulebrivi xelosnuri meurneobis saxea da

gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebos aras Seicavs, Tundac rom qar-

gal-SegirdTa ricxvi sakmaod sagrZnobi iyos.

88

CvenTvis gacilebiT sainteresoa samRebros eqspluata-

ciis is saxe, roca ostati TviT aris daqiravebuli samReb-

ros moijaradris mier.

aq ukve principulad gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa. me-

urneobis sul sxva tipia mocemuli. aseT pirobebSi ostat-

Segirdis urTierToba sruliad gansxvavebulia. aseT ostats

arc SeuZlia Segirdi hyavdes Zveli gagebiT. da roca ostati

daqiravebulia, sxvebic — qargali, Segirdi — aseve daqirave-

buli unda iyvnen. magram es ukve manufaqturaa da ara saSua-

lo saukuneebis saxelosno ~ (berZeniSvili, 1937: 440-441)

rogorc vxedavT samRebroTa (iseve rogorc Cven mier

ganxilul sxva sawarmoTa) manufaqturizacia saxezea.

n. qoiavam samarTlianad SeniSna, rom berZeniSvils Riad

darCa sakiTxi — termin `samRebro baJis~ srul ganmartebasTan

dakavSirebiT (qoiava, 1963: 183-184). rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT

es iyo `sabeWdavis~, andac `xamxalaTis~ ijara — teqstilis aq-

cizi, romelic saxelmwifo xazinis sasargeblod aiReboda da

romlis saijaro fasi TbilisSi 5000 maneTs Seadgenda.

m. samsonaZem dawvrilebiT ganixila ra XVIII-XIX saukune-

ebis mijnaze samRebroTa Sesaxeb arsebuli dokumentebi, Sem-

degi daskvnebi SemogvTavaza: `sabeWdavis~ mosakrebeli

vrceldeboda mxolod TeTrad da wiTlad SeRebil qsovi-

lebze. lurjad RebvisaTvis ki dawesebuli iyo samRebro ga-

dasaxadi, romelic aiReboda Rebvis safasuris paralelu-

rad (samsonaZe, 1980: 250-270).

rogorc mRebavi beglariani acxadebda: `saRebavi masa-

lis sami meoTxedi liliT iRebeboda. glexebs sxva saRebavi

ara swamdaT. momwvano, cisferi, lurji, muqilurji da moSa-

vo — garkveulis ostatobiT yvela am fers viRebdiT lilis

saRebavisagan~ (berZeniSvili, 1937: 469). Tavdapirvelad

lurjad Rebva dedoflis monopolias Seadgenda. XVIII sauku-

nis II naxevarSi ki samRebroebze sadedoflo monopolia gauq-

mda. Tumca samRebroTa sakmaod didi nawili kvlav mis xelSi

rCeboda. marto Tbilisis samRebros ijaris fasi 500-dan 700

Tumnamde meryeobda. dedofali kaxeTis ijarebidan 200 Tu-

mans, xolo gori-saTarxnos samRebrodan 160 Tumans iRebda

(berZeniSvili, 1937: 443-444). saerTod ki dedoflis Semosa-

vali samRebroebidan daaxloebiT 1000 Tumans, anu yvela sam-

RebroTa Semosavlis daaxloebiT naxevars, Seadgenda.

89

Tbilisis `sabeWdavis~ saijaro fasi 5 000 maneTs Sead-

genda. kaxeTis, goris da sxva `sabeWdavis~ ijarebTan erTad

ki daaxloebiT 7-8 aTas maneTs udrida. sakmaod didi iyo moi-

jaradreTa Semosavali, ijaris mowyobisa da sxva xarjebic.

`sabeWdavis~ ijarebis realuri Semosavali ki ormagi iqnebo-

da. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom erT Tof qsovilze,

anu 10 arSinze saSualod 5 kapiki aiReboda, maSin aRniSnuli

produqciis sruli moculoba ganisazRvreba 3 000 000 arSi-

niT. lilaxanaSi SeRebili qsovili ki samjer meti iqneboda.

amdenad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi weliwadSi sul daaxloe-

biT 15 000 000 arSini bambeulis qsovili mzaddeboda. ro-

gorc vxedavT, warmoebis moculoba sakmaod didi iyo.33

§ 5. xelosnoba

XVIII saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi TbilisSi 500-ze meti du-

qani iyo. maTgan naxevarze meti saxelosnoebze modioda

(dumbaZe, 1990: 352). Tbilisis garda saxelosnoebi iyo: gorSi,

TelavSi, siRnaRSi, duSeTSi da sxva qalaqebSi. radganac Tbi-

lisis saxelosnoebSi damzadebuli produqcia ramdenjerme

aRemateboda sxva qalaqebis xelosnur nawarms da SedarebiT

sruli informacia swored Tbilisis Sesaxeb gagvaCnia, ami-

tom xelosnur warmoebas swored Tbilisis monacemebis mi-

xedviT ganvixilavT.

gasaRebis arealis gafarToebam Warbi xelosnuri pro-

duqciis warmoeba ganapiroba. qarTuli xelosnuri nawarmi

iyideboda, rogorc adgilze, aseve mezobel mahmadianur sa-

xanoebSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da ruseTSic ki.

ucxoeli mogzaurebi (iazikovi, giuldenStedti) da

qarTveli istorikosebi (ioane batoniSvili da sxva) erTxmad

adastureben, rom TbilisSi warmodgenili iyo xelosnobis

TiTqmis yvela dargi (akofaSvili, 1973: 540).

33 m. samsonaZe XIX saukunis dasawyisis `sabeWdavis~ ijaris da samReb-

ros mosakreblebze dayrdnobiT varaudobs, rom qarTl-kaxeTSi 20-

22 milioni arSini qsovili mzaddeboda (samsonaZe, 1980: 297). am mo-

nacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, XVIII saukunis bolo meoTxedSi warmoeba

aRniSnulze gacilebiT didi iqneboda, radgan `sabeWdisa~ da sam-

Rebroebis ijarebis fasebi, gansaxilvel periodSi, SedarebiT maRa-

li iyo. Tumca Cveni varaudiT, avtori ijarebis mowyobisaTvis da-

naxarjebs gadaWarbebulad afasebs.

90

xelosnebis Sesaxeb mdidar suraTs gvixatavs ioane ba-

toniSvili Tavis `kalmasobaSi~. am nawarmoebis mixedviT Tbi-

lisSi vxvdebiT: oqromWedlebs — `msxdomareni duqnebSi,

mravali vercxlis iaraRi, agreTve oqrois dawyobili da sxva

samkauli~-T; meqoSeebs — `duqanni savse qoSiTa da maSiiT~;

sarajebs — `romel savse aqvdaT duqnebi cxenis iaraRebiT

mzad~; yazazebs — uxvi `ZafiTa da zonariT~; yajarduzebs

(cxenis gadasafareblebis damamzadeblebi); mequdeebs — Ta-

visi mravali produqciiT; bazazebs — mravali sxvadasxvagva-

ri farCiT da maudiT, skalatiTa da CiTiT, moviTa da lei-

niT; mkervalebs — Sekerili tanisamosiT; meTevzeebsa da bay-

lebs — sxvadasxvagvari sursaT-sanovagiT; yasbebs — `rkinis

Canglebze dakidebuli... xorciT~; meCongureebs — `savse

ConguriT da dariaTi~; alafebs — sadac purs acxobdnen da

yiddnen; meWurWleebs — sxvadasxvagvari WurWliT; nalban-

debs; sirajebs — `didroni rumbebiT da tikebiT, RvinoebiT

da arayiT~; meqvabeebs — `mravali qvabiT da spilenZis WurWe-

liT~, Cilindrebs — `klite da gasaRnebni mravalni~; xara-

zebs — mravali waRa, Ceqma da sxva fexsacmliT; lilaxanas —

`didronis qvevrebiT savse~; meCaxmaxeebs; meTofeebs da

xmlis mkeTeblebs; SuabazarSi mewvrilmaneebs — daniT, mak-

ratliT, nemsiT, sarkiT, WiqebiT, SaqriT, surneliT, namgle-

biT~ da sxva (bagrationi, 1936: 193-195).

Tbiliseli xelosnebi am dros xelosnuri warmoebis 60-

mde dargs misdevdnen. zogierTi maTgani ramdenime sxvadas-

xva wvril specialobad iyofoda. ase magaliTad, XVIII sauku-

nis bolosaTvis mkeravebi iyofian specialistebad kavkasiu-

ri, qarTuli da evropuli tanisamosis mixedviT (akofaSvili,

1973: 540).

Tbilisis xelosnebi amqrebSi iyvnen gaerTianebulni.

amqrebs cal-calke qmnidnen xelosnebi (xuroebi, kalatoze-

bi, mewvrilmaneebi, meqvabeebi...) (mesxia, 1983: 523-524). amqars

asnafsac uwodebdnen.

amqars xelmZRvanelobda amqris Tavi anu ustabaSi. xSi-

rad amqris Tavebi iwodebodnen ara ustabaSebad, aramed dar-

gis mixedviT — bazazbaSebad, sirajbaSebad da a.S.34

Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi ustabaSs amqris wevrebi ir-

34 dawvrilebiT amqruli organizaciebis Sesaxeb ix. k. kucias naSromi:

`amqrebi XVII-XVIII ss. saqarTvelos qalaqebSi~ (kucia, 1984).

91

Cevdnen. XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi maT mxolod ustabaSis kan-

didaturis wamoyenebis ufleba hqondaT. ustabaSs mefe am-

tkicebda — `q. Cven mefeman yovlisa saqarTveloisam, kaxeTis

da sxvaTa giorgim, es wyalobis wigni giboZeT Tqven Cvens

ymas erTguls da namsaxurs moqalaqes ifrumaanT rostomaS-

vils xatias da mamas Sensa SuSribs kakals, ase rom qalaqis

bazris bazazbaSobas dagveajeniT, vismineT aja da moxseneba

Tqveni da giboZeT qalaqis bazris bazazbaSoba ase, rom ro-

gorc amas winaT bazazbaSi moqceulan Senc ise unda moiqce

da rac Cvenis sarqrisaTvis da an sxvisaTvis bazars an erTme-

odes da an eZleodes, es yvela uTqvenoT ar unda moxdebodes

da rac amas winaT bazazbaSis rusumi da sargo qondesT

Tqvenc ise unda mogecemodesT. gqondesT da gabednierosT

Cvens samsaxursa da erTgulobasa Sina. awe gibrZanebT qala-

qis mouravo, meliq-mamasaxliso da Cveno mosaqmeno, es Cveni

naboZebi wigni ase daumtkiceT. aRiwera noemberis iv (16), qk-s

upz (1799 w.)~ (masalebi..., 1948: 101).

giorgi XII-s garkveuli danaSaulisaTvis mewvrilmanee-

bis ustabaSisaTvis Tanamdeboba CamourTmevia — `...gevedre-

biT mowyaleba moiRoT, imisi danaSauleba Cven gvapatieT da

isev amazed ustabaSobis wyaloba moiRoT da uboZoT~.

amjerad mefem Seiwynara mewvrilmaneebis Txovna — `Cve-

ni brZaneba aris aslanav, mere Tu aRar mogvatyueb da Cvens

samsaxurze bejiTad iqnebi, mewvrilmaneebis ustabaSoba isev

SenTvis gviboZebia. mewvrilmaneebo! esev dagviyenebia Tqvens

ustabaSaTa....~ (masalebi..., 1948: 102).

rogorc vxedavT, XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi amqarma

(asnafma) dakarga Sinagani damoukidebloba da masze kontro-

li mTlianad samefo xelisuflebam daamyara.

samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba,

rom qalaqze feodaluri aristokratiis gabatonebam (XVIII

saukunis II naxevarSi) gamoiwvia amqris Sinagani damoukideb-

lobis SezRudva (mesxia, 1958: 287; dumbaZe 1990: 353), Tumca

aRsaniSnavia, rom amqarze kontroli daamyares ara feoda-

lurma aristokratiam, aramed samefo xelisuflebam.

Cveni azriT, xelosnuri warmoebis gafarToebam samefo

kars masze sruli kontrolis damyarebisaken ubiZga. samefo

xelisuflebas surda am gziT sakuTari Semosavlebi gaezarda.

mefis mier mkacr kontrolze ayvanili amqrebi, gamoric-

xulia, rom dabegrili ar yofiliyo saxelmwifo gadasaxde-

92

biT. qarTul istoriografiaSi es sakiTxi TiTqmis Seuswavle-

lia, rac pirdapiri wyaroebis uqonlobas unda gamoewvia.35

Cven mier motanili orive dokumentidan Cans, rom am-

qars gaaCnda saxelmwifo valdebulebebi — `.... rac Cveni sar-

qrisaTvis da an sxvisTvis (moxeleebisaTvis?—a.T.) bazars an

erTmeodes an eZleodes...~ `... mere Tu ar mogvatyueb da Cvens

samsaxurSi bejiTad iqnebi...~ — es frazebi amqrebis valdebu-

lebebs unda aRniSnavdes.

mewvrilmaneebis amqris pirobis wignis erT-erT pun-

qtSi aRniSnulia, `...vinc rom am zemowerilis ZaliT Tavisi

rasaTi xarj(i)s da begaris micema ar moindomos, Cvenis Zmo-

bidan gavides...~ (masalebi..., 1948: 034). rogorc vxedavT, aR-

niSnuli sabuTi miuTiTebs `xarjze~ da `begaraze~.

salaros nazirebis, Tavad daviT mayaSvilis da Tavad

baram gurgeniZis, moxsenebebSi pavle cicianovisadmi, aRniS-

nulia, rom asnafebidan (anu amqrebidan — a.T.) hqondaT `ru-

sumi~ (moxeleTaTvis dadgenili sargo) 100 maneTi (masale-

bi..., 1948: 24; 27). aqedan Cans, rom amqrebis saxelmwifo gada-

saxadebidan salaros moxeleebs nazirebs, ergebodaT garkve-

uli wili — `rusumi~. es faqti ki TavisTavad amtkicebs am-

qrebis dabegvras.

xelosnobis erT-erTi dargis — mesanTleebis — saxel-

mwifo gadasaxadis Sesaxeb pirdapiri cnoba mogvepoveba n.

berZeniSvilis gamoqveynebul `qalaqis saxelmwifo ijaraTa

da baJebis nusxaSi~. dokumentSi naTqvamia: `q-ks uoT, am wels

Tvis Sauri mesanTle(e)bs kb (ocdaori Tumani), amisi moxele-

ebis sargo ah (cxrameti minalTuni)~; (masalebi..., 1955: 102 ).

qoronikoniT uoT wels anu 1791 wels mesanTleebis saxel-

mwifo gadasaxadi yofila 22 Tumani, anu 220 maneTi. aqedan

moxeleebs ergebodaT 19 maneTi — daaxloebiT Semosavlis

erTi meTerTmetedi. sabuTis mixedviT, mesanTleebi 1785,

1788 da 1789 wlebSic 220 maneTiT ibegrebodnen. garda amisa,

mesanTleebs mouravis da sxva moxeleTa sasargeblodac un-

da gaeRoT gadasaxadi naturiT.

xelosnobis zogierTi dargis saxelmwifo gadasaxade-

bis gansazRvris mxriv mniSvnelovan informacias Seicavs n.

35 sakiTxi bolomde ar aris Seswavlili. literaturaSi miTiTebu-

lia savaWro-saxelosno duqnebis saerTo mosakrebeli — `Tvis Sau-

ri~, mouravis misagebeli da sxv. (ix. mesxia, 1983: 331)

93

berZeniSvilis gamoqveynebuli `moxeleTa rusumis nusxa~.

movitanT teqsts:

`salaros moxele(e)bis rusumi amas qveiT sweria:

q-ks uo, am wlis (da) q-ks uoa, am wlisa, am oris wlis xar-

jis (jami) aris aruTina xurda fruSisa te (samas xuTi Tuma-

ni). q-ks uob, am wlis martidam mokidebuli qristi(Sobis)

gasv(lamdin) aris jami sozÃ (oras samocda Cvidmeti Tumani

da Svidi minalTuni), iqneba oriv jami fpbÃ (xuTas oTxmocda

ori Tumani da Svidi minalTuni). aqedam ergebaT:

q-ks uÁT, am wlidam mokidebuli q-ks uob, am wlis mario-

bis Tvemdin nalbandebis xarjis jami aris Ja (oTxmocda Ter-

Tmeti Tumani). aqedam ergebaT rusumi.

gCyn (sami Tumani, erTi minalTuni, oTxi abazi da erTi

Sauri).

q-ks uob, am wlis burnioTis ijaradari tulas-Svili-

dam nz (ormocdaTerTmeti Tumani). q-ks uo, am wlisac na (or-

mocdaTerTmeti Tumani). q-ks uÁT, am wlisac rkg (asocdasami

Tumani). iqna am samis wlis jami sla (oras ocda TerTmeti

Tumani). amis rusumi iqneba.

c yn (rva Tumani, oTxi abazi da erTi Sauri).

q-ks uoa, am wlis burnioTidam miRdisasSvili stefani-

si jinSi o (samocda aTi Tumani). aqedan ergebaT.

b wf (ori Tumani, oTxi minalTuni da aTi Sauri).

q-ks uog, am wlis burnioTidam yasab-baSi aruTinasi

xarjis jami JgW (oTxmocdacameti Tumani da xuTi minalTu-

ni). aqedam ergebaT.

b cR (ori Tumani, ori minalTuni da ToTxmeti Sauri).

q-ks uo, am wlis beWedi bazazebis TanxaSi iyo.

q-ks uÁT, am wlis beWedSiac ara iyo ra.

q-ks uoa, am wlis angariSi frangi osefasTan aris.

q-ks uob, am wlis beWedSiac ara aris ra.

q-ks uog, am wlis beWedi yasab-baSTan aris. amis jinSi

aris kW (oci Tumani da xuTi minalTuni). Ãs (Svidi minalTuni

da erTi abazi).

q-ks uÁT, am wlidam mokidebuli Tahvildari ohaneziza-

dam saleko xarjis jinSis jami aris qd (eqvsas oTxi Tumani).

aqedam ergebaT.

kaCu (ocda erTi Tumani da Svidi abazi).

q. dola sarqisadam xarjis jami aris m (ormoci Tumani).

aqedam ergebaT. a w (ToTxmeti minalTuni).

94

q. meagurebidan danaxarji aris l (ocdaaTi Tumani).

aqedam ergebaT.

a f (erTi Tumani da aTi Sauri).

q. gurginbeganT estatedam danaxarji aris la (ocda

TerTmeti Tumani). aqedam ergebaT.

a yn (erTi Tumani, oTxi abazi da erTi Sauri).

q-ks uÁT, am wlidam mokidebuli q-ks uog, am wlamdin

dabRebis xarjis jami aris rlÀ (asocdaTvrameti Tumani).

aqedam ergebaT.

e s (xuTi Tumani da erTi abazi).

q-ks uo, am wlis goris baJidam babalasSvili avTandi-

lasi id (ToTxmeti Tumani). aqedam ergebaT.

wm (xuTi minalTuni orSauri naklebi).

q-ks uÁT, am wlidam mokidebuli q-ks uoa, am wlis apri-

lis gasvlamdin xarazebis xarjis jami lzÃ (ocdaCvidmeti

Tumani da Svidi minalTuni). aqedam ergebaT.

a Zs (cameti minalTuni da erTi abazi).

q-ks uoa, am wlis qurCebidam z x (Svidi Tumani da eqvsi

minalTuni). aqedam ergebaT.

cqn (cameti abazi da erTi Sauri).

q-ks uÁd, am wlidam mokidebuli q-ks uoa. am wlamdin sa-

rajebis xarjis jami aris kT (ocda cxra Tumani) aqedam.

a rn (erTi Tumani da sami Sauri).

q-ks uÁT, am wlis giorgobis Tvidam mokidebuli q-ks[?],

am wlis martis gasvlamdin mehmandrebisagan saxurdafruSo

xarjis kami aris keW. (ocdaxuTi Tumani da xuTi minalTuni).

aqedam ergebaT.

jSke (rva minalTuni da TvrametSaur-naxevari).

q. Cilingdrebidan xarji aris À (rva Tumani), aqedam er-

gebaT.

cy (ToTxmeti abazi).

q. nurqeTxudaanT antonadam rkinis xarji aris iT w

(cxrameti Tumani da oTxi minalTuni). aqedam ergebaT.

xy (Svidi minalTuni abaz naklebi).

q. fuRaanT stefanadam aris i (aTi Tumani). aqedam q-ks

uÁe, am wlidam mokidebuli q-ks uog, am wlamdin saponis qva-

bis ijara aris meqvabebTan spilenZi litra rn. amis magieri

spilenZi daxarjula.

Zf (sami minalTuni da aTi Sauri).

95

amaTive xarjis jami aris TeTri pe (oTxmocda xuTi Tu-

mani). spilenZi litra rpv.

q-ks uÁz, am wlidam mokidebuli q-ks uo, am wlis martam-

din bazazebis xarjis jami CRmÀ (aTas Svidas ormocda rva

Tum.).

q-ks uo, am wlidam mokidebuli q-ks uob, am wlamdin aris

xarjis jami CJb (aTas oTxmocda Tormeti Tumani).

q-ks uob, am wlidam mokidebuli q-ks uog, am wlis ian-

vramdin aris jami fmT (xuTas ormocdacxra Tumani). ianvri-

dan mokidebuli q-ks uod, am wlis ianvramdin aris xarjis ja-

mi ukb (oTxas ocda ori Tumani). iqna am Svidis wlis xarjis

jami Zyia (samiaTas rvaas TerTmeti Tumani). amis rusumi er-

gebaT.

q-ks uÁÀ, am welis Celiiqis xarjis jinSis jami aris

moRdisas-Svilze da bezirgnisSvilze CyÁÀ (aTas rvaas rva

Tumani).

ÁeZ (samocda xuTi Tumani da sami minalTuni).

q-ks uÁT, am wlis Celiiqebis angariSi unda daiweros.

q. bezirgnis-Svilis angariSi unda daiweros.

q. erevnis davTari unda gaisinjos.

q-ks uob, am wels Celiiqidam bezirgnisSvils miscemia

(?) mxeiZis minacemis farCis valSi ie (TxuTmeti Tumani). amis

rusumi

Wsn (xuTi minalTuni da xuTi Sauri).

q-ks uob, am aTis Tvis Celiiqis jinSis jami S (cxraasi

Tumani). aqedam ergebaT~.

laW (ocda TerTmeti Tumani da xuTi minalTuni) (masa-

lebi..., 1955: 80-83).

dokumentis specifikidan gamomdinare, teqstis zusti

gageba sakmaod rTul amocanas Seadgens da SesaZlebelia Cve-

neul msjelobaSi xarvezebi gaiparos.

Tavdapirvelad aRvniSnavT, rom pirveli punqti gan-

sxvavdeba teqstis danarCeni nawilisagan da aq miTiTebuli ar

aris moxeleTa sargo. amitom mas mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.

dokumentSi moxsenebulia CvenTvis ukve nacnobi ori —

burnioTis da goris baJis — ijara. sxva uamrav dokumentze

dayrdnobiT, zemoT aRvniSneT, rom burnioTis, anu Tambaqos

wliuri ijaris fasi ganisazRvreboda 500-600 TumniT, xolo

goris baJi ki 140 TumniT. gansaxilvel dokumentSi ki qoro-

nikoniT uob anu 1784 wels Tambaqos ijaradaris tulaSvilis

xarji Seadgenda 57 Tumans anu 570 maneTs, uo wels anu 1782

96

wels 51 Tumans, xolo sxva 2 welSi 123 Tumans; goris baJis

ijaradris babalaSvilis xarjis jami 14 TumaniT, anu 140 ma-

neTiT ganisazRvreboda.

SedarebiTi analizis fonze SeiZleba Semdegi daskvna

gavakeToT: dokumentSi, sadac gansazRvrulia `xarjis jami“,

Seesabameba ara saxelmwifo gadasaxads mTlianad, aramed am

gadasaxadis meaTeds, romelic sxvadasxva moxeleebs — sax-

lTuxucess, mdivanebs, mordlebs, mouravs, eSikaRasbaSs da

a.S. ekuTvnoda. sxva wyaroebiTac dasturdeba, rom moxele-

ebs pirdapiri gadasaxadebidan daaxloebiT meaTedi ergebo-

daT. xolo salaros moxeleTa `rusumi~ moxeleTa saerTo wi-

lis ocdamervedi iyo. anu salaros moxeleni saerTo gadasa-

xadis orasmeoTxmoceds iRebdnen (goris ijaris fasi 1400

maneTia. salaros moxeleebi ki iRebdnen 5 maneTs).

Cveni logikiT SegviZlia zogierTi amqris saxelmwifo

gadasaxadebis odenoba aRvadginoT. qoronikoniT uÁT dan

anu 1781 wlidan uob-mde anu 1784 wlis mariamobisTvemde

nalbandebis xarjis jami (anu moxeleTa sargo) 910 maneTi yo-

fila. 3 weliwadSi da 7 TveSi saxelmwifo xarji nalbandebs

eTxovebodaT 9100 maneTi. gamodis, rom wliurad nalbande-

bis amqari ibegrebodaY 243 TumniT anu 2430 maneTiT.

meagureebidan moxeleTa xarji Seadgenda 30 Tumans anu

300 maneTs. maTi saxelmwifo gadasaxadi ki iqneboda 3000 mane-

Ti. Tumca dokumentSi ar Cans zustad es xarji erTi wlis iyo

Tu metis. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRniSnul xarjs 2 welze gadava-

nawilebT, miviRebT 1500 maneTs.

1781 wlidan 1785 wlamde dabaRebis36

moxeleTa xarjis

jami iyo 138 Tumani. saxelmwifo xarji ki 4 weliwadSi 1380

Tumani iqneboda. weliwadSi dabaRebis saxelmwifo gadasaxa-

di 3450 maneTiT ganisazRvreboda.

1781 wlidan 1783 wlis aprilis bolomde xarazebis mo-

xeleTa xarjis jami Seadgenda 37 Tumansa da 7 minalTuns. xa-

razebi, Cans, 2 wlis da 4 Tvis manZilze saxelmwifos sasar-

geblod ixdidnen 377 Tumans — weliwadSi ki 1570 maneTs.

1783 wels qurqCebidan37

moxeleebi iRebdnen 7 Tumans da

6 minalTuns. gamodis, rom maTi saxelmwifo wliuri gadasa-

xadi 76 Tumani, anu 760 maneTi iyo.

36 dabaRi — meprakate, tyavis gamomqneli ostati (masalebi..., 1957:

13). 37 qurqCi — bewveulis mkeravi, qurqebis xelosani (masalebi..., 1957: 43).

97

1776 wlidan 1783 wlmde sarajebisagan moxeleebs ekuT-

vnodaT 29 Tumani. maTi wliuri saxelmwifo xarji 400 maneTs

Sedgenda.

mehmandarebis38

saxelmwifo gadasaxads zustad ver gan-

vsazRvravT, radgan moxeleTa wili 25 Tumani da 5 minalTuni

ramden welzea gawerili ar Cans. rom davuSvaT es gadasaxadi

oTxi wlis (radgan sawyisi weli 1781-ia, xolo dakumentSi

ukanaskneli aTvlis weli 1785) jamia, gamodis, mehmandarebs

wliurad 630 maneTis gadaxda uwevdaT.

Cilingdrebis39

gadasaxadi ki 800 maneTi Cans.

`nurqeTxudaanT antonadam rkinis xarji aris~ 19,4 Tu-

mani. saxelmwifo gadasaxadi gamodis 1940 maneTi. Tumca Se-

uZlebelia davakonkretoT es iyo rkiniT vaWrobis Tu war-

moebis gadasaxadi.

teqstidan SeuZlebelia sapnis qvabis ijaris fasis aR-

dgena.

Semdeg ukve konteqsti icvleba. aRar Cans moxeleTa

rusumi. Cveni varaudiT, am SemTxvevaSi srul saxelmwifo ga-

dasaxadTan unda gvqondes saqme.

bazazebis 7 wlis xarjis jami 3 811 TumaniT aris gansaz-

Rvruli. Tumca dokumentis sxva adgilas aRniSnulia, rom 3

wlis manZilze (1781, 1782, 1784 wlebSi) `beWdis~ ijara, rome-

lic wliurad 500 TumniT ganisazRvreboda, bazazebis Tanxa-

Si iyo. amdenad bazazebis 7 wlis saxelmwifo gadasaxadi 2300

Tumani iqneboda, rac wliuri 3300 maneTs udrida.

dokumentis bolos ki mocemulia Celieqidan anu saba-

Jos Semosavlidan gaRebuli danaxarji.

rac Seexeba pirvel punqts, rogorc zemoT iTqva, ar

aris miTiTebuli moxeleTa sargo da bazazebis xarjis msgav-

sad aqac saqme unda gvqondes srul saxelmwifo gadasaxad-

Tan. aruTina xurda fruSis, romelic, savaraudod, iyo mew-

vrilmaneTa amqris ufrosi — ustabaSi,40

saxelmwifo gadasa-

xadi 3 wlis manZilze (1782-84 ww.) yofila 582 Tumani da 7 mi-

38 m. berZniSvilis ganmartebiT, `mehmandari~ aris mestumre, moxele

mefis karze (masalebi..., 1957: 26), Tumca aq aSkarad sxva konteqstiT

ixmareba. 39 Cilingdari — zeinkali, kliteebis da misTanebis mkeTebeli (masa-

lebi..., 1957: 48). 40

xurda fruSi mewvrilmaned ixsenieba wyaroebSi.

98

nalTuni (maneTi). gamodis rom mewvrilmaneebi wliurad xazi-

nis sasargeblod ibegrebodnen 1900 maneTiT.

Cven mier CamoTvlili 11 msxvili amqris saxelmwifo ga-

dasaxadi daaxloebiT 18 000 maneTs udrida. uxeSi gaTvle-

biT yvela Tbilisur amqars saxelmwifos sasargeblod unda

gadaexada sul mcire 20 000 maneTi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im

faqts, rom savaWro operaciebis dros vaWrebi maRali sabaJo

tarifiT ibegrebodnen, TavisTavad warmoudgenelia, rom xe-

losnuri warmoeba Tavisufali yofiliyo gadasaxadebisagan.

amave dros savaraudoa, rom am gadasaxadebis nawils saxel-

mwifo iRebda naturiT (lekebisaTvis misacem farCas, samefo

karis saWiroebisaTvis sxvadasxva nawarms da aS.).

* * *

qalaqis xelosan-vaWarTa fena, anu moqalaqeebi, ixdid-

nen agreTve, maxtas da mals. q. Tbilisis maxta ganisazRvrebo-

da 4000 maneTiT. maxtis gamomRebi moqalaqeebi gadaxdisuna-

rianobis mixedviT 17 jgufad iyo dayofili. pirvel jgufSi

moxvedrili moqalaqeebi maxtis angariSSi ixdidnen 40 maneTs.

ukanaskneli — 17 jgufi — 1 maneTs. maxtis gamomRebi iyo aseve

gori, Telavi, siRnaRi, axalgori, cxinvali da sxva qalaqebi;

mali suladobrivi gadasaxadi iyo. srulwlovani mamakaci ix-

dida `mTel malis~ 1 man. 20 kapiks (qoiava, 1963: 200; dumbaZe,

1990: 368). sul qalaqebis mosaxleobis saxelmwifo gadasaxade-

bi daaxloebiT 10-15 aTasi maneTiT ganisazRvreboda.

aseTi iyo vaWroba-xelosnobidan, SedarebiT didi sam-

rewvelo obieqtebidan da qalaqebis mosaxleobisagan miRebu-

li saxelmwifo Semosavlebi. Cveni gaTvlebiT am sferoebidan

saxelwifo Semosavali wliurad 230 000 maneTs aWarbebda.

saxelmwifo Semosavlebis gazrdisaTvis erekle II-is

RonisZiebebi SeumCneveli, cxadia, ucxoel mogzaurebsac ar

darCeniaT. germaneli iakob rainegsi imereTis samefos mZime

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis aRweris Semdeg aRniSnavs: `sul

sxva mdgomareobaSia saqarTvelos is mosaxleoba, romelic

mefe erekles xelqveiT cxovrobs... yvela sargebeli gamoc-

xadebul iqna kanonierad; eZebdnen yovel SesaZlo saSuale-

bas, raTa ebrwyinaT; da garkveuli danaklisis Sevseba vaW-

rebs miando, romlebic ruseTidan, sparseTidan da TurqeTi-

dan am mxareSi vaWrobdnen. qveSevrdomTagan umaRlesni Tavis

batonis kars baZavdnen. Tuki es CacmaSi, sufrasa da qcevaSi

yvela danarCenze ufro brwyinvalea, arc imaT surdaT nak-

99

lebi yofiliyvnen da roca yoveli maTgani saWiro saSuale-

bebze fiqrobda, memindvreoba da mesaqonleoba yvelaze sa-

sargeblod eCvenebodaT. georgieli glexi aorkecebs Tavis

jafas da asmagi siuxviT xels uwyobs Tavisi batonis xarje-

bis dafarvas...~ (rainegsi, 2002: 180).

rogorc vxedavT, saxelmwifos ekonomikurma politikam

mokle xanSi dadebiTi Sedegebi gamoiRo. 10-15 weliwadSi TiT-

qmis nulovani niSnulidan vaWroba-mrewvelobidan miRebulma

Semosavlebma saxelmwifo biujetSi didi adgili daikava.

§ 6. samefo karis RonisZiebebi intensiuri

meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis

vaWroba-mrewvelobis ganviTarebis paralelurad same-

fo kari soflis meurneobis aRorZinebazec zrunavda. `osma-

loba-yizilbaSobis~ da lekTa gamudmebuli TareSis gamo

qveynis mosaxleoba mniSvnelovnad iyo Semcirebuli. zogier-

Ti provincia (magaliTad, somxiT-sabaraTiano) mosaxleobi-

sagan daicala. Sewyvetili iyo intensiuri meurneoba. mdgo-

mareobis gamosasworeblad saWiro iyo mSvidobis damyareba.

samefo xelisuflebam qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis gan-

mtkicebisa da meurneobis normalurad kvlavwarmoebisaTvis

daiwyo cixe-simagreebis mSenebloba. am procesma grandio-

zuli saxe miiRo. SekeTda rogorc yvela Zveli TavdacviTi

obieqti, aseve aSenda mravali axali cixe-simagre. TavdacviT

nagebobebis mSeneblobaSi kolosaluri Tanxebi daixarja.

wyaroebSi uxvad mogvepoveba cnobebi cixe-simagreTa

mSeneblobis Sesaxeb. saerTod, am periodSi ar darCenila arc

erTi dasaxlebuli punqti, romelsac TavdacviTi samagre ar

hqonoda. giuldenStedti gadmogvcems: `.. umetesad yovel

sofels aqvs erTi an ramdenime... mrgvali koSkebi. Tavdacvis

dros qveda sarTulze Tavs afareben qalebi da bavSvebi, ze-

da sarTulze ki ikrebebian SeiaraRebuli kacebi da esvrian

yaCaRebs. bevr sofels aqvs... kedliT garSemotymuli.... oT-

xkuTxa moednebi karebebiTa da sasroli koSkebiT. aseT adgi-

lebSi, romlebsac cixeebi hqviaT an ar cxovroben an cxovro-

ben cotani; Tavdasxmis dros yvelani cdiloben am cixeebSi

gadairCinon Tavi saqonliTa da qonebiT~ (giuldenSted-

tis..., 1962: 250-251).

oman xerxeuliZis cnobiT erekle II-s 160 cixe-simagre

augia (xerxeuliZe, 1989: 74)

100

cixe-simagreTa SenebiT samefo xelisufleba intensiu-

ri meurneobis warmoebisaTvis metnaklebad usafrTxo gare-

mos Seqmnas cdilobda.

1770 wels Sedgenili statistikuri monacemebis mixed-

viT qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi 42 000 komli cxovrobda (qar-

Tuli..., 1965: 420-422). momdevno periodSi sxvadasxva Ronis-

Ziebebis (ukacrieli adgilebis dasaxlebis da sxva) da buneb-

rivi gamravlebis Sedegad es cifri 45 aTasamde unda gazrdi-

liyo. zogierT komlSi ori da meti ojaxi iyo gaerTianebu-

li. `morige jaris~ oqmebiT dasturdeba, rom TuS-fSav-xev-

suris gamoklebiT qveyanaSi 60 aTasi brZolisunariani mama-

kaci iyo. es cifri metnaklebad Seesabameba zemoT moyvanil

statistikur maCvenebls.

1770 wlis aRweris, georgievskis traqtatze darTuli

qarTl-kaxeTis TavadaznaurTa nusxis (qarTuli..., 1965: 483-

492) da sxva statistikuri maCveneblebis mixedviT qarTl-kaxe-

Tis mosaxleobis socialuri Semadgenloba ase gamoiyureboda:

101

samefo karis erT-erT mTavar sazrunavs ukacrieli ad-

gilebis dasaxleba Seadgenda. am mizniT daiwyo RonisZiebebi,

romelsac myreloba ewodeboda. qarTlis da kaxeTis Tava-

daznaurTa SeiaraRebuli jgufebi miavlines yarabaxsa da na-

xiCevanSi, `osmaloba-yizilbaSobis~ dros, gaqceuli glexe-

bis ukan dasabruneblad. aseve `yizilbaSobis~ dros qarTli-

dan kaxeTSi gaqveul glexebsac evalebodaT dabrunebuliy-

vnen Tavis Zvel sacxovrebelSi. osmalobis dros kaxeTSi

xiznad wasul glexebs, xandazmulobis principiT SeeZloT

iqve darCena (soselia, 1973: 520-521). moaxalSeneebs mefe ram-

denime wliT gadasaxadebisagan aTavisuflebda....

am periodSi qarTl-kaxeTis teritoriaze SeiniSneba os-

Ta Camosaxleba. qarTlSi Camosaxlebuli osebi samefo-saxa-

so glexTa rigebs avsebdnen (ix. TogoSvili, 1964).

samefo karma XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi scada yabar-

doelebisa da rus kolonizatorTa brZola Tavis sasargeb-

lod gamoeyenebina. erekle II maT saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebis

sanacvlod xelsayrel pirobebs sTavazobda, magram ruseTis

imperiis ZalisxmeviT es gegma ganuxorcielebeli darCa

(bocvaZe, 1963: 113-114).

erekle II mosaxleobis raodenobis gazrdisaTvis, rac

sabolood misi samxedro da ekonomikuri potencialis

zrdas uwyobda xels, ufro radikalur RonisZiebebsac ar

erideboda. magaliTad, 1779 wels, erevanSi samxedro kampani-

is dros, erekle II-m 8 somxuri soflis mosaxleoba ayara da

qarTl-kaxeTis sxvadasxva adgilebSi daasaxla.

aseTi RonisZiebebis Sedegad moSenda gaukacrielebu-

li adgilebi. yovelive amis Sesaxeb Zvirfas cnobebs gvawvdi-

an ucxoeli mogzaurebi. giuldenStedtis cnobiT, XVIII sau-

kunis 60-ian wlebSi yvarelis axlos mdebare soflebi — lo-

miscixe, vefxviscixe — erekle II-m daasaxla. aTwleulis man-

Zilze ki maT gauSenebiaT vazi, gargari, atami da a.S (giul-

denStedtis..., 1962: 31).

iakob rainegsi Tbilisisaken mimaval gzaze, mtkvris na-

pirebze saubrobs moaxalSeneebze, romelTac daumuSavebiaT

gaSlili mindvrebi (rainegsi, 2002: 158).

igive avtori gvamcnobs, rom somxiTi `Sedgeba bevri di-

di samflobelosagan, rogoricaa kota, zemo da qvemo bolni-

si. ocdaaTi weli es nayofieri da mSvenieri mxare iyo udabu-

ri da mxolod erekles zrunviT kvlav dasaxlda~ (rainegsi,

2002: 159).

102

darejan dedofals dausaxlebia winwyaro, Sua bolnisi,

qolagiri da qvemo qarTlis sxva soflebi (berZeniSvili...,

1958: 361).

saxelmwifo stimuls aZlevda Tavadaznaurobas, raTa

Tavadac ganexorcielebinaT analogiuri qmedebebi. wyaroeb-

Si uxvad moipoveba aseTi saxis cnobebi. magaliTad, platon

ioselianis cnobiT, daviT yaflaniSvils dausaxlebia `som-

xiTi mterTagan gaoxrebuli~ (ioseliani, 1978: 249). revaz

amilaxvris saxels ukavSirdeba zemo qarTlSi soflebis —

orWosanis da avazanis moSeneba da a.S.

normaluri meurneobis warmarTvisaTvis saWiro iyo

yma-glexebisaTvis stimulis micema. erekle II-m darRvia sa-

Tavadoebis karCaketili zRudeebi da uSualod Caeria bato-

nisa da ymis urTierTobebSi. imdenad SeizRuda mebatonis

uflebebi, rom glexis urCobiT gawamebuli batoni erekles

werda: `Tqvenis wyenis uRono gaxlavarT, Torem Cems ymas ro-

gor ver davimorCileb~-o (soselia, 1973: 523). mefe erTi

mxriv krZalavda glexTa urCobas — `yazaxobas~, — meore

mxriv ki mebatoneebs, sakuTari ymis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi,

akisrebda pasuxismgeblobas. mefem sastikad akrZala Zala-

doba, arasanqcirebuli gadasaxadebis dadeba da a.S.

mniSvnelovani iyo sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi — 1765

wlis kanoniT tyveobidan sakuTari saxsrebiT Tavdaxsnil

ymebs Tavisufleba eniWebidaT da, Sesabamisad, Zveli mebato-

neebi maTze uflebebs kargavdnen (Грузинские..., 1882: 17).

1770 wlis brZanebiT erekle II-m akrZala ymaTa umiwod

gayidva (soselia, 1973: 525).

yovelive es xels uwyobda intensiuri meurneobis gan-

viTarebas. gaizarda aTvisebuli miwebis raodenoba. glexur

meurneobaSi didi adgili eWira tradiciul dargebs — memin-

dvreobasa da mevenaxeobas. aseve misdevdnen teqnikuri kul-

turis — selis, bambis, brinjis, Tambaqos — moyvanasac. ganvi-

Tarda meabreSumeobac. mesaqonleobas ZiriTadad mTian

zolsa da TaTris elebiT dasaxlebul adgilebSi misdevdnen

(akofaSvili, 1973: 533-534).

vaWroba-mrewvelobis ganviTarebam, qalaqebis gafar-

Toebam da Sesabamisad soflis meurneobis produqciaze

moTxovnilebis zrdam, saxelmwifo naturaluri gadasaxade-

bis (da zogierTi sabatono gadasaxadis) fulad gadasaxadad

qcevam, glexoba aiZula Cabmuliyo fulad-sasaqonlo urTi-

erTobaSi. glexoba mWidrod daukavSirda bazars. maT Tavian-

103

Ti produqcia gahqondaT axlomdebare bazrebze. zogjer Ca-

diodnen qalaqSic. umetesad ki vaWrebi dadiodnen soflebSi

da adgilze iZendnen saqonels. kaxeTSi maT menogneebi ewo-

debodaT (akofaSvili, 1973: 535).

fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebis ganviTareba xels

uwyobda glexTa diferenciacias. iyvnen gaRaribebuli, umi-

wo glexebic da arsebobda SeZlebul glexTa kategoriac,

romlebic Tavis meurneobaSi daqiravebul Sromasac iyeneb-

dnen. i. anTelava XVIII saukunis meore naxevris aTasobiT nas-

yidobis sigelze dayrdnobiT askvnis, rom glexebi Tavadaz-

naurebze gacilebiT xSirad gvevlinebodnen miwebis myidve-

lis rolSi (anTelava, 1977: 72) aqedan gamomdinare gaxSirda

glexTa batonymobidan Tavdaxsnis faqtebi. am procesiT sa-

mefo karic yofila dainteresebuli. azat-Tarxan-Tavdax-

snili glexebisagan igi qmnida samxedro Zalebs.

1755 wels alyaSi moqceuli yvarelis cixis gasamagreb-

lad mefem Semdeg zomas mimarTa. man mouwoda sakuTar jars:

`romelic inebebs da Tavisis gulovnebiT mindomiT warvals

da Sevals cixesa yvarelisasa da ... Tavis garjasa da Tavs ar

dazogavs, Cvenc... glexs kacs, kacze oTx Tumans, ors sakom-

lo mamulsa da siTarxnes mivcemTo~. am mowodebas 200 glexi

gamoexmaura. anu erTdroulad 200 glexis gaTarxneba-gaaza-

teba momxdara (dumbaZe, 1973: 557).

Tavadi ioane orbeliani 1803 wels cicianovisadmi moxse-

nebaSi acxadebda, rom qveyanaSi Tavisufali glexebi bevrni

iyvnen. maTi raodenoba 600-mde aRwevda. garda amisa, Tavadi

miuTiTebda `TofCebze~ anu mezarbazneebze, romlebic aseve

Tavisufal glexTa rigebs avsebdnen. sul qveyanaSi 400 mezar-

bazne yofila (АКАК, 1868: 288).

saerTod Tarxan glexTa ricxvi qveyanaSi 1000 komls

aRwevda, romlebic avsebdnen mefis samxedro Zalebs. isini

samefo karisaTvis warmoadgendnen erT-erT axal dasay-

rdens Zalas, rogorc sagareo mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolve-

lad, aseve mkacri saSinao politikis gatarebisaTvis.

fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebis ganviTareba (rome-

lic Zirs uTxrida naturalur meurneobas), vaWroba-mrewve-

lobis gafarToeba, saqalaqo cxovrebis dawinaureba did

dartymas ayenebda tradiciul Tavadur meurneobas. aSkara

gaxda, rom araracionalurad damuSavebuli saerTo sagvare-

ulo mamulebi veRar pasuxobdnen TavadTa moTxovnebs. amis

Sedegad gaxSirda saerTo mamulebis danawileba (gayra) sxva-

104

dasxva saxlebs Soris. aRniSnuli sakiTxis mkvlevarebi er-

Txmad aRniSnaven, rom am dros daiwyo miwebis didi amoZrave-

ba. iese oses Ze aRniSnavda, rom qarTl-kaxeTSi `merme mrava-

li kaci iyo nasyidobis mqone da qveyanaSi diaR Zneli Semosa-

Rebia nasyidobis moSla~ (iese baraTSvilis..., 1950: 42).

XVIII saukunis II naxevris aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi

soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani Se-

niSvnebi gamoTqva prof. g. naTaZem. mkvlevarma yuradReba mi-

aqcia miwis nakveTebis gayidvis faqtebs da SeniSna, rom erTi

mxare zedmeti miwisagan Tavisufldeboda, meore ki nakveTs

`asworebda~, amrgvalebda da amiT mamulis `SemoRobva~ xde-

boda. aseve sainteresoa misi SeniSvnebi memamuleTa angariSi-

anobis ganviTarebis Sesaxebac — `mebatoneebma daiwyes mkac-

ri aRricxva glexTa valdebulebebisa, SemoiRes davTrebi,

adgendnen ymaTa siebs da a.S.~ (naTaZe, 1930: 127-313).

SedarebiT axladaRzevebuli memamuleebis da zogierT

ZirZvel TavadiSvilTa mamulebSic am dros vxvdebiT er-

Tgvar siaxleebs. am tipis memamuleebi gansakuTrebiT arian

dainteresebulni TavianTi mamulebis Semosavlianobis

zrdisaTvis axali gzebis ZiebiT, racionalizaciiT. maTi me-

urneobebi mkacr aRricxva-angariSsworebaze iyo damyarebu-

li. aseTi tipis siaxleebi, TumaniSvilTa mamulebis ganxil-

vis fonze, detalurad aqvs Seswavlili mkvlevar g. akofaS-

vils naSromSi: `manuCar TumaniSvilis meurneoba~ (akofaSvi-

li, 1966: 405-411).

aseT mamulebSi ugulebelyofili iyo sabatono miwebis

glexTa SromiTi begaris saSualebiT damuSaveba da is gaice-

moda saRaled. es iyo erTgveri ijaris forma. memamuleebi

miwis arc erT nawils ar tovebdnen daumuSavebels. zogjer,

sabatono miwebi glexebze saziarod gaicemoda. aseTi same-

urneo saqmianobiT isini iRebdnen did Semosavals. memamule-

ebi mWidrod daukavSirdnen bazars (ix. akofaSvili, 1966). maT

meurneobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekava teqnikuri mcenare-

ebis moyvanas. giuldenStedti am faqtis Sesaxeb werda: `... ma-

memuleebi cdilobdnen meti teqnikuri mcenareebi moeyva-

naT, gansakuTrebiT bambis da TuTis xis gaSenebas misdev-

dnen~ (giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 255).

axali tipis Tavadebis (pomeSCikebis) gaCena (leoniZe,

oseSvili, arRuTaSvili, TumaniSvilebi...) qmnida axal say-

rden Zalas mefis politikis gatarebisaTvis.

105

bevr ZirZvel saTavados wevr TavadiSvils, `osmaloba-

yizilbaSobis~ da lekianobis gamoisobiT, yma-glexebi Zal-

zed mcire raodenobiT SerCaT. fulad-sasaqonlo urTier-

Tobis ganviTarebam zogierTis qoneba kreditorTa xelSi

moaqcia. am TavadTa umetesoba XVIII saukunis ukanasknel me-

samedSi dasaxlda TbilisSi da maT umTavres Semosavlis wya-

rod mefis karze samsaxuri iqca (magaliTad, mzeWabuk orbe-

liani, ciciSvilebis umravlesoba da a.S.). TavadTa es nawi-

lic samefo karis erT-erTi dasayrdeni gaxda. erTi sityviT

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi qveyanaSi Seiqmna saTanado pirobebi

intensiuri meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis da ameve dros me-

mamuleTa rigebSi Camoyalibda centraluri xelisuflebi-

saTvis axali dasayrdeni Zala.

§ 7. samefo karis RonisZiebebi saxaso

yma-mamulebis gafarToebisaTvis

1764 wlidan mefem daiwyo `osmaloba-yizilbaSobis~

dros feodalTa mier miTvisebuli miwebis ukan dabruneba

(dumbaZe, 1973: 527).

amavdroulad erekle II-m gaauqma yazax-borCalo, baida-

ris saxanoebi, aragvis da qsnis saerisTavoebi, saamilaxvros

CamoaWra dimitri amilaxvaris kuTvnili yma-mamuli. am radi-

kaluri zomebis Sedegad mefis saxaso mamulebi mkveTrad ga-

izarda. xolo saxaso glexTa fondi daaxloebiT 18 aTasamde

komliT Seivso.41

sxvadasxva danaSaulisaTvis Tavadebis yma-mamulis kon-

fiskaciis gziTac izrdeboda saxaso mamulebi.42

saxaso ymebis ricxvi mravldeboda aseve CrdiloeT kav-

kasiidan, erevnis saxanodan da sxva adgilebidan Camosaxle-

bul mosaxleobis xarjze. magaliTad, giuldenStedtis cno-

41 1770 wlis statistikuri monacemebiT aragvis saerisTavoSi 2000

komli qarTveli da 2000 komli osi, qsnis saerisTavoSi — 1600 kom-

li qarTveli da 2000 komli osi, borCalosa da bambakis xeobaSi 2500

komli somexi da TaTari, yazaxSi 3000 komli TaTari da 1200 komli

somexi, SamSadiloSi 2200 komli TaTari da 1200 komli somexi

cxovrobda; demetre amilaxvriSvilis kuTvnili ymebi Seadgenda

daaxloebiT 150 komls. 42

magaliTad, kanonis daumorCileblobisaTvis qalaqis mouravs,

ciciSvils, CamoerTva aznauri meRvineTuxucesisSvilebi.

106

biT, erekle II-m muRanis velidan Camoasaxla 250 ojaxi Turqma-

ni da Seqmna soflebi — muRanlo, yafaCi da yizil-hanjili (gi-


erekle II-m samefo saxsrebiT 10 000-mde tyve gamoixsna,

rac mas 400 000 maneTi daujda (dumbaZe, 1990: 345). maTi gar-

kveuli raodenoba, ra Tqma unda, sabatono glexi iqneboda da

isini saxaso glexebad iqcnen.

mefes kaxeTSi gaaCnda ramdenime aTasi yma (mag., lomis

cixesa da vefxis cixeSi 40-40 yma, eniselSi 45 yma, kalaurSi

40 yma, norioSi 55 yma da aS),43

xolo qiziyi mTlianad saxaso

sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. samefo sakuTrebaSi Sedioda Tu-

SeTi (1400 komli), fSavi (1000 komli) da xevsureTi (1200 kom-

li). saxaso ymebi iyvnen qarTlis baris mcxovrebTa garkveu-

li nawili (mag., sofeli diRomi, navTluRi da sxv.) da qala-

qebSi mcxovrebTa umravlesoba.

samefo karis politikam (da sxva bunebrivma garemoe-

bebma) mniSvnelovnad Searyia saTavadoTa ekonomikuri Zlie-

reba. iseTi didi saTavadoebi, rogorebic iyvnen sayaflaniS-

vilo, samuxranbatono da saamilaxvro, mefis yma-mamulTan

SedarebiT mcire mflobelebad iqcnen. TiToeul am saTava-

doSi ymaTa ricxvi 300-500 komliT ganisazRvreboda. maSin,

rodesac mefe qalaqebis da mTis mosaxleobis CaTvliT 30 000

komlze meti yma-glexis mflobeli iyo.44

saxaso mamulebis

mmarTvelad mefe mouravebs niSnavda. iyo didi da mcire sa-

mouraoebi. didi samouraoebi iyo — Tbilisis, qiziyis, TuSe-

Tis, fSavis, xevsureTis, SamSadilis, borCalos, bambakis, go-

ris, Telavis, sagarejos, suramis da sxv. sul qarTl-kaxeTSi

70-ze meti didi da mcire samouravo iyo (ioseliani, 1978:

263-267). grafikulad ymebis mflobelobis procentuli maC-

venebeli XVIII saukunis miwurulisaTvis ase gamoiyureba:

43 komlTa raodenoba miaxloebiTia. ganvsazRvreT S. xanTaZis mier

gamoqveynebuli sursaTis Seweris davTrebis mixedviT (ix., xanTaZe,

1955) 44

ereklem XVIII saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saxaso yma-mamu-

lebis soliduri raodenoba ufliswulebs uwyaloba, ramac Tavisi

uaryofiTi Sedegi maleve gamoiRo. XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis sa-

dedoflo (mariamis da darejanis) da saufliswulo ymaTa ricxvi

4883 komls Seadgenda (janaSvili, 1899: 113-114). anu saufliswulo-

Ta Seqmnis Sedegad, sadedoflo ymaebis gamoklebiT, saxaso ymaTa

ricxvi 3500-4000 komliT Semcirebula.

107

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi xelisufleba gansakuTrebul

mfarvelobas iCenda aznaurTa fenis mimarT. saqarTveloSi

iyvnen samefo, saTavado da saeklesio aznaurebi. droTa gan-

mavlobaSi saTavado aznaurebi mTlianad TavadTa kontro-

lis qveS aRmoCndnen. erekle II-m aznaurebs, umiwod, TavadTa

mitovebis ufleba aRudgina (ix. akofaSvili, 1955). Tavadisa-

gan wamosuli aznaurebi umTavresad samefo aznaurTa rigeb-

Si ewerebodnen. sxvadasxva saTavadoTa gauqmebis gziT mefem

saxaso (anu samefo) aznaurTa ricxvi sagrZnoblad gaafar-

Tova. iyvnen iseTi aznaurebic, romlebic savaWro operaci-

ebSi iyvnen CarTulni. XVIII saukunis bolo meoTxedSi qarTl-

kaxeTis samefoSi 320-mde aznaurTa gvaridan (daaxloebiT

1700 ojaxi) 130-ze meti samefo aznauri iyo45

(daaxloebiT 700

45 1783 wlis Tavad-aznaurTa nusxiT qarTlSi 82 saxaso aznaurTa sagva-

reulo iyo. 1787 wlidan maT rigebs Seemata qsnis erisTavisSvilis 18 az-

nauris gvari. kaxeTis 36 aznauris gvaric saxaso aznaurebad iTvlebod-

nen. saxaso aznaurTa garda eklesias ekuTvnoda 13 aznauris sagvareulo

108

ojaxi). zogierTi maTgani sakmaod did kapitals flobda. me-

fe maT maRal saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze niSnavda (enakono-

faSvili, WumburiZe, yorRanaSvili da sxva). raRa Tqma unda,

aznaurTa es mravalricxovani fena mefis axal sayrden Zalas

warmoadgenda.

did saTavadoTa da saxaso aznaurTa mflobelobis Se-

darebiTi maCvenebeli grafikulad ase gamoiyureba:

(70-mde ojaxi). danarCeni 170 aznauris sagvareulo (900-mde ojaxi) 62 Ta-

vadis (300-mde ojaxi) sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. aznaurTa did mflobe-

lebad gvevlinebian TavadTa Semdegi sagvareuloebi: ciciSvilebi (36

aznauris sagvareulos mflobelni), orbelianebi (28 aznauris sagvareu-

los mflobelni), abaSiZeebi (19 aznauris sagvareulos mflobeli), mux-

ranbatoni (13 aznauris sagvareulos mflobeli), amilaxvrebi (12 aznau-

ris sagvareulos mflobeli) da a.S. (qarTuli..., 1965 483-492).

109

§ 8. saxelmwifo Semosavlebi

yma-glexTa gadasaxadebidan

am dros qarTl-kaxeTis soflad mcxovrebi yvela glexi

saxelmwifos sasargeblod ixdida sxvadasxva gadasaxads.

upirvelesi gadasaxadi iyo sursaTi, TiToeul komlze 3 ko-

dis puris odenobiT (ori wili xorbali, erTi qeri). sul

qarTl-kaxeTSi saxaso, saTavado da saeklesio glexebi ix-

didnen 45 000-mde kodis purs. am gadasaxads daaxloebiT

15000 komli ixdida. sursaTi ar SeewerebodaT Tarxnebs (1000

komli), Tavadaznaurobas (2000 komli), qalaqis mosaxleobis

umetesobas (6000 komli), mTis mosaxleobas (10 000 komli), ax-

lad dasaxlebul moaxalSeneebs, gaRaribebul glexebs — bo-

ganoebsa da oblebs (2000-dan 3000 komlamde), yazax-borCalo,

SamSadilis da qarTl-kaxeTis `TaTarTa~ mejogeebs (6000-ze

meti komli. isini mefis sasargeblod maxtas ixdidnen). im-

droindeli fasebiT 1 kodis puri 1 maneTi Rirda da amdenad,

am naturaluri gadasaxadis realuri sabazro Rirebuleba

45 000 maneTs Seadgenda. iyo SemTxvevebi, rom gadasaxadi na-

xevrad naturiT, naxevrad ki fulis saxiT ikribeboda.

meore saxelmwifo gadasaxadi iyo `samaspinZlo~. es iyo

naturaluri gadasaxadi da sxvadasxva produqtisagan Sedge-

boda (puri, Rvino, saklavi). iyo SemTxvevebi, roca `samaspin-

Zlo~ fulis saxiT ikribeboda (akofaSvili, 1973: 561). gadasa-

xads agrovebdnen sxvadasxva adgilas — mefis, batoniSvile-

bis, maTi amalis an jaris soflebze gavlis dros. amitom ga-

dasaxadi soflebs araTanabrad xvdebodaT. es garemoeba ga-

dasaxadis raodenobis gansazRvras arTulebs. uxeSi gaTvle-

biT `samaspinZlo~ gadasaxadi wliurad daaxloebiT 15000 ma-

neTis produqcias udrida.

am gadasaxadebis garda xSiri iyo egreT wodebuli

`araCveulebrivi~ gadasaxadebis Sewerac (`saleko~ — lekTa

jaris qiris misacemad, `saruso~ — ruseTis jarisaTvis puris

miyidvis aucilebloba da sxva). am gadasaxadebis realur sa-

bazro Rirebulebas erTgvarad gansazRvravs pavle ciciano-

visadmi saxlTuxuces ioane orbelianis moxseneba: `... rac sa-

qarTvelos mefis samflobeloSi, qristeanT Tu TaTarTa,

debulebas garda rac dros SexvedriT SeswerdebodaT, puri,

qeri, Rvino, arayi, Zroxa, cxvari, erbo, yveli, marili, samar-

110

xo, SeSa da sxva ram nivTi, rac SeswerdebodaT, rom Senaweri

iqneboda Cf (aTas xuTasi Tumani)~ (masalebi..., 1948: 3).

saerTod, glexTa saxelmwifo gadasaxadebi qarTl-ka-

xeTis samefoSi, miaxloebiTi gamoTvlebiT, 70-80 aTasi mane-

Tis produqciiT ganisazRvreboda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sabatono glexebTan SedarebiT

saxaso glexebi naklebad ibegrebodnen, zemoT CamoTvlili

gadasaxadebis garda, maT uwevdaT sxva gadasaxadis gadax-

dac.46

general lazarevis werilidan knoringisadmi irkveva,

rom yazax-borCalos, SamSadilis, baidaris da sxva terito-

riaze mcxovrebi TaTrebi, romlebic mecxoveleobiT iyvnen

dakavebulni, saxelmwifos sasargeblod ixdidnen maxtas —

35 500 maneTis odenobiT. gadasaxadi fuladi iyo da ikribe-

boda SemodgomiT, mejogeebis mTidan dabrunebis Semdeg

(АКАК, 1866: 330).

garda amisa, cnobilia, rom `saxaso soflebs qristea-

neT da TaTarTa saaRdgomo da saSobavo eTxoebodaT~ (masa-

lebi..., 1948: 3). am gadasaxadebidan qarTlis saxlTuxucess

eZleoda 22 Tumani da 7 minalTuni. aRniSnuli sabuTis kon-

teqstidan irkveva, rom saxlTuxucesi am tipis gadasaxadebi-

dan meoceds da zogjer ufro naklebs iRebda. maSasadame, am

gadasaxadis raodenoba qarTlSi minimum 5000 maneTiT gani-

sazRvreba. kaxeTis CaTvliT 10 000 maneTi iqneboda.

mefes qarTl-kaxeTSi gaaCnda, agreTve, zvar-xodabune-

bi. g. naTaZem ganixila sofel xodaSenSi mefis mamulis Semo-

savali. es mamuli 1787 wels samarTavad gadaeca arqimandrit

eufemias. avtori faqtobriv masalebze dayrdnobiT Semdeg

daskvnas gvTavazobs: meurneobis racionalizaciis da miwis

eqspluataciis gaumjobesebuli wesis SemoRebis Sedegad, ga-

partaxebuli mamuli, romelsac 72 Tumani vali edo, eufemiam

moaSena 6-7 wlis manZilze da 1793 wels, mefes, sufTa Semosa-

vali 100 Tumani warudgina (naTaZe, 1930: 127-131).

46 gadasaxadebi ar SeewerebodaT mTis mosaxleobas, romelTa rao-

denoba 10 000 aTas komlamde aRwevda da Tarxan glexebs. amjerad

Cven ar vexebiT arc qalaqis saxaso ymebs.

111

aseTi mamulebi mefis Semosavlis erT-erTi wyaro iyo.

Cveni azriT, samefo zvar-xodabunebidan Semosavali sul co-

ta 10-15 aTas maneTiT ganisazRvreboda.

kaxeTis saxaso soflebi ixdidnen, agreTve, kuluxs `da

sxuas ganwesebuls~ Rvinos. xolo qarTlis saxaso glexebi

Ralas. gadasaxadis gadamxdel glexebs moyalneebi ewodebo-

daT. moyalneebi iyvnen mxolod qarTlis da kaxeTis baris

soflebis saxaso ymebi. maTi ricxvi daaxloebiT 3-4 aTas

komls udrida. mariam da darejan dedoflebisa, aseve bato-

niSvilTa Semosavlebidan Cans, rom erTi komli maT sasargeb-

lod weliwadSi ixdida 4-5 maneTs (janaSvili, 1899: 113-114).

am monacemis mixedviT moyalneTa gadasaxadi saSualod 15 000

maneTs Seadgenda. Cans, agreTve, `TuSisa, fSavisa da kaxeTis saxaso sof-

lebis `sabalaxo~ gadasaxadic. mefes, agreTve, hyolia saku-

Tari `Zroxis naxiri da cxvris fara~ (masalebi..., 1948: 3, 7)

saxelmwifos winaSe glexebi valdebulni iyvnen gaeRoT

SromiTi begara. isini muSaobdnen cixe-simagreTa, gzebis, xi-

debis, sarwyavi arxebis da a.S agebaze. maTsave movaleobas

warmoadgenda saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, samxedro RonisZie-

bebSi monawileobis miReba.

saxelmwifos Semosavals warmoadgenda, agreTve, mamu-

lis gayidvis misagebeli (ramdenime aseuli maneTi), jarimebi

(ramdenime aseuli maneTi), egreT wodebuli `fanjieqi~ — `ese

igi xuTzed erTi. rodesac saqarTvelos jari mtris qveyana-

Si mividoda da iqidam saSovars moitandnen, xuTis Tavs same-

fod aiRebdnen da rac mefes ergeboda iqidam TerTmetisTavi

mqonda...~ acxadebs saxlTuxucesi. mas ki 19 Tumani ergeboda

wliurad. am Cvenebis mixedviT gamodis, rom saSualod `fan-

jieqidan~ samefo Semosavali 2000 maneTi yofila. daaxloe-

biT imave raodenobis Semosavali aiReboda sxvadasxva dana-

SaulisaTvis `jarimebidan~ da konfiskaciidan.

samefo xazinaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekava erevnis da

ganjis saxanoebis xarks. es saxanoebi yovelwliurad erekle

II-s 40 000 maneTs uxdidnen (30 aTass erevani, 10 aTass ganja).

112

§ 9. XVIII saukunis II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

ekonomikis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi

aseTi iyo erekle II-is ekonomikuri koncefciebis praq-

tikaSi danergvis cdebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomikis

aRorZineba mimdinareobda lekTa mudmivi Tavdasxmebis pi-

robebSi, erekle II-is Zalisxmevam XVIII saukunis 70-80-ian

wlebSi Tavisi Sedegebi gamoiRo. dacarielebuli saxelmwi-

fo xazinis nacvlad Seiqmna stabiluri biujeti. Semosavleb-

ma yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 400000 maneTs gadaaWarba.

Cvens mier aRdgenili yvela msxvili saxelmwifo Semo-

savali grafikulad ase gamoiyureba:

sxvadasxva sferoebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis pro-

centuli Sefardeba ase gamoiyureba:

113

qarTl kaxeTis samefos saxelmwifo

Semosavlebis procentuli Sefardeba:

Semosavlebi erevan-

ganjis xarkidan, ma-

mulebis konfiskacie-

bidan, jarimebidan,

`fanjieqidan~. 11%

Semosavlebi vaWroba-

xelosnobidan, msxvili

saxelmwifo sawarmoe-

bidan da qalaqebidan. 55%

Semosavlebi glexTa ga-

dasaxadebidan, 34%

feodaluri saxelmwifoebis SemosavlebSi, rogorc

wesi, mTavari adgili ekava agralur seqtors (ZiriTadad yma-

glexTa gadasaxadebs). qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ki rogorc

vxedavT, uCveulod Zalian maRalia savaWro-samrewvelo seq-

toridan miRebul Semosavlebi. aseTi koniunqtura mxolod

SeiZleba aixsnas erekle II-is ekonomikuri politikiT, rac

saxelmwifos Semosavlebis gazrdisaTvis ekonomikis ganvi-

Tarebis aratradiciul, zemodan Tavs moxveul meTods gu-

lisxmobda. samrewvelo seqtori mTlianad saxelmwifo kon-

trolze iyo ayvanili da xelovnur warmonaqmns warmoadgen-

da. amitom misi momdevno ganviTareba sakmaod myife iyo. swo-

red amis Sedegia is faqti, rom radgan ruseTis imperiis in-

teresebSi aRar Sedioda qarTl-kaxeTSi mrewvelobis mfar-

veloba, XIX saukunis I mesamedSi manufaqturuli warmoeba

qveyanaSi TiTqmis gaqra da man aRorZineba mxolod 30-iani

wlebidan daiwyo. qarTuli saxelmwifos gauqmebam am seq-

114

torze uaryofiTad imoqmeda. ufro sicocxlisunariani aR-

moCnda savaWro-xelosnuri seqtori. ekonomikis am seqtoris

progresis uwyvetobaze metyvelebs 1795-1801 wlebSi qveya-

naSi mimdinare movlenebi: aRa-mahmad xanis Semosevam miwas-

Tan gaaswora qveynis mTavari savaWro-samrewvelo centri —

Tbilisi. mtris Semosevis Sedegad ganadgurda axtala-ala-

verdis madnebic. qarTl-kaxeTis samefom mezoblebis TvalSi

dakarga avtoriteti. ganjis saxano erekles ganudga. damar-

cxebul qveyanaSi lekTa TareSi gaxSirda. dRis wesrigSi idga

aRa-mahmad xanis xelmeored Semosevis saSiSroeba. erekle II-

is gardacvalebam (1798 w.) mdgomareoba ufro daamZima. mra-

vali vaWari gadasaxlda ruseTis sxvadasxva qalaqSi. taxti-

saTvis dawyebuli dinastiuri SuRli saerTo mdgomareobas

kidev ufro amZimebda. yovelive amis fonze vxedavT, rom

ekonomikuri maCveneblebi swrafad ubrundeboda 1795 wlam-

del niSnuls. amis damadasturebelia saijaro fasebi. 1801

wels TiTqmis yvela ijaris — `sabeWdavis~, Tambaqos, yafanis,

samRebroebis, yasabxanis, dabaxanis da sxv. — fasi an utolde-

boda winandel mdgomareobas, andac mcirediT CamorCeboda.

1795 wlamde da mis Semdgom periodis Tbilisis sxvadasxva ija-

raTa (rac did wilad ganasaxierebda zogadad qarTul ekono-

mikas) fasebis da savaWro-saxelosno duqanTa raodenobis Se-

darebiTi grafikuli maCvenebeli ixileT 115-e gverdze.

am monacemebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom

1795 wlis tragediis Sedegad miRebuli eniT auwereli zianis

miuxedavad, qveyanam ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Zvel niSnul-

Tan dabruneba swrafad SeZlo. aqedan gamomdinare sakamaTo

ar unda iyos mosazreba, rom erekle II-is reformebis Sede-

gad, qveyana ganviTarebis uwyvet progress ganicdida. ami-

tom araswor Sefasebad gveCveneba zogadad qarTul istori-

ografiaSi dRemde damkvidrebuli mosazreba, rom TiTqos

qarTuli saxelmwifos ekonomikurma organizmma XVIII sauku-

nis miwurulSi amowura yvela Tavisi SesaZlebloba da qveya-

na gadagvarebisaTvis iyo ganwiruli. vfiqrobT, aseTi Sefa-

sebebi ganapiroba im faqtma, rom sabWoTa istoriografiis

erT-erT mTavar dakveTas ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTis same-

fos gauqmebis gamarTleba warmoadgenda da amitom imperiis

dadebiTi rolis warmoCena didwilad aseT daskvnebze iyo

agebuli.

116

rogorc vxedavT, ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis erek-

le II-is gatarebulma politikam mniSvnelovani rezultati

gamoiRo, ris Sedegadac saxelmwifos Semosavlebi ramde-

njerme gaizarda. aSkaraa, rom xazinis Semosavlebma bevrad

gauswro `dasturlamaliT~ gaTvaliswinebul xarjebs. swo-

red am faqtoriT unda avxsaT is politika, rasac erekle II

axorcielebda centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebis miz-

niT.

yovelive zemoT Tqmuli sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom XVIII

saukunis bolo mesamedSi qveynis ekonomikaSi sruli harmo-

nia sufevda da saxelmwifos Semosavlebi yvela gamowvevas

uzrunvelyofda. es, ra Tqma unda, ase ar iyo. zemoT CamoT-

vlili saxelmwifos Semosavlebi sruli saxiT ikribeboda

mxolod mSvidobian periodSi. mtris Semosevebis pirobebSi,

ra Tqma unda, xazina carieldeboda. iyo SemTxvevebi, roca

samefo kars uxdeboda uaris Tqma zogierT Semosavalze. ma-

galiTad, `morige jaris~ gamoyvanis sanacvlod aRar ikribe-

boda sursaTis gadasaxadi, aRa-mahmad xanis Semosevis Semdeg

dazaralebul Tbiliselebs aRar eTxovebodaT maxta da ma-

li. zogjer moxarke saxanoebi ar ixdidnen gadasaxadebs, ra-

sac mosdevda maT winaaRmdeg samxedro kampaniebi, rac sakma-

od did xarjebs moiTxovda. Semosavlebis gazrdis parale-

lurad gaizarda xarjebic. solidur TanxebTan iyo dakavSi-

rebuli samxedro aRWurvilobis damzadeba da saartilerio

SenaerTis jamagiriT, sakvebiTa da tansacmliT uzrunvel-

yofa. rogorc artileriis oficrebs, aseve `morige jaris~

minbaSebs (aTasisTavebs), fonsadbaSebs (xuTasisTavebs), uz-

baSebs (asisTavebs) da dahbaSebs (aTisTavebs) daniSnuli

hqondaT jamagiri da ulufa. mniSvnelovan xarjebs moiTxov-

da cixe-simagreTa, sarwyavi arxebis mSenebloba, saomari kam-

paniebis warmoeba da sxv. erekle II kolosalur Tanxebs xar-

javda daRestnel mTielTagan motacebul tyveTa daxsnaSi.

aseve daRestnelebs mudmivad miecemodaT ramdenime aTeuli

aTasi maneTis produqcia (ZiriTadad `farCa~) daqiravebul

lekTa jaris jamagirad Tu `mSidobis sayidlad~. sakmaod

gazrdili biurokratiuli aparatis jamagiri da ulufa ram-

denime aTeul aTas maneTs udrida. saxelmwifos gasavlebi-

dan didi adgili eWira `pensiebs~. mefis mcveli razmebis —

qeSikebis, sasaxlis mcvelebis da samefo ojaxis Senaxva xar-

117

jebis erT-erTi mTavari muxli iyo. sxvadasxva qveynebSi gax-

Sirebuli elCobebi Tu ucxoeli elCebis miReba, ra Tqma un-

da, udides Tanxebs moiTxovda.47

es aris saxelmwifos xarje-

bis mxolod erTi nawili. udides Tanxebs moiTxovda, mtris

Semosevebis SemTxvevaSi, qalaqebis da soflebis xelaxla ga-

Seneba. garkveul xarjebTan iyo dakavSirebuli kulturuli

novaciebi (saxelmwifo skolebi da aS.) da sxv. xSiri iyo gauT-

valiswinebeli xarjebic (mag. stiqiuri ubedurebebi da sxv.).

swored amis gamo iyo, rom erekle II xSirad ganicdida finan-

sur kriziss da uxdeboda sxvadasxva qveynebisaTvis Txovna

sesxis gamoyofis Sesaxeb. TvalSisacemi progresis miuxeda-

vad, patara qveynis ekonomikas ar SeeZlo mis winaSe mdgari

yvela gamowvevis uzrunvelyofa.

arsebuli problemebis miuxedavad, erekle II-is ekono-

mikurma politikam, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, mniSvnelovan

Sedegebs miaRwia. axali ekonomikuri garemos Sedegad war-

moqmnili `axali tipis Tavadaznauroba~, Tarxani glexebi da

mZlavri vaWruli fenebi centraluri xelisuflebis mTavar

dasayrdenad iqcnen.

saTavadoTa sistemaze Seteva ukve aRar niSnavda `say-

rdeni totis moWras~.

47 erekle II-is mtkicebiT marto Teimuraz II-is elCobam ruseTSi qve-

yanas 100000 maneTis zarali moutana.

118

Tavi III.

erekle II-is mier qveynis mmarTvelobis

modernizebisaTvis gatarebuli reformebi

saxelmwifo Semosavlebis gazrdis paralelurad erek-

le II-m daiwyo mmarTvelobis sistemis gadaxaliseba. mis mier

gatarebuli reformebi ar iyo erTdroulad gadadgmuli na-

bijebi. is iyo ekonomikuri progresis eqvivalenturi da

zogjer reforma grZeldeboda ramdenime wels imis mixed-

viT, qveyanas im konkretul SemTxvevaSi Tu ra finansuri Se-

saZleblobebi gaaCnda.

samefo kars am saqmianobaSi exmareboda ruseTis imperi-

is gamocdileba. garda imisa, rom qarTvelma saxelmwifo

moRvaweebma uSualod gaicnes am qveynis mmarTvelobis mode-

li, Targmnes araerTi sakanonmdeblo aqti. 1760 wels `brZa-

nebiTa saqarTvelos memkvidrisa da kaxT mefisa irakli Tei-

murazis ZisaTa~ qarTul enaze Targmnes aleqsi mixeilis Zis

Zegliswera (bagrationi, 1964: 013). 1760 welsve ioane xuces

monazonma Targmna petre I-is 1720 wlis `generaluri regla-

menti~. qarTuli Targmani mas uwodebs `sacxado ganwesebas~,

`romeliTac saÃelmwifoni kole[g]iani, romel ars sasamar-

Tloni, agreTve da yoveli maTda saTanamdeboni maTni kance-

lariebi romel ars samwerloebi da kontoris msaxurebi ara

Tu sagareSeoTa mxolod da saSinaoTa dawesebaTa, aramed da

gansagebelTa Tavisisa xarisxisa uumonebriTesad svla aqvT~

(xec., H - 1426). 1784 Telavis seminariis reqtorma gaioz nac-

vliSvilma TbilisSi Targmna petre I-is 1716 wels Sedgenili

`samxedro wesdeba~, romelic Sesdgeboda `samxedro tibiko-

nis~, `samxedro artikulis~, `mokled gamoxatuas samsaju-

loTa gamomZieblobiTa~ da `egzegerciisagan — ganmzadeba

marSisadmi, wodeba da Tanamdeboba polkTa moxeleTa~ (xec.,

H - 193). es Zeglebi gamoxatavdnen petre I-is TiTqmis yvela,

centralizaciisaTvis gatarebul, reformis ZiriTad arss.

xelnawerTa erovnuli centris S fondis # 167 sabuTiT das-

turdeba, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi XVIII saukunis 60-iani

wlebisaTvis arsebobda aleqsandre arCilis Zis naTargmni

saartilerio saxelmZRvanelo, zedmiwevniT zusti geomet-

riuli naxazebiT (xec., S - 167). 1786 wels peterburgSi gaioz

119

reqtormave Targmna ekaterine II-is `nakazi~ (xec., H - 460).

arsebobs cnobebi, rom iTargmna aseve zonenfelsis saxel-

mZRvanelo policiur samarTalSi (surgulaZe, 1952: 6). es

naSromi ekaterine II-is Sedgenil `nakazis~ erT-erTi wyaroa.

ra Tqma unda aseTi masStaburi saxiT sxva qveynis sakanon-

mdeblo Zeglebis Targmna SemTxveviT ar momxdara da, cxa-

dia, erekle II mmarTvelobis sistemis reformirebis dros

garkveulwilad maTac eyrdnoboda.

§ 1. qveynis aRweris sakiTxi

Tavdapirvelad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT aRweraze.

XVIII saukunis II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi qveynis aR-

weris organizebis saqmeSi momxdari cvlilebebis Sesaxeb sa-

gangebo kvleva ar gagvaCnia. sakiTxis ukeT warmosaCenad sa-

Wirod migvaCnia upirvelesad ganvsazRvroT zogadad gvian

Sua saukuneebSi qveynis aRweris mxriv arsebuli mdgomareo-

ba.

qveynis normaluri administrirebisaTvis, Sua saukune-

ebis saqarTveloSi, aRweras gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWe-

boda. samefo kari aRweris Sedegad iRebda informacias, ro-

gorc molaSqreTa, aseve gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa raode-

nobisa da zogadad mosaxleobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

srulfasovani aRweris davTrebi iZleodnen amomwurav in-

formacias mebatoneTa Tu saxaso mamulebSi mcxovrebTa Sei-

araRebis da SeZlebulobis Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi aRwerebis

Catarebas uZvelesi tradicia gaaCnda. rogorc akademikosi

nokoloz berZeniSvili aRniSnavda `...ganviTarebuli feoda-

luri urTierTobebis xanaSi, arsebobda wesi saxelmwifo Se-

mosavlebis aRricxvisa, saxalxod gamomavali laSqris aR-

Tvalvisa.... kidev ufro metyveli cnobebi mogvepoveba Cven

XIII saukuneSi xalxisa da misi qonebis aRweraTa Sesaxeb~ (ja-

vaxiSvili, 1967: 5). dakanonebuli iyo, rom qveyanaSi aRwera

unda Catarebuliyo 7 weliwadSi erTxel. magram, gvian Sua sa-

ukuneebSi, srulfasovani aRweris warmoeba saqarTveloSi

iSviaTad xdeboda. es gamowveuli iyo, erTi mxriv, dampyro-

belTa xSiri okupaciiT da, meore mxriv, centraluri xeli-

suflebis sisustiT.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qarTlis mefe konstantines zaza

fanaskertelisadmi yma-mamulis boZebis sabuTs, sadac aR-

120

niSnulia, rom Tavadis mamulSi mefis `moasili.... versad Se-

vides da vercavin ra saqme daidos~ (gvritiSvili, 1955: 121-

122), iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom mefem am mamulebis aRweris

uflebac daTmo — mefis `moasili~ xom ar Sedis am teritori-

aze. sxvadasxva sabuTebidan Cans, rom mefem es ufleba gar-

kveulad marTlac daTmo da es movaleoba sadroSoebis sar-

dlebs miando. am faqts adasturebs rostom mefis mier givi-

sadmi amilaxvrobis boZebis sigeli: `nebiTa da SewevniTa Ru-

TisaTa Cven, RuTiv aRmarTebulman da RuTiv damyarebulman,

RuTiv gvirgvinosanman, orsave taxtisa da sabatonos mpyro-

bel-mqonebelman, mefeT-mefeman xelmwifeman patronman

rostom da Tanamecxedreman Cvenman dedofalT-dedofalman

patronman mariam... amilaxors patrons givsa, ZmaT TqvenTa

demetres, barZimas, patasa... gagiaxldeT amilaxvrobisa dro-

Sa, SemogartyiT xmali mosrad mebrZolTaA da orgulTa Cven-

Ta. kvalaca pirvelidgan sasardlos saqme garigebuli qon-

daT, awca gagirigeT da dagimkvidreT sargo sardlobisa, ase

rome, rodisaca Temi aiwerebodes, erTis karis Cvenis mdivni-

Ta Tqvens sasardros Tqven aswerdeT....~ (masalebi..., 1948: 87-

88).

rogorc vxedavT, aRweris Catareba sardlis kompeten-

ciad iyo gadaqceuli. qarTlis samefos aRweris Sesaxeb uf-

ro detalur informacias gvawvdis `dasturlamali~: `rode-

sac qarTli awerila da an aiwerebis, am wesiT unda aiwerebo-

des: yaiyulidam SemoyolebiT, TaTarsa da meliqis saulRars

garda, somxiTs, yaiyulis TrialeTs, sabaraTaSviloSi — ama-

zed sabaraTaSvilos sardali wava, erTis mdivani wava, aswers

da davTars daiWers. mefis mdivani wavidodes. zemo qarTlSi,

xeobas aqeT, neZvi da kortaneTi da taSiskaric davTarSi Ca-

vardebis. imis aqaTac saamilaxvaromdi da amilaxoris mamu-

lic. zemo qarTlis sardali da erTi mdivani wava, mdivani as-

wers da davTars daiWers, dedofalis mdivani aswerdes.... sa-

ciciano mxares, sadgers aqeT, batonis droSisa aris. visac

batoni ubrZanebs, is wava da erTi mefis mdivani wahyveba. mdi-

vani aswers da davTars daiWers mefis mdivani. muxranisa ba-

tonis da orsav erisTavis mamuls, romelic kvlav davTarSi

Cavardnila, imaze muxranis batoni da erTi mdivani wavlen.

mdivani aswers da davTars daiWers mefis mdivani~ (qarTu-

li..., 1970A: 517-518).

121

rogorc vxedavT, qveynis aRweras awarmoebda sardali.

mefis kontroli erTi mdivanis TanamonawileobaSi gamoixa-

teboda. mefe nominalurad ereoda am saqmianobaSi. qarTlis

sasardloebi dayofili iyo did saTavadoTa principis gaT-

valiswinebiT da cxadia, aRweris dros sardlebi sakuTari,

viwro Tavaduri, principiT ixelmZRvanelebdnen. kidev uf-

ro rTuli mdgomareoba iqneboda qsnis da aragvis saerisTa-

voebSi. kanonmdeblobiT es teritoria muxranbatonis sasar-

dloSi Sedioda, Tumca Zneli warmosadgenia mZlavr qsnis da

aragvis erisTavebs muxranbatonisTvis misi ymebis aRweris

neba daerToT. Tu rogor mimdinareobda qveyanaSi aRwera, es

kargad Cans 1771 wlis 7 oqtombris daviT erisTavis Sedge-

nil arzidan erekle II-sadmi, sadac is acxadebda: `...Tu amas

brZanebT bevri kaci hyavso, axla xom damaluli aRar aris. me

da Cemi saxliskaci rom viyrebodiT, Cveni kaci xom sul aiwe-

ra da davTrebi Tqvens mdivnebsa aqvT~ (qarTuli..., 1981: 191).

1768 wlamde saerisTavo gauyofeli saTavado iyo da amdenad

is kvlav klasikuri saTavados funqciebiT iyo aRWurvili.

monoliTuri saTavados mosaxleobis Sesaxeb samefo kars

rom bundovani warmodgena hqonda, es aRniSnuli sabuTidan

naTlad dasturdeba.

qveynis aRweraSi rom upirvelesi roli sardals ekuT-

vnoda, es Cans 1721 wlis somxiT-sabaraTianos aRweris dav-

Tridan: `...mefeT mefeman, patronman vaxtang, ...brZana aRwera

TviToeulad, Tvinier kavkasTa: ovsTa da dvalTa, da uCina

sxvaTa kideTa sxvani sardalni da mwignobarni. xolo aRwera

mewinave droSis sabaraTaSvilosa da somxiTisa ubrZana Zesa

Tvissa batoniSvils sardals vaxuStis, da Tana xleba Cven

unarCevesis monis mdivan mwignobaris TumaniSvilis givisa~

(masalani..., 1907: 2-3). aRniSnuli davTari garda imisa, rom

gvidasturebs aRweraSi sardlebis upirveles rols, sxva

mxrivac sainteresoa. XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebamde is Cvenam-

de moRweuli erT-erTi iSviaTi davTaria, romelSic sadro-

Sos mosaxleobis Sesaxeb srulfasovani monacemebia. Cveni

azriT, mewinave sadroSos aRweris srulfasovneba ganapiro-

ba Semdegma uCveulo gamonaklisma: 1721 wels, yaflaniSvil-

Ta sagvareulos warmomadgenelis nacvlad, somxiT-sabara-

Tianos sardlad dainiSna vaxuSti batoniSvili. man ki, ra

Tqma unda, samefo karis interesebis dacviT, srulfasovani

aRwera Caatara. analogiuri aRwera rom iSviaTad tardeboda

122

qarTlis sxva mxareebSi, amas, daviT erisTavis zemoT mota-

nil arzasTan erTad, adasturebs is faqtic, rom Cven sxva

sadroSos analogiuri aRweris davTari ar mogvepoveba. am

mxriv gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba gvaqvs kaxeTis samefoSi,

sadac saTavadoTa sistema ar arsebobda da samefo xelisuf-

leba sakmaod Zlieri iyo. Cven gagvaCnia kaxeTis xalxis aRwe-

ris XVIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis davTari, sadac srul-

fasovani monacemebia mosaxleobis da maTi SeiaraRebis Sesa-

xeb (javaxiSvili, 1967: 7-105).

wina periodisagan gansxvavebiT XVIII saukunis 70-80-ian

wlebSi Sesrulebuli aRweris davTrebi mravlad mogvepove-

ba. esenia aragvis saerisTavos, qsnis saerisTavos, Tbilisis

Semogarenis, Tbilisis, Sida qarTlis da sxva aRwerebi (java-

xiSvili, 1967: 105-256).

saqme isaa, rom 1770-iani wlebidan qarTl-kaxeTis same-

fo xelisuflebam mmarTvelobis centralizaciisaTvis ga-

dadga mniSvnelovani nabijebi. erT-erTi aseTi RonisZieba

feodaluri laSqris mudmivi jariT Canacvleba iyo. `morige

jaris~ Seqmna da funqcionireba pirdapir kavSirSi iyo qvey-

nis aRwerasTan. saWiro gaxda mosaxleobis da maTi SeiaraRe-

bis Sesaxeb utyuari informaciis miReba, romlis gareSe `mo-

riges~ gawera ver moxerxdeboda. amitomac samefo kari qvey-

nis aRweraSi damkvirveblis roliT veRar dakmayofildebo-

da.

XVIII saukunis bolo meoTxedSi qveynis aRweris saqmeSi

samefo xelisuflebis rolis Sesaxeb garkveul informacias

iZleva 1803 wliT daTariRebuli oTar amilaxvris moxseneba:

`...mqonda amilaxvroba, ese igi mefis memarjvene sardloba da

mqonda Semosavali amisi... rodesac qveyana mefis brZanebiT

aRiwereboda da Cemi sasardloc daiwereboda, samwerlo kom-

lzed abazi iyo. im Cemi sasardlosi rac samwerlo dadgebo-

da, naxevari Cemi iyo da naxevari mdivnebisa, amaSi mqonda sar-

gebloba...~ (masalebi..., 1948: 85).

Tuki, rostom mefe givi amilaxvrisaTvis sardlobis

boZebis sigelSi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda `Tqven sasardlos

Tqven aswerdeT~-o, oTar amilaxvari aRweraSi Tavis uSualo

monawileobaze aRar miuTiTebda da acxadebda: `Cemi sasar-

dloc daiwereboda~-o. miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc sam-

xedro moxele, sardali kvlav iRebda aRweris gadasaxadidan

`sargos~, ukve is sakuTar movaleobad aRar asaxelebda aRwe-

123

raSi monawileobas. aRweraSi rom sardlebi mTavar figuras

aRar warmoadgendnen da saamwerlo gadasaxadis nawili for-

malurad eZleodaT, rogorc samxedro moxeleebs, es kargad

Cans 1790 wlis erekle II-is mier zaal orbelianisa da egnate

TumaniSvilisaTvis micemuli oqmidan: `zemo qarTlis aRwe-

raSi amilaxvris kacic unda daiswraT da rogorc iase ami-

laxvaris dros aRwerila da samwerlo wili miscemia, axlac

oTar amilaxvarsac ase unda samwerlo wili mieces, miucem-

loba ar iqneba~ (akofaSvili, 1976: 353).

iseve rogorc erTi saukunis win mefe iyo nominaluri

monawile qveynis aRweraisa, axla ukve sardlis funqcia gani-

sazRvra formalobad.

samefo xelisuflebam rom qveynis aRwera sakuTar kom-

petenciad aqcia da am saqmes sardlebi CamoaSora, kargad

Cans am periodis aRweris davTrebidanac.

1774 wlis qsnis xeobis xalxis aRweris pirveli gragni-

li Semdegi teqstiT iwyeba: `q. ze adidnes R—Tn mefoba, maTis

umaRlesobisa, mefis meoris iraklisa, gvebrZanes Cven maT

mier monaTa maTTa, TumaniSvils mdivans gorjaspis Svils

mdivan laSqarnivis manuCars da garsevaniSvils tetias aRwe-

rad qsnisa. aRvwereT brZanebisa maTis umaRlesobisa aRiwera

Tvesa enkenisTvis e, welsa uÁT~ (TayaiSvili, 1951: 35).

TiTqmis analogiuri teqstiT iwyeba 1781 wlis qsnis aR-

weris davTaric, sadac xazgasmulia, rom mefis brZanebiT

garsevaniSvils da laSqarnivis manuCars aRuweriaT xeoba

(TayaiSvili, 1951: 5).

aragvis xeobis aRweris davTarSi vkiTxulobT: `q.ze

adidnes R-Tman mefoba maTis umaRlesobis mefis meoris

iraklisa! gvebrZanes Cven maT mier monaTa maTTa mayaSvils

luarsabs da TumaniSvils mdivans gorjaspiSvils manuCars

aRwerad aragvisa Tvesa ianvarsa: a, welsa uÁb (1774 w.)~ (masa-

lani..., 1907: 407).

Tbilisis samxreTiT mdebare soflebis aRweris nak-

lul davTars Semdegi minaweri aqvs: `q-ks uÁÀ (1780 w.)48

am

wlis TibaTvis ToTxmetis batonis brZanebiT erekles cixe

aRvwereT me, oman laSqarnivsma da yoriasaulbaSis naibma

favlenis Svilma glaxam~ (javaxiSvili, 1967: 158). am davTarSi

48 rogorc ivane javaxiSvilma gaarkvia, es aRwera Sesrulebula ara

1780 wels, aramed 1781 wels (javaxiSvili, 1967: 157).

124

Sedis marabda, koda, marneuli da sxva soflebi, romlebic

mewinave sasardloSi Sediodnen.

Tuki qveynis aRwerisas kvlav moqmedebda `dasturlama-

lis~ normebi, maSin qsnis da aragvis xeobebi memarcxene sar-

dal ioane muxranbatons, xolo qvemo qarTlis soflebi mewi-

nave sadroSos sardal daviT yaflaniSvils unda aewera,

Tumca am davTrebidan maTi aRweraSi monawileoba ar das-

turdeba. piriqiT, naTladaa miTiTebuli, rom aRweras mefis

mdivan-laSqarnivisebi da sxva am saqmis moxeleni awarmoeben.

im SemTxvevaSi Tu sardlebi am saqmeSi monawileobas miiReb-

dnen, maSin aucileblad aRiniSneboda davTris minawerSi,

iseve, rogorc es moxda 1721 wlis somxiT-sabaraTianos aRwe-

ris davTarSi da Tanac, am faqtze oTar amilaxvaric gaamax-

vilebda yuradRebas.

erTi sityviT, wyaroebidan dasturdeba, rom XVIII sau-

kunis 70-ian wlebSi qveynis aRwera mTlianad samefo karis

kompetenciad iqca. aRweras atarebdnen mdivnebi da laSqar-

nivisebi. XVIII saukunis I naxevarSi qarTlis samefoSi `das-

turlamalis~ mixedviT ori mdivani yofila — erTi mefis

mdivani, meore dedoflis mdivani (gabaSvili, 1942: 175). erek-

le II-m, garda imisa, rom SemoiRo axali — laSqarnivisis — sa-

xelo, mkveTrad gazarda samefo mdivanTa raodenoba. S. mes-

xia missave gamoqveynebul dokumentebis safuZvelze miiC-

nevs, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi gansaxilvel periodSi

`aTze met pirs hqonda mdivnoba mefisagan boZebuli~ (masa-

lebi..., 1948: 027). mdivan-laSqarnivisebis erT-erT saqmiano-

bas, rogorc aRvniSneT, aRweris Catareba warmoadgenda da am

mimarTulebiT biurokratiuli aparatis zrda garkveulad

dakavSirebuli iyo qveynis aRweris centralur xelisufle-

bis prerogativad gadaqcevasTan.

niSandoblivia, rom aRweris sferoSi analogiuri

cvlileba 1722 wels ruseTis imperiaSic ganxorcielda. ma-

namde ruseTSi (iseve rogorc saqarTveloSi) aRweris Cata-

reba evalebodaT adgilobriv Tavadaznaurobas, romlebic

malavdnen sakuTar ymebs da mTavrobas zust monacemebs ar

awvdidnen. petre I-is gadawyvetilebiT 1722 da 1724 wlebSi

Catarda mosaxleobis aRwera, romelmac miiRo reviziis sa-

xelwodeba da am saqmeSi gamoiyenes oficrebi (soxvaZe, 1996:

54). petre I-is ganxorcielebul cvlilebas emsgavseba erek-

le II-is mier am sferoSi Catarebuli reorganizacia. aRsaniS-

125

navia is faqtic, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi, ruseTis msgav-

sad (sadac oficrebi awarmoebdnen aRweras), mosaxleobis aR-

weraSi CarTes samxedro uwyebis warmomadgenlebi — laSqar-

nivisebi.

sxvadasxa wyaroebidan dgindeba, rom gansaxilvel pe-

riodSi aRwerebi Catarebula 1774 (masalani..., 1907: 407, 1951:

35; javaxiSvili, 1967: 145, 183), 1781 (javaxiSvili, 1967: 105-

247; TayaiSvili, 1951: 5), 1790 (akofaSvili, 1976: 353) da 1794

wlebSi (javaxiSvili, 1918: 39).

saboloo daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom erekle II-m Zi-

reuli cvlileba ganaxorciela qveynis administrirebis

iseT sakvanZo sferoSi, rogoric aRwera iyo. aRweris cen-

tralizeba erTi mxriv, aiolebda qveynis administrirebas,

meore mxriv, did Tavadebs Caketil sivrces urRvevda. amiT

maT arTmevda im berkets, romlis saSualebiTac isini mosax-

leobasa da samefo xelisuflebas Soris barierad iyvnen aR-

marTulni.

§ 2. cvlilebebi saxelmwifo sagadasaxado sistemaSi

cvlileba Seexo saxelmwifo sagadasaxado sistemasac.

calke dargad Camoyalibda saxelmwifo Semosavlebi. Seiqmna

`safinanso uwyeba~, romelic kolegialur princips daefuZ-

na. masSi gaerTiandnen saxlTuxucesebi, mdivnebi da Tbili-

sis meliq-mamasaxlisi (soselia, 1973: 532). qalaqebidan, vaW-

roba—xelosnobidan da manufaqturebidan saxelmwifo Semo-

savlebis Sekreba qalaqebis mouravebis, meliq-mamasaxlise-

bis da moijaradreebis saSualebiT xdeboda. am sakiTxs II

TavSi SevexeT da sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT.

amjerad, Cven SevexebiT XVIII s. II naxevarSi saxaso, saTa-

vado Tu saeklesio yma-glexTa gadasaxadebis (ZiriTadad na-

turaluri) Sekrebis organizebis sakiTxs. CvenTvis gansa-

kuTrebiT sainteresoa ganvsazRvroT, Tu ra mdgomareoba

iyo am mxriv saTavadoebSi.

es sakiTxi TiTqmis Seuswavlelia. saTavadoTa sistemis

mkvlevarebi sakiTxs exebian nawilobriv, maTTvis saintereso

kuTxiT da amomwuravi kvleva ar gagvaCnia. akademikosi n.

berZeniSvili werda: `mraval batons Seuvalobis ufleba mo-

upovebia, ese igi, mefes aseTi batonis ymebi yovelgvari same-

fo gadasaxadebisgan gauTavisuflebia~ (berZeniSvili, 1946:

126

302). d. gvritiSvili (ix. gvritiSvili, 1955), g. jamburia (ix.

jamburia, 1955), m. qiqoZe (ix. qiqoZe, 1963) da saTavadoTa sis-

temis sxva mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, rom Tavadebi sargeblob-

dnen sagadasaxado SeuvalobiT, rac, erTi mxriv, gamoixate-

boda saTavadoebis gadasaxadebisgan nawilobriv gaTavisuf-

lebaSi, xolo, meore mxriv, saTavados sagadasaxado Seuva-

lobas imaSi xedavdnen, rom Tavadebi TviTon unawilebdnen

TavianT ymebs samefo gadasaxadebs da Tavadve krebdnen mas

(soselia, 1966: 181-182). `saxelmwifo xarjis.... organizacias

Tavadi Tavisi moxeleebis saSualebiT axdenda~ (jamburia,

1973: 206). aRniSnuli mkvlevarebi XVIII saukunis II naxevrSi am

sferoSi momxdar aranair cvlilebebze ar miuTiTebdnen.

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs Seexo g. akofaSvili Tavis

statiaSi: `sasardloebis Sesaxeb qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi~.

miuxedavad imisa, rom avtorisaTvis sagadasaxado sistemis

kvleva mTavar sakiTxs ar warmoadgenda, man arsebiTad swo-

rad gansazRvra, rom XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi gadasaxadebis

gawera Tu akrefa sadroSoebis sardlebis movaleobas aRar

Seadgenda da am saqmes mefis specialuri moxeleebi axorcie-

lebdnen (akofaSvili, 1976: 353).

imisaTvis, rom naTeli warmodgena SeviqmnaT XVIII sau-

kunis II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sagadasaxado siste-

mis Sesaxeb da warmovaCinoT wina periodTan SedarebiT mra-

vali cvlileba, saWiroa, am sferoSi, ganvsazRvroT XVIII sau-

kunis II naxevramdeli mdgomareoba.

XV-XVII saukuneebsa da XVIII saukunis I naxevarSi qarTlis

samefo warmoadgenda saTavadoebis krebuls. saTavadoebi

sargeblobdnen sasamarTlo-administraciuli SeuvalobiT.

viwro feodaluri interesebi SinaaSlilobis mizezi xdeboda,

rasac susti samefo xelisufleba xSirad kontrols ver uwev-

da. amas emateboda sagareo mtris mudmivi Semosevebi. am dros

moiSala mravali kanoniT dadgenili norma. cxadia, saxelmwi-

fo gadasaxadebis Segrovebac ar iqneboda stabiluri. mdgoma-

reobis gamosworeba scada vaxtang VI-m. `dasturlamalma~ gan-

sazRvra moxeleTa ufleba-movaleobani da qveynis adminis-

trirebis mravali sakiTxi. vaxtang VI Seexo saxelmwifo gada-

saxadebsac. man scada sagadasaxado sistemis mowesrigeba da

normatiuli aqtiT gansazRvra gadasaxadebis gadaxdis raode-

noba, dro da ganrigi.

127

`dasturlamalis~ mecamete kari exeba saxelmwifo ga-

dasaxadebs: `kodispurs, rTvels, sabalaxes, piris Tavs da sa-

xaso purs~. amave karis ocdamexuTe TavSi saubaria `mekodis-

puris rigze~. gansazRvrulia, rom mekodispureebi valde-

bulni iyvnen mkaTaTvidan goirgobisTvemde uzrunveleyoT

gadasaxadebis Segroveba da ambardarisaTvis Cabareba.

erTi SexedviT, TiTqos yvelaferi martivia. gadasaxads

agrovebs saxelmwifo moxele. ese igi, es sistema centrali-

zebulia. Tumca, kanonmdebeli imave TavSi uTiTebs, rom aR-

niSnuli norma exeba `Cvenis mosavlis Semotanas~, anu saxaso

mamulebs, xolo qarTlis saTavado nawilSi gadasaxadebis

Sekrebas `dasturlamalis~ meTxuTmete kari exeba.

meTxuTmete karis saTauri mcire gansxvavebiT imeorebs

mecamete karis saTauris teqsts — `kodis puris, sabalaxes,

pirisTavi da samaspinZlo Tu sad rogor Seewerebis~. aRniS-

nul kars eTmoba paragrafebi ormocdameTxuTmetedan sa-

mocdamexuTemde.

ormocdameTxuTmete paragrafi saamilaxvros gamokle-

biT danarCen zemo qarTlis gamosaRebs exeba. aq 601 gamosa-

Rebia. `dasturlamalSi~ aRniSnulia, rom `es kodispuri da

bze gors unda Camoitanon~. mesamoce paragrafi saamilax-

vros kodis purs exeba: ` saamilaxvrosi aris, .....gamomRebi

qaTmiT — oras oTxi. eseni sabalaxos Tarxan arian. sxva gamo-

saRebi, rogorc zeviT weria, isre yoveliferi unda gamoi-

Ron (igulisxmeba samaspinZlo, naxirisTavi, pirisTavi), ko-

dispuris Camotana, zogs gorsa sZes da zogs qalaqsa~.

samocdameerTe paragrafi qsnis erisTavis mamulis gamo-

saRebs exeba: `qsnis erisTavis yma-gamomRebi da Tarxani as or-

mocdarva. amisi Tarxani ormocdaToTxmeti, gamomRebi or-

mocdaToTxmeti qaTmiT (nusxaSi aSkarad Secdomaa, sxva versi-

aSi oTxmocda ToTxmeti gamomRebia), sxva gamosaRebi sabalaxe

Tu rac ram feri rogorc zemo qarTlis sZes ise amas.

saamilaxvros da saerisTavos kodispuris gamomRebi

komlis jumali oras oTxmocdaTeqvsmeti. amisgan qalaqs un-

da Camoitanon goris zvris sari sakomlo samoci. sakomlo-

zed sari kona.

qsnis xevelTa ulufa: rodesac batoni salaSqrod wab-

rZandeba — kviraSi xari-1, cxvari-2, marili litra 10, Rvino

sapalne 2, fqvili sapalne 2. aseve aragvis erisTavis kacebsa

aqvT, agreTve avaliSvilis kacebs, sadgrelebs aqvT~.

128

samocdameore paragrafi exeba samuxranos kodis purs:

`muxranis aris sakomlo as oTxmoci. amisi Tarxani samocda-

ToTxmeti. gamomRebi qaTmiT ass eqvsi. sxva gamosaRebi ro-

gorc zemo qarTlze sweria, isre amaT gamoiRon. Camotana qa-

laqs aZesT~.

samocdamesame paragrafi sacicianos gadasaxadebs gan-

sazRvravs `sacicianos gamomRebi 727, amis Tarxani 6, bato-

niSvilsa 126, darCa gamomRebi qaTmiT 601. amisgan gors unda

moitanon sakomlo 240, qalaqs unda Camoitanon qaTmiT sa-

komlo. sxva gamosaRebi, rogorc zemoT sweria, isre ZesT.~

samocdameoTxe paragrafi `sabaraTianos kodis pursa~:

`sabaraTaSvilos aris sakomlo 910, yaflaniSvilisa sakomlo

300, iqna 1210, amisi Tarxani da ayrili 230, gamomRebi 980; ag-

reTve qaTami. sxva gamosaRebi, rogorc sxva dagviweria, is-

re....~.

samocdamexuTe paragrafi ki exeba somxiTis kodis

purs: `somxiTis sakomlo 573, amisi Tarxani 115, gamomRebi sa-

komlo qaTmiT 458. amiT sakomloebze da Roris sabalaxe ara

sZesT. sxva rogorc sabaraTaSvilos rigi aris, isre amas

aZesT~ (qarTuli..., 1970A: 519-530).

`dasturlamalis~ teqstidan Cans, rom saxelmwifo ga-

dasaxadebis Segroveba centralizebulia mxolod saxaso ma-

mulebSi. saTavadoebSi ki gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa. Tu

saxaso mamulebSi mekodispureni agroveben gamosaRebs, saTa-

vadoTa saxelmwifo gadasaxadis Semgrovebels `dasturla-

mali~ ar cnobs. samagierod, yvela saTavados gadasaxads `ko-

dispuris Camotana sZes.~ anu Tavadi Tavad agrovebda gadasa-

xadebs da Semdeg mohqonda mefis karze. `dasturlamalSi~ me-

fem gansazRvra mxolod saTavadoTa gadasaxadebis raoba da

raodenoba. es faqtebi kidev ufro amagrebs qarTul isto-

rografiaSi arsebul mosazrebas, rom gadasaxadebi saTava-

doebze gaunawileblad modioda da Tavadebi Tavis survili-

samebr TviTonve anawilebdnen mcxovreblebze (gvritiSvili,

1955: 224). amrigad, aSkarad Cans, rom saxelmwifo gadasaxade-

bis Sekreba decentralizebulia — anu Tavadi gadasaxadebis

Sekrebaze Tavad iyo pasuxismgebeli.

sul sxva sakiTxia saTavadoebis mier Sewerili gadasaxa-

debis raodenoba. Cven yuradRebas SevaCerebT qarTlis mxo-

lod did saTavadoebze, radgan `dasturlamali~ garkveviT

maT exeba. saamilaxoros, qsnis saerisTavos, aragvis saeris-

129

Tavos, sacicianos, samuxranbatonos da sayaflaniSvilos mxo-

lod 1200-1300 komli ixdida saxelmwifo gadasaxads, maSin ro-

desac mxolod sayaflaniSviloSi, 1721 wlis aRweris davTre-

biT, 1100 komlze meti gamomRebi yma-glexi cxovrobda (lor-

TqifaniZe, 1935: 138). yvela am saTavadoSi im dros sul mcire

10-12 aTasi komli unda yofiliyo. gamodis, rom am saTavado-

ebSi mcxovrebi yma-glexTa mxolod meaTedi ixdida gadasa-

xads, danarCeni nawili ki, cxadia, gaTavisuflebuli iyo am

valdebulebisgan. aragvis erisTavis mamuli ki TiTqmis sruli

SeuvalobiT sargeblobda. gadasaxadis nawilobriv gadaxda

saTavadoebisaTvis `sagadasaxado imunitetis~ meore forma

iyo. diferenciacia Cans aseve did saTavadoTa Sorisac. `das-

turlamali~ sacicianos akisrebs 601 gamomRebis sawilos ga-

daxdas. xolo, qsnis saerisTavoSi 94, saamilaxvroSi 204, sa-

yaflaniSviloSi 300-ze naklebi komli ixdida gadasaxads. ma-

Sin rodesac, saciciano arc erT maTgans ar aRemateboda. Cans,

saciciano, romelic am dros or nawilad gayofili iyo, Seda-

rebiT araprivilegirebul mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda Tavisi

Zlierebis Seryevis (gayofis) gamo da sxva saTavadoebze met

gadasaxads ixdida. aseTi suraTi iSleba aRniSnul epoqaSi sa-

xelmwifo gamosaRebis mokrefis mxriv.

XVIII sauknis II naxevarSi erekle II-m qarTl-kaxeTis same-

fos mmarTvelobaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana. am

dros sagrZnoblad gaizarda samoxeleo Stati. Tu warsulSi

mravali Tavadi nominalurad flobda saxelos da Tavis fun-

qciis miuxedavad sakuTar saTavadoSi ijda, am periodSi mo-

xeleTa koncentracia samefo karis garSemo xdeba. maTi Se-

naxva da ulufa-jamagiriT gastumreba, cxadia, samefos xar-

jebs mniSvnelovnad zrdida. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi xSiri

iyo daqiravebuli jaris mowvevis faqtebi. paralelurad Se-

iqmna saartilerio polki da a.S. Seqmnil viTarebaSi samefo

kari, cxadia, sagadasaxado sistemis arsebul models veRar

Seurigdeboda da gaatarebda RonisZiebebs misi centraliza-

ciis mizniT.

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi erekle II-m sardlebs qveynis

aRweris erTpirovnuli funqcia CamoarTva da is centralu-

ri xelisuflebis prerogativad aqcia. vfiqrobT, es faqti

iyo erTi umniSvnelovanesi movlena sagadasaxado sistemis

centralizaciisaTvis. amave periodSi tradiciul saxelmwi-

fo gadasaxadebs daemata e.w. `araCveulebrivi~ gadasaxadebi

130

(rogoric iyo `saleko~ — lekTa jaris dasaqiraveblad, `sa-

ruso~ — ruseTis jaris Sesanaxad da sxva). am gadasaxadebs

rom saxaso glexebTan erTad saTavado glexebic SeRavaTebis

gareSe ixdidnen, es dokumenturad dasturdeba. xelnawerTa

erovnuli centris Hd fondis sabuTi # 665 Semdegi Sinaarsi-

saa: `q. RTn bednieris xelmwifis Wiri misces falavandiSvils

gogias da zurabs. mere xuTi komli kaci myavs. erTi kaci na-

TaTrali aris da tyveobidam mosuli aris da glax aris, rom

araferi ara aqvs ra, da imis magier oTxi weliwadia me vaZlev

xarjs. imas rom SeZleba ara aqvs. da oTxi komli kaci sxva

aris, Tumca isinic Raribebi arian, magram Tqvens samsaxur-

zed xmas ar amovaRebinebT xolme. axla eqvsis komli kacis sa-

lekos mTxoven da mawuxeben Tu am xuT komls kacs garda me

kaci myandes Tqveni risxva momces. wyalobas gTxovT, me raca

myavs imazed met[i] ar gamomerTvas~. arzas axlavs erekle me-

oris oqmi: `ioseb mdivano mel[iq] o avetiqa da yalfa[?] baR-

dasar eseni ase ro Civian Tu amaTi moxsenebuli marTalia da

amaze meti kaci ar [hyavs] ras emarTlebiT. mets nuRar awerT,

rac yvandesT imaT SeawereT. dekembris [k]“ (xec., Hd — 665). am

sabuTidan Cans, rom yvela saxis saxelmwifo gadasaxads, maT

Soris `salekosac~, ixdian Tavadis ymebi. sabuTidanve Cans,

rom gadasaxadi Seewereba mosaxleobas komlobrivad. arzis

mixedviT ver konkretdeba, Tumca konteqstidan Cans, rom ga-

dasaxadis akrefa da mefisaTvis mirTmeva ara Tavads `sZes~,

aramed mas agrovebs moxele, Tumca garkveuli pasuxismgeb-

loba Tavadsac ekisreboda.

analogiuri daskvnebi SeiZleba gamovitanoT solomon

meiTaris erekle II-sadmi mirTmeuli arzidan: `q. R[mer]T[ma]n

bednieris xelmwifis Wiri mosces Tqvens meiTars solomons.

mere amasa movaxseneb maTs simaRles: wreuli Cemi ori komli-

ani kacni fafakeraSvilebi siRnaRs Cavidnen: colSvili aq ga-

yares da TiTon iq gaxlavan. aq xarjs imaT magier sxvas gTxo-

ven. gevedrebi, erTi oqmi miboZoT mouravzed, rom meboZos.

erTs aqa yamT colSvili da erTma iq SeirTo. Cemi samkvidro

ymani gaxlavan da Tu sityva aqvs visme, Tqvens samarTalSi me-

laparakos. invris z. q-ks. uoT~ (dokumentebi..., 1953: 158). am

sabuTiT mebatone Tavis ymebis dabrunebas iTxovda. CvenTvis

saintereso ki is faqtia, rom gadasaxadis gawera xdeboda ara

saTavadoze, aramed TiToeul komlze. am mosazrebas pirda-

pir exmaureba 1771 wels gacemuli sabuTi. dokumenti warmo-

131

adgens arzas qsnis erisTavebis ymebis gadasaxadebis gaweris

Taobaze. arzas axlavs erekle II-is oqmi: `q. batono saxlTu-

xuceso daviT da mdivnebo! mere qsnis erisTavis mTis kacT,

romelTac kodis puri winaparT Cvenis papebis dros ar zde-

biaT, udebs arc axla Cvena vTxovT. da romelic vakis kacT

kodispuri zdebiaT imaT unda mogvcen. mTis kacs garda rac

dRes yma hyavT, romelsac alags kodispuri zdebiaT, es gle-

xi kaci aRricxeT da komlze kodispuri, rogorc qarTlSi

sxvas SeaweroT, ise amaT ymas SeawereT. aRiwera okdombers

qoronikos unT. axla rom gayris laparaki hqondaT, amaT dav-

Tari xom daiwera da mdivnebs aqvT. mTas garda imaze unda

SeswerdesT~ (qarTuli..., 1981: 191). dokumentSi naTlad aris

miTiTebuli, rom gadasaxadi gaiwereboda konkretul pirze

da ara saTavadoze. aseTi Sinaarsis dokumentebi Cvens arqi-

vebSi mravladaa daculi.

rac Seexeba gadasaxadebis Sekrebis organizebas, aqac

gansxvavebuli suraTia. 1802 wlis qarTlisaTvis Sewerili sa-

xelmwifo puris gadasaxadis — sursaTis — davTarSi aris

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos yofili mdivnis, egnate TumaniSvilis,

minaweri: `saqarTveloSi sazogado mcxovrebelT yovel wliv

ganwesebuli komlzed sami kodi sursaTi SeewerebodaT, ori

wili purisa, mesamedi qeri; ocdaor stiliani litriT gamoar-

Tmevdnen da iasaulebs, sadac mitanis brZaneba eqnebodaT, iq

miataninebdnen da samefo xazinaSi daideboda. yvelas amrigaT

eTxovebodaT, rogoradac sweria~. marTalia, im wlebSi gene-

ral lazarevis xelmZRvanelobiT gadasaxadebis akrefis saqme

faqtobrivad CaiSala, Tumca es davTari mainc mniSvnelovania.

davTaridan, iseve rogorc TumaniSvilis ganmartebidan, Cans,

rom gadasaxads ixdidnen samefo, saTavado Tu saeklesio yme-

bi. davTridan, misi naklovanebis miuxedavad, irkveva, rom sa-

TavadoebSi `dasturlamalis~ gansazRvruli gadamxdelTa ra-

odenoba aSkarad momatebulia (xanTaZe, 1955: 153-176). gadasa-

xadebis Sekrebis organizebis mxriv aRniSnuli sabuTi kidev

ufro mniSvnelovania. egnate TumaniSvili naTlad ganmartavs

Tu vin krebda gadasaxadebs (am SemTxvevaSi kodis purs) — `...

ocdaor stiliani litriT gamoarTmevdnen da iasaulebs saca

mitanis brZaneba eqnebodaT, iq miataninebdnen~. dokumenti aS-

karad uTiTebs, rom gadasaxadis Sekreba samefos moxeleebs —

iasaulebs evalebodaT.

saxelmwifo gamosaRebis Sekrebis organizebas rom mar-

132

Tlac centraluri xelisuflebis mier, specialurad am saq-

misaTvis, daniSnuli moxeleebi axorcielebdnen da ara saTa-

vado saxlis ufrosebi, es kargad Cans Tavad zaal orbelia-

nis pavle cicianovisadmi mirTmeul moxsenebidan: `saqar-

TuÀlos sursaTi sul me unda amekrifa da ambardarisaTvis

mimebarebina mTis da barisa. niadag weliwads eqvsasi xarvari

daiwereboda, aqedam Cemi sargo-glexis kacisagan aT litra-

zed erTi litra Cemi iyo, saiasaulo iyo, es unda ameRo~ (ma-

salebi..., 1948: 29). dokumentebSi zaal orbeliani `mesursa-

Ted~ ixseneba.

saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis Sekrebis organizebis Sesa-

xeb pirdapir informacias gvawvdis xelnawerTa erovnul

centrSi daculi 1818 wlis krebulis erT-erTi nawili. do-

kumentis teqsti aseTia: `mefis iraklis rigi da ganweseba ase

iyo, rodesac Tavis sabrZanebelSi Seweras risame inebebda,

samefo salTxucess da mdivnebs ubrZanebda. salTxucesTan

mdivnebi davTris mitaniT mividodiT da ise SevawerdiT. da

rodesac salTxucesi iq ar iqneboda Cven mdivnebi erTmane-

Tis SetyobiT SevawerdiT sursaTsa da Tu sxva saTxovars,

rom sulxan mdivansac bevrjel Seuweria, ioseb mdivansac

bevrjel Seuweria, egnati mdivansac Seuweria da mec Semiwe-

ria, radganac samefo saxlis mdivanni amaSi xsenebulni vaya-

viT, amgvari Sewera Cvenzed iyo mindobili. Sewerilis sur-

saTsa da Tu sxva risime aRebis iasauli zogjer saxeldob

TviT mefes dauniSnavs da gaugzavnia, magram ufrosi erTi

sxva mefisagan uTxoviaT da mefesac uboZebia da rac auRiaT

Tav Tavis TavlidrebisaTvis miubarebiaT~ (xec., H — 1648).

analogiuri Sinaarsisaa n. berZeniSvilis mier gamoqvey-

nebuli `moxseneba egnate Tumanovisa Teodore aleqsis Zi-

sadmi sursaTis SemwerTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos mefis dros~:

`maRal-keTilSobilo mowyalev Ãelmwifev, фeodor

aleqsis Zev!

mowerili Cemdami TqvÀnis maRal-keTilSobilebisgan

Cem mier cnobad Tqvenda Tu vin iyvnen droTa saqarTvelos

mefeTasa sursaTis Semwerni da anu Semkrebelni sursaTisani,

gamoucxadeb Tqvens maRal keTilSobilebas esreT, romel

mefis ireklis dros me viyav Semweri sursaTisa da sxvaTa

xarkTa, vinaiTgan iyo Cemda rwmunebuli davTarni xarkTa Se-

werisani. da iyo Semkrebi sursaTisa mis gansvenebuli Tavadi

zaal orbelianovi da ukanasknelisa Jamsa mefis iraklisa

133

TviT mefeman ganhyo samad nawilad sursaTis Sekreba. goris

viezdsa nawili pirveli miboZa meve, meore Tavads manuCar

Tumanovsa da mesame Tavads oman xerxeuliZesa; xolo drosa

mefisa giorgisasa k.d viyav Semweri sursaTisa da sxuaTa xar-

kTa da meve mebara davTarni da Semgrovebelni sursaTisa

iyunen Tavadi aslan orbelianovi da Tavadi SanSe erisTovi,

romelnica Sehkrebdnen da miabarebdnen ganwesebulsa ambar-

dansa da drosa saqarTvelosa Sina Rubernis gaxsnisasa dav-

Tari igi romeli mebara me myofma Rubernatorad kovalin-

ckma mTxova, romelica warvudgine da igi dadebuli iqmna ra

kazenis eqsbediciasa Sina 1803-sa Cyg welsa. wargzavnil iqmna

ra kazenis eqspediciisa mis sovetniki Tavadi oman xerxeuli-

Ze goris uiezdsa Sina Sesawerad sursaTisaTvis, vuwyi ese,

romeli drosa Sewerisasa misgan sursaTsa aravin iyo dam-

swre misTana da arca Seuweria mas mefeT dros namoqmedaris

mis davTriTa, romelica aw aris kazenis ekspediciasa Sina.

mowyaleo Ãelmwifeo mdabali mosamsaxure Ta-i egnate

Tumanovi;

martis — 8 À dResa 1810 sa-Cyi welsa~ (masalebi..., 1955:

146).

am sabuTidan naTlad Cans, rom warsuls Cabarda is dro

rodesac mZlavri Tavadebi sagrZnobi SeRavaTebiT sargeb-

lobdnen. rodesac mefes ar hqonda maTi ymebis zusti mona-

cemebi da im nominaluri gamosaRebiT kmayofildeboda, ra-

sac mas Tavadi miarTmevda. sabuTidanve Cans, rom centralu-

ri xelisufleba yoveli gadasaxadis Segrovebas mkacrad

akontrolebda. gadasaxadebis Sewera xdeboda samefo karze

arsebuli qveynis aRweris davTrebis mixedviT, komlobrivad

da ara provinciebis mixedviT. gamosaRebis gamoReba evale-

bodaT mefis moxeleebs — sursaTis iasaulebs da sxva specia-

lurad am saqmisTvis gamoyofil moxeleebs. es dokumenti,

rogorc misi Sinaarsidan irkveva, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

erT-erTi mdivnis mier aris Sedgenili da misi sandoobac eW-

vqveS ar unda davayenoT.

saxelmwifo gadasaxadebTan da misi Sekrebis organize-

basTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva tipis sabuTebidan irkveva,

rom XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi gamosaRebis gamoRebaSi monawi-

leobas iRebdnen Semdegi pirebi: saxlTuxucesi, mdivnebi, me-

sursaTeni, anu sursaTis iasaulebi. Sekrebil sursaTs Tav-

lidarebs da ambardarebs abarebdnen. wyaroebidan irkveva,

134

rom sursaTis msgavsad, glexTa sxva gadasaxadebis Sekrebac

mefis moxeleebis saSualebiT xdeboda.

sabolood aRvniSnavT, rom erekle II-m moaxerxa sagada-

saxado sistemis sruli gardaqmna. aRniSnul reformas or-

mxrivi mniSvneloba gaaCnda: I. saxelmwifo gadasaxadebi gaci-

lebiT mowesrigebulad ikribeboda, rac TavisTavad zrdida

samefos Semosavlebs. II. Tavadebs CamoerTvaT e.w. sagadasaxa-

do imuniteti — maTi ymebi, iseve rogorc saxaso ymebi, sru-

liad ibegrebodnen da am gadasaxadis ganawileba-Segrovebis

erTpirovnuli uflebac dakarges. erTi sityviT, sagadasaxa-

do sistema centralizebuli gaxda.

§ 3. samxedro reforma

erekle II-is gatarebuli samxedro reformis mizani

mudmivi jaris Seqmna iyo. aRniSnuli sakiTxiT mravali

mkvlevari dainteresda. maTgan gamosayofia ak. klimiaSvili,

romelmac sagangebod am Temas ramdenime gamokvleva miuZ-

Rvna (klimiaSvili, 1962: 163-174; 1963: 179-209; 1964: 121-151;

1966: 91-95;). sakiTxis kvlevisas vsargeblebT aRniSnuli av-

toris damowmebuli mravali dokumentiT.

vidre uSualod sakvlev Temas ganvixilavT, Tavdapir-

velad ganvsazRvravT XVIII saukunis II naxevramdel qarTlis

da kaxeTis samefoebis samxedro mdgomareobas.

erTiani qarTuli monarqiis arsebobis manZilze qveyana

dayofili iyo 4 sadroSod, anu sasardlod: mewinaved, memar-

jvened, memarcxened da meukaned (batoniSvili, 1973: 30).

XV saukunis II naxevarSi erTiani saqarTvelos monarqia

daiSala samefo-samTavroebad. Zveli tradiciis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT qarTlis da kaxeTis (aseve imereTis) samefoebi daiyo

oTx-oTx sadroSod.

qarTlis samefos sadroSoebis formireba moxda XV sa-

ukunis II naxevarsa da XVI saukunis I mesamedSi (klimiaSvili,

1964: 123). qarTlSi Semdegi sadroSoebi Camoyalibda: mewina-

ve sadroSo (sadroSo moicavda somxiT-sabaraTianos saTava-

doebs), romelsac xelmZRvanelobda jer baraTaSvili, Sem-

deg orbeliani; memarjvene sadroSo moicavda zemo qarTlis

saTavadoebs, romelTaganac umTavresi iyo saamilaxvro da

sardalic amilaxvri iyo; memarcxene sadroSo Sedgenda sa-

muxranbatonos, qsnis da aragvis saerisTavoebs, sardali iyo

135

muxranbatoni; meukane sadroSo iyo mefis sadroSo, romel-

zedac gamodioda gaRma mxari da sakaTalikoso laSqari. sar-

dals mefe niSnavda, ZiriTadad ciciSvilebis saxlidan.

rogorc vxedavT, qarTlis samefo sadroSoebad saTava-

doTa sistemis arsis gaTvaliswinebiT daiyo. raRa Tqma unda,

sadroSoebis meTaurebi, romelTac samxedro xelisuflebas-

Tan erTad samoqalaqo funqciebic gaaCndaT, Tavisi viwro,

saTavados interesebidan gamomdinare imoqmedebdnen. sawina-

aRmdego azri aqvs gamoTqmuli ak. klimiaSvils. misi azriT,

sadroSoebi ramdenadme aZlierebdnen mefis centralur xe-

lisuflebas (klimiaSvili, 1964: 128). Cven am mosazrebas bo-

lomde ver gaviziarebT, radgan, miuxedavad imisa, rom gvian

Sua saukuneebSi qarTlis mefis erTaderTi samxedro Zala sa-

sardloebidan gamoyvanili laSqari iyo, is TavisTavad aZli-

erebda did saTavadoTa politikur uflebebs.

kaxeTSi sadroSoebi giorgi VIII-is (1466-1476 ww.) mefo-

bis dros Seiqmna. radgan kaxeTSi saTavadoTa sistema ar ar-

sebobda, iq mdgomareoba ramdenadme gansxvavebuli iyo. sad-

roSos meTaurebad dainiSnen episkoposebi (batoniSvili,

1973: 568). XVIII saukunis Sua xanebidan ki sadroSoebis sar-

dlebi didi samflobelos mouravebi gaxdnen. kaxeTis mewina-

ve sadroSos qiziyis mouravebi meTaurobdnen. iyo memarjve-

ne sasardlo, memarcxene (CerqeziSvilis meTaurobiT) da sa-

mefo sadroSo (orbeliani, 1981: 161).

aseT samxedro-administraciul erTeulebad iyo dayo-

fili qveyana. jaris gamoyvana sardlebs evalebodaT. es iyo

feodaluri laSqari, romelic warmoadgenda batonymur

jars, sadac yma laSqrobda Tavisi batonis xelqveiT. feoda-

luri ierarqia, damyarebuli miwis sakuTrebaze, gadatanili

iyo laSqarSi. aseTi laSqari Sedgeboda rogorc profesio-

nali molaSqeebisagan, Tavad-aznaurTa da msaxurTagan, ise

yma-glexebisagan (klimiaSvili, 1963: 179). laSqris organize-

ba Tavads evaleboda. es iyo erTgvari samxedro imuniteti,

romelic Tavis saTavadoSi Tavads jaris Sekrebis Tavisuf-

lebas aniWebda.

feodalur laSqars ramdenadme naklovaneba gaaCnda: is

ar iyo mudmivi samxedro Zala. mis Sekrebas garkveuli dro

esaWiroeboda da, amasTanave, Zlieri Tavadebis mefisadmi ke-

Tilganwyobilebazec iyo damokidebuli. ar iyo profesiona-

136

lebisagan dakompleqtebuli — konkretuli mamulidan ga-

moyvanil ymebs misive mebatone xelmZRvanelobda.

aseTi tipis samxedro Zalebi, erTi mxriv ver uzrun-

velyofdnen lekTa gaxSirebuli Tavdasxmebis alagmvas da

arc samefo karis mkacri saSinao politikis gatarebisaTvis

gamodgeboda. saWiro gaxda mudmivi samxedro Zalis Seqmna.

pirveli mokrZalebuli nabijebi mudmivi jaris Seqmni-

saken jer kidev XVIII saukunis I meoTxedSi vaxtang VI-m gadad-

ga, Seqmna ra mefis mcveli razmi. is dakompleqtebuli iyo

profesionali meomrebisagan — Tavad-aznaurebisa da msaxu-

reuli fenisagan. misi meTauri iyo yularaRasi, jars hyavda

3 uzbaSi — avaliSvili qaixosro, TurqestaniSvili qaixosro

da rostomi (gvari ar Cans). TiToeulis Tabuni Seadgenda 40

kacs. sul jaris es nairsaxeoba 120 meTofisagan Sedgeboda.

isini jamagirs saxelmwifo xazinidan iRebdnen (qarTuli...,

1970A: 487-493). maT movaleobas Seadgenda mefis da sasaxlis

dacva, aseve sapolicio saqmianoba.

vaxtang VI-is saqarTvelodan wasvlis Semdeg, raRa Tqma

unda, igi daiSala.

Teimuraz II da erekle II jer kidev XVIII saukunis 50-iani

wlebidan cdiloben feodaluri laSqris alternatiuli sam-

xedro Zalis Seqmnas. aRsaniSnavia, rom erekle II-is samxedro

reforma ar iyo erTjeradi, igi xorcieldeboda etapobri-

vad, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis paralelurad. erekle II-is

samxedro reformis erT-erTi pirveli nabiji iyo axali sa-

moxeleo Tanamdebobis — laSqarnivisis — saxelos Seqmna.

laSqarnivisi arc `dasturlamalSi~ da arc XVIII saukunis I na-

xevris sabuTebSi ar moixsenieba. igi ereklesdroindel mdi-

vanTa siaSia Setanili. rogorc laSqarnivisi manuCar Tuma-

niSvili acxadebda `laSqarnivisoba saqarTvelos samxedro

kancelariis mmarTveloba~ iyo. isini iyvnen jaris `mwe-

ral[n]i da angariSis Semnaxvel[n]i~ (masalebi..., 1948: 41, 42).

S. mesxia am saxelos Sesaxeb Semdeg daskvnas gvTavazobs:

`...cxadia, rom laSqarnivisis saxeli XVIII saukunis meore na-

xevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi erekle II mier Catarebuli

samxedro reformebis Sedegad warmoiSva~. avtori miiCnevs,

rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi eqvsi laSqarnivisi iyo — qai-

xosro sumbaTaSvili, ioseb meliqiSvili, ioane qobulaSvili,

afriam enikolofovi, oman xerxeuliZe da manuCar TumaniSvi-

li (masalebi..., 1948: 027-028).

137

qveyana daiyo `salaSqarniviso~ erTeulebad. iyvnen ka-

xeTis laSqarnivisebi, qarTlis laSqarnivisebi da `TaTarTa~

(yazax, borCalo, SamSadilis) laSqarnivisebi. manuCar Tuma-

niSvili da oman xerxeuliZe mTavari laSqarnivisebi, anu sam-

xedro kancelariis mmarTvelebi iyvnen. maT ebaraT mTeli

jaris mwerloba da angariSis Senaxva (masalebi..., 1948: 41-44).

samxedro kancelariaSi iyo davTrebi, sadac detalu-

rad iyo gawerili yvela molaSqre, Tavis SeiaraRebiT. amie-

ridan jaris dabareba xdeboda laSqarnivisebis mier.

mudmivi jaris Seqmnisaken erT-erTi nabiji iyo `noqa-

ris~ SemoReba. laSqarnivisi manuCar TumaniSvilis gancxade-

biT `saqarTvelos Cveulebriv jaris (igulisxmeba feodalu-

ri laSqari — a.T.) garda, mefem iraklim Tavis sabrZaneblidam

moiwvia jamagiris aRTqmiT noqrad da TofCaT dasadgomni

kacni. movidnen da ganwesdnen. hqondaT miCenili minbaSi,

fonsadbaSi, uzbaSi, TofCibaSi da dahbaSi. imaT hqondaT gan-

weseba, wlis ulufa da jamagiri. rom imaTi mwerali da anga-

riSis Semnaxavi me viyav da sams TveSi erTxel jamagiri Cemis

ÃeliT miecemodaT~ (masalebi..., 1948: 42).

`noqari~ iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan gamoyvani-

li daqiravebuli jari, romlis qiras TviT mosaxleoba ixdi-

da (klimiSvili, 1963: 184).

pirvelad jaris aseTi saxeobis gamoyvana qarTlis same-

fos 1736 wels nadir Sahma daakisra (klimiaSvili, 1963: 184).

mogvianebiT qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebs `noqaris~ ga-

moyvana kvlav aRudgeniaT. `noqaris~ SemoRebasTan dakavSi-

rebiT butkovi aRniSnavs:

`saqarTveloSi ar iyo mudmivi jari.

saWiroebis mixedviT mas krebdnen da uSvebdnen. TiToe-

uli meomari Tavs TviTon irCenda.

jer kidev Teimuraz nikolozis Zem (Teimuraz II — a.T.)

erekles mSobelma, mTieli mtrebisagan saqarTvelos saz-

Rvrebis dasacavad daaarsa milicia, noqaris saxelwodebiT,

da daadgina, rom saxazino, saxaso, saeklesio da memamuleTa

soflebidan gamoyvanili yofiliyo kordoni 2 aTasi cxeno-

sani meomaris raodenobiT yovelwliurad. provianti da fu-

raJi maT xazinidan eZleodaT, xolo jamagirs Tavisive sof-

lebi aZlevdnen — 30-dan 40 maneTamde wliurad. mefe ereklem

gaauqma noqari da 1773 wels, avariis xanis damarcxebis Sem-

138

deg, SemoiRo sxva laSqari moriges saxelwodebiT~ (butkovi,

1869A: 287-288).

papuna orbelianis cnobiT, `noqari~ 1755 wels Semoi-

Res: `radgan lekma qarTlisa da kaxeTze mtroba aRar daiSa-

les, zamTar da zafxul Camogdis da aoxrebdis umetes qar-

Tlsa, maradis qarTlis jari ver Seinaxes erTad Seyrili.

amiT, rom jari Semoeyaris mefeTa CvenTa, lekis jari Caud-

gis saxlebSi da aRaravina hyavdaT mepasuxe, amis mizezisaT-

vis gamoarTves (ereklem da Teimurazma — a.T.) qarTlisa da

kaxeTis aTasi kai vaJ-kaci, jamagiri ganuweses, uzbaSebi gana-

weses. da daayenes qalaqsa Tbilissa, sadac vinme gasWirdebo-

daT miaSvelebdnen da Tu didi mteri movidis, TviT mefeni

mieSvelebodnen qveynis jarebiT~ (orbeliani, 1981: 226).

rogorc vxedavT, qarTl-kaxeTidan gamodioda `noqa-

ri~, romelic Sesdgeboda 1000 Tu 2000 profesionali molaS-

qrisagan. jars xelmZRvanelobdnen centraluri xelisufle-

bis mier daniSnuli samxedro moxeleebi: minbaSebi, uzbaSebi

— nikoloz amilaxvriSvili, amirejibi zaza, ciciSvili Tei-

murazi da TarxniSvili mamuka, ioTamisSvili revazi da sxva.

(klimiaSvili, 1963: 185). es iyo Tvisebrivad axali tipis jari.

mas feodalur miwismflobelobasTan araviTari kavSiri ar

gaaCnda. igi iyo mudmivi jari. samefo kars saTavadoebis

gverdis avliT gauCnda axali sayrdeni samxedro Zala.

`noqaris~ jamagiri mosaxleobaSi ikribeboda. TiTo

`noqars~ weliwadSi 25 maneTi eZleoda~ (klimiaSvili, 1963:

185). anu mosaxleobas yovelwliurad damatebiT 25 000 mane-

Ti Seewereboda. es sakmaod soliduri Tanxa iyo da Wirda mi-

si gadaxda. amitomac jaris raodenoba SezRuduli iyo.

rogorc Cans, aTasi jariskaci ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi.

daqiravebuli jaris ricxvis gazrda imJamad mTavrobas ar

SeeZlo da amitom Seqmna mudmivi jaris sxva nairsaxeoba. `no-

qari~ Secvala `morige jarma~. manuCar TumaniSvili am faqtis

Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs: `mas ukan, mefem iraklim ineba Tavis

sabrZaneblidam sulze morigis gamoyvana, rom jari ujamagi-

ro iyo. amaTac miuCina jamagiriT minbaSi, fonsadbaSi, uzbaSi

da dahbaSi, rom amaTi mwerloba da angariSis Senaxva me da Cem

amxanags, Tavads oman xerxeuliZe laSqarniviss mogviboZa da

erTad vmoqmedebdiT Cvens saxelos saqmes~ (masalebi..., 1948:

42).

139

vaxtang batoniSvili `morige jaris~ daarsebis Sesaxeb

aRniSnavda — `vinaiTgan aRara iyo SesaZlebeli jamagiriT

ganwesebulTa mxedrobaTa myofoba amisaTvis moigona mefe-

man aman (ereklem — a.T.), welsa CRoT (1774 w.) samefoTagan Ta-

visTa Tve da Tve yovelTave rigiT molaSqreoba TavadTa, az-

naurTa da glexTa. yovels TveSi unda wamosuliyo, visac Sex-

vdis, Tavisis im Tvis sakmaos sazrdoT. x[olo] glexni, nac-

vlad sazrdosa amis wamoRebisa, Tavisufal hyo sxvisa ro-

melsame xarkisagan. eseni unda Seyriliyvnen tfiliss, anu

sxvasa romelsame daniSnulsa alagsa da mas ukan, viTar saWi-

ro SexvdisT, esreT xmarebul hyvan. amaT hyvis Tve da Tve ri-

giT. TiTo mxedarTmTavari. am mxedarTmTavarTa ricxvTa So-

ris iyo TviT mefeca da mefis Zeni da sxvani Cinebulni Tavad-

ni. didad sargebel eqmna saqme ese saqarTvelos. amiT moxda

mravalgzis Zleva lekTa zeda da veRara iqmnen lekni msgav-

sad uwinaresisa gambedvel qarTlsa Sina avazakibisa. iyvnen

adgilni romelime, rom ara gamoyvandaT munidan morige, uke-

Tu ara mouwodin erTan jarad~ (bagrationi, 1914: 34).49

sxva qarTuli wyaroebiTac (jambakur-orbeliani, 1914: 8-

9; saqarTvelos..., 1920: 177-187 da sxva) dasturdeba, rom `mo-

rige jari~ Seiqmna 1774 wlis 1 ianvaris `ganCinebis~ Sedegad.

`ganCineba~ 37 muxlisagan Sedgeba. masSi detaluradaa

gawerili jarSi wasvlis wesi: `...rac Tavadni da an moÃele, an

ar moxele, an aznaurni moxele an ar moxele, glexni moxeleni

Tu msaxurni Tu moyalneni, Tu xizanni, ramdennica, rom iyvnen

erTs saxlsa da ojaxSi, TÂTosTvis morigeobaSi Cagvigdia da

dagviweria, da sxvas davTarSi gagvirCevia. sardlebsa, minba-

Sebsa da uzbaSebs garda, yoveli kaci Tormets Tvezed gagviy-

via, da rogoradac gagviyvia erTi didi saerTo davTari Cvenis

moÃeleebisaTvis migvibarebia, da TviTo davTari uzbaSebi-

saTvis migvicia, da sxva sofel da sofel mebatoneebisaTvis

da moÃeleebisaTvis migvicia, da ase gagvirCevia yvelasTan,

rogorc amaSi dagviweria~ (saqarTvelos..., 1920: 178).

`ganCinebidan~ irkveva, rom mefes jaris gasawvevad qve-

yanaSi sagangebo aRwera Cautarebia. `ganCinebaSi~ gansaz-

Rvrulia, agreTve, `morigeSi~ gausvlelobisaTvis sasjele-

49 aseTi iyo TuS-fSav-xevsureTi, saidanac mefes gamohyavda ramde-

nime aseuli kaci, romlebic mudmivad samefo karis gankargulebaSi

iyvnen.

140

bi — patimroba, gawkeplva, fuladi jarima da a.S. `ganCineba-

Si~ siaxle iyo isic, rom davTrebSi Seitanes ara mxolod me-

batoneebis gvarebi, aramed TviT gasawvevTa gvarebic (ix. sa-

qarTvelos..., 1920:L 177-183). samxedro kancelariam, mebatone-

Ta gverdis avliT, uSualod gasawvev pirebTan daamyara kav-

Siri. ra Tqma unda, arc es jaris nairsaxeoba ar iyo damyare-

buli batonymur sistemasa da feodalur ierarqiaze. yvela,

glexic da Tavadic Tanabrad valdebulni iyvnen gasuliyvnen

jarSi. yma-glexi Tavis Tavadis sardlobiT aRar asrulebda

samxedro samsaxurs, aramed `moriges~ havda samxedro kance-

lariaze daqvemdebarebuli sardlebi — uzbaSebi, minbaSebi,

sarqardrebi, romlebic profesionali samxedroebi iyvnen.

es ki Tvisebrivad axali tipis jari iyo.

`morigeSi~ qveynis yvela srulwlovani mamakaci weli-

wadSi erTi Tvis manZilze msaxurobda. isini Tavisi sursaT-

sanovagiT unda gamocxadebuliyvnen daTqmul adgilze. amis

sakompensaciod mefem glexebis sursaTis gadasaxadi — kom-

lze 3 kodi puri — gaauqma.

erTi sityviT, erekle II-m XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi

moaxerxa feodaluri jaris sapirispirod Seeqmna mudmivi

jaris nairsaxeoba, romelic daaxloebiT 5000 kacisagan Sed-

geboda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi

`morige jaris~ Seqmnas 1774 wliT aTariRebs, ak. klimiaSvil-

ma moiZia 10 dokumenti, romlebic `moriges~ arsebobas 1756

wlidan adasturebs.

rogorc klimiaSvili ganmartavs, am periodSi `morige

jari~ ramdenadme gansxvavebuli saxiT arsebobda. `1774

wlamde, e.i. `morigis~ ganCinebis Sedgenamde, `morigis~ gayva-

na xdeboda ara sayovelTao gawveviT, aramed SeweriT. Sewera

xdeboda sadroSoebis mixedviT. sadroSos teritoriaze mo-

saxle mebatoneebs, aznaurebs, Tavadebs da eklesias mefe Sea-

werda yovelTviurad gamosayvani jaris garkveul raodeno-

bas, am batonis yma-mamulis sididis Sesabamisad~ (klimiaSvi-

li, 1963: 186).50

50 magaliTad, 1769 wlis 10 noemberis `morige jaris~ nusxa zemo qar-

Tlidan (amilaxvris sadroSodan) 192 kacis gamoyvanas iTvaliswi-

nebda.

141

miuxedavad imisa, rom `morigeSi~ gamoyvanili jari cen-

traluri xelisuflebis daniSnul samxedro moxeleTa — min-

baSebis, uzbaSebis — xelqveiT msaxurobdnen, mas mainc feo-

dalur, batonymuri laSqris elferi dahkravda, radganac

1774 wlamde yma-glexebis jarSi gayvanaze pasuxismgebelni

mebatoneebi iyvnen. maT Sewerili hqondaT ymebis garkveuli

raodenoba. xolo saxeldobr romel ymas gaiyvanda, es mxo-

lod misi saqme iyo.

rogorc Cans, Tavdapirvelad `noqaris~ paralelurad

arsebobda `morige jari~. klimiaSvilis damowmebuli sabu-

Tebidan irkveva, rom 1765 wlidan `noqarma~ adgili `morige

jars~ dauTmo — TianeTeli glexi qavTar mgelaSvili 1765

wlis 23 ivnisis erekle meorisadmi wardgenil saCivris arza-

Si aRniSnavda: `...me xelmwifis yma viyav, grigol saxlTxucess

vemsaxurebodi... me noqrad damwera, noqari viyav, gemsaxure,

axla noqari aRar ariso, axla Tavisi ymis magierad badlad

da moriged mwers...~ (klimiaSvili, 1963: 186).

1756-1773 wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi arsebobda

mudmivi jaris Taviseburi saxeoba, romelsac `morige~ ewode-

boda da romelic yovelwliurad qveyanas 1500-2000 molaS-

qres aZlevda (klimiaSvili, 1963: 191).

`noqarisa~ da `moriges~ paralelurad erekle II-s, lekTa

TareSis aRsakveTad, `mdevari jaric~ dauarsebia. yvelaze ad-

rindeli dokumenti `mdevrobis~ Sesaxeb 1772 wliT TariRde-

ba, Tumca, rogorc ak. klimiaSvili varaudobs, igi gacilebiT

adre, XVIII saukunis 50-iani wlebidan SemouRiaT (klimiaSvili,

1966: 91).

erekle II-is mier 1772 wels damtkicebul zemo qarTlis

mdevrobis `ganwesebidan~ Cans, rom qveyana dayofili iyo

`samdevroebad~. mefe adgilobriv Tavadebs avaldebulebda,

rom yaraulis mier mitanili informaciis Semdeg, saTaveSi

Cadgomodnen mdevar jars da moqmedeba Sesabamisi brZanebi-

samebr daewyoT. dokumentidan irkveva, rom mdevarSi gasvla

evaleboda yvela mosaxles. daklebis SemTxvevaSi maT darbe-

va emuqrebodaT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sardlebi da adgilobrivi Tavade-

bi mefisagan maTi moqmedebis arealis Sesaxeb umkacres da

zust instuqciebs iRebdnen, jaris aseTi saxeobac feodalur,

batonymur elfers atarebda. Cans, mefis centraluri poli-

tikisaTvis damakmayofilebeli jaris arc aseTi saxeoba iyo.

142

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1774 wels samefo karma ga-

dawyvita, rom arsebuli jaris saxeobebis nacvlad, Seeqmna

erTiani samxedro Zala. 1 ianvris ganCinebis safuZvelze Seq-

mnili `morige jari~ efuZneboda 1774 wlamde arsebul `mori-

ges~ praqtikas. Tumca maT Soris Tvisebrivi gansxvavebebic

iyo. ganCinebis safuZvelze Seqmnil `morigeSi~ gawveva sa-

valdebulo gaxda mTeli qveynis srulwlovani mamakacebi-

saTvis (TuS-fSav-xevsureTis gamoklebiT). gawveva aRar xde-

boda mebatoneebze ymaTa SeweriT, aramed davTrebSi Setani-

li iyo yvela gasawvevi pirovneba. reformis Sedegad erekle

II-is xelSi aRmoCnda 5000 kaciani samxedro Zala. es aRar iyo

feodaluri laSqari. is iyo mudmivi jaris erTgvari nairsa-

xeoba. mudmivi jaris Seqmna Tavis mxriv ganapiroba qveynis

ekonomikurma winsvlam. gazrdili samefo xazina mefes saSua-

lebas aZlevda, jarSi gamosvlis sanacvlod, glexebi gaeTa-

visuflebina sursaTis gadasaxadidan (rac daaxloebiT

45 000 maneTs udrida) da amavdroulad `moriges~ mraval-

ricxovan meTaurebisaTvisac (minbaSebi, uzbaSebi...) daeniSna

jamagiri da ulufa. `morige jarisaTvis~ `aqimi, jara da ur-

do bazari~ mefes gaurigebia (qarTuli..., 1963: 439).

`morige jarma~ Tavisi dadebiTi Sedegebi maleve aCvena:

mokle xanSi ailagma lekTa TareSi. erekle II-m misTvis arasa-

surveli Zlieri qsnis saerisTavos gauqmeba umtkivneulod

SeZlo.

qarTul sabWour istoriografiaSi damkvidrebulia

azri, rom `morige jari~ TavadTa winaaRmdegobis Sedegad ma-

leve daiSala: `...morige laSqaris mTavari xelmZRvaneli

erekles vaJi levan batoniSvili iyo. axali laSqris aseTi

sargeblianobis miuxedavad Tavadebma mas Seurigebeli brZo-

la gamoucxades: morige jari mefis xelisuflebas aZliereb-

da, es ki TavadebisaTvis ar iyo sasurveli.

morige laSqari brZanebiT arasodes gauuqmebiaT, mag-

ram Tavadebma moaxerxes misi Sesusteba da bolos savsebiT

gaqroba. udidesi ziani mouvida morige laSqars misi xel-

mZRvanelis levan batoniSvilis moulodneli sikvdiliT

(1781 w.). sxva batoniSvilebi agre rigad ar zrunavdnen mori-

ge jarze da male es saqme angari moxeleebis xelSi, maTi sa-

kuTari Semosavlis wyarod iqca. qrTamiT esa Tu is Tavadi

sul ufro advilad axerxebda Tavisi ymebiT morigeSi gas-

vlisagan Tavis daRwevas. morigeTa ricxvma TandaTan iklo

143

da bolos sul gaqra~ — aRniSnavda akad. n. berZeniSvili (ber-

ZeniSvili, 1946: 397-398).

ak. klimiaSvilma moiZia 85 dokumenti, romlebic 1781-

1800 wlebSi `morige jaris~ arsebobas adasturebs. klimiaS-

vili mTeli am periodis Sesaxeb `morige jaris~ arsebobis

ucvlel xasiaTze miuTiTebs (klimiaSvili, 1963: 194-196).

Tumca, Cveni azriT, am dros `morige jarma~ cvlilebebi ga-

nicada.

klimiaSvilis motanili 7 dokumentidan, romlebic

1782-1784 wlebs exeba, naTlad dasturdeba, rom `morige ja-

ri~ Tavisi Cveuli saxiT arsebobda.51

dokumentebis mixedviT 1785-1790 wlebSi mdgomareoba

icvleba. am sabuTebis mixedviT `morigeSi~ gasasvlelTa di-

di nawili Tavis `badlad~ ixdida fuls. dokumentebSi fiq-

sirdeba `morige yaraulis~ gamoyvanis faqtebi (mag., 1789

wlis 17 seqtembris brZaneba TarxnianT mxaredan `morige ya-

raulis~ gamoyvanis Sesaxeb da a.S., (klimiaSvili, 1963: 201)).

rogorc Cans, aRniSnuli 5 wlis manZilze `morige jari~ `mo-

rige yaraulma~ Secvala. `yaraulebs~ xelfasi `morigis sa-

badlos~ fulidan miecemodaT.

wyaroebSi dafiqsirebulma `morigis badlis fulma~

sabWouri istoriografiis warmomadgenlebs zemoT aRniSnu-

li daskvnisaken ubiZgaT — `...male es saqme (`morige jaris~

organizeba) angari moxeleebis xelSi maTi sakuTari Semosav-

lis wyarod iqca~. Tumca imdroindeli cnobebi naTlad miu-

TiTebs, rom `morigis sabadlos~ fuli mkacrad kontrolde-

boda da, Sesabamisad, miznobrivad ixarjeboda — `... Tofxanis

xuro durglebisa da zarbaznebis mburRav-mqlibavebis xel-

fasisaTvis qalaqis giorgobis Tvis samorigo sabadlodam

sami Tumani aakrefine da batoniSvils aleqsandres miarTvi,

rogorc umuSavebia, im gziT TiTon uboZebs da sias daaweri-

nebs. es Tofxana saqveyno saqme aris da samorigoc saqveynoa

da amisaTvis davxarjeT, Torem sxva saqmisaTvis xels ar vax-

lebT~ — acxadebs vinme iosebi manuCar mdivnisaTvis micemul

wignSi (klimiaSvili, 1963: 265).

Cans, rom 1785-1790 wlebSi `morige~ Zveli wesiT aRar

51 amas adasturebs, magaliTad, 1783 wlis 5 ivnisis erekle II-is brZa-

neba faremuz andronikaSvilisaTvis morigeSi daklebulTa darbe-

vis Sesaxeb da sxv. (klimiaSvili, 1963 195).

144

ikribeboda. mis nacvlad wyaroebSi fiqsirdeba `morigis sa-

badlo~ fuli da `morige yarauli~. saqme isaa, rom 1783 wlis

bolos, georgievskis traqtatis safuZvelze, qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoSi ruseTis jaris nawilebi Semovida, ris Sedegad

1784 wlis zafxulidan ganaxlda sursaTis Sekreba. amas dae-

meta `saruso xarkis~ — `saruso sursaTis~ — Sekrebac (masa-

lebi..., 1955: 77-80). 1788 wlidan ki sursaTis Sekrebam regu-

laruli xasiaTi miiRo (akofaSvili, 1973: 560).

rogorc irkveva, ereklem, ruseTis regularuli armiis

Semosvlis Semdeg, `moriges~ Zveleburi saxiT arseboba zed-

metad miiCnia. mudmivi jaris funqcia daekisra ruseTis ja-

rs. mosaxleobas ki maTi sursaTiTa da furaJiT momarageba

evaleboda. magram erekle II, rogorc irkveva, ar daeyrdno

mxolos rusuli jaris nawilebs, romelTa gadaadgileba sak-

maod xangrZliv dros moiTxovda da `morigis sabadlo~ gada-

saxadiT Seqmna `morige yaraulis~ mcirericxovani razmebi.

`morige yarauli~ SeewerebodaT soflebs da isini Tavis saya-

raulo funqciebs mefis mier miCenili meTaurebis xelqveiT

asrulebdnen. qveyana daiyo sayaraulo adgilebad. yaraule-

bi idgnen axalcixis safaSos sazRvarze, yaraiaSi, bedenze,

sxalnarSi, algeTze, didgorze, veris xevze, SiraqSi, doesSi,

kldekarze, skris xeobaSi, qarelSi da sxva adgilebSi (klimi-

aSvili, 1963: 197).

miuxedavad imisa, rom ar gagvaCnia oficialuri brZane-

buleba `morige jaris~ saxecvlilebis Sesaxeb, Cven mainc es

procesi samefo karis sanqcirebulad migvaCnia. Cans, patara

qveynis ekonomikam, ruseTis jaris nawilebis Senaxvis para-

lelurad, `morige jaris~ Zveli saxiT arseboba ver uzrun-

velyo (amave dros arsebobda saartilerio polkic, romlis

Senaxvac sakmaod Zviri fufuneba iyo).

1787 wels ruseT-osmaleTis omi daiwyo. ruseTis mTav-

robam saqarTveloSi Tavis jaris nawilebis yofna mizanSeu-

wonlad miiCnia da imave wlis agvistoSi jarebi ukan gaiwvia.

ruseTis jaris gawveviT qveyanas samxedro Zala moak-

lda. amis miuxedavad erekle II-s `morige jari~ Zveli saxiT

imTaviTve ar aRudgenia. 1788-1790 wlebSi qveynis samxedro

dasayrdeni `morige yarauli~ da saartilerio polki iyo.

amavdroulad wyaroebSi xSirad ixseneba `saleko~ gadasaxa-

di. es gadasaxadi gankuTvnili iyo daRestneli da sxva Crdi-

lokavkasiel mTielTa daqiravebuli jarebis Sesanaxad~

145

(akofaSvili, 1973: 561). rogorc Cans, samxedro potencialis

Sesavsebad samefo karma mTielTa daqiravebas mimarTa.

mdgomareoba 1791 wlidan Seicvala. am wlis 14 maisis sa-

buTidan irkveva, rom erekle II-s Zveli saxiT `morigis~ ga-

moyvana kvlav daumtkicebia — `Cven magierad eniselT mou-

ravs dimitris ase uambeT: mere, axla rom esev morigis gamoy-

vana davamtkiceT, Cven ase gveubnebian: samRvdeloni, Tavad-

ni, aznaurni da glexni kacni Tqvena da Tqvens Svilebsa gyav-

sTo, Tqven rom gamoiyvanT, Cven rogor dagakldebiTo. axla

Cven yvelgan moxeleebsa wignebi mivswereT da TavTavisi sa-

xeloebis gamoyvana davadeviT. SenTvisac ase gvibrZanebis:

eniseli Seni saxelo aris. rac am Tvis morige aris, axlav saC-

qarod unda gamoiyvano da, sadac Cven viyvneT, iq Semogvyri-

de. Tu am saqmezed bajiTad ar moiqcevi da Seni saxelos kaci

dagvaklda, SevityobT, rom am saqmis moSla gdomnia, qveyni-

sac muxanaToba iqneba, Senis mamulsac da SenTvisaca da, ro-

gorc rigi aris, isec gardagaxdevinebT. didad bejiTad unda

moiqceT da kaci ar daaklo, Torem Tu kaci dagvakel, qveyni-

sac didi winaaRmdegoba aris da pasuxsac veRaravis miscem.

yvela mouravebisaTvis da moxeleebisaTvis ase migviweria da

asec icodnen. maisis id (14). q-ks uoT (1791 w.)~ (klimiaSvili,

1963: 194).

ak. klimiaSvilis motanili 13 dokumenti mowmobs, rom

1791-1800 wlebSi `morige jari~ kvlav funqcionirebda.52

wina

periodis `morigisgan~ gansxvaveba is iyo, rom qveyanaSi

kvlav ikribeboda sursaTis gadasaxadi, amitom `moriges~ mi-

ecemoda garkveuli jamagiri (klimiaSvili, 1963: 198).

rogorc vxedavT, erekle II-m XVIII saukunis 70-ian wleb-

Si Seqmna mudmivi jaris nairsaxeoba — `morige jari~, rome-

52 `moriges~ arsebobas adasturebs Semdegi dokumentebi: 1791 wlis

ivnisis morige jaris nusxa qalaqis ganapira soflebidan; 1791 w. 8

ivlisis erekle II-is werili beJan amilaxvriSvilTan morigeSi dak-

lebuli kacebis darbevasTan dakavSirebiT; 1792 w. 13 noembris arza

sneulebis gamo morigidan ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb; 1794 wlis 27

aprilis erekle II-is miweriloba minbaS beJan amilaxvriSvilisadmi

maisis da ivlisis `moriges~ gamoyvanis Sesaxeb; 1795 wlis 11 maisis

miweriloba iulon batoniSvilisa amilaxvriSvilisadmi `moriges~

gamoyvanis Sesaxeb; 1799 wlis 27 noembris arza SnoReli qevxisa usa-

marTlod dakisrebuli `morigesgan~ ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb da

sxv. (klimiaSvili, 1963: 202).

146

lic arsebobda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebamde. `morige

jari~ Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeboda feodaluri laSqrisagan.

misi SeqmniT ereklem saTavado saxlebs mouspo garkveuli

imuniteti, romelic jaris sakuTari (TavadTa) nebasurvi-

liT SekrebaSi gamoixateboda. mefe aRar iyo damokidebuli

saTavados laSqarze. mas gaaCnda regularuli armia.

`morige jari~ erekle II-s esaWiroeboda `lekianobis~

asalagmad da mkacrad saSinao politikis gasatareblad. mag-

ram patara qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ufro didi safrTxeebis

winaSe idga. aqedan gamomdinare saWiro gaxda evropuli ti-

pis savele artileriis daarseba. erekle II-is samxedro re-

formis erT-erT fazas swored aseTi tipis SeiaraRebis da-

arseba warmoadgenda.

wyaroebSi dasturdeba, rom erekle II-m marTlac Seqmna

aseTi SeiaraReba. butkovi savele artileriis daarsebas

1770-72 wlebSi ruseTis regularuli armiis nawilebis

qarTl-kaxeTSi Semosvlas ukavSirebs — `ruseTis jaris sa-

qarTveloSi yofnisa da ruseTis dezertirebisagan mefe

iraklim miiRo is sargebloba, rom ipova saSualeba daearse-

bina Tavisi savele artileria. maSin is Sedgeboda ara umetes

10 zarbaznisagan da misi ufrosoba Cabarebuli hqonda min-

baSs53

(aTasisTavs), romelsac hyavda xelqveiTi uzbaSi (asis-

Tavi) da 60-mde rigiTi mezarbazne. droTa viTarebaSi zar-

baznebis ricxvi gaizarda 15-mde paata andronikovis mier,

romelmac codna saartilerio mecnierebaSi miiRo ruseTSi.

man moawyo TbilisSi Camomsxmeli saamqro, sadac gadaadno

zarbaznebi da Camoasxa isini evropuli kalibris mixedviT~

(butkovi, 1869A: 287).

qarTul istoriografiaSi damkvidrebulia mosazreba,

rom ukve 1768 wels erekle II-s hqonia zarbaznebis Camosas-

xmeli qarxana. es mosazreba damyarebulia abat ioseb de la

portis cnobebze, romelic aRniSnavda: `... TfilisSi akeTe-

ben zarbaznebs, yumbarebs, wamals~ (klimiaSvili, 1962: 263).

gaziarebulia platon ioselianis azri, rom TiTqos de la

porti saqarTveloSi mogzaurobda 1768 wels (ioseliani,

2009: 221). Tumca, vfiqrobT, de la portis mogzaurobis Ta-

riRi arasworadaa samecniero literaturaSi Semotanili da

53 butkovi artileriis meTaurad minbaSs asaxelebs, Tumca cnobi-

lia, rom artilerias TofCibaSi xelmZRvanelobda.

147

koreqtirebas saWiroebs. de la portis naSromidan Cans, rom

igi saqarTveloSi imyofeboda ara 1768 wels, aramed 1770

wlis Semdgom. mogzauri miuTiTebs, rom `droidgan rosiisa

mxedrobis yofisa, mefes SemouRies Tvis S[ori]s skamni,

stolni, saqsonis WurWelni......, vidremdi ara movida imereT-

sa S[in]a korpusi rosiisa mxedrobisa drosa Sina ukanasknel

brZolisasa...~ (xec., H – 609: 94r, 95r). rogorc Cans, de la por-

ti saqarTveloSi totlebenis eqspediciis Semdgom imyofe-

boda. igi ruseT-TurqeTis `ukanasknel brZolaze~ warsul

droSi saubrobs da amitom 1774 welze adre is saqarTveloSi

ar mogzaurobda (ruseT-TurqeTis omi dasrulda 1774 wels).

amdenad de la portis mogzauroba 1774 wlis axlo xanebiT

unda davaTariRoT.

miuxedavad amisa, 1770 wels TbilisSi zarbaznebs rom

marTlac amzadebdnen, es Cans kapitan iazikovis cnobidan (Грамоты..., 1891: 189). magram zarbaznebis `qarxanaze~ arafers

ambobs 1771-1772 wlebSi saqarTveloSi myofi giuldenSted-

ti, romelic saguldagulod aRwers Tbilisis mniSvnelovan

sawarmoebs. es ki gvafiqrebinebs, rom 1770 wels zarbaznebis

da yumbarebis seriuli warmoeba ki ar mimdinareobda, aramed

maTi erTjeradi Camosxma ganxorcielda. swored amitom ar

moxvda es `qarxana~ giuldenStedtis TvalTaxedvis areSi.

yovelive amis safuZvlze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom zarbaz-

nebis warmoeba da savele artileriis Seqmna dawyebula ruse-

Tis regularuli armiis Semosvlis Semdeg — 1770 wels. Tav-

dapirvelad zarbaznebis Camosxmas erTjeradi saxe hqonda

da savaraudod 1772-1773 wlebidan TbilisSi mudmivad amu-

Savda zarbaznebis, mortirebis da yumbarebis dasamzadebeli

qarxana. pirvel xanebSi Tbilisis qarxana arc Tu xarisxian

zarbaznebs asxamda. de la porti Tofiswamlis dabal xaris-

xzec miuTiTebs (xec., H – 609: 93r), Tumca mogvianebiT teqno-

logia daxvewila da zarbaznebi `evropuli kalibris mixed-

viT~ CamousxamT. gaumjobesebula, agreTve, Tofis wamlis

warmoebac da 1784 wels Tbilisis qarxnis Tofis wamali aR-

niSnulia, rogorc Zalian kargi xarisxis mqone (kakabaZe,

1924: 271).

wyaroTa umetesoba erTxmad miuTiTebs, rom savele ar-

tileria daarsda qiziyis mouravis Svilis, paata androni-

kaSvilis mier, romelmac saartilerio codna ruseTSi miiRo

148

(daviT batoniSvilis werili musin-puSkinisadmi, ix. raineg-

si, 2002: 39; butkovi, 1869A: 287; bagrationi, 1983: 57 da sxva).

gansxvavebul informacias gvawvdis xelnawerTa erov-

nuli centris S fondis # 167 sabuTi. es aris rusulidan

qarTul enaze naTargmni saartilerio wigni. wigns aqvs Sem-

degi minaweri: `...mefeT-mefe... iraklim mibrZana rusuls das-

turze artileriis gakeTeba saqarTvelos kacs, giorgi Tar-

xans. saxeliTa mRTisaTa, SewevniTa patronisa CemisaTa, gava-

keTe zarbaznebi, rom rusTac didaT moswonsT, qarTvelTa

da kaxTac didad imedad uCansT~ (xec., S - 167).

rogorc vxedavT, savele artileriis damaarsebeli da

misi meTauri yofila giorgi Tarxani (TarxniSvili?).

giorgi Tarxani rom artileriis meTauri anu TofCiba-

Sia, es Cans 1776 wlis sabuTidanac: `...me TofCibaSs Tarxans

giorgis da Cems naibs gabriels samis Tvisa Cemi, Cemi naibisa

da Tofxanis srulad amalisa samocda Tvrameti Tumani eqvsi

minalTuni da xuTi Sauri Tqven laSqarnivisis manuCarisagan

mogvebara baraTebiT~ (klimiaSvili, 1962: 263).

ismis kiTxva — saistorio tradicia zarbaznebis Camos-

xmasa da savele artileriis daarsebas ratom miawers paata an-

dronikaSvils da ara giorgi Tarxans. Cveni azriT, XVIII sauku-

nis 70-iani wlebis miwurulSi paata andronikaSvilis ruseTi-

dan saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg saartilerio saqmeSi

erTgvari gardatexa moxda. daixvewa zarbaznebis Camosxmis

teqnologiebi — `...man moawyo (andronikaSvilma—a.T.) Tbilis-

Si Camomsxmeli saamqro, sadac gadaadno zarbaznebi (albaT,

giorgi Tarxnis Camosxmuli—a.T.) da Camoasxa isini evropuli

kalibris mixedviT~ (butkovi, 1869A: 287). cvlileba imdenad

rezonansuli gamodga, rom artileriis daarseba mxolod mas

miewera. paata andronikaSvilis ruseTidan qarTl-kaxeTis sa-

mefoSi dabrunebis Semdeg, erekle II-s TofCibaSis anu arti-

leriis meTauris Tanamdeboba gauyvia da giorgi TarxanTan

erTad andronikaSvilisaTvis Caubarebia. 1780 wels ki arti-

leriis meTaurad mxolod paata andronikaSvili gvevlineba —

`...Cven qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefe iraklim giboZeT Sen, qiziyis

mouraviSvils paatas TofCibaSs. aqamdin TofCibaSoba gayofi-

li iyo. axla mTlad da sakuTrad Sen dagadgineT da Sen gibo-

ZeT, rac TofCebi Tarxans giorgis ebarnen, isinic Sen unda mi-

ibaro da amaT swavlazed bejiTi unda iyo da sxvis Semoyvana-

sac ecade, rom TofxanaSi TofCebi gaimravlo. SenTvis jamagi-

149

raT weliwadSi ormoci Tumani gagviCenia, naxevari naRdi da

naxevari jinSi mogecema. naRdi oci Tumani madnebidam mogece-

ma da jinSi ocis Tumnisa sabeWdavis ijaridam mogecema. amas

garda, rac SenTvis ulufa gagviCenia, is sxva oqmiT mogecema~

(ix. klimiaSvili, 1962: 269).

ak. klimiaSvilma xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi dacul

veiderbaumis arqivis karTotekis `g~ asoze miakvlia Semdegi

Sinaarsis Canawers: `1784 wels daviT batoniSvilis aRsaz-

rdelad erekle II-s mouwvevia avstrieli ioseb iakobis Ze ge-

tingi, romelsac erekles davalebiT zarbaznebi gaukeTebia.

1795 wels getingi krwanisis omSi daWrila. aRa-mahmad xans

igi tyved wauyvania iranSi, saidanac 1798 wels dabrunebula.

erekles misTvis artileriis kapitnis xarisxi uboZebia (kli-

miaSvili, 1962: 264). SeiZleba aq saqme gvqondes artileriis

Semdgom reorganizaciasTan. sainteresoa, rom imave 1784

wels erekle II-s brZanebiT Telavis seminariis reqtors, gai-

ozs rusulidan qarTul enaze kidev erTi samxedro xasiaTis

wigni — 1753 wels peterburgSi dabeWdili `samxedro tibiko-

ni da samxedro artikuli~ — uTargmnia (xec., S - 249). minawe-

ridan irkveva, rom aRniSnul wigni ioane batoniSvilis sa-

kuTreba yofila. rogorc Cans, ioane batoniSvili daintere-

sebula saartilerio saqmiT da saukunis miwuruls is kidec

gvevlineba TofCibaSad anu feldcexmeisterad — `wyalobiTa

RTisaiTa Cven... srulad qarTlisa da kaxeTisa da sxvaTa me-

feman giorgim dagadgineT Sen Cveni Ze ioane felcix meiste-

rad romel aris TofCibaSoba da garwmuneT yoveli Cveni ar-

tileria da msaxurni misni aficerni da TofCni da romelic

saxmari nivTni arian tyvia an wamali Turam sxua iaraRi yove-

live Senis kiTxviT unda garigdes da gangiweseT weliwadSi

Senis saxelos jamagiri da ulufa TeTri oTxmocda aTi Tu-

mani. es yovels weliwads Cvenis sarqridam (mogecema) Cvens

erTgulobasa da Cvenc Senis Tanamdebobisaebr Tav dadebiT

unda iyo Cvensa da qveynis samsaxurSi. aRiwera Tvesa ivniss iÀ

(18) q-ks upv (1798 w.)~ (xec., Hd — 3142).

erekle II-m feldcexmaisteris Tanamdebobis garda daa-

wesa kapralis, unter-oficris, serJantis, oficrebis: arti-

leriis kapitnis, maiorisa da polkovnikis Cinebi da wodebani

(berZeniSvili..., 1958: 374).

wyaroebSi oficerTa korpusis wevri Semdegi pirebia

moxsenebuli — paata andronikaSvili feldcexmeisteri da

150

polkovniki; artileriis polkovniki ioane qobulaSvili (ma-

salebi..., 1948: 35); maiorebi — gabrieli, giorgi guramiSvili,

nazaraSvili (ioseliani, 1978: 247); artileriis kapitnebi — gi-

orgi TumaniSvili, giorgi WumburiZe (masalebi..., 1948: 81-83),

yalamTarovi, giorgi CemsuraSvili (ioseliani, 1978: 247). pla-

ton ioselianis gadmocemiT Tbilisis zarbaznebis qarxnis

gamge yofila Tavadi ivane abameliqi, romelic 1830 wlis axlo

xanebSi artileriis general-maioris CiniT peterburgSi gar-

dacvlila (ioseliani, 2009: 153). savaraudod, isic saartile-

rios oficerTa korpusis wevri iqneboda.

saartilerio polkis msaxurebi warmodgenilni iyvnen

Semdegi ierarqiiT: feldcexmeisteri, 1 polkovniki, 2 maiori,

ramdenime kapitani, serJantebi, unter-oficrebi, kapralebi

da rigiTi saldaTebi anu TofCebi.

1788-1789 wlis Tofxanis wevrebisaTvis micemuli jama-

giris da ulufis gamwesebis wignebidan SesaZlebelia saarti-

lerio polkis ufro wvrili SenaerTebis dakompleqtebis Se-

saxeb informaciis moZiebac — `...TofxanaSi ganwesebul sal-

daTebs erTs serJants, ors kaprals da cxramets saldaTs

TaveT ganwesebuli sami Tvis jamagiri TerTmeti Tumani, ori

minalTuni da ToTxmeti Sauri moec.... mogvebara Cven, under

aficars petresa da Cvens Tabuns TofCebs Tvramets kacs, ba-

tonis ganweseba kviraSi kacisaTvis xuTi Careqi Rvino, rom

Tvramets kacis Seiqmneba erT Tvisa oTxmocda aTi Tungi

Rvino. erTi Tvis puric sam kacze erTi litra, rom iqneba er-

Ti Tvisa Tvrameti kodi~ (klimiaSvili, 1962: 270-271).

am dokumentebidan Cans, rom daaxloebiT 20 kaci Sead-

genda erT Tabuns, anu oceuls. mas xelmZRvanelobda serJan-

ti an unter-oficeri. maT gankargulebaSi iyo 2 kaprali da

18-19 `saldaTi~. gamodis, rom kapralebi xelmZRvanelobdnen

aTeulebs. ramdenime Tabunis meTauri iqneboda kapitani da

a.S.

amave wyaroebidan irkveva, rom erekle II didad zrunav-

da, rogorc rigiTi mezarbazneebis — TofCebis — raodenobis

gazrdaze, aseve kvalificirebul oficerTa kadrebis Seqmna-

ze. am mxriv metad sainteresoa 1794 wlis erekle II-is werili

garsevan WavWavaZisadmi: `...somxiTis meliqovi stefan pavli-

Ci ruseTs iyo, iq rusuli ena da wigni iswavla da aq CvenTan

movida da Cven isev mand ruseTs SenTan gamovistumreT im mi-

zezisaTvis, rom injinerni krepustSi miabaroT da kamTleT-

151

Si (kompleqtSi) imyofebodes. maTis didebulebis yovlad

mowyalis xelmwifis mowyalebiT; egebis artileriis saqme is-

wavlos da am qveyanas gamoadges...~ (klimiaSvili, 1963: 168).

imis garda, rom erekle saartilerio codnis misaRebad

ucxoeTSi (ZiriTadad ruseTSi) axalgazrdebs gzavnida, amave

dros cdilobda kadrebis adgilze momzadebasac: `misma si-

maRlem, sanatrelma mefem iraklim imereTidan gadmomiyvana

patara da aq Tavis artileriis samsaxurSi ganmawesa...~ — ac-

xadebda aznauriSvili kapitani giorgi WumburiZe (masale-

bi..., 1948: 83).

am mxriv metad mniSvnelovania 1789 wlis erekle II-is si-

geli Tavad giorgi TumaniSvilisadmi artileriis kapitnis

xarisxSi ayvanis Sesaxeb: `wyalobiTa FRuTisaTa Cven iraklim

mpyrobelman sruliad saqarTveloÁsa da sxvaTaman.

cnobil da gancxadebul qmnili ars CvenTan TiToeu-

lad Tavadis giorgis Tumanovisagan samsaxuri, romelmanca

artileriisa Sina Cvensa imsaxura raodenTame welTa Sina,

pirvelad TofCad, merme kapralad da underaficrad da Sem-

dgomad serJantad. da amisTÂs ganvacxadebT WeSmaritiTa

gansjiTa amis mier samsaxursa Cvenisa, romlisa mizezisaTvis

Sesabamisad Sromisa Tvisisa mieniWa artireliisa Cvenisa

aficroba welTa CRT, aTas Svidas oTxmocda cxrasa. aqvs sam-

xedroTa CvenTa ganswavlilTa mwyobrTa Soris uxucesi xa-

risxi kapitnobisa da amisaTvis brZanebiTa movavlenT arti-

lerisa erTa da yovelTa CuenTa mkvidrTa erTa zeda raTa

miiRoT TanamdebobiTa pativiTa Tavadi giorgi Tumanovi,

aficari artileriisa Cvenisa, romlisadmica sarwmunod

rwmunebul varT keTilis erTgulebiTsa samsaxursa, viTar

xeliTave CveniTa vawerT da beWdiT CveniTa vbeWdavT ucva-

leblad da davamtkicebT. Tvesa agvistosa kz (27), q-ks uoz

(1789 w.). sameufosa qalaqsa tfiliss~ (masalebi..., 1948: 82).

am sabuTidan Cans, Tu ramdenad did mniSvnelobas ani-

Webda erekle II profesionali kadrebis Camoyalibebas da sa-

erTod artilerias. Tavadma TumaniSvilma rigiTi mezarbaz-

nidan (TofCidan) dawyebuli yvela safexuri ganvlo da Sesa-

bamisi codnis da gamocdilebis dagrovebis Semdeg kapitnis

xarisxi miiRo. e. i. samxedro mosamsaxureebs, wodebisa da do-

menis miuxedavad, oficrobamde gza umciresi Tanamdebobi-

dan unda gaevlo. aRniSnuli sabuTidan irkveva, rom erekle

II-is reformebis Sedegad Seqmnil samxedro Zalebs araviTari

152

kavSiri aRar aqvs feodalur-batonymur laSqarTan. samxed-

ro samsaxuri Tavadma TumaniSvilma TofCis CiniT xom yma-

glexebis gverdiT daiwyo.

aRniSnuli sabuTi amyarebs daviT batoniSvilis `saqar-

Tvelos samarTlisa da kanonTmcodneobis mimoxilvis~ # 864

muxls, romlis mixedviTac erekle II qveSevrdomebisagan, sa-

zogadoebrivi wodebis miuxedavad, moiTxovda pirad Sromasa

da sazogadoebriv garjas (bagrationi, 1959: 364). aseTi mid-

gomebi ki emsgavseboda petre I-is SemoRebul `tabels rangTa

Sesaxeb~.54

erekle II artileriis mosamsaxureTa gazrdisaTvis

sxvadasxvagvar RonisZiebebs mimarTavda. TofCibaS paata an-

dronikaSvils xom pirdapir uTiTebda: `...sxvis Semoyvanasac

ecade, rom TofxanaSi TofCebi gaimravloT~. erekles Tof-

Cebis gamoyvana mosaxleobisTvisac Seuweria — `...gorelebs,

rom TofCebi SaawereT, gorelebma Cemi Tavi gaaxles TofCa-

Ta, Tormeti weliwadia Tqvens samsaxurSi gaxlavar~ — acxa-

debda glexi zurab ulupiaSvili (ix. klimiaSvili, 1962: 267).

sainteresoa rom es glexi kerZo mebatonis yma yofila.

sxvadasxva sabuTebiT irkveva, rom erekle II Tofxanis

msaxurebs mraval SeRavaTs uwesebda: `Sen Cvenis artileriis

mcvelad dagayeneT da ase gagaazateT, rom ara saTaTro, ara

saleko, ara samaspinZlo da ara samourao da sanacvlo, ara

sasoflo da xarji da begara ara geTxovebodes ra, marto am

mcvelobis meti, da rac ulufa da jamagiri gangviwesebia,

isic uklebliv geqnebaT da Tu vinmem gaglaxos, an dagWras

da an mogklas, rac erTis aznauriSvilis sisxli aiRebodis...

is gagiCinos... da mogcen. amas garda, Tu erTi Zmis meti ara

gyvandes, morigeSi nurc is gamova. da Tu, erTis garda, sxva

Zma da an saxlis kaci gyavndes, erTis ki nu gamova da sxvaT

yvelam TavTavis morigeobis TveSid iaron. da Senc manamdis

samsaxurSi iqnebi, Cvengan es wyaloba ar mogeSleba, da rode-

sac am samsaxuridan gaxvalT, es wyalobac mogeSleba da es

wignic baTili Seiqmneba, magram Tu ar didis mizezisaTvis da

anu romlisame didis sneulebisaTvis Seni am samsaxuridam

gasvla ki aRar iqneba...~ (ix. klimiaSvili, 1962: 267).

sul male TofxanaSi samsaxuri sakmaod mimzidveli gam-

xdara. iase oses Ze gadmogvcems: `SarSan rom rusebi Semovi-

54 ix. Российское..., 1986: 56-61.

153

pire (savaraudod ruseTis jaris dezertirebi—a.T.), ivane

patara diRmidam, stefane TianeTidam, nikola jinjilxani-

dam, didi ivane sastikis sapyrobiledam, mSieri, SiSveli, sa-

sikvdilos micemuli gamoviyvane. jer es iyo ose (ieses Svi-

li—a.T.) gamiqcia, axla oTxiv erTad gaiqcnen da TofxanaSi

Sevidnen~ (iese baraTSvilis..., 1950: 95). xelnawerTa erovnul

centrSi dacul aRweris erT-erTi davTrSi daaxloebiT 500

koml mosaxleSi 8 TofCi fiqsirdeba (xec., Hd — 1606).

TofxanaSi profesionali msrolelebis — saldaTebis

garda msaxurobdnen durglebi, xuroebi, mburRavebi da

mqlibavebi: `...Tofxanis xuro durglebisa da zarbaznebis

mburRav-mqlibavebis xelfasisaTvis qalaqis giorgobis Tvis

samorigo sabadlodam sami Tumni aakrefine...~ (klimiaSvili,

1962: 265). mefem maTac jamagiri da SeRavaTebi dauwesa: `maio-

ro gabriel... Cven artileriaSi xuro gvWirveboda, es ivane

xuro artileriaSi gangviwesebia, nusxaSi unda Caagdo da mo-

xeleebTanac gamoacxado, romelic artileriis xuros jama-

giri da ulufa hqondes, imasac is unda mieces da amis moda-

ves, rac gasvlia am ivane xuroSi Cven mivscemT~. erekles mis-

Tvisac mravali privilegia miuniWebia (klimiaSvili, 1962:

265-266).

butkovis cnobiT, Tavdapirvelad artileriaSi minbaSi,

uzbaSi da 60-mde rigiTi mezarbazne msaxurobda. droTa gan-

mavlobaSi maTi raodeniba izrdeboda. ioane orbelianis

cnobiT sul TofxanaSi 400-mde TofCi msaxurobda (АКАК, 1868: 288). isini saxelmwifo xazinidan iRebdnen jamagirs (ri-

giTi jariskaci weliwadSi 20-25 maneTs)55

, ulufas, tanisa-

moss da a.S.

Tofxanis gankargulebaSi iyo, agreTve, zarbaznebisa

da mortirebis Camosasxmeli qarxana. es sawarmo nedleuls

nawilobriv axtala-alaverdis madnebidan (tyvia, spilenZi)

da nawilobriv ruseTidan (rkina-folads) iRebda. Tofxanas-

ve emsaxureboda, agreTve, `avlabris cixis gareT~ mdgari

Tofiswamlis qarxanac.

55 mezarbazneTa jamagiris raodenoba gaangariSebulia erT-erTi

cnobidan (ix. klimiaSvili, 1962: 270), sadac aRniSnulia, rom `Tof-

xanis saldaTebs~ — erT serJants, or kaprals da cxramet saldaTs

sami Tvis jamagiris angariSSi gadaecaT 113 maneTi da 70 kapiki.

154

artileriis gadasaadgileblad TofxanaSi ganwesebuli

iyvnen meurmeebi, romlebic mexreTuxucesis gamgeblobaSi

imyofebodnen — `mogabareT Cveni artileriis xarebi da gagi-

CineT weliwadSi jamagiri Tormeti Tumani~, brZanebda erek-

le II 1787 wels mexreTuxuces daviT mefuriSvilisadmi mice-

mul sigelSi (klimiaSvili, 1962: 271).

platon ioselianis TqmiT, `asoci xari da kambeCi iyo

mzad zarbaznebisaTvis daniSnuli da mexreni~ (ioseliani,

1978: 248).

butkovis cnobiT erekle II-is savele artileria 10 zar-

baznisagan Sedgeboda da `droTa viTarebaSi zarbaznebis

ricxvi paata andronikaSvilis mier 15-mde gaizarda~ (butko-

vi, 1869A: 287). buranaSovi gadmogvcems, rom `...qarTul arti-

lerias atareben xarebiT, Tumca is araa gakeTebuli savsebiT

sworad da ar aris mTlad gamarTuli, mainc saSiSia maTi me-

zobeli mtrebisaTvis, radgan maT es ar aqvT. exla erekles

aqvs 12 sakuTari zarbazani, Camosxmuli tfilisSi~ (burnaSo-

vi, 1896: 7).

aleqsandre jambakur-orbeliani mogviTxrobs, rom

erekles `hqonia ocdaoTxi ganwyobili zarbazani Tavis Ca-

mosxmulis saxliTi, romelsaca siTkenac undoda, iqiT wai-

Reba... sadac ki zarbaznebs waiRebda xolme mtersa reguda~

(jambakur-oreliani, 1914: 8).

garda savele artileriisa, qarTl-kaxeTis mTavar ci-

xe-simagreebSic (Tbilisis cixeebSi — nariyala, metexi; gor-

Si, TelavSi, siRnaRSi da sxv.) iyo ganTavsebuli zarbaznebi.

magaliTad, giuldenStedti gadmogvcems, rom qalaq siRna-

Ris `...Tavdacva Sedgeba 5 eqvsfuntiani qvemexisagan, rom-

lebsac `modaraje garnizonis xelSi mas aqauri ioli mtri-

saTvis auRebels xdis~ (giuldenStedtis..., 1962: 259). pla-

ton ioselianis gadmocemiT, erekle II-s 85 sacixe zarbazani

Camousxia. rodesac maT Tavisi mniSvneloba dakarges, 1836

wels, ruseTis mTavrobis gankargulebiT es saxazino zar-

baznebi sajaro vaWrobiT gayidula `spilenZis jarTad maT

gadasaqcevad~. mis dromde SemorCenila mxolod erTi, goris

cixis, zarbazani. am zarbazans hqonia Semdegi warwera: `q. sa-

xelisa mamisaTa, da ZisaTa, da sulisa wmidisaTa. amin. mohfi-

ne risxua Seni TeslTa zeda, romelTaca ara-elian Sen. dae-

cemodian maT zeda nakuÀrcxalini cecxlisani da ver dauT-

mon. mefe irakli vambob~ (ioseliani, 2009: 153).

155

rogorc vxedavT, XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebis dasawyi-

sidan erekle II-m saartilerio batareis Seqmna daiwyo. es iyo

xangrZlivi procesi. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis peralelu-

rad, zarbaznebis da mortirebis Camosxmis procesi daixvewa,

gaizarda jariskacTa raodenoba da a.S. sabolood erekle II-

m miiRo patara, magram mobiluri, kavkasiis masStabiT dau-

marcxebeli, evropuli tipis artileria.56

daviT batoniSvilis cnobiT, erekle II-s dauarsebia sam-

xedro kantorac — `Военная кантора~, sadac inaxeboda Seiara-

Reba — Tof-zarbaznebi, tyvia-wamali, yumbarebi, provianti

da furaJi (bagrationi, 1959: 134).

burnaSovis gadmocemiT, samxedro kantoridan tyvia-

wamliT, SeiraRebiT, sursaTiTa da furaJiT maragdeboda

rogorc mudmivi samxedro Zalebi, aseve mefis mcvelTa raz-

mebi da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi droebiTi samxedro Zalebic

(buraSovi, 1898: 8).

saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiis warmomadgenelis lvo-

vis 1772 wlis moxsenebidan pirveli ministrisadmi irkveva,

rom erekle II-s mudmivi samxedro ZalebisaTvis rusuli sam-

xedro uniformebis msgavsi specialuri samosi SemouRia

(Грамоты..., 1891: 364).

erekle II-is samxedro reformasTan aris dakavSirebuli

qeSikCibaSis (mcvelTuxucesis) saxelos daarsebac. qeSikCi-

baSis iyo mefis mcvelTa razmis — qeSikebis — meTauri (manam-

de mefis dacva yularaRass — monaT uxucess — evaleboda)

(soselia, 1973: 530; masalebi..., 1948: 027, 41-42). daviT bato-

niSvili gadmogvcems, rom `qeSikad mefisa, anu Rvardiad me-

fisa, arian adridganve dawesebulni TuSni, xevsurni da fSav-

ni. eseni arian mTis kacni da erTgulni mefeTani~ (bagratio-

ni, 1964: 224). mefis mcvelTa razmebi profesionalebisagan

dakompleqtebuli mudmivi jaris nairsaxeoba iyo.

amavdroulad, erekles ar gauuqmebia sasardloebi. fe-

odaluri laSqari mudmivad arsebobda. patara qveyanas ar Se-

eZlo Zlieri sagareo safrTxeebis mogerieba samefo mudmivi

jariT `qudze kacis~ gareSe. Tumca mkacrad ganisazRvra

56 amas mowmobs 1779 wlis erevanze, 1787 wlis ganjaze da sxva laS-

qrobebi; Tumca saxelmwifo xazinis Semosavlebi mefes mis Semdgomi

gazrdis saSualebas ar aZlevda. es Zala xom sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda

iranis Sahis dasamarcxeblad.

156

sardalTa ufleba-movaleobani da isini samefo karis rigiT

moxeleebad iqcnen. sadroSos meTaurebi kvlavindeburad di-

di saTavadoebis wevrebi iyvnen. magram mudmivi samxedro Za-

lebis arsebobis fonze, sardlebis meTaurobiT gamoyvanil-

ma laSqarma sarezervo jaris saxe SeiZina. mis Sekrebas mud-

mivi xasiaTi aRar hqonda. droTa ganmavlobaSi jaris es saxe-

obac kargavda feodalur-batonymur laSqris funqciebs.

erekle II-m sardlebs `sarezervo~ jaris Sekrebis Tavisuf-

leba CamoarTva. aseTi tipis jarebis mobilizaciac samxed-

ro kancelariaSi arsebuli aRweris davTrebis mixedviT xde-

boda. sardlebi gadaiqcnen mefis rigiT moxeleebad da, ume-

tesad, ZirZveli didi Tanamdebobis sxvadasxva aspeqtebma

formaluri xasiaTi SeiZines.57

sardlis kompetenciidan gavi-

da sasardloSi arsebul cixe-simagreebis dacvac.58

xSiri iyo sardlebis rotaciac. mefe maT Tanamdebobaze

damsaxurebis mixedviT niSnavda. am mxriv sainteresoa memar-

jvene sasardlos meTaurTa rotacia — papuna orbelianis

cnobiT, 1744 wels zemo qarTlis sadroSos sardali iyo di-

mitri amilaxvari (orbeliani, 1981: 91), igi maleve iqna gadaye-

nebuli Tanamdebobidan da 1748 wlidan sardlad gvevlineba

amirando amilaxvari (orbeliani, 1981: 140). sabuTidan irkve-

va, rom XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi mas Tanamdeboba daatovebi-

nes da minbaSi revaz amilaxvari xdeba sardali. mogvianebiT,

70-ian wlebSi, revaz amilaxvaris sicocxleSive, sardlad mdi-

vanbegi iase dainiSna, romelic imave saukunis 80-ian wlebSi

minbaSma oTar amilaxvarma Secvala. iase amilaxors mxolod

goris mouraoba akmares. mogvianebiT, daviT batoniSvilma

oTar amilaxvari daapatimra da sardlad giorgi amilaxvari

daniSna (ix. qiqoZe, 1963; masalebi..., 1948: 84).

erTi sityviT, erekle II-m samxedro reformebis Sede-

gad Seqmna feodaluri laSqrisagan gansxvavebuli mudmivi

jaris saxeobebi. mefe aRar iyo damokidebuli Tavadur laS-

qarze da amiT faqtobrivad gaauqma saTavoTa politikuri

57 mag., aRweris dros mefe sardlebs sargos saxiT aRweris gadasaxa-

dis nawils ki aZlevda, magram aRweras ukve ara sardalebi, aramed

mefis mdivnebi atarebdnen. 58

mag., goris cixis dacva evaleboda ara amilaxvaris daqvemdebare-

bul moxeles, aramed centraluri xelisuflebis daniSnul min-

baSs....

157

uflebaTagan erT-erTi umTavresi gamovlineba — `samxedro

imuniteti~. mefis laSqriT uzrunvelyofa maT funqciebs

gascda. cxadia, samxedro reforis gatarebis dros erekle II

xelmZRvanelobda qarTul enaze naTargmn saartilerio sa-

xelmZRvaneloTi da petre I-is `samxedro wesdebiT~.

feodaluri laSqaridan mudmiv samxedro Zalebze ga-

dasvla cvlilebebs, bunebrivia, sabrZolo xelovnebaSic ga-

moiwvevda. am mxriv metad sainteresoa ak. klimiaSvilis mier

gamoqveynebuli erekle II-is werili vinme gurginasadmi:

`... Sen xom ici, Cven jarSi yofna rogor gvinda. Cveni

sarqardroba aqedan amas sijavs: Tu isini gamovidnen da omi

miuxdesT, Tqven mindorze Sebmas ecadeniT. kinklaobasa da

imaTsaviT Tofebis miSvebasa da ise Sebmas daexseniT. Tqven

erTad Tqvenis ZaliT RvTiT, miaweqiT da zarbaznebi win miiZ-

RvaneT. qveiTi kaci ibreim xansac bevri eyoleba, cxenianic

rom daaqveiToT da ise mixvdeT, zarbaznebic win miimZRva-

roT da omi zarbaznebs daacadoT. Cveni goneba amas umjobe-

sad xedavs, rom RvTiT am gziT SeebaT. Cven es sityva mirza

gurginasac davabareT, rom ibreim xans moaxsenos da exla,

gurgin, SenTvisac es mogviweria. Tqven rom ar auCqardeT,

daacaloT, isini Tqveze moiyvanoT da Tqven imaTze ar mixvi-

deT — ase sjobs, rom isini Tqvenze mosvliT daRaloT da

RvTiT im daRaluls erTianad SeebaT; isini aqeT-iqidam tane-

bas dagiwyeben, Tqven zarbaznis srolis mets nuras iqmT, isi-

ni amaSi daiRalvian, masukan erTianaT miaweviT da RvTiT Tan

gaitanT~ (klimiaSvili, 1962: 274).

erekle II-is am sabrZolo darigebidan Cans, rom war-

suls bardeboda Sua saukuneebis xmaldaxmal brZolis taq-

tika. Cans, rom cxenosani jariT Seteva ugulvebelyofilia

qarTveli mefis mier. gadamwyveti upiratesoba qveiT jarsa

da artilerias eniWeba. mtris saartilerio damuSavebis Sem-

deg erekle II erTiani Setevis rekomendacias iZleva, rac Ta-

visTavad mwyobri Setevis STabeWdilebas tovebs. yovelive

aqedan gamomdinare erekle II-s droindeli qarTuli sabrZo-

lo xelovneba ufro met msgavsebas iCens evropul saomar

taqtikasTan, vidre Sua saukuneebis feodalur brZolebTan.

sabolood aRvniSnavT, rom erekle II-is mier gatarebu-

li samxedro reformebi `qveynis evropulad gardaqmnas~ em-

saxureboda. ereklem moaxerxa Seeqmna mcire, magram stabi-

luri samxedro Zalebi — `morige jari~, saartilerio Senaer-

158

Ti, mefis mcvelTa razmi. amiT, erTi mxriv, gazarda qveynis

samxedro potenciali da, meore mxriv, saTavadoebs Camoar-

Tva is tradiciuli funqcia, rac jaris gamoyvanaSi gamoixa-

teboda.

§ 4. sasamarTlo da sapolicio-administraciuli

reformebi

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi sasa-

marTlo sistemaSi TvalsaCino cvlilebebi ganxorcielda.

samefos erT-erTi moxelis, mdivanbeg iese oses Zis Tavgada-

savalSi aRniSnulia: (1778 wlis) `aprils brZaneba gamovida —

yoeli arza da saCivari mdivanbegebTan mivideso~ (iese ba-

raTSvilis..., 1950: 86). Tavdapirvelad am cnobas yuradReba

miaqcia akad. n. berZeniSvilma. avtori exeboda ra erekle II-is

RonisZiebebs, mimarTuls qveynis mmarTvelobis gadasaxali-

seblad, aRniSnavda: `aseve axali iyo msajulTSekrebulobis

dawesebuleba, ereklem rom SemoiRo 1778 wels. amieridan yo-

veli arza da saCivari mdivanbegebTan mivideso~ (berZeniSvi-

li..., 1946: 400).

prof. iv. surgulaZe Tavis naSromSi `saqarTvelos sa-

xelmwifosa da samarTlis istoriisaTvis~ aRniSnavda, rom

1778 wels qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi sasamarTlo saqmianobaSi

moxda didi cvlileba, rac `msajulTSekrebulebis~ daarse-

baSi gamoixata (surgulaZe, 1952: 334).

sargis kakabaZis azriT, 1778 wlis reformis arsi gamoi-

xata im faqtiT, rom am aqtis Sedegad moxda mefis, rogorc

mosamarTlis, gantvirTva sasamarTlo saqmianobisagan da uk-

ve `msajulTSekrebuleba~ arCevda sasamarTlo davebs (kaka-

baZe, 1913: 219). kakabaZis mosazrebas iziarebs am periodis sa-

marTlis sakiTxebis kidev erTi mkvlevari m. lekveiSvili (ix.

lekveiSvili, 1962).

aRniSnul sakiTxs sakmaod didi yuradReba miaqcia sa-

marTlis sakiTxebis sxva mkvlevarma m. kekeliam. Tavis naS-

romSi — `sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi saqarTvelos

ruseTTan SeerTebis win~ — is aRniSnavda, rom calkeul feo-

dalTa sasamarTlo uflebebis SezRudvis xarjze sasamar-

Tlo saqmianobaSi mefem CarTo batoniSvilebi da dedofali,

mefem gazarda mdivanbeg-mosamarTleTa raodenoba (kekelia,

1970: 127, 138). misi azriT, 1760-iani wlebidan XIX saukunis da-

159

sawyisamde 28 mdivanbegi mosamarTleobda (kekelia, 1970: 144).

Semdeg kekelia exeba uSualod 1778 wlis reformas — `lite-

raturaSi es faqti mcdarad aris gagebuli da mas mefis,

erekles mier 1778 wlis aprilSi msajulTSekrebulebis Se-

moRebiT xsnian. Tu samecniero literaturaSi dRemde gaba-

tonebul am mosazrebas uSeniSvnod miviRebT, maSin mdivan-

begTa raodenobis gazrda 1778 wlis damlevamde mainc unda

momxdariyo. e.i. `msajulTSekrebulobis~ dakompleqtebamde.

faqtebi ki sawinaaRmdegize metyveleben. Cven mier CamoT-

vlil mdivanbegebidan 1778 wels momatebul mxolos sam axal

mdivanbegs vxvdebiT. eseni arian: iese baraTaSvili (1778 wlis

ianvridan), mzeWabuk orbeliani (22 Tebervlidan) da paata

mdivanbegi (maisidan)~ (kekelia, 1970: 144).

avtori exeba `msajulTSekrebulobasac~ da uamrav sa-

samarTlo ganCinebaze dakvirvebiT askvnis, rom es termini

gaCnda arauadres 1780 wlisa da ara 1778 wlis aprilSi.

avtoriseuli ganmartebiT, mdivanbegebi 1778 wlis ap-

rilamdec da mis Semdegac igive principiT arCeven sasamar-

Tlo davebs. arza-saCivrebi midis kvlav mefesTan, dedofal-

Tan, batoniSvilebTan da mdivanbegebTan — anu mefis gan-

tvirTva ar momxdara. 1778 wlis aprilSi saqme arc termin

`msajulTSekrebulobis~ SemoRebasTan da arc mosamarTle-

Ta mkveTr gazrdasTan ar gvaqvs. yovelive aqedan gamomdina-

re avtori Semdeg daskvnas gvTavazobs: `amrigad cxadia, rom

ar SeiZleba 1778 wlis aprilis brZanebis dakavSireba qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos sasamarTlo organizaciaSi raime mniSvne-

lovani xasiaTis cvlilebasTan (kekelia, 1970: 174); Cveni az-

riT, 1778 wels araviTari sasamarTlo reforma ar momxdara

da am xanebSi sasamarTlo organizaciaSi raime radikaluri

siaxle ar yofila~ (kekelia, 1970: 165).

m. kekeliaseuli msjeloba damajerebelia da Cvens

xelT arsebuli wyaroebiT, es iqneba sasamarTlo arza-ganCi-

nebebi, normatiuli aqtebi Tu samarTalwarmoebis praqtika,

1778 wlis aprili, marTlac, raime radikaluri cvlilebebze

ar migvaniSnebs. Cven kekeliaseul daskvnebs upirobod mivi-

RebdiT, rom ara erTi friad damafiqrebeli garemoeba. ra-

tom dasWirda iese oses Zes aRniSnuli brZanebis fiqsireba?

is ar iyo samefo karis istorikosi. man SvilebisaTvis dawera

anderZi, romelic farTo sazogadoebisaTvis gankuTvnili

ar iyo, aramed privatuli Canawerebi gaxldaT. amdenad, igi

160

im faqtis gayalbebiT, romelic mis pirad cxovrebas ar exe-

boda, dainteresebuli ar unda yofiliyo. vfiqrobT, nakle-

bad dasajerebelia mas Tavis anderZSi nayalbevi cnoba See-

tanos. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare migvaCnia, rom angariS-

gasawevia iese oses Zis cnoba.

aRniSnuli winaaRmdegobrivi kvanZis gasaxsnelad saWi-

rod mogvaCnia, upirvelesad, Tvali gadavavloT gvian Sua sa-

ukuneebis qarTlis samefoSi samarTalwarmoebis process.

XVI-XVII saukuneebisa da XVIII saukunis I naxevarSi qarTlis sa-

mefoSi 1 samefo mosamarTle (rostom mefis droidan mdivan-

begi) iyo (gabaSvili, 1943: 181). mosamarTle-mdivanbegTa ase-

Ti mcire raodenoba aixsneba Semdegi faqtiT — qarTlis same-

fo warmoadgenda saTavadoTa krebuls. samefo sasamarTlo

funqcionirebda, magram misi kompetencia umetesad swored

am saTavadoTa Soris warmoebuli davebis garCeviT ifargle-

boda. saTavadoTa SigniT upirvelesi mosamarTle Tavadi

iyo. adgilobrivi sasamarTlos kompetenciidan Zalian mcire

raodenobis sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi iyo amoRebuli

(surgulaZe, 1952: 318-338); erTi sityviT, Tavadebi sargeb-

lobdnen sasamarTlo imunitetiT.

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, mdivan-

begTa raodenoba mkveTrad gaizarda. S. mesxia aRniSnavda,

rom maTi ricxvi qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi aranakleb 13 iyo

(ix. masalebi..., 1948: 029). m. kekelia ki 28 mdivanbegs asaxe-

lebs (Tumca is uTiTebs XVIII saukunis 60-iani wlebidan XIX

saukunis dasawyisamde periodze, amitom isini yvela erTad

ar mosamarTleobdnen). rogorc vxedavT XVIII saukunis II naxe-

varSi, wina periodTan SedarebiT, mdivanbegTa ricxvi TiT-

qmis 10-jer gaizrda. samefo mosamarTleTa aseTi mkveTri ma-

teba, ra Tqma unda, dakavSirebuli iyo saTavadoTa sasamar-

Tlo imunitetis SezRudva-gauqmebasTan.

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi saTavadoebma degradacia ga-

nicades. `osmaloba-yizilbaSobis~ Sedegad qarTlis did sa-

TavadoebSi yma-glexTa raodenoba mkveTrad iyo Semcirebu-

li. ekonomikurma winsvlam, romelic XVIII saukunis 60-iani

wlebidan saxezea, saTavadoebs ubiZga saerTo mamulis gayo-

fisaken — araracionalurad damuSavebuli saerTo mamuli

TavadiSvilTa gazrdil moTxovnebs veRar uzrunvelyofda.

amis Sedegad daiwyo mamulebis gayofa (gaiyo samaCablo, sa-

javaxiSvilo, saabaSiZeo, daviTaSvilebis mamuli, xerxeuli-

161

ZeTa mamuli da sxv.). qarTlis iseTi didi saTavadoebi, rogo-

ric iyo sayaflaniSvilo, saamilaxoro, samuxranbatono, sa-

ciciano an oficialurad gaiyo (saciciano), andac formalu-

rad ki SeinarCunes gauyofeli gvaris statusi, magram yma-ma-

mulebis saxliskacebs Soris danawileba am saTavadoebis Sig-

niTac mimdinareobda. saerTo sasaxlo mamulebis xarjze gai-

zarda `saufliswulo~ mflobeloba, romelic praqtikulad

`saTavisTao~ mflobelobad gadaiqca. (magaliTad, XVIII sau-

kunis II naxevarSi sayaflaniSvilos yma-mamulebi 4 saxlis

xelSi iyo ganawilebuli). erTi sityviT saTavadoebma buneb-

rivi degradireba ganicades, ramac maTi Zliereba sagrZnob-

lad Searyia.

ekonomikuri potencialis zrdam erekle II-s reforme-

bis gatarebis SesaZlebloba misca — samxedro reformebi Ta-

vaduri laSqridan regularul armiaze gadasvlas gulis-

xmobda. amieridan jars mefis moxele-laSqarnivisebi kreb-

dnen. amiT erekle II-m Tavadebs TavianT saTavadoebSi jaris

Sekrebis erTpirovnuli ufleba CamoarTva. igive faqtebi Se-

iniSneba administrirebis sxva aspeqtebSi — gadasaxadebis ak-

refa centralizebuli gaxda da a.S.

mosamarTleTa ricxvis zrda saTavadoebisaTvis sasa-

marTlo imunitetis mospobas gulisxmobda. ekonomikurad

dasustebulma saTavadoebma samarTalwarmoebis ufleba, im-

droisaTvis sakmaod avtoritetul, samefo sasamarTlos um-

tkivneulod dauTmes. i. doliZis gamocemul `qarTuli sa-

marTlis ZeglebSi~, TayaiSvilis `saqarTvelos siZvelenSi~

da sxva literaturaSi gamoqveynebul, aseve xelnawerTa

erovnul centrsa da saqarTvelos saistorio arqivSi dacu-

li uamravi sasamarTlo arza-ganCinebebiT dasturdeba, rom

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi samefo sasamarTlos qveynis SigniT

sazRvrebi aRar gaaCnda. mdivanbegTa sasamarTlo arCevda sa-

amilaxoros, samaCablosa Tu nebismieri saTavados SigniT

arsebul davebs. Tavadebs aekrZalaT sasamarTlos saqmiano-

baSi Careva. erekle II-is epoqaSi samarTalwarmoeba centra-

lizebuli gaxda. erTi sityviT, erekleseuli mdivanbegTa

ricxvis zrda saTavadoTa sistemis sasamarTlo imunitetis

denonsaciis pirdapirekvivalenturi iyo.

Tu Cven erekleseul sasamarTlo reformis mniSvnelo-

bas swored am kuTxiT ganvixilavT, maSin 1778 weli, qveyanaSi

momxdar Semdeg faqts emTxveva: 1778 wlis ianvarSi erekle II-

162

m gaauqma qsnis saerisTavo. saqme isaa, rom saTavadoebis bu-

nebrivi degradacia da maTTvis imunitetis CamorTmeva Seexo

im saTavadoebs, romlebic qveynis baris raionebSi iyvnen gan-

Tavsebulni. periferiebSi ki gansxvavebul suraTs vxvdebiT.

CrdiloeTis saTavadoebi — aragvis da qsnis saerisTavoebi —

qveynis mTian nawilSi mdebareobdnen. maTi sazRvrebi buneb-

rivad iyo daculi. saTavados SigniT saerTo ekonomikuri

winsvla naklebad aRwevda da misi bunebrivi degradireba ar

xdeboda. igive mdgomareoba iyo samxreTis saxanoebSi. yaza-

xis da borCalo-baidaris saxanoebi qarTlis centralur na-

wilSi mimdinare procesSi naklebad integrirdebodnen, rad-

gan iq specifikuri mdgomareoba sufevda — mosaxleoba, mmar-

Tvel fenasTan erTad muslimuri iyo. amitomac erekle II-m

gaauqma periferiebSi arsebuli rogorc saTavadoebi, aseve

saxanoebi. igive ar gaakeTa mefem dimitri amilaxvrisSvilis

amboxis dros. mefis saxlTuxucesi dimitri, gansxvavebiT

Tundac qsnis erisTav yularaRas giorgisagan, ar warmoad-

genda mTels saamilaxvros. rogorc aRvniSneT, erekleseuli

reformebi saTavadoebisTvis imunitetis mospobas uzrun-

velyofdnen. Cans, imaves umtkivneulod gakeTeba samxreTis

da CrdiloeTis avtonomiur uflebaTa mqone erTeulebis mi-

marT siZneles warmoadgenda. amitom samefo karma gaauqma

aragvis saerisTavo (1743 w.), yazaxis (1755 w.) da borCalo-bai-

daris (1765 w.) saxanoebi. qsnis saerisTavo, rogorc Cans,

inarCunebda garkveul imunitets da kvlav klasikuri saTa-

vados statusiT arsebobda. amas adasturebs Semdebi faqtebi

— erisTavi sxva Tavadebisagan gansxavebiT, flobda qalaqs

(igulisxmeba axalgori), gadasaxadebi, qveynis danarCeni na-

wilisagan gansxvavebiT, ara komlobrivad, aramed mTel sae-

risTavoze gaiwereboda. qsnis erisTavi, rom kvlav awarmoeb-

da samarTals saerisTavoSi, amas adasturebs is faqti, rom

samefo sasamarTloSi, erisTavisa da misi saxlis kacis davis

garda, ver vxvdebiT maTi xelqveiTebis sarCelebs. erTi sit-

yviT qsnis saerisTavo inarCunebda saxelmwifoSi avtonomiu-

ri erTeulis statuss. 1768 wels saerisTavo gaiyo. am faqtma

erTiani monoliTuri organizmi daSala, rac saerisTavos

faqtobriv moSlas niSnavda. amieridan saerisTavos mosaxle-

obis aRweris sruli davTrebi mefis kancelariaSi ganlagda,

rac mis centridan administrirebas aiolebda. Tumca, mogvi-

anebiT, qsnis erisTavTa saxlis kacebma kvlav `Seyris~ ten-

163

dencia gamoavlines. cxadia, samefo xelisufleba 1770-ian

wlebSi, rodesac is aSkarad moZlierebuli iyo, veRar Seu-

rigdeboda arsebul realobas. 1778 wels erkle II-m saerisTa-

vo gaauqma. saerisTavos gauqmebis mizezi bundovnad aqvs

gadmocemuli, rogorc daviT batoniSvils, ise sxva im dro-

indel mematianeebs. isini qsnis erisTavis Ralatze saubro-

ben, Tumca faqts ar akonkreteben (bagrationi, 1941: 15). pla-

ton ioseliani aRniSnavda, rom `ese unebda mas (erekle II-s

a.T.) erTobisaTvis mefobisa da simtkicisaTvis erTmTavro-

bisa daasustos TemTa mTavarni anu sruliad aRfxvras igi-

ni...~ (ioseliani, 1978: 78). Cvenc migvaCnia, rom qsnis saeris-

Tavos gauqmebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa ara konkretul-

ma sababma, aramed samefo karis saTavadoTa sistemis winaaR-

mdeg mimarTulma politikam.

1778 wels samefo sasamarTlos kompetenciam qarTl-ka-

xeTis mTeli teritoria, maT Soris qsnis saerisTavoc moic-

va. am faqts emTxveva leon da vaxtang batoniSvilTa `ganCine-

ba barisa da mTielTa adgilTa~. rogorc mkvlevari ap. roga-

va varaudobs, es `ganCineba~, `...ara marto 1743 wlamde arse-

bul aragvis erisTaviseul uflebriv midrekilebaTa sawina-

aRmdego suliskveTebiT iyo, gansakuTrebiT levanis mier

dawerili (1778 w.), aramed mezobeli, axlad damxobili (1777

w.) qsnis erisTaviseuli uflebrivi interesebis sapirispi-

rodac Seqmnili~ (bagrationi, 1959: 110 gamokvleva). bato-

niSvilTa Sedgenil ganCinebaze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom mi-

si muxlebi ar Seicavs praqtikaSi arsebul yvela samarTleb-

riv normas, aramed aRniSnuli ganCineba mkacrad uTiTebs,

rom samarTalwarmoeba TviTneburad ar unda xdebodes da

aucileblad samefo sasamarTlo unda arCevdes mas (ganCine-

bis sxva muxlebi ki exeba im specifikur mankierebebs, romle-

bic mTiani zonisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli). marTlac 1778

wlis Semdegdroindel ganCinebebSi Cven vxvdebiT qsnis xeo-

bis mcxovrebTa ganCinebebsac (ix. qarTuli..., 1972; 1974;

1977).

davubrundeT 1778 wlis aprilis brZanebulebas. aq mar-

tivad Cans erekleseuli reformis xelwera. am periodSi mra-

vali, praqtikaSi danergili norma kanonmdeblobaSi asaxvas

maSin povebda, rodesac is qveynis uklebliv yvela kuTxisaT-

vis saerTo xdeboda. magaliTisaTvis Cven SegviZlia moviyva-

noT `morige jaris~ SemTxveva. rogorc ak. klimiaSvili, xel-

164

nawerTa erovnul centrSi dacul uamrav dokumentze day-

rnobiT, amtkicebs qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi `morige jari~

1755 wlidan arsebobda (ix. klimiaSvili, 1963). xolo 1774

wlidan, rodesac is yvelasaTvis savaldebulo normad iqca,

misi arseboba ukve sakanonmdeblo aqtiT gaformda. vfiq-

robT, aseTive SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme samarTalwarmoebis

mxrivac.

T. enuqiZis gamoqveynebuli samdivanbegos sasamarTlos

masalebidan irkveva, rom 1755 wlidan mdivanbegTa sasamar-

Tlos sakmaod mowesrigebuli kancelaria hqonda da sasamar-

Tlo kviris yovel dRes daubrkoleblad muSaobda (ix. enuqi-

Ze, 1964).

ap. rogavas azriT, sasamarTlo saqmianobis Semdgomi

daxvewa moxda 1760 wels — mas Semdeg, rac ioane xuces mona-

zonma Targmna petre I-is `sacxado ganweseba~ (bagrationi,

1959: 139). Cven viciT, rom paralelurad gaizarda mdivanbeg-

Ta raodenoba. maTi ricxvi daaxloebiT or aTeuls aRwevda.

1778 wels ki, rodesac samefo sasamarTlom qveynis yvela mxa-

re moicva, ukve brZanebulebiT gaformda — `yoveli arza da

saCivari mdivanbegebTan mivideso~. amas mohyva `msajulTSek-

rebulebis~ daarsebac. wyaroebSi ixseneba qarTlis da kaxe-

Tis mdivanbegebi. daviT batoniSvili Tavis `saqarTvelos sa-

marTlis da kanonmcodneobis mimoxilvaSi~ gadmogvcems, rom

samdivanbego sasamarTloebi iyo TbilisSi, gorSi, TelavSi,

siRnaRSi, yazaxSi, SamSadilosa da borCaloSi (bagrationi,

1959: 310). mosaxleobas saCivrebis wardgena SeeZloT samdi-

vanbegoebSi, mefesTan, dedofalTan da batoniSvilebTan,

romelTac mefisagan sasamarTlo saqmianobisaTvis gansakuT-

rebuli nebarTva eZleodaT (kekelia, 1970: 124, 128). amis Sem-

deg mosamarTle-mdivanbegebi iwyebdnen saqmis ganxilvas. wi-

naswar sagamoZiebo da aRmasrulebel funqcias, Tavis iasau-

lebTan erTad, eSikaRasbaSebi inawilebdnen. erTi sityviT,

samarTalwarmoeba da TiTqmis sruli Sinagani saqmeTa ufle-

bebi swored mdivanbegebze da aRmasrulebel eSikaRasbaSeb-

ze modioda. erekle II-s sasamarTlo reformis gatarebisas

unda exelmZRvanela petre I-is Sedgenili `Генералъный регламент~-is erT-erTi nawiliT — `Юстиц-колегия~-Ti

(Реформы..., 1937: 108-136). mdivanbegTa garda, glexTa Soris arsebul davebs mefis

mouravebi da sardlebic arCevdnen, Tumca, rogorc mefis mo-

165

xeleni da ara rogorc saTavados warmomadgenlebi, isic im

SemTxvevaSi Tu maT mediatorobas mosarCele moindomebda.

amave xanebSi amoqmedda dikasteriac. es iyo saeklesio

mmarTvelobis kolegiuri organo. zogadad dikasteria zRu-

davda eklesiis damoukideblobas saero xelisuflebis sa-

sargeblod. marTalia qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi raime radika-

luri uflebrivi SezRudva eklesis mimarT ar ganxorciele-

bula, Tumca dikasteria erTgvarad qmnida saeklesio uwye-

bas da awesrigebda rig sakiTxebs. mis Seqmnaze zegavlenas mo-

axdenda qarTul enaze naTargmni ekaterine II-is `nakazi~ da

petre I-is `Регламент или устав Духованой колегий~. dikasteria

saeklesio davebs arCevda.

sabolood aRvniSnavT, rom iese oses Zis cnoba ar SeiZ-

leba ugulebelvyoT. 1778 wlis brZanebuleba swored im xan-

gZlivi sasamarTlo reformis dasrulebas warmoadgenda,

romelic TavadebisaTvis Tavis saTavadoSi samarTalwarmoe-

bis uflebis mospobasa da am funqciis samefo sasamarTlo-

sadmi miniWebaSi gamoixateboda. ioane batoniSvilis `sjul-

debac~ (bagrationi, 1957: 21) ki, romelic mefis absoluturi

uflebebis ganmtkicebisaken iyo mimarTuli da mmarTvelo-

bis TiTqmis yvela rgolSi novaciebis danergvas moiTxovda,

iwonebda samdivanbego sasamarTlos da mis Semdgom reorga-

nizacias ar iTvaliswinebda.

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi mniSvnelovani reorgani-

zacia moxda sapolicio da administraciul aparatSi. gviani

Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi sapolicio saqmianobas iasau-

lebi, boqaulebi da asasebi asrulebdnen. maT saTaveSi eSika-

RasbaSi idga. XVIII saukunis I naxevarSi qarTlis samefoSi 2

samefo eSikaRasbaSis saxelo iyo (gabaSvili, 1942: 185). erek-

les II-is reformis Sedegad maTi ricxvi sagrZnoblad gai-

zarda. S. mesxia mis xelT arsebuli wyaroebis mixedviT am sa-

xelos mqone Semdeg pirebs asaxelebs: aslan orbeliani — qar-

Tlis eSikaRasbaSi, aidemu vaCnaZe — kaxeTis xalvaTxanis eSi-

kaRasbaSi, giorgi ciciSvili — qarTlis xalvaTxanis eSika-

RasbaSi, giorgi xerxeuliZe — qarTlis armiis eSikaRasbaSi,

aleqsandre mayaSvili — kaxeTis armiis eSikaRasbaSi. sul mes-

xias azriT, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi 5 eSikaRasbaSi yofila

(masalebi..., 1948: 031). wyaroebi ar akonkreteben armiis da

xalvaTxanis eSikaRasbaSebis zust mniSvnelobas, Tumca, ueW-

velia maTi saxelo sapolicio saqmianobas ukavSirdeba. Cveni

166

azriT, radgan armiis da xalvaTxanis eSikaRasbaSTa garda,

wyaroebSi fiqsirdeba calke qarTlis eSikaRasbaSic, amitom

bunebrivia, iqneboda kaxeTis eSikaRasbaSis saxeloc.59

amde-

nad XVIII saukunis ukanasknel mesamedSi qarTl-kaxeTis same-

foSi 6 eSikaRasbaSi yofila.

eSikaRasbaSTa ricxvis zrdasTan erTad gaizrdeboda

maTi xelqveiTebis, iasaulebis, boqaulebis da a.S. ricxvi.

amave periodSi Seqmnila yoriasaulbaSis saxelo. ro-

gorc v. gabaSvilma gaarkvia, `dasturlamalSi~ moxsenebulia

mxolod yoriasaulebi (gabaSvili, 1943: 185). axali saxelos

Seqmna erekle II-s ukavSirdeba. yoriasaulbaSis saxelos Seq-

mna gamoiwvia yoriasaulTa ricxvis zrdam. savaraudod, es

moxeleebic eSikaRasbaSs eqvemdebareobdnen da sapolicio

saqmianobas eweodnen.

am periodSi qarTul enaze iTargmna petre I-is `mokled

gamoxatua samsajuloTa gamomZieblobaTa~ (bagrationi,

1964: 015) da zonenfelsis saxelmZRvanelo policiur samar-

TalSi (surgulaZe, 1952: 6). ra Tqma unda, samefo xelisufle-

ba policiis reorganizaciisaTvis aRniSnul naSromebsac ga-

moiyenebda.

sapolicio moxeleTa ricxvis zrda, ra Tqma unda, maTi

samoqmedo arealis gafarToebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli (iseve

rogorc mdivanbegTa ricxvis zrda dakavSirebuli iyo saTava-

doTaTvis sasamarTlo imunitetis gauqmebasTan). rogorc ze-

moT aRvniSneT, Tavadebs Tavis saTavadoebSi gaaCndaT admi-

nistrirebis umTavresi berketi — sapolicio saqmianoba. am

saqmianobas isini sakuTari iasaulebis da boqaulebis saSua-

lebiT axorcielebdnen (jamburia, 1960: 114-115). XVIII saukunis

I naxevarisgan gansxvavebiT, wyaroebSi veRar vxvdebiT saTava-

doTa iasaulebs. am droisaTvis mTeli qveynis administrire-

bas, maT Soris sapolicio saqmianobasac, centraluri xeli-

suflebis warmomadgenlebi eweodnen.

Tuki XV-XVII saukunis qarTli saTavadoebSi mefis `moa-

sili~ saerTod ver Sedis, am droisaTvis mdgomareoba imde-

nad Secvlila, rom glexis urCobiT ganawyenebuli mebatone

erekle II-s werda: `Tqvenis wyenis uRono gaxlavar, Torem

Cems ymas rogor ver davimorCileb~-o (soselia, 1973: 523).

59 analogiuri mosazreba gamoTqva iv. surgulaZem (surgulaZe,

1952: 255-265).

167

Tavadebs rom administrirebis ufleba srulad Camor-

Tmeuli hqondaT, amas mravali dokumenti cxadyofs: Tbili-

sis mouravma, samefo sadroSos sardalma daviT ciciSvilma,

Tavisi saxliskacisgan miTvisebuli kuTvnili teritoria sa-

kuTari ZalebiT, centraluri xelisuflebis moxeleTa

ukiTxavad daibruna. aseTi moqmedeba samefo karisaTvis im-

denad miuRebeli aRmoCnda, rom `kadnierebisTvis da mosa-

marTlis winaaRmdeg~ Cadenili saqmisaTvis is `mouraobis

moqmedebidam daeyena~ da aznaurebi — paata da nikoloz meR-

vineTuxucesisSvilebi `wilad waerTo~ (qarTuli..., 1972:

119).60

Tavadi ioane avaliSvili sasamarTlos winaSe acxadeb-

da: `Cemma ymam, mRvdelma lazarem didi SeracxebiT, lan-

ZRviT, ginebiT gamxada da didis avad mopyrobiT da esec miT-

xra — Seni sisxli mwyurian da minda davlioo~ (akofaSvili,

1973: 567). xolo Tavadi giorgi ciciSvili mefisadmi micemul

arzaSi Cioda sakuTar ymaze: `es kemuxataSvili mamaCems ukan

mosdevda, cixis karTan rom mivida, ukanidan Tofi hkra da

mohkla mama Cemi. masukan gavarda, xan osebSi iyo xan gaRma

qarTlSi.... me es sarwmuno kacebis mowmobiT sabuTica maqvs,

rom banidan momepara meca mklavda, Seutyve da gameqca. di-

dad gevedrebi, Tqvens samarTlamdin Tqvens iasauls ebaros,

ar gaiparos. axla aq movida, Tqvens taxtze daWera ar SemeZ-

lo, xma ar gaveci. amisgan amowyvetili var. arsad wavides, sa-

marTali gvisajeT~ (1778 w.) (dokumentebi..., 1953: 104). arzi-

dan Cans, rom iseT did Tavads, rogoric giorgi ciciSvili

iyo damnaSave ymis dasjis arc berketi gaaCnda da arc saTana-

do uflebamosileba. didi Tavadi dacvas centralur xeli-

suflebas sTxovda, aseT SemTxvevaSi TavadTa administraci-

ul imunitetze saubari sruliad miuRebeli Cans.

aRniSnul mosazrebas pirdapir exmaureba `meukane~

sadroSos sardlis aleqsandre ciciSvilis 1769 wlis 28 Te-

bervlis arza erekle II-sadmi. teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `...amas

movaxseneb Cvens mowyale xelmwifes. Tqveni oqmi da brZaneba

mogvivida, rom Tu erTmaneTTan an saCivari gqondeT an sa-

60 aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sabolood sasamarTlom daviT ciciSvili

gaamarTla da sadao teritoria masve arguna, Tumca sakuTari ini-

ciativiT gadadgmuli nabijisaTvis mkacri sasjeliT daisaja.

168

dao, Cven mogvaxseneTo da samarTals Cven gizamTo. amis gu-

lisaTvis veravis vawyenine.

axla amas mogaxsaneb. Tqvenis Tavis mzema erTi tivi min-

doda, kacni gavgzavne da veRar viSovne xe rom mameWrevinebi-

na, ase gauyenebiaT Cveni tye. atens qveiTi kaci sul Cvens

tyeSi Wrian, ar gvkiTxaven moWrasa, arc rac tivis salbaSia,

imas gvaZleven. es arasdros uqniaT.

amas gevedrebiT, erTis oqmis wyaloba gviyoT — Tavada

Cvens ukiTxavad Cvens tyeSi nu moWrian; Tu rom moWran, rac

marTebuli iyos da viRebdeT an Cvena da an sxvagan, imas mog-

vcemdnen. Cven Cvenis mTiTa da bariTa unda davrCeT~ (qarTu-

li..., 1981: 145-146).

dokumentidan irkveva, rom 1769 wlis axlo xanebSi,

erekle II-s specialuri brZanebulebebi gaugzavnia Tavadebi-

saTvis, romlis safuZvelzec maTTvis sasamarTlo-adminis-

traciuli funqciebi CamourTmevia. am sferoebSi maTi uf-

lebebi imdenad SezRudula, rom umaRlesi rangis moxele,

didebuli Tavadi, aleqsandre ciciSvili, mefis oqmis gare-

Se, sakuTari tyiT sargeblobas mosaxleobas verc ukrZalav-

da da verc gadasaxads awesebda. Cans, mefes TavadebisaTvis

sasamarTlo-administraciuli imuniteti saerTod gauuqme-

bia.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi specialurad policiisaTvis

gankuTvnili adgilebi yofila. datusaRebis Semdeg iase ba-

raTaSvili `iasaulebis saxlSi~ miuyvaniaT: — `movidnen, miT-

xres batonis tusaRi xaro. ras viqmodi, RmerTs madloba mi-

vec. daWerilsaviT viyavi erTi saaTi, wamiyvanes, iasaulebis

saxlSi damsves...~ (iese baraTSvilis..., 1950: 26).

amave periodSi tradiciul sasjelebTan erTad — sis-

xlis safasuris gadaxda, nasaRis dadeba — SemouRiaT sasje-

lis moxdis axali forma — dapatimreba (qarTuli..., 1965: 442;

bagrationi 1964: 112).

erTi sityviT, XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi saTavadoebma

dakarges sapolicio-administraciuli da sasamarTlo imu-

niteti. centraluri xelisuflebis mier Camoyalibda `Sina-

gan saqmeTa uwyeba~ mdivanbegebisa da eSikaRasbaSebis meTau-

robiT. qveynis mTeli teritoriis administrirebas es uwyeba

axdenda.

169

* * *

rogorc vxedavT, erekle II-is reformebis Sedegad

qarTl-kaxeTis centraluri mmarTveloba daiyo dargebad.

saxelmwifo mmarTveloba danawilda `saxelmwifo Semosav-

lebis da safinanso uwyebad~, `samxedro saqmeebis uwyebad~,

`Sinagan saqmeTa uwyebad~. amave dros daviT batoniSvilis

cnobiT, Seqmnila `sagareo saqmeTa uwyebac~. saqarTvelos

samarTlis da kanonmcodneobis mimoxilvis 108-e da 109-e

muxlebSi aRniSnulia, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi sagareo

saqmeebs xelmZRvanelobda mdivanTuxucesi. am dros samefo-

Si ori mdivanTuxucesi iyo. erTi qristiani da erTi muslimi.

pirveli maTgani urTierTobas qristianul saxelmwifoeb-

Tan, meore ki muslimur qveynebTan awesrigebda (bagrationi,

1959: 240).

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi arsebobda samefo kancelaria,

davTarxana. mis meTaurs, ruseTis imperiis mibaZviT `vice-

kancleri~ ewodeboda. 90-ian wlebSi `vice-kancleri~ solo-

mon lioniZe iyo.

erekle II-s, daviT batoniSvilisave cnobiT, SemouRia

axali saxeloebi — `milaxvari~, `saolqo inpeqtori~ anu `re-

vizori~ da sxva.

`saolqo inspeqtorebi~ iniSnebodnen mudmivmoqmedi

organos, samefo sabWos mier, romelsac daviT batoniSvili

senats uwodebs. `saolqo inspeqtorebi~ erTi wlis vadiT

axorcielebdnen Tavis movaleobas. maT movaleobaSi Sedio-

da adgilobrivi administraciis moxeleTa — mouravTa, mosa-

marTleTa da a.S. kontroli (bagrationi, 1959: 271-272). es sa-

xelo Zalian hgavs petre I-is mier SemoRebul `государственные контролеры~-s.

amavdroulad mefis saTaTbiro organos — darbazis —

erTgvari reorganizacia ganxorcielda. mas ewoda samefo

sabWo, romelic mudmivad funqcionirebda. misi wevrebi me-

fis mier SerCeuli pirebi iyvnen. daviT batoniSvilis cnobis

mixedviT samefo sabWo arCevda, rogorc pilitikuri Sinaar-

sis saqmeebs, aseve kontrols amyarebda sasamarTlo saqmia-

nobaze da warmoadgenda umaRles saapelacio instancias

(bagrationi, 1959: 237-239.

mniSvnelovani reorganizacia ganxorcielda adgilob-

riv administraciul aparatSi. rogorc wina TavSi aRvniSneT,

170

erekle II-m daibruna `osmaloba-yizilbaSobis~ dros Tavade-

bis mier mitacebuli mamulebi. samefo domeni izrdeboda

konfiskaciis gziTac.

amavdroulad erekle II-m gaauqma yazaxis (1755 w.) da

borCalo-baidaris (1765 w.) saxanoebi. xolo 1777 wels qsnis

erisTavTa mamulebi saxasod daido (manamde 1743 wels Teimu-

raz II-m aragvis saerisTavo gaauqma).

aRniSnuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad samefo domenma moic-

va qveynis umetesi nawili — yazaxi, borCalo, baidari, somxi-

Ti, TrialeTis nawili, Tbilisi da misi Semogareni, gori da

misi Semogareni, saamilaxvaros nawili zemo qarTlSi, patara

da didi liaxvis xeobebis umetesi adgilebi, qsnis da aragvis

xeobebi, xevi, TuSeTi, fSavi, xevsureTi da kaxeTis umetesi

nawili.

mefem am mxareebis mmarTvelebad mouravebi, nacvlebi

da mamasaxlis-gzirebi ganawesa.

platon ioseliani giorgi XII-is dros Semdeg mouraveb-

sa da samouravoebis asaxelebs:

erasti amilaxvari — soRanluRis mouravi.

qaixosro sumbaTaSvili — navTluRis mouravi.

baram gurgeniZe — didubis mouravi.

aleqsandre mayaSvili — winwyaros, orsave avlabris,

kukiis mouravi.

farsadan qarumiZe — axalsoflis mouravi.

giorgi amilaxvari — goris mouravi.

luarsab lolaZe da gogia begiaSvili — mejvrisxevis

mouravni.

gogia begiaSvili — mejudis mouravi.

daviT bibiluri — saTemo mouravi.

firan CerqeziSvili — qiwnisis, tyviavis da Rvidisis mo-

uravi.

gogia furcelaZe — patara liaxvisa da osebis mouravi.

egnate mirzaSvili — vanaTis, arbos da Sindisis moura-

vi.

egnate ioseliani — tirZnisis mouravi.

ninia amilaxvari — cxinvalis da qarelis mouravi.

zaza maCabeli — qelvis da aCabeTis mouravi.

nasyida zardiaSvili — maRrandovleTis mouravi.

evgeni abaSiZe — alis, suramis da qefinisxevis moravi.

nokoliz glurjiZe — xidisTavis mouravi.

171

domenti winamZRvriSvili — glurjeTis mouravi.

daviT abaSiZe — borCalos da Silixos mouravi.

SanSe erisTvisSvili — Sulaveris mouravi.

revaz vaxvaxiSvili — axatelis TaTrebis mouravi.

Tamaz orbeliani — demurCalis mouravi.

adam andronikaSvili — kaxeTis TaTrebisa da qirCxlis

mouravi.

osefa bebuTaSvili — baidaris mouravi.

solomon arRuTaSvili — sarvanis mouravi.

saam baraTaSvili — Zveli Taqlis mouravi.

paata abaSiZe — axali Taqlis mouravi.

saam baraTaSvili — Zveli Taqlis mouravi.

paata abaSiZe — axali Taqlis mouravi.

solomon gabaevi — muRanlos mouravi.

giorgi ciciSvili — elebisa, qolagirisa, muRanlos,

qoSqilisisa, aylilisa, uzunlarisa da disiRis mouravi.

osefa yorRanaSvili — hasan-xojalis mouravi.

garsevan WavWavaZe — yazaxis TaTrebis mouravi.

giorgi ciciSvili — bambakis mouravi.

nikoloz CerqeziSvili — manavis mouravi.

Tadia ColoyaSvili — Tval-sagarejos, sarTiWalis mo-

uravi.

daviT andronikaSvili — orsave martyofis mouravi.

gogia naTaliSvili — lilos mouravi.

dimitri ColoyaSvili — TianeTis da marilisis moura-

vi.

glaxa saginovi — qistauris mouravi.

aleqsandre mayaSvili — boWormis mouravi.

daviT da ioane qobulovebi — zemoxodaSenis mouravebi.

irodion gurgeniZe — Telavis mouravi.

giorgi vaxvaxiSvili — kalauris mouravi.

ioseb WavWavaZe — iraklis cixis mouravi.

sfiridon jandieriSvili — qvemo xodaSenis da SaSianis

mouravi.

oman jandieriSvili — uriaTubnis mouravi.

dimitri andronikaSvili — veliscixis mouravi.

daviT jandieriSvili — gurjaanis mouravi.

durmiSxan ColoyaSvili — pankisis, baxtrionis da qor-

balas mouravi.

aRaTang petriaSvili — maRnaris mouravi.

172

nikoloz ColoyaSvili — lalisyuris mouravi.

Tamaz jorjaZe — Saqrianis mouravi.

dimitri jorjaZe — eniselis mouravi.

daviT mayaSvili — aRdgomis mouravi.

giorgi nodaraSvili da anduyafar bancuriSvili —

Sildis mouravi.

kirile avaliSvili — lomis-cixis mouravi.

daviT ColoyaSvili — vefxis-cixis mouravi.

luarsab TarxniSvili — faSaanis mouravi.

samon qobulaSvili — sanavardos mouravi.

garsevan vaCnaZe — kuWatanis da `orsave gavazis~ moura-

vi.

spiridon TarxniSvili — vanTas mouravi.

luarsab TarxniSvili — akuras mouravi.

oman mayaSvili — yarajalas, piraqeTa TaTrebis da ka-

xeTSi mcxovrebi TaTrebis mouravi.

daviT da ioane qobulaSvilebi — `TaTrebisa yizil-aji-

lisa~ mouravi.

revaz andronikaSvili — qiziyis mouravi.

rosef jandieri — jimiTis da yandauris mouravi.

ninia CerqeziSvili — kakabeTis mouravi.

durmiSxan ColoyaSvili — TuSeTis mouravi.

dimitri ColoyaSvili — fSavisa da xevsureTis mouravi

(ioseliani, 1978: 263-264).

zemoT CamoTvlilTa garda iyo Tbilisis samouravo.

TbilisSi mefis mouravis paralelurad yvela Tavads saku-

Tari mouravi hyolia. mmarTvelobis centralizebis kuTxiT

erekle II-s specialuri brZanebuleba Seudgenia: `q. Cveni

brZaneba aris... Cvens mouravs gardaisad sxva visac qalaqSi

mouravebi hyavs isini mouraobidam dagviyenebia. Cveni saxa-

sos ymasac da qalaqSi visac yma hyavs imaTi mouravi sardal

qalaqis mouravi Cveni siZe daviT aris...~ (1. III. 1784 w.) (xec.,

Hd—1616; surgulaZe, 1952: 425-426).

mouravebi iyvnen ganwesebulni yofili qsnis da aragvis

saerisTavoebSic. miuxedavad imisa, rom es teritoriebi XVIII

saukunis 80-ian wlebSi saufliswulod gadaecaT batoniSvi-

lebs, adgilobrivi moxeleni (maT Soris mouravebic) cen-

tralur xelisuflebas emorCilebodnen. amas adasturebs

mravali dokumenti. xolo am teritoriaze mcxovrebi aznau-

173

rebi saxaso aznaurebad arian dawerilni (qarTuli..., 1965:

485).

zogierTi samouravo Seadgenda ara marto konkretul

dasaxlebul punqts, aramed mis Semogaren, sakmaod mozrdil

teritoriasac. magaliTad, Tbilisis, goris, sagarejos da

a.S. samouravoebs miewerebodaT sxvadasxva soflebi (ix. bag-

rationi, 1986).

didi samouravoebis meTaurebi, ruseTis imperiis mibaZ-

viT, wyaroebSi gubernatorebad ixseneba.

rogorc vxedavT, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos umetes na-

wils mefis administraciuli moxeleni — mouravebi — ganage-

ben. Tumca mefis administraciuli warmomadgeneli TavadTa

mkvidr mamulebSi ar ijda. es badebs SekiTxvas — Tu mefis mo-

xele ar zis saTavado mamulebSi, maSin vin axdens administri-

rebas Tu ara Tavadi? magram Cven aRvniSneT, rom erekle II-m

sxvadasxva reformebis Sedegad Tavadebs CamoarTva samxed-

ro, sasamarTlo, sagadasaxado da sapolicio saqmianobis

ganxorcielebis ufleba. arc dokumenturad dasturdeba,

rom Tavadebis moxeleebi saTavadoSi axorcielebdnen ba-

ton-ymur valdebulebebis (batonis sasargeblo gadasaxade-

bis akrefa, batonis zvar-xodabunebis damuSaveba da sxva sa-

meurneo saqmianobebi) garda, sxva administraciul funqci-

ebs.61

am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs specifikur mdgomareobas-

Tan — samefo xelisufleba TavadTa kuTvnili teritoriebis

administrirebas axdenda ara adgilze daniSnuli moxeleebis

— mouravebis (`saqveynod gamrigeebis~) — saSualebiT, aramed

centridan, yovelgvari adgilobrivi rgolebis gareSe. ise-

61 administraciuli marTvis berketebi XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi

gaaCnda mxolod qsnis erisTavebs. saerisTavoSi iyvnen boqaulTu-

xucesebi, boqaulebi, iasaulebi da a.S. erTi sityviT, erisTavebi

flobdnen garkveul imunitets. saerisTavos gauqmeba, Cveni azriT,

swored am faqtma gamoiwvia. mogvianebiT, rodesac 1800-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi, dRis wesrigSi dadga erisTavebisaTvis CamorTmeuli mi-

webis ukan dabruneba, samefo kari maT ara erisTavis, aramed moura-

vis (anu mefis moxelis) statuss aniWebda (bagrationi, 1957: 34-35).

amiT giorgi XII-is xelisufleba xazs usvamda, rom ukiduresad da-

sustebul samefoSic ki SeuZlebeli iyo saTavado aRmdgariyo Tavi-

si imunitetiT (SezRuduli administraciuli funqciis matareble-

bi Canan mxolod sardlebi, romlebic am periodSi centraluri xe-

lisuflebis rigiT moxeleebad iqcnen).

174

ve, rogorc `samxedro uwyeba~, `morige~ Tu sxva tipis jaris

mobilizebas awarmoebda yovelgvari provinciuli samobili-

zacio rgolis gareSe, centridan laSqarnivisebis da sarqar-

darebis saSualebiT, aseve saTavado mamulebSi aRweras, sasa-

marTlo saqmianobas, gadasaxadebis Sekrebas Tu sapolicio

saqmianobas centraluri xelisufleba uproblemod axorci-

elebda. erekle II-m Zveli tradiciis, TavadTa interesebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu biurokratiuli aparatis kidev ufro

gazrdisaTvis saxsrebis uqonlobis gamo, ver SeZlo qveynis

maStabiT saerTo administraciuli rgolebis (samouravoe-

bis) Seqmna. winaaRmdegobas gamoiwvevda is faqtic, rom mou-

ravebis sargos Seadgenda mis samouravoSi mcxovrebTa gada-

saxadebi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mefe saTavado mamulebSi aseT

moxeleebs ganawesebda, es ramdenadme daamZimebda mosaxleo-

bis mdgomareobas, radgan maT daekisrebodaT, erTi mxriv, me-

batonis sasargeblod, meore mxriv, mefis sasargeblod da,

mesame mxriv, mouravis sasargeblod gaeRoT gadasaxadebi.

samefo kars, sxva tipis moxeleebis (mag. samxedro uwyebis mo-

xeleebis) msgavsad, ar SeeZlo mravalricxovani mouravebi-

saTvis xazinidan jamagiri eZlia. amitom optimaluri gamosa-

vali TavadTa samflobeloebisaTvis centridan administri-

reba Canda.

erekle II-m XVIII saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi samefo da sa-

dedoflo yma-mamulebis nawili Tavis memkvidreebs — bato-

niSvilebs — mudmiv sakuTrebaSi gadasca. sakmaod msxvili me-

mamuleebi gaxdnen iulon, vaxtang, ioane, mirian, aleqsandre

da farnaoz batoniSvilebi. batoniSvilTa sakuTrebas sauf-

liswuloebi ewodeboda.

garda pirad sakuTrebaSi gadacemuli yma-mamulisa,

erekle II-m aseve Seqmna ufro msxvili teritoriuli erTeu-

lebi, romelsac aseve saufliswuloebi ewoda. platon iose-

lianis gadmocemiT, `gamravlebulTa ZeTa TvisTa [erekle II-

m] dauniSna sacxovrebelad da gasageblad adgilni da Temni.

mefis Zes giorgis borCalo da yazaxisa nawili; iulonsa

qsnis adgilebi (radganac erisTavianT mieRoT qsani), vaxtan-

gsa anu almasxansa aragvi da sxvaTa sxvani adgilni~ (ioselia-

ni, 1978: 14). mogvianebiT, sakuTriv qsnis saerisTavo ioane

giorgis Zes gadeca, xolo iulons liaxvis xeoba, farnaoz ba-

toniSvils ki suramis mimdebare teritoriebi.

175

aseTi saufliswuloebi ar iyo batoniSvilTa samemkvid-

reo nawili. magaliTad, yazax-borCaloSi mouravi ijda da

mosaxleobis akrefili gadasaxadebi saxelmwifo xazinaSi Se-

dioda; aseve iulon batoniSvilis saufliswulo moicavda,

rogorc mis pirad mamulebs, aseve maCablebis, amilaxvrebis

da sxvaTa mamulebsac. farnaoz batoniSvilis saufliswulo-

Si — suramSi — ijda mefis mouravi, gadasaxadebic saxelmwi-

fo xazinaSi Sedioda. qsnis da aragvis xeobebis aznaurebi

(Tavisi ymebiT) saxazino aznaurebad iTvlebodnen. erTi

sityviT, mefem Tavisi memkvidreebi provinciaSi centralu-

ri xelisuflebis gaZlierebis mizniT sakuTar warmomadgen-

lebad daniSna. specialuri nebarTviT maTF samarTalwarmoe-

baSi monawileobis ufleba, samxedro funqciebi da sxva mova-

leobebi daakisra. amiT kidev ufro SeizRuda sardalTa uf-

leba-movaleobebi. daviT batoniSvilis `saqarTvelos samar-

Tlisa da kanonmcodneobis mimoxilvidan~ Cans, rom erekle

II-m ufliswulebisaTvis zogierTi uflebamosileba SezRuda

— batoniSvilebs ekrZalebodaT maT sabatoniSviloSi ganwe-

sebul mouravTa, sardalTa da mdivanbegTa winaaRmdegoba da

sxv. (ix. bagrationi, 1959: 224-225).

Tavdapirvelad axlad Seqmnili instituti normalu-

rad funqcionirebda. Tumca, mogvianebiT, erekle II-is gar-

dacvalebis Semdeg, taxtis dauflebisaTvis gamwvavebul di-

nastiur brZolaSi batoniSvilebi miniWebul Zalauflebas

sakuTari interesebisaTvis iyenebdnen, ramac aRa-mahmad xa-

nisagan darbeuli qveynis kidev ufro dasusteba gamoiwvia.

amitomac, saufliswuloTa Seqmna qarTul istoriografiaSi

erekle II-is Secdomad samarTlianad aris miCneuli.

* * *

ganaTlebis sferoSi erTgvar gardamtex xanad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos XVIII saukunis II naxevari. `ereklemde, gvianfeoda-

lur xanaSi, skolebi kerZo iyo da saxelmwifo maTze ar zru-

navda. erekles droidan-ki saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo skola

Semodis. 1756 wels TbilisSi filosofiis seminaria daarsda,

xolo 1782 wels meore aseTive seminaria TelavSic gaixsna. am

saswavlebelTa gegma aseTive rusuli saswavlebidan iyo gad-

motanili. Tbilisisa da Telavis seminariebs reqtorebi ga-

nagebdnen. maT xelfasi xazinidan eZleodaT~ (berZeniSvili,

1965: 226). Telavis filosofiur seminarias maRal Sefasebas

176

aZlevs germaneli mogzauri iakob rainegsi. misi TqmiT vaxva-

xiSvilebis `gvaridan aris qarTveli beri, saxelad gaiozi,

romelic ToTxmeti wlis manZilze ruseTSi swavlobda da

1780 wels didi codniT SeiaraRebuli saqarTveloSi dabrun-

da da TelavSi skola daaarsa. misma dauRalavma sibejiTem da

gasagebma swavlebam gaaRviZa misi Tanamemamuleebis niWi (una-

ri) da maTi xarbi cnobismoyvareoba, raTa isini ganswavlul-

ni gamxdariyvnen~ (rainegsi, 2002: 166). gaiozis Semdeg semina-

riis reqtorad daniSnula daviT mesxiSvili (rogava, 1950: 45-

46). Telavis seminariaSi daviT batoniSvilis cnobiT ganaT-

lebis miReba SeeZloT yvela wodebis warmomadgenels (bagra-

tioni, 1959: 253). seminariebSi swavleba leqciur xasiaTs ata-

rebda. moswavleebi ismendnen leqciebs, xolo pedagogebi

maT codnas amowmebdnen gamocdebis gziT. warCinebul mos-

wavleebs ki ajildovebdnen (qiqoZe..., 1973: 779).62

1778 wels TbilisSi gaioz arqimandritis xelmZRvane-

lobiT daarsda rusuli enis Semswavleli kerZo skola (qiqo-

Ze..., 1973: 778).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1780-1782 wlebSi safuZvlia-

nad gadaiaraRda stamba, sadac aTasobiT wigni ibeWdeboda.

zaqaria WiWinaZe beWduri gamocemebis kidev erT siaxleze

mogviTxrobs: `...saqarTveloSi 1787 wels gazeTis msgavsad

furclebze beWdvac iwyes, romel furclebzedac moTavse-

buli iyo sxva da sxva akrostixuri leqsebi, sityvebi da me-

feTa qebani....amave dros ukve win wavida qarTvelTa Soris

sxva da sxva gancxadebebis beWdvac (WiWinaZe, 1903: 4). rogorc

vxedavT niadagi mzaddeboda qarTuli gazeTis daarsebisaT-

vis. ioane batoniSvilis kanonproeqti gazeTis daarsebasac

iTvaliswinebda~ (bagrationi, 1957: 7), Tumca misi ganxorcie-

leba imJamad ver moxerxda.

wyaroebidan irkveva, rom XVIII saukunis miwurulSi, ru-

suli Teatris mibaZviT, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi daarsda

Teatri. samefo karze Teatraluri warmodgenebi imarTebo-

da giorgi avaliSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT. Telavsa da Tbi-

lisSi Teatralur warmodgenebs marTavda aseve vinme gabrie-

li, artileriis maiori. maT garda, imdroindeli msaxiobebi-

dan cnobilia ioseb amiriZe, qeSiS-dardimandad wodebuli da

maCabela.

62 dawvrilebiT ixileT ap. rogavas naSromi (rogava, 1950).

177

XVIII saukunis bolos qarTuli dramaturgiac ganviTar-

da. giorgi avaliSvilma rusulidan Targmna sumarokovis

cnobili piesebi: `rqis matarebeli~, `deda rayifi qalisa~,

`saCxubari~ da ùbnoba mkvdarTa~. agreTve dauweria origi-

naluri qarTuli piesebi. maT Soris `Teimuraz II~. mdivanbeg

daviT jimSeris Ze ColoyaSvils rasinis èfiRenia~ uTar-

gmnia (ix. gaCeCilaZe, 1957).

sabolood aRvniSnavT, rom erekle II-m 1770-ian wlebSi

gaatara mniSvnelovani reformebi: 1) saxelmwifo kontrol-

ze aiyvana qveynis aRweris organizeba, 2) Seqmna centralize-

buli sagadasaxado sistema, 3) Camoayaliba mudmivi jaris na-

irsaxeobebi, 4) centralur xelisuflebas dauqvemdebara sa-

samarTlo da sapolicio saqmianoba, 5) mmarTveloba dayo

sxvadasxva dargebad, 6) SemoiRo axali samoxeleo Tanamdebo-

bebi da moxeleTa did nawils samsaxurisTvis jamagiri dau-

niSna.

miuxedavad zogierTi naklovanebisa (tradiciis mixed-

viT moxeleebi xSirad memkvidreobiT flobdnen saxelos;

zogjer erTi da imave pirovnebas erTdroulad ori da meti

Tanamdeboba ekava, rac garkveul uaryofiT Sedegebs iZleo-

da; rigi mizezebis gamo mTeli qveynis samouravoebad dayofa

ver moxerxda da saufloswuloTa intitutma ar gaamarTla),

ereklesdroindeli qarTl-kaxeTis samefo mkveTrad gascda

feodalur-decentralizebul saxelmwifos farglebs. erek-

le II-is reformebis Sedegad saTavadoebma dakarges imunite-

ti, rac maT faqtobriv gauqmebas niSnavda da Seiqmna centra-

lizebuli mmarTveloba. aseTi tipis saxelmwifo Cveni az-

riT, àbsolutur monarqias~ ufro emsgavseba, vidre Camor-

Cenil, Tavadur samefos. erekle II-s RonisZiebebi bevr msgav-

sebas amJRavnebs petre I-is reformebTan. kargad xedavda ra

qveynis mmarTvelobis modernizaciisaken gadadgmul nabi-

jebs qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi myofi rusi moxele burnaSovi,

aRniSnavda: èrekle mefe ise arafrisaken ar miiswrafoda,

rogorc Tavis xalxis evropulad gardaqmnisaken~ (burnaSo-

vi, 1898: 10). erekle II-is droindeli qarTl-kaxeTis samefo

àbsoluturi~ monarqiisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bevr niSans

atarebda.

qveynis sruli, saboloo, gardaqmnisaTvis saWiro iyo

reformebis gagrZeleba. am process xeli SeueSala, rigi obi-

178

eqturi da subieqturi mizezebis gamo, krwanisis brZolaSi da-

marcxebam da erekle II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg atexilma Sida

winaaRmdegobebma.63

aRniSnuli dabrkolebebis miuxedavad,

1799 wels ioane batoniSvilma giorgi XII-s warudgina kanon-

proeqti, romelic miznad qveyanaSi reformebis gagrZelebas

isaxavda (ix. bagrationi, 1957). samwuxarod, qveynis momavali

modernizeba samefo xelisuflebas ar dascalda. 1801 wels

ruseTis imperiam daarRvia georgievskis traqtatiT gaTva-

liswinebuli pirobebi da qarTl-kaxeTis samefo gaauqma.

ioane batoniSvilis kanonproeqti iTvaliswinebda vaW-

robis da xelosnobis gafarToebas, samTamadno mrewveloba-

ze zrunvas, saxelmwifo skolebis gaxsnas, TavadiSvilaTa ma-

mulebis saboloo gamijvnas, moxeleTa jamagirze gadayvanas

da sxva.

es kanonproeqti qarTul istoriografiaSi miCneulia

sruliad axal, `revoluciur~ gardaqmnebis matareblad.

magram dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom Tvisebrivad axali, cariel

niadagze daweril proeqtTan ar gvaqvs saqme. igi bevr sfe-

roSi ereklesdroindel kondiciaze dabrunebas gulisxmob-

da. xolo yvela sxva siaxleni dafuZnebuli iyo ukve arsebul

mdgomareobaze (proeqti aRorZinebul vaWroba-xelosnobaSi

qarTuli eTnikuri elementis CarTvas, arsebuli mudmiv sam-

xedro Zalebis kidev ufro daxvewas, saxelmwifo skolebis,

romlebic krwanisis brZolis Semdeg ganadgurda, aRdgena-

momatebas da a.S. iTvaliswinebda).

erTi sityviT, erekle II-m SeZlo qveynis mmarTvelobis

Zireuli gardaqmna. am cvlilebebma, bunebrivia, Zveli feoda-

luri saxlebis mflobelobaSi garkveuli siaxleebi Seitana.

63 es sakiTxebi scdeba Cvens kvlevis obieqts da amitom masze ar Sev-

CerdebiT.

179

Tavi IV.

cvlilebebi saTavadoTa Sida mflobelobaSi

erekle II-is mier gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad sa-

Tavadoebma dakarges imuniteti. mefis Zalaufleba aRar iyo

maTze damokidebuli. qveyanaSi fulad-sasaqonlo urTier-

Tobebis ganviTareba, racionaluri meurneobebis gaCena da

paralelurad, feodaluri saxlebis saerTo mamulebis deg-

radacia, Zirs uTxrida saTavadoTa ekonomikur Zlierebas —

saerTo mflobelobis arseboba xom naturalur meurneobaze

iyo damyarebuli. aseT pirobebSi, bunebrivia, daiwyo saTava-

do saxlebis rRveva. am periodSi TvalSisacemia Tavad-azna-

urTa qalaqisaken swrafva. marto TbilisSi XVIII saukunis mi-

wurulSi 70-ze meti Tavadi cxovrobda. maT aRar akmayofi-

lebdaT saerTo mamulidan miRebuli renta da cdilobdnen

individualuri — `saTavisTavo~ qonebis Seqmnas.

XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebis qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi sa-

Tavado saxlebis rRvevis gaaqtiureba da individualuri me-

urneobis masiuri Camoyalibebis procesi SeimCneva.64

saTavadoTa saerTo mflobelobis rRvevaze Cvens

xelT arsebuli mravali dokumenti miuTiTebs:

1776 wlis 15 ivnisis ganCineba glaxa da qaixosro favle-

niSvilebis mamulis saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 14-15).

1777 wlis 23 martis ganCineba ioane da beJan yorCibaSiS-

vilebis mamulis saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 27-29).

1778 wlis 11 maisis ganCineba ivane da solomon abazaZee-

bis mamulis saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 57-61).

1780 wlis 10 ivnisis ganCineba zemo da qvemo abazaZeebis

mamulis saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 115-154).

1781 wlis 14 maisis ganCineba guramiSvilTa gayris sqme-

ze (qarTuli..., 1974: 152).

64 kaxeTSi samefo karis centralizebuli politikis wyalobiT sa-

Tavadoebma ver miiRes ganviTarebis iseTive saxe, rogoric iyo qar-

TlSi. iq saTavado saxlebis `gayris~ masiuri procesi XVI-XVII sau-

kuneebidanve SeimCneva (ix. asaTiani, 1959: 54). gansxvavebuli azri ga-

moTqva g. jamburiam. misi azriT kaxeTSi, qarTlis samefos msgavsad

arsebobda saTavadoTa sistema (ix. jamburia, 2007: 121-161).

180

1783 wlis 25 ivnisis ganCineba guramiSvilebis qonebis

gayofis saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 220-221).

1783 wlis 28 oqtombris ganCineba farezum da aqaz an-

dronikaSvilbis gayris saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 241-242).

1784 wlis 6 seqbembris ganCineba falavandiSvilebis ma-

mulis gayofis saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 269-270).

1785 wlis 12 aprilis ganCineba sulxan da qaixosro xim-

SiaSvilebis mamulis saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 295).

1787 wlis 16 oqtombris ganCineba (qiziyis) mouravisa da

TofCibaSis mamulis saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 385-386).

1787 wlis 27 noembris ganCineba papua da egnate Tuma-

niSvilebis gayris saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 387-393).

1787 wlis martis ganCineba jardan da durmiSxan Colo-

yaSvilebis gayris saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 357-366).65

1789 wlis 12 maisis ganCineba ratiSvilebis gayris saq-

meze (qarTuli..., 1974: 465-467).

1789 wlis 8 ivniss ganCineba eliazar da zaal daviTaSvi-

lebis mamulis gayofis saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 217-218).

1790 wlis 1 martis ganCineba eSikaRasbaS revazisa da

solomonis gayris saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 488-490).

1792 wlis 29 agvistos ganCineba daviT da zaza amireji-

bebis gayris saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 578-579).

1793 wlis 25 Tebervlis ganCineba iese da sulxan TaqTa-

qiSvilebis gayris saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 594).......

sxvadasxva sabuTebiT irkveva, rom am dros zemoT Ca-

moTvlil sagvareuloTa garda, gayrila Semdegi saTavado

saxlebi: germanoziSvilebi, garsevaniSvilebis, favleniSvi-

lebi, diasamiZeebi, avaliSvilebi, begTabegiSvilebi, saakaZe-

ebi, javaxiSvilebi, TarxniSvilebi, xerxeuliZeebi da sxva (ix.

xanTaZe, 1955: 153-171).

cnobilia, rom didi saTavado saxlebi eridebodnen ga-

yofas, radganac feodalur saxelmwifoSi, es mis damcrobas

gamoiwvevda. Zveli tradicia, ra Tqma unda, kvlav ZalaSi

rCeboda. aleqsanrde amilaxvari amis Sesaxeb aRniSnavda, rom

`.... qarTvelebs Soris mets pativs scemdnen ganuyofel

gvars~ (amilaxvari, 1939: 129).

65 iyreba ColoyaSvilTa erTi saxli. mTlianad saColoyaSvilo ukve

ramdenime saxladaa daSlili.

181

tradiciuli Sexedulebis miuxedavad, kerZo, indivi-

dualuri sakuTrebis Seqmnis tendencias verc didi saTava-

doebi ascdnen. zogierTma saTavado saxlma, marTalia, gansa-

xilveli saukunis bolomde SeinarCuna saerTo mflobeloba

(saamilaxvro, samuxranbatono), magram qveyanaSi dawyebuli

procesi arsebiTad maTac SeexoT.

1769 wels yma-mamulebi gaunawilebiaT abaSiZeTa did

saTavados saxlis wevrebs — `q. ukeTilmsaxuress da umaR-

lessa, Zesa uflisa mier cxebulisa qarTuelTa mefisa Tei-

murazisasa, iraklis meoresa, qristes mier keTilmsaxursa,

mefes qarTÀlTa da kaxeTisa, da mflobelisa didTa samTav-

roTa SamSadilisa, borCalosa da yazaxisa... ese Seuryeveli

da mtkiceÁ piri da aRTqmaÁ mogarTviTs Cven... milaxorbaSi

abaSiZe nikolaos, SvilebiTurT CemiT, da egreTue Zmis wuli

Cemi. paatas Svili abaSiZe qaixosro Tavis kerZnyofiTa ZmaTa

TvisTaTa evgeni da daviT zemo xsenebulTa mizezTagan gavi-

yareniT da viTarca aqunda CveulebaÁ qarTuelTa, egeTisa

marTl msajulebiTa ganhsjiTa da samarTliTa ganviyaviT ma-

meulni ymani da yovelive Cuenni mama papaT naRuawni, wil-

xdomiT, ufrosisa saufrosoisaTa da wilxdomiTa umcrosi-

sa saumcrosoisaTa da sxuani yovelive swored movrigdeviT

da baraTiT ganvikerZeT da Tavs Tvisni kerZni ganvisakuT-

reT...~ (xec., Hd — 9464).

aznaur rCeuliSvilis qvrivis mier erekle II-sadmi mi-

erTmeuli arzidan irkveva, rom 1782 wlisaTvis `gayrilan~

maCablebic — `...axla maCablis Svilebi, rom iyrebian, Cven

ymebs cal-calke iyofen da wilSi agdeben~ (xec., Hd — 2762)

rac Seexeba qarTlis iseT did saTavado saxlebs, rogo-

ricaa — sayaflaniSvilo, saciciano, saamilaxvaro da samux-

ranbatoni — maTze SedarebiT detalurad SevCerdebiT.

§ 1. sayaflaniSvilo

imunitetis denonsaciam, cxadia, did saTavadoTa Sida

mflobelobazec imoqmeda. politikuri uflebebis Camor-

Tmevis fonze saTavadoTa erTianoba aRar iyo Zveleburad

aqtualuri. amave dros araracionalurad damuSavebuli sa-

erTo mamuli veRar uzrunvelyofda TavadiSvilTa moTxov-

nebs da, miuxedavad gvaris gauyoflobis ZirZveli tradicii-

sa, Cans, rom am periodSi did saTavadoTa mamulebi faqtob-

182

rivad ramdenime saxlis wevrTa Soris nawildeba. am mxriv sa-

interesoa Tvali gavadevnoT yaflaniSvilTa mamulebis Sida

mflobelobas.

1721 wlis mewinave sadroSos aRweris monacemebidan ir-

kveva, rom sayaflaniSvilos ekuTvnis 164 sofeli, 1200 kom-

lamde yma-glexiTa da 100-ze meti aznauriT. aRweris mixed-

viT `saero~ mflobeloboba mamulebis da yma-glexTa daax-

loebiT 95%-s Seadgenda (lorTqifaniZe, 1935: 138-156).

sayaflaniSvilos saTavado oTxi ojaxisagan Sedgebo-

da. maT Soris yma-mamulis gadanawilebisaTvis mudmivi dava-

qiSpi warmoebda. saerTod sayaflaniSviloSi `saufroso~ ar

aiReboda, radganac jer kidev saTavados fuZemdeblis, did

yaflanis, memkvidre papuna acxadebda: `...erasti (momavali

saxlis ufrosi) viSvileT da am mizeziT ZmaTSi samduravi Ca-

movarda da laparaki Segveqmna. da radgan mdivanbegisa (vax-

tangis) da sardlis (Tamazis) qarTuli erTi iyo, mec Tqven-

sken moviwive. Cems Zmas aslans da Zmiswulebs daelaparaknen.

Tu ama pirobiT yabuli qnan, rom TqvenSi saufroso da saum-

croso aRar iyos, Cems saufrosos aravin wamoeWidos. da Zma-

ni xarT da Cem wilad saufroso yvela sasworo iyos~ (qavTa-

ria, 1987: 119).

mogvianebiT, vaxtang VI werilidanac erasti yaflaniS-

vilisadmi, irkveva, rom saTavado saxlSi `saufroso~ ar ai-

Reboda — `rogorc Tqvens biZas, kurTxeuls papunas gaurige-

bia TqvenSi saufrosos auRebloba, mec imisi garigebas ar

movSli~ (saqarTvelos..., 1909: 327).

sayaflaniSviloSi saxlebs Soris mamulebis da glexe-

bis pirveli gadanawileba erasti mdivanbegis saxlisufro-

sobis dros (1731 wlamde) momxdara. amas adasturebs xelna-

werTa erovnul centrSi daculi Hd fondis # 11264 sabuTi,

igi ganekuTvneba XVIII saukunis I naxevars (savaraudod 30-ian

wlebs). sabuTSi CamoTvlilia `mdivanbegianT saorbeliSvi-

los saxaso~ soflebi. 34 sofeli yaflaniSvilTa (orbelia-

nebis) erT-erTi Stos — `mdivanbegianT~ — saxaso gamxdara.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sxva saxlebs Soris yma-mamulis

gadanawilebis imdroindeli dokumentebi ar mogvepoveba,

`mdivanbegiaanT~ wilis arseboba TavisTavad gulisxmobs,

rom danarCen saxliskacebsac analogiuri wili ergoT. erTi

sityviT, XVIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi saerTod mamuli Semci-

183

rebulia. am mamulis umetesoba 4 ojaxis xelSi gadanawile-

bula (daaxloebiT 130 sofeli).

mogvianebiT mdgomareoba Secvlila: `...erasti mdivan-

begi rom micvlila, Semdgomad saxlis-kacebs qaixosro sar-

dlisaTvis miuciaT TaveTi saxlis batonoba, yma da mamuli,

aSenebuli da gamdidrebuli sayaflaniSvilo. weliwadi ar

gamosula, am saxlis batonma saerTo soflebi CamoarTva da

saxlis-kacebi Sig aRar gaatara~ — acxadebs zaal yaflaniS-

vili ereklesaTvis mirTmeul arzaSi. misive mtkicebiT qai-

xosro sardlis mZlavrobis aRsakveTad zaals nadir SahTan

Civili daupirebia, Tumca qaixosrom `abdula-beg da sxva

qarTvelebi Semomiyena da yeenTan aRar maCivla. Cemis meoT-

xedis wigni momca abdula-begisa da qarTvelebis pirobiTa~

(saqarTvelos..., 1909: 534, 540).

rogorc sabuTidan irkveva qaixosro yaflaniSvilis

mZlavrobis miuxedavad, mamulis saxlebs Soris arsebuli ga-

danawilebis status-quo ZalaSi darCenila (`Cemis meoTxedis

wigni momca...~).

arzidan Cans, rom es movlenebi 1741-42 wlebSi xdeboda,

radgan givi amilaxvris antisparsuli ajanyebis dawyebis da

qarTlis naibad imam-yuli-xan xvarasnelis daniSvnis Tanad-

rouli iyo.

aRniSnul periodSi sayaflaniSvilo `osmaloba-yizil-

baSobis~, `lekianobis~ da saxliskacebis urTierT mixdoma-

darbevis Sedegad mosaxleobisgan faqtobrivad daicala.

Sewyda intensiuri meurneobis warmoeba. amjerad saTavados

degradacia ara qveynis ekonomikurma winsvlam, aramed mZime

politikurma mdgomareobam gamoiwvia. amave dros, Teimuraz

II-is qarTlSi gamefebam Seasusta qaixosro sardlis ufleba-

mosilebebi. misi saxlisufrosobis ukanasknel wlebSi saTa-

vadoSi saxlebs Soris momxdara mamulebis kidev erTi ganawi-

leba. amas adasturebs Semdegi sabuTi:

“q. Cven, erTobiT orbeliSvilebma, Cveni Zmoba ase gava-

rigeT da gayramdis ase am pirobiT SevrigdiT, rom rac Zvel-

Tagan saerTo mamuli gvqonda, saxasoebsaviT movirigeT da am

rigiT gaviyaviT, rac saxelmwifo xarji da saTxovari gvewe-

ros, am baraTis piriT vaZlioT, sanamdis saxelmwifo xarji

da saTxovari gveTxovebodes am rigze vidgneT.

q. erTwilad ergo mdivanbegis Svilebs:

sofeli q. zemo vardisubani avTandilaSvilebiT,

184

sofeli q. taSirzed wiTeleklesia aRzbeuqiT,

sofeli q. qartaki, iqav samexralo,

q. jis sofeli kipruWi,

q. sofeli wyneTa,

q. sofeli qrcxila, iqav samexralo,

q. Tafans baduCaSvili,

q. dmanis, cixisa, duqnebisa, baRisa, wisqvilisa, miwisa,

msaxlobelis kacisa, yovlisfrgis meoTxedi.

q. fitareTs: cixisa, msaxlobelis kacisa, miwisa yov-

lisfris meoTxedi.

q. tanZias: soflisa, msaxlobeli kacisa, miwisa, yovlis-

fris meoTxedi.

q. aRabablos: msaxlobelis TaTrisa, soflisa, miwisa,

yovlisfris meoTxedi.

q. aznauriSvilebi CaCikaSvilebi dRes risac mqonebelni

arian: soflebisa, mamulisa, yovlisfris meoTxedi.

q. aznauriSvili doroTaSvili Tavisis ymiTa da mamu-

liT.

q. nasyidi Sua bolnis zvrisa aqelaSvilebisa, qvemo

bolnis zvris meoTxedi~ (jamburia, 1960: 121-122).

amave raodenobis soflebi, aznaurebi da meoTxedebi

ergoT sxva danarCeni 3 saxlis wevrebsac (jamburia, 1960:

120-121; xec., Hd — 1159, 1431). es sabuTebi 1746 wliT TariR-

deba.

rogorc vxedavT degradirebuli saTavado oTx Tana-

bar mamulad daiSala. amasTanave, gvaqvs cnoba, rom `mdivan-

begiaanT~ saxaso mamuli Tavis mxriv 2 Zmas Soris gadanawile-

bula (xec., Hd — 11261). yaflaniSvilTa saxliskacebma `rac

ZvelTagan saerTo mamuli~ hqondaT, `saxasoebsaviT~ moiri-

ges da gaiyves. uklebliv saerTo mamulis mTeli fondis da-

nawileba rom momxdara dasturdeba imiTac, rom sxva sof-

lebTan erTad, saxliskacebma gainawiles saTavados yvela

Zveli administraciuli centri — tanZia (sadac sasaxle id-

ga), fitareTi (Zveli sagvareulo saZvale), dmanisis cixe

(mTavari strategiuli punqti) da a.S.

saxliskacebs Soris gayofis dros davac momxdara, ro-

melic Teimuraz II-s mougvarebia: `...mere amas winaT rom

Tqven s[ax]lis kacni gaiyareniT. mamuli, yma baraTebiT gaiya-

viT. wili geyaraT. Sen ukeTesi baraTi grgeboda. amazed la-

paraki gqondaT. Cven Seni baraTi qaixosro sardals uboZeT

185

da sardalis baraTi Sen giboZeT. amis gasasworeblad murva-

nas Svili Tavis mamuliT nasyidiT da usyidiT Sen giboZeT.

rogorc aqamdis SenTvis umsaxuria isev Senve gemsaxurebo-

des da baraTSiac giweria. murvanas SvilTan Sens mets kacs

xeli ara hqondes manamdin aw sworeT gagyrideT an isev Seg-

yrideT~ — acxadebs 1749 wels Teimur II erT-erT yaflaniSvi-

lisaTvis micemul sigelSi (xec., Hd — 2518).

mamulebis saxliskacebs Soris srul danawilebas adas-

turebs, aseve, xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi Hd fondis # 14301 sabuTi. igi ganekuTvneba XVIII saukunis Sua

xanebs. dokumenti warmoadgens `mdivanbegiaanT~ saxaso mamu-

lebis gaerTianebul davTars. masSi Setanilia rogorc nas-

yidi soflebi, aseve 1746 wlis gadanawilebamdeli maTi saxa-

so soflebi da 1746 wels xelaxla gayofis Sedegad miRebuli

soflebi. sul nasyidobis garda mdivanbegiSvilebis mamuli

40 soflisgan da 4 soflis meoTxedisgan Sedgeboda. erTi

sityviT aRniSnul periodSi yofili didi saTavado 4 nawi-

lad daiSala (1721 wlis aRweriT sul 164 sofeli Sedis sa-

yaflaniSviloSi. `mdivanbegiaanT~ wili 40-ze meti sofelia.

oTxi saxlis wili ki 160-sofelze meti gamodis).

1749 wlis maisSi yaflaniSvilTa saxlis ufrosad airCi-

es Teimuraz II-is siZe dimitri eSikaRasbaSi. saxliskacobis

rigi cxadyofs, rom Teimuraz II-is ZalisxmeviT, kvlav arse-

bobda saxlis nominaluri erTianoba (jamburia, 1960: 123-

125). mefes provinciebis centridan administrirebis resur-

si amjerad ar gaaCnda da amdenad misi Zalaufleba kvlav did

saTavadoebze iyo damyarebuli. amitomac Teimurazi cdi-

lobda saTavados erTianobis, Tundac xelovnurad, SenarCu-

nebas.

mogvianebiT, mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala. ro-

gorc aRvniSneT, XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebidan, erekle II-is

reformebis Sedegad, saTavadoebma dakarges imuniteti. Zir-

Zveli saTavadoebi politikur funqciebs moklebulni aR-

moCndnen. qveynis ekonomikurma winsvlam, fulad-sasaqonlo

urTierTobis ganviTarebam da meurneobis marTvis raciona-

lurma midgomebma, bunebrivia, yaflaniSvilTa saxliskaceb-

Si saerTo sasaxlo meurneobisagan damoukidebel memamulee-

bad gadaqcevis tendecia kidev ufro gaamZafra.

sayaflaniSvilos Sesaxeb uamravi dokumentis arsebo-

bis miuxedavad, XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebidan veRar vxvdebiT

186

verc `saxliskacobis rigs~, da verc, saxlisufrosis arCevis

faqts.66

verc uamrav, yaflaniSvilTa arza-ganCinebebSi ver

vxvdebiT saerTo-saTavado yma-mamulis arsebobas. sapiris-

pirod yvela aseTi dokumenti yaflaniSvilTa saxliskacebis

individualur mflobelobas naTelyofs (ix. qarTuli...,

1972, 1974, 1977, 1981, 1985).

yaflaniSvilTa mflobelobas exeba 1781 wlis Tbilisis

Semogarenis aRweris davTari. dokumentSi, arsad ar aris da-

fiqsirebuli saerTo sayaflaniSvilos yma-mamulebi. samagi-

erod vxvdebiT daviT sardlis, vaxtan yaflaniSvilis, zaal

yaflaniSvilis da sxva saxliskacebis kerZo mflobelobebs.

analogiur suraTs iZleva sursaTis Seweris davTrebi (ix. ma-

salebi..., 1955; xanTaZe, 1955).

sayaflaniSvilos yma-mamulis gayofas mowmobs 1803

wlis ori dokumenti: dokumentebSi — `giorgis Svilis saxaso

rac SenaT (anu moSenebulia — a.T.) aris~ da `mdivanbegis-Svi-

lisa saxaso, rac SenaT aris~ — CamoTvlilia ori saxlis saxa-

so soflebi (giorgisSvilebis — 22, mdivanbegisSvilebis —

27). orive dokumentis bolos aqvs Semdegi Sinaarsis monawe-

ri:

`Cven orbeliZeT ZmobiT da mSvidobiT morigeba movin-

domeT da vnaxeT es davTrebi oTxisave saxlisa wilad narge-

bi. radgan CvenTa mam-papaTa umetesad ecodinebodaT am sof-

lebis Tanasworad Sefardeba, ase SeufardebiaT da gauyviaT.

Cvenc, oTxsave saxlis Svilni, am oTxis Zmis davTars Cvenis

beWdiT ase vbeWdavT da vyabulobT~ (jamburia, 1960: 138-140).

am sabuTebis mixedviT, oTxi saxlis moSenebuli sofle-

bis ricxvi 100-mde aRwevs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom XVIII sa-

ukunis Sua xanebisaTvis mTeli saorbeliSvilo `uSeni~ iyo,

gamoricxulia, rom XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis iq 100 so-

felze meti yofiliyo `SenaT~. am dokumentebidanac irkveva,

rom sayaflaniSviloSi saerTo mflobeloba XVIII saukunis II

naxevarSi aRar arsebobda da yofili didi saTavado oTx po-

litikuri uflebis armqone mamulad iyo gayofili.

66 g. jamburia `yaflanianT arzaze~ dayrdnobiT aRniSnavs, rom di-

mitri eSikaRasbaSis Semdeg saxlis ufrosi daviT sardali gamxdara

(jamburia, 1955: 180), Tumca aRniSnul dokumentSi es faqti ar aris

dafiqsirebuli (ix. saqarTvelos..., 1909: 533-543).

187

Cven mier damowmebuli faqtobrivi masala naTlad met-

yvelebs, rom miuxedavad formaluri erTobisa (sayaflaniS-

vilo oficialurad 1854 wels gaiyo (jamburia, 1955: 185)),

yofili saTavados teritoria XVIII saukunis Sua xanebSi dana-

wilda. is aRar warmoadgenda erTian monoliTur organizms.

mas ar SerCenia, arc politikuri uflebebi da amdenad, XVIII

saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi sayaflaniSvilo aRar arsebobda

saTavados klasikuri saxiT.

§ 2. saciciano

saciciano erT-erT mZlavr saTavados warmoadgenda.

Tumca `osmaloba-yizilbaSobam~ da `lekianobam~ sacicianos

mosaxleobisagan dacla da gapartaxeba gamoiwvia (batoniSvi-

li, 1973: 512).

saciciano jer kidev XVI saukuneSi gaiyo zemo da qvemo

ciciSvilebad. droTa ganmavlobaSi saTavadoSi sxvadasxva

saxlebi Camoyalibda. ioane batoniSvilis cnobiT, `zemo ci-

cianni arian, romelnic mZovreTis xeobas mcxovrebi arian.

xolo qvemo cicianni niCbisis xeobaSi saxloben da zemo ci-

cianni arian aw mosaxled: 1) mouravis Svilebi, meore nikola-

ozisa, 3) amilbaris Svilebad, 4) glaxas Svilebad, 5) paatas

Svilebad, 6) giorgis Svilebad, 7) zaqarias Svilebad da sxva-

ni. xolo qvemo cicianni dimitris Svilebad da aw cxovroben

eseni moskovs, 2) mdivan-begis Svilebad, 3) zazasSvilebad da

4) kidev zazas Svilebad~ (bagrationi, 1997: 26).

sacicianos saerTo yma-glexTa ricxvi am dros 200-250

komliT ganisazRvreboda (Cven ar gagvaCnia dazustebuli mo-

nacemebi, Tumca sursaTis gadasaxadis da sxvadasxva aRweris

davTrebze dakvirveba ciciSvilebis ymaTa miaxloebiT gamo-

angariSebis safuZvels gvaZlevs).

ekonomikuri aRmavlobis fonze, ciciSvilTa mraval-

ricxovan saxliskacebis materialur uzrunvelyofas arara-

cionalurad damuSavebuli saerTo mamuli, cxadia, veRar

SeZlebda da daiwyo yofili didi saTavados mamulebis Sida

gadanawileba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWouri istoriografiis war-

momadgenlebi gadaWriT ewinaaRmdegebodnen XVIII saukunis II

naxevarSi saTavadoTa daSlis faqtis aRiarebas, daviT gvri-

tiSvili arsebul faqtebze dayrdnobiT acxadebda, rom ci-

188

ciSvilebi gansaxilvel periodSi cnobilni iyvnen ara Tavisi

mamuliT (saTavadoTi), aramed samefo karis moxeleobiT

(gvritiSvili, 1955: 444).

sacicianos saTavadoSi mamulebi saxliskacebs Soris

gadanawilebas uamravi istoriuli sabuTi adasturebs. mo-

viyvanT ramdenime maTgans:

ganCineba zaqaria da dimitri ciciSvilebis mamulis

saqmeze. 1777 w. 24 agvisto.

`ciciSvili zaqaria saxlTuxucesi da amis biZaSvili

dimitri patara qarelze rom cilobdnen, dimitrisac ganaCe-

ni eWira am alagisa da zaqaria saxlTuxucessac hqonoda da

dahkargoda...~ msajulTSekrebulobam sabolood patara qa-

reli dimitris arguna (qarTuli..., 1974: 41-43). sabuTi dimit-

ri ciciSvilis kerZomflobelobas amtkicebs.

analogiuri Sinaarsisaa 1780 wlis 1 ivlisiT daTariRe-

buli ganCineba Teimuraz mdivanbegisa da givi fareSTuxuce-

sis mamulis saqmeze (qarTuli..., 1974: 119).

1783 wlis 1 aprilis mdivanbegTa ganCinebaSi naTqvamia:

`mZovreTis cixe rom qaixosros Svils ciciSvils zaqa-

rias daeWira da Sig Tavisi kacni Seeyenebina, amazed nodaris

Svili sardal-qalaqis mouravi daviT ZalgamoRebiT lapara-

kobda: mZovreTis cixe Cveni-nodaris Svilebis sakuTaria,

rom arc qaixosros Svilebs da arc papunaSvilebs wili ara

aqvsT...~ sabolood cixe samarTalma daviT mouravs arguna

(qarTuli..., 1974: 109).

CvenTvis sabuTi sainteresoa iqidan gamomdinare, rom

aqac saubaria kerZo sakuTrebaze da ara saerTo mamulze.

dokumentebidan irkveva, rom araTu aRar arsebobda er-

Tiani mamulebi, aramed patara saxlebs Sorisac xSiri iyo

gayris faqtebi. amis damadasturebelia 1783 wlis 19 oqtom-

bris ganCineba givi fareSTuxucesis da misi biZaSvilis gior-

gis Svilis gayris saqmeze; 1785 wlis 12 maisis ganCineba Tei-

muraz mdivanbegisa da zaza uzbaSis gayris saqmeze (qarTu-

li..., 1974: 236-238; 297) da sxva.

sacicianos yma-mamulis mflobelobisaTvis naTel su-

raTs `sacicianos da saTarxnos mxaris~ Sewerili sursaTis

davTari iZleva:

`ciciSvilis qalaqis mouravis evstaTisa da amisi biZis

gogias wilobisa — kodi ocda cxrameti.

ciciSvilis glaxa oblis ymam — kodi Tvrameti.

189

ciciSvilis sardlis giorgis ymam, sadac hyavs — kodi

samoci.

ciciSvilis paataSvilis gogia eSikaRabaSis ymam — kodi

ocdaaTi.

ciciSvilis mdivanbegis ymam — kodi TxuTxmeti.

ciciSvilis amilbaris ymam — kodi TxuTmeti.

ciciSvilis ediaSvilis ymam — kodi cxra.

ciciSvilis ioanes ymam, aznauriSvilebis ymiTve — kodi

samocda Teqvsmeti.

ciciSvilis naymevma, gvaramaZeebis ymebisa da erTma

komlma glaxas naymevma — kodi cxra~ (xanTaZe, 1955: 161).

rogorc vxedavT, XVIII saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi saci-

cianos erTiani saTavados funqciebi aRar gaaCnda. yofili

didi saTavados teritoria daiyo mraval mamulad. Zveli sa-

Tavados saxlis wevrebi ki rigiT memamuleebad gadaiqcnen.

§ 3. saamilaxvro

saamilaxvro saxlma erTianoba XVIII manZilze SeinarCu-

na. saerTo mamulebis sruli danawileba aq ar momxdara. Tum-

ca saamilaxvrom, iseve rogorc sxva saTavado saxlebma, da-

karga imuniteti. es faqti, bunebrivia, SeniSna am saTavado

saxlis mkvlevarma m. qiqoZem. igi aRniSnavda: `saamilaxoro

saxlis pozicia 1765 wels aSkara iyo. man monawileoba miiRo

erekles winaaRmdeg mowyobil SeTqmulebaSi (igulisxmeba pa-

ata batoniSvilis SeTqmuleba). SeTqmulebis likvidaciis

Semdeg erekle srulad uspobs amilaxvarTa saxls politi-

kur uflebebs, tipur saxelmwifo moxeleebad aqcevs maT da

centralur xelisuflebas umorCilebs. miuxedavad amisa,

erTi saTavados (am SemTxvevaSi saamilaxoros) damarcxeba

centraluri xelisuflebis mier ar niSnavda mTeli saTava-

do sistemis marcxsa da samefo karis gamarjvebas. saTavado

politikuri sistemis sruli likvidacia, mxolod saqarTve-

los ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdgom moxda~ (qiqoZe, 1963: 112).

ukanasknel frazaSi gaJRerebulia sabWouri istori-

ografiis zogadi paTosi. Tumca, avtorma sworad SeniSna, is

faqti, rom saamilaxvros politikuri uflebebi am dros

aRar hqonda SerCenili. amasTanave, mefe saTavados Sida

mflobelobaSic xSirad ereoda da Tavisi survilisamebr iZ-

leoda brZanebebs — `q. Cven magivrad amilaxors oTars ase

190

uambeT. mere am arziT Sens saxliskacebs rom ase mouxsenebi-

aT, am saxdelSi yvelas wili giZesT. radgan saerTo mamulia,

imisi Semosavali yvelam Tanaswored unda gaiyoT. ivnisis v

(6), q-ks uoz (1789 w.) q. amaSi amilaxvroba da ufrosoba da um-

crosoba ar iqneba. swored unda gaiyoT....~ (scssa f., 1449,

sab., #234).

am faqts da fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebis ganviTa-

rebas, SeuZlebelia saTavados SigniT arsebul saxlebs So-

ris kerZo sakuTrebis Seqmnis survili ar gaemZafrebina. ioa-

ne batoniSvilis gadmocemiT, `Tavadni amilaxvarnni... gani-

yofebian sxvadasxva saxlad. 1) revazis Svilebad, 2) qaixos-

ros Svilebad, 3) beJanis Svilebad, 4) erastis Svilebad da

amis Zmis wulebad, 5) givis Svilebad~ (bagrationi, 1997: 14).

saamilaxvros mflobelobaSi mniSvnelovani cvlileba

moxda 1765 wlis SeTqmulebis Semdeg. SeTqmulebaSi monawile

dimitri amilaxvaris sakmaod didi qoneba samefo mamulad

gamocxadda — `q. Cven qarTlis da kaxeTis mosamarTleebma

amilaxvriSvils demetres sawilo yma, da mamuli gansjiT Ta-

vis saxliskacebs gavhyareT da gavaSoreT. am davTris piriT

mis simaRle mefes erekles mierTva, demetres rac saxlis ka-

cebisagan SefardebiT ergo da an saTavisTaod qonda rame,

yvela batons mierTva didis ganCinebis ZaliTa. Tebervlis i

(10). q-ks und (1766 w.)~ (scssa, f., 1449, sab., #854).

demetres wili yma-mamulis saxasod gamocxadebiT saa-

milaxvros saerTo mamuli mkveTrad Semcirda.

amave dros saamilaxvroSi mamulis mflobelobis metad

saintereso formasTan gvaqvs saqme — saufliswulo qoneba,

saxliskacebis SeTanxmebiT gadaiqca ucilobel, `saTavis-

Tao~ qonebad: `q. Cven, amilaxori amirindo da Cveni saxliska-

cebi, saxliskacobaze davlaparakdiT da batoni aragvis

erisTavi jimSeric viaxeliT da ciciSvili farsadanc

gverds iaxla. saufliswulos saqmeze vilaparekeT da imaTis

brZanebiT da sityviT ase gavrigdiT: minbaS revazsa da uz-

baSs nikolaozs davanebeT saufliswuloT orWoSani da ava-

zani misis miwa-wyliT da samZRvriTa, da yovlis misis samar-

Tlianis samZRvriTa. dagvinebebia saukunoT, rom amaT fardi

yvelas saxliskacebs uWiravs. Tu, vin icis, bolosac iyos da

gayra mogvixdes, es saufliswuloebi arcerTi baraTSi aRar

Cavardes. avaSenebT Tu wavaxdenT, erTmaneTis saufliswu-

loebTan xeli aRar gveqneba. gayraze oTxsav Zmis sauflis-

191

wulo unda daiTvalos da amaTi magieri saufroso da saWir-

naxulo sxvagnidan unda aiRon...~ (jamburia, 1960: 128-129).

rogorc vxedavT, 1756 wels saerTo mamuls gamoeyo ori

sofeli. misi `fardi~ sxva saxliskacebs ukve sWeriaT.

saTavados SigniT mamulis ganawileba momxdara 1754

welsac: `q. amilaxori amirindo da amis biZaSvilebi iese, re-

vaz da Teimuraz Tavis biZaSvilebs demetres da daTuas ma-

mulzed elaparakebodnen, mRvTiv cxebuls saqarTvelos

patrons mefes TeimurazTan da Zesa miss kaxT mefes erekles-

Tan da saqarTvelos patriarqs mefis mis antonTan Civodnen.

amiTis samarTali Cven gvibrZanes cicis-Svils sardals

aleqsandres, abaSiZes paatas, sardlis-Svils farsadans da

efiskopozs samTavnels benediqtes. Cven davsxediT da amiT

saCivari gavSinjeT da ase gavirigeT~. sabuTis teqstidan ir-

kveva, rom demetrem da misma Zmam daTuam saerTo mamulidan

`mkvidrad~ sakmaod didi nawili miiRes. aqve Cans, rom am

droisaTvis yvela saxliskacs ukve gaaCnda mozrdili sauf-

liswuloebi, romlebic ukve `ucilobel~ qonebas warmoad-

genda (jamburia, 1960: 125-128).

1766 wels kidev erTxel momxdara mamulebis ganawile-

ba: `q. Cven qarTlisa da kaxeTis mdivanbegebman da mdivnebman

amilaxorianT saufliswulos saqme ase gavarCieT. ioTam ami-

laxvris Svilebs da givi amilaxvris Svilebs saTavisTaod

TviTos da TviTos eWira... omans da beJans akldaT da saxlis-

kacebis nebiT miecaT egaZe gogia da Semana TaveTis mamu-

liT... amis garda aTis dRis miwa amilaxvrianT xodabudebi-

dam unda gauWran fxveniss da miscen. revaz amilaxorsa da ni-

kolozsac SeusruldaT da omans da beJansaca~ (xec. Ad — 1044).

sabuTSi `saTavisTao~ da `saufliswulo~ identuri Si-

naarsiTaa naxmari.

mogvianebiT, individualuri meurneobis Seqmna kidev

ufro aqtualuri gaxda. amis damadasturebelia amilaxvre-

bis saxlis wevrTa mudmivi arza-saCivrebi — amilaxvrisSvi-

lebi sakuTari yma-mamulis gafarToebas samefo sasamar-

Tlos saSualebiT cdilobdnen (ix. qarTuli..., 1974, 1977,

1981...).

saxliskacebis davebis gaxSirebam saTavados fundamen-

tis moSla gamoiwvia. gaZlierda individualuri meurneobe-

bi. ioane batoniSvilis `sjuldeba~ swored amgvari davebis

192

dasrulebas moiTxovda, rodesac acxadebda — `yovelni Ta-

vadni, radgan yovelTvis eCxubebian erTi-meores mamulTa

zedan, ganyareT da Tav-Tavis wili mieciT da erTmaneTsa yo-

velive modave moaSoreT. agreTve eklesiebis mamulic gaar-

CieT, da iyvnen urTierTisadmi mSvidobiT....~ (bagrationi,

1957: 35).67

sakmaod mravalricxovani `samkvidro~ yma-mamulis

mflobelni Canan gogia da daviT amilaxvriSvilebi:

`q. grakali ergo minbaSs gogias. daviTs saqme ara aqvs

amisaTvis rom samoci Tumani gaswyvita. saxlis valisac da

graklisac giraoT iyo. isica da amis samoc Tumans garda, ki-

dev grakalSi misca minbaSma daviTs zedginiZe gogia. kikola

Tavisi ymiTa da mamuliT. TaTriSvili Tavisis ZmebiT dRes

risac mamulis mqonebeli aris. kupataZe glaxa da Tavisi bi-

ZaSvilebiT, ZmebiT Tavisis mamuliTa. amaebSi erTmaneTTan

saqme ara aqvT ra.

q. raWaSvili oTara gogias ergo Tavis mamuliT.

q. zedgeniZe z[?]a ergo gogias Tavisis ymiTa da mamu-

liT.

q. gogoliZe [?] gogoliZis mamuli sula.

q. koleliSvili, boWoraZe [?] esenic gogias ergo.

q. qvemo [?] odikaZis mamuli ergo naxevari gogias.

q. kakaSvilebi orive Zmani ergo gogias.

q. axalsofels xevsuri Tavisis mamuliT ergo gogias.

q. xankalaSvili beJana [?], karapetaSvili Tavisis mamu-

liT ergo gogias.

q. kasps naxevari venaxi ergo gogias.

q. karbs [?] Tavisis mamuliT ergo gogias.

q. Walas goderiZe umamulo ergo.

q. zemo xviTsa da qvemo xviTs rac ma[mu]lebi aqvT orTav

unda gaiyon.

q. sabalaxe demetre [?] mali. sasaxle da Cveni mali or-

Tavesia. zvari da sasaxleca.

q. tariela orTavesia.

67 sabWour istoriografiaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom ioane ba-

toniSvili am muxliT saTavadoTa gauqmebas moiTxovda (berZeniSvi-

li..., 1958: 375), Tumca kanonproeqtSi saTavados arseboba, ar arse-

bobaze saerTod ar aris msjeloba. batoniSvili mxolod aRniSnuli

davebis mogvarebasa da miwebis gamijvnas moiTxovda. saTavadoebs

politikuri uflebebi xom isedac CamorTmeuli hqondaT.

193

q. cxinvals rom venaxia aT Tumnad giraoT gogiam unda

daixsnas da rasaca daTuam xuTi Tumani misces orTavesi iq-

neba.

q. Seisyulas rac mamuli iqT orTavesia.

q. fxvenisis galavanSi rom sajiniboa [daviTs] ergo. aqav

galavanSi sasaxle, galavans gareT rac mamulebia, gogias er-

go. da baRis magieri gogiam daviTs miwa unda misces. galavans

gareT rom saxli da sajinibo[a], isic gogias ergo. erTmane-

Tan saqme aRara aqvT ra~ (1770 w.) (scssa, f., 1448, sab., # 2972).

rogorc vxedavT, saerTo mamulis damoukideblad ami-

laxvriSvilebi sakmaod msxvili kerZomflobelebi iyvnen.

Cans, amilaxvriSvilebs saerTo aznaurebic gaunawile-

biaT — `q. batono amilaxvaro oTar. mere Sens saxliskacebs am

arziT ase rom mouxsenebiaT, romelic amilaxvari amirindo-

sa da revazisa da ieses dros amaT aznauriSvilebi da msaxu-

rebi xlebian da amiT dasdilebi arian, iseni Tqvens gayram-

din amaTsve unda axldesT. amaTs xlebas ver dauSliT. da ro-

desac gaiyrebiT, maSin rogorc baraTiT gergebaT, ase iax-

lebT...~ (scssa, f., 1449, sab., # 232).

saerTo mamulis saufliswuloebad (anu am SemTxvevaSi

saTavisTaoebad) gadanawileba samefo xelisuflebasac dau-

kanonebia: `am arziT amilaxvaris Svilebis [...] rigiani moxse-

neba aris. amaTs saufliswulos kaci rac aris calke gaswe-

reT: xarjsac calke SeawerT da jarsaca. TibaTvis b (2). q-ks

uoz (1789 w.). amaSi ufro uSfoTveloba iqneba da qveynis saq-

mec garigdeba~ (scssa, f., 1449, sab., # 231).

am sabuTidan Cans, rom erekle II-s administrirebisaT-

vis aRar esaWiroeba monoliTuri saamilaxvro. is Tavis moxe-

leebs ubrZanebs, rom saufliswulo ymebi calke gaweron da

gadasaxdebi Tu samxedro begara am rigiT gamoarTvan.

metad sainteresoa xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi da-

culi erTi sabuTi:

`RTiT q-ks uoT (1791 w.) am wels sekdembers ig (13), ami-

laxvrisSvilebma qaixosrom da minbaSma beJanma miss umaRle-

sobas, sruliad saqarTvelos mefes meores iraklis moaxse-

nes, amilaxvar oTars gagvyareo, da Cveni wili samarTali

gviboZeo. misma umaRlesobam, mefem meorem iraklim oqmiT

gvibrZana TumaniSvilebs, mdivans egnatisa da mdivans iose-

biSvils, mdivans dimitrisa, rom srulad saamilaxvros yma da

mamuli uklebrad aRwereTo da Cvenc, rac dagvawerines am we-

194

rilis bolos swerian sofel-sofel garCeviTa, rom am dav-

TriT unda gaibaraTon da gaiyon yma da mamuli~.

Semdeg CamoTvlilia 32 dasaxelebuli punqti, sadac

amilaxvrebs saerTo, da oTaris, qaixosros da beJanis sauf-

liswulo yma-mamuli iyo ganTavsebuli. sul davTarSi 353 sa-

komloa Setanili. aqedan 24 komli am sami piris saufliswu-

loa. 76 komli eklesiis yma-mamulia (samTavisis, goris

jvris... es ymebi nominalurad ekuTvnodaT amilaxvrebs. ga-

dasaxadebs isini eklesias uxdidnen), 74 komli ekuTvnodaT

saerTo da am pirebis (oTaris, beJanis da qaixosros) sauf-

liswulo aznaurebs. 27 sakomlo beiTalmani, anu amowyveti-

li sakomlo iyo. sul saerTo mamulSi Ralis gamomRebi 140-

mde komli yofila (xec., Hd — 1617)

aRniSnul davTarSi Setanili ar aris sxva saxliskace-

bis saufliswulo yma-mamulebi. cnobilia, rom, demetre ami-

laxvriSvilis wilis garda, saamilaxvroSi 33 aznauri iyo

(xec., Ad — 1403). davTarSi ki mxolod misi nawilia Setanili.

davTarSi sofel fxvenisSi mosaxle 9 komli fiqsirdeba, ma-

Sin rodesac imave periodis sxva aRweris davTarSi sxvadas-

xva amilaxvriSvilebis saufliswulo da `saTavisTao~ ymebia-

nad 20 komlze meti fiqsirdeba (xec., Hd — 1606). am davTari-

Tac dasturdeba, rom saamilaxvroSi yma-mamulebis umeteso-

ba faqtobrivad saxliskacebs Soris ganawilebuli iyo, saer-

To mamuli ki mkveTrad iyo Semcirebuli.

saojaxo mflobelobis gamtkicebaze metyvelebs beJan

amilaxvriSvilis danaxarjebis nusxa. sabuTidan Cans misi

sxvadasxva Semosavlebi. Cans aseve, rom igi cdilobda Tavisi

meurneobis gafarToebas — yidulobda xar-kameCs, amuSaveb-

da sakuTar miwas da a.S. amilaxvriSvili mxolod erTxel ax-

senebs saerTo mamulidan miRebul Ralas da kuluxs. Tanac,

xazs usvams mis simcires. bejan amilaxvriSvili saeTo mamul-

Si mxolod sam sofels: Walas, bols da Zaxors asaxelebs (ma-

salebi..., 1938: 84).

yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT: XVIII

saukunis II naxevarSi saamilaxvrom, politikuri uflebebis

dakargvasTan erTad, mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli XVIII saukunis manZilze amilax-

vrebma SeinarCunes formaluri erTianoba, saxezea kerZo sa-

ojaxo mflobelobis gafarToeba saerTo sasaxlo yma-mamu-

lebis xarjze.

195

§ 4. samuxranbatono

XVIII saukunis manZilze, saamilaxoros msgavsad, erTia-

noba muxranbatonTa saxlmac SeinarCuna.68

erTiani saxalxo mflobelobis miuxedavad, muxranba-

tonTa ojaxi XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi mtkice sameurneo er-

Teulad mainc aRar rCeboda.

erekle II muxranbatonTa — memarcxene sardlebis — ro-

tacias xSirad mimarTavda. 1756 wlamde `muxranis naibi~ anu

saxlis ufrosi iyo konstantine. misi gardacvalebis Semdeg

muxranbatonoba `uboZes svimons, Zesa levanisasa~ (orbelia-

ni, 1981: 244). igi 1785 wels gardaicvala, Tumca mis sicoc-

xleSive, 1778 wels, ioane konstantines Ze iniSneba sardlad

da saxlisufrosic Tavad xdeba (niniZe, 1997: 55-56).

amave dros muxranbatonebis saxlis yma-glexTa ricxvi

sagrZnoblad Semcirebuli Cans. maTi saerTo raodenoba 250-

300 komls Seadgenda. am periodSi samuxranbatonoSi samefo,

saTavado, saaznauro da saeklesio ymebiT Semdegi soflebi

iyo moSenebuli (anu `mosaxleni~): aRaiani — saeklesio, Cangi-

Rari, qanda, Siosubani, TviT muxrani, qsovrisi, dampala, mWa-

dijvari, wilkani — saeklesio da frezeTi (ix. bagrationi,

1986). qarTlis did saTavadoTa fonze `mcire samflobelod~

moixseniebs samuxranbatonos aleqsandre amilaxvaric (ami-

laxvari, 1939: 128).

ioane batoniSvili samuxranoSi arsebuli saxlebis Se-

saxeb gadmogvcems: `ese ars aSotanis bagrationisa STamomav-

lobani meorisa xarisxiT bagratoanad wodebulni da pir-

velni Tavadni, romelnica ojaxsa maTsa Sina aris upirvelesi

Svili maTi. xolo sxvani meorisa da mesamisa xarisxis Tava-

dobis xarisxiani da iwodebian: 1) konstantines Svilebad, 2)

bagratis Svilebad, 3) svimonis Svilebad, 4) ivanes Svilebad

da sxvani~ (bagrationi, 1997: 17).

am saxlebis kerZo sakuTrebisaken swrafvas mravali is-

68 d. niniZe uTiTebs, rom muxranbatonebi `gaiyarnen~ 1758 wels (ni-

niZe, 1997: 58), Tumca avtors q.s.Z.-Si dabeWdili dokumentis kon-

teqsti srulad ver gaugia. dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom `... bolo-

sac iyos da gayra mouxdeTo~ (qarTuli..., 1977: 689-680), Semged ki Ca-

moTvlilia SesaZlo `gayris~ pirobebi. realurad ki muxranbaton-

Ta saxlis `gayra~ 1806 wels moxda.

196

toriuli dokumenti adasturebs. saxlikacTa gamudmebuli

sasamarTlo davebi sasaxlisa da yma-mamulebis Sesaxeb indi-

vidualuri meurneobisaken swrafvis ueWvel faqtad SeiZle-

ba CaiTvalos.

muxranbatonTa saxlis wevrebi ara Tu yma-mamulze, ara-

med sacxovrebel sasaxleebzec daobdnen: `muxranis batonis

Svilebi, levanis Svili gogia da nikoloz da bagratis Svili,

bagrat muxranis sasaxleze Ciodnen.

levanis Svili gogia da nokoloz ase ambobdnen: romel-

sac saxlSi Cven vdgevarT, es Cvenis mama-papaT sasaxle ariso

da bagrati Cvens sasaxleSi dgas. am mizeziT momxdara magaTi

dgoma: osmalos rom muxranisaTvis galavani SemouvliaT, ma-

Sin bagratis mama-papisY wili sasaxle galavans gareT darCo-

mila da avis dros da saxliskacobis gulisaTvis Cvens mamebs

bagratis mamisaTvis uTxoebiaT da dauyenebiaT...~ (qarTu-

li..., 1974: 653-654). axal garemoSi saxliskacTa Tanadgoma me-

ore planze gadasula da levanis Svilebs sasamarTlos Za-

liT es sasaxle Tavis pirad qonebad gadauqceviaT.

analogiuri Sinaarsisaa 1786 wliT daTariRebuli ioane

muxranbatonis Svilis arza erekle II-sadmi: `q. RmerTman yov-

lad mowyalis xelmwifis Wiri maTs monas muxranbatonis

Svils ioanes mosces.

maTs umaRlesobas amas movaxseneb... marto amaze geved-

rebiT rom es saCivari moixsenoT da Cemi wili qoxi samar-

TliT me miboZeT da magas-Tavisi. bargi karSi miyria. neba

gaqvsT, iasaulze brZaneT, kalatozi da qeTxuda, romelic

geneboT miiyvanon da gagvyon... me rom bargi gamomiyara da

kliteebi damimtvria da Tavisi bargi Sig Seitana da Cemi bar-

gi gamoyara imas aRar uCivi. Cems wil saxlebs viTxov... bolos

es aris Cemi moxseneba: me Cemi wili miboZe da imas Tavisi, To-

rem SfoTi ar gamogveleva da mosamarTle movale Seiqmneba~.

erekle II-is oqmidan Cans, rom mefes am davis gadawyveta eSi-

kaRasbaS TamazisaTvis ubrZanebia (qarTuli..., 1981: 684-685).

`RmerTman bednieris xelmwifis Wiri mosces maT fer-

xTa miwa-mtversa muxranis batoniSvils ioanes. amas mogaxse-

nebT, rom Tqven iasaulad amirindo gviboZeT, dampalaSi mi-

webi gagvicvala. cameti weliwadia, rom me miWiravs. axla

muxranis batons waurTmevia da Tqveni brZanebac iyo, miwebi

gayves da maSinac me mamces. amirando amilaxors erTi cxeni

da erTi Tumani saiasaulo miveciT. Cemi eseni miboZos, Tavisi

197

miwebi miirTos... gayras mibrZanebT, me gayras ar mogaxse-

nebT. Tqven yvela iciT da uwyiT~ (qarTuli..., 1981: 142-143).

sabuTi 1768 wliT TariRdeba. rogorc vxedavT samuxranoSi

am dros saerTo mamulis xarjze arsebula iseTi miwebis fon-

di, romelTa nawilic ioane muxranbatoniSvils da nawili ki

simon muxranbatons sakuTrad sWeria.

Tu Teimuraz II 1758 wels muxranbatonebisaTvis Sedge-

nil `saxliskacobis rigSi~ acxadebda, rom `amaTi ojaxis gay-

ra ar iqneba da nurcavin ikadrebso~ (qarTuli..., 1977: 689-

690), mdgomareoba aT weliwadSi imdenad Secvlila, rom me-

fes samuxranbatonos saxliskacebisaTvis gayris rekomenda-

ciac miucia (`gayras mibrZanebT...~). Tumca muxranbatonTa

saxls ar surda ZirZveli tradiciis darRveva da xelovnu-

rad kvlav inarCunebdnen erTobas. magram saerTo mamulis

xarjze mainc iqmneboda kerZo meurneobebi: `Sios ubans mux-

ran batonis Teimurazisa da qeTevanisa da muxran batonisa

konstantinesi: nasyidoba, glexi Tu saxnavi miwebi es qvemoT

werilis nusxiT gamogicxadebT~. sabuTSi Siosubansa da sxva

soflebSi am saxlis ramdenime aTeuli komli da saxnav-saTe-

si savargulia CamoTvlili.

CamonaTvals mosdevs Semdegi teqsti: `romel am siiT

muxran batoni Svils svimons da ioanes Tqven muxran batons

konstantilesa Svils batons muxran baton ioanesa rom aris

im nusxis yabuli aris. manam Cveni gayra moxdebodes minamdis

romelic: q. Cven levanis Svils muxranis batonis Svils svi-

mons da ioanes am siisa yabuli gvayvs rac amaSi mamuli giwe-

ria xelT geWirosT. Tqven batons muxranis batons ioanes, ma-

namdis Cveni gayra moxdebodes da rodesac gaviyarneT, rome-

lic nasyidoba gaqvs is Tqveni iqneba da romelic saxaso da

saerTo mamuli gviweria is ki unda gavyoT rogorc erTma-

nerTTan wili gvaqvs im gziT. me Tumanis Svilma mdivanma

sulxan svimonis da ioanesi sityviT davwere TibaTvis id (14).

q-ks uÁa (1773 w.)~ (xec., Ad—1304).

sabuTidan Cans, rom muxran batoni ioane, romelic ama-

ve dros mTel saTavado mamuls ganagebda, sakuTrad saerTo

yma-mamulis xarjze, individualuri sakuTrebac gaaCnda.

cxadia, am yma-maulis `fardi~ sxva saxliskacebsac eqnebo-

daT.

erTi sityviT, xelovnuri erTobis miuxedavad, muxran-

batonTa saxlis SigniT kerZo sakuTreba sakmaod win wasula.

198

saxlis oficialuri `gayra~ mxolod mcire drois faqtor-

Tan iyo dakavSirebuli da, marTlac, 1806 wels muxranbaton-

Ta saxli gaiyo (xec., Qd — 1633, 1637).

Cveni azriT, samuxranos gayofa gamoiwvia XVIII saukunis

II naxevarSi (da ra Tqma unda SemdgomSi gagrZelebulma) mim-

dinare procesebma, ramac xeli Seuwyo individualuri meur-

neobebis Seqmnas da ara ruseTis imperiis mmarTvelobis dam-

yarebam — rusuli mmarTvelobis pirvel wlebSi Seicvala

mxolod centraluri mmarTveloba. adgilobriv rgolebs am

droisaTvis cvlileba ar Sexebia da Sesabamisad rusul mmar-

Tvelobas samuxranos Sida mflobelobaze gavlena ar moux-

denia. mamulis saxliskacebs Soris danawileba XVIII saukunis

60-ian wlebidan dawyebuli procesis dasruleba iyo.

rogorc vxedavT, XVIII saukunis ukanasknel mesamedSi,

qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebis da samefo xelisuflebis

centralizaciisaTvis gadadgmuli nabijebis fonze, azri

dakarga araracionalurma saerTo saTavado saxlebis arse-

bobam. ramdenime, xelovnurad SenarCunebuli saerTo mflo-

belobis miuxedavad (saamilaxvro da samuxranbatono), daiw-

yo didi saxlebis masiuri rRveva. imdroindeli qarTl-kaxe-

Tis mdgomareobidan gamomdinare es iyo sruliad logikuri

procesi.

199

daskvna

qarTlis da kaxeTis samefoebi XVIII saukunis Sua xanebi-

saTvis tipur feodalur saxelmwifoebs warmoadgendnen.

qveyana faqtobrivad avtonomiuri uflebebiT aRWurvili sa-

Tavadoebis krebuli iyo. sust samefo xelisuflebas ar gaaC-

nda Zala provinciebSi uSualod, Tavadis Zalauflebis gver-

dis avliT, ganexorcielebina Tavisi politika. centralur-

ma xelisuflebam did Tavadebs mravali funqcia dauTmo.

aseTi saxelmwifo ukiduresad susti aRmoCnda im gamowveve-

bisaTvis, romelic qveynis winaSe idga. amitom samefo karma

daiwyo qveynis mmarTvelobis modernizaciisaTvis mniSvne-

lovani RonisZiebebis gatareba. upirvelesad yuradReba ga-

maxvilda ekonomikis ganviTarebaze. erekle II swored ekono-

mikis ganviTarebas miiCnevda im garantad, romelsac `mtris-

gan Cveni qveynis morCena~ SeeZlo. vinaidan, im droisaTvis

qveynis ekonomikuri maCvenebeli ukiduresad dabali iyo,

kerZo iniciativebi ar arsebobda da imdroindel realobaSi

verc aRmocendeboda, samefo karma gadawyvita ara Tu saxel-

mwifo kontrolze aeyvana vaWroba-mrewvelobis ganviTareba,

aramed am sferoSi Tavad gamxdariyo warmmarTveli Zala.

samefo karma vaWrobis donis asamaRleblad mravali

RonisZieba gaatara. mokle droSi samefo xelisuflebis Za-

lisxmevam Sedegi gamoiRo. saxelmwifos ekonomikurma poli-

tikam daaCqara fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebis ganviTa-

reba. Camoyalibda erTiani Sida bazari da mas mfarvelobas

samefo kari uwevda. Sida produqtebis umetesobas Seadgenda

soflis meurneobis nawarmi, bambis, abreSumis, Salis qsovi-

lebi, spilenZis nawarmi da sxva xelosnuri dargebidan war-

moebuli savaWro produqti. ganviTarda sagareo vaWroba da

iran-ruseTis savaWro operaciebSi erekle II-is qveSevrdomma

vaWrebma wamyvani roli daikaves. vaWrobis ganviTareba erTi

mxriv xels uwyobda fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebis gan-

viTarebas, meore mxriv, zrdida saxelmwifos Semosavlebs.

TbilisSi, gorSi, Telavsa da sxva qalaqebSi Camoyalibda

mdidar vaWarTa fena. erekle II-is qveSevrdomi vaWrebi XVIII

saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi iqcnen mTeli regionis mas-

StabiT vaWrobis mTavar warmmarTvel Zalad. isini qveyanaSi

mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobebze iniSnebodnen da Sesabamisad

sakmaod myari politikuri mdgomareobac gaaCndaT. mefes ma-

Ti nawili ayavda TavadTa da aznaurTa rangSi. aseTi tipis

200

vaWrebi iqcnen `axali tipis Tavad-aznaurebad~, romlebic

reformebis gatarebisa da saTavadoTa sistemis winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi mefis axal dasayrdens warmoadgendnen.

vaWrobis aRorZineba-mfarvelobasTan erTad, samefo

xelisuflebam zrunva mrewvelobis ganviTarebisTvis daiw-

yo. xelosnuri warmoebis xelSewyobis paralelurad, Seiqmna

mravali saxelmwifo manufaqturuli sawarmo — axtalis da

alaverdis vercxlisa da spilenZis sadnobi qarxnebi, Tofxa-

na, zarafxana, stamba da sxva. saxelmwifos ekonomikuri po-

litika msxvil sawarmoTa daarsebisaken kerZo iniciativeb-

sac ubiZgebda. feodalur sazogadoebaSi manufaqturuli

tipis sawarmoebis Seqmna dakavSirebulia samefo karis eko-

nomikis ganviTarebis forsirebul meTodTan.

vaWroba-xelosnobidan, SedarebiT didi samrewvelo

obieqtebidan da qalaqebis mosaxleobisagan miRebuli saxel-

mwifo Semosavlebi, Cveni gaTvlebiT, wliurad 250 000 ma-

neTs aWarbebda. 10-15 weliwadSi, TiTqmis nulovani niSnuli-

dan, vaWroba-mrewvelobidan miRebulma Semosavlebma saxel-

mwifo biujetis daaxloebiT 55% Seadgina. amavdroulad qve-

yana daadga ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uwyvet gzas. aRsaniS-

navia, rom 1795 wlis krwanisis brZolis Sedegad miRebuli

eniT auwereli zianis miuxedavad, qveyanam ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis Zvel niSnulTan dabruneba swrafad SeZlo. amis

damadasturebelia saijaro fasebi. 1801 wels TiTqmis yvela

ijaris — `sabeWdavis~, Tambaqos, yafanis, samRebroebis, ya-

sabxanis, dabaxanis da sxv. — fasi an utoldeboda winandel

mdgomareobas, andac mcirediT CamorCeboda.

xelisuflebam didi yuradReba dauTmo soflis meurne-

obis aRorZinebas — xelaxla daasaxla mravali sofeli, aR-

kveTa moxeleTa da TavadTa Zaladoba, Seqmna mravali Tav-

dacviTi nageboba da aS. samefo karma saxaso ymaTa gamravle-

bis mizniTac gaatara mravali RonisZieba. mefem daiwyo `os-

maloba-yizilbaSobis~ dros feodalTa mier miTvisebuli mi-

webis ukan dabruneba. gaauqma yazax-borCalo, baidaris saxa-

noebi, aragvis da qsnis saerisTavoebi, saamilaxvros CamoaW-

ra dimitri amilaxvris kuTvnili yma-mamuli. am radikaluri

zomebis Sedegad mefis saxaso mamulebi mkveTrad gaizarda.

Cveni gamoTvliT, saxaso glexTa fondi daaxloebiT 18 aTa-

samde komliT Seivso. saeTod, saxaso ymaTa ricxvma ki 25000

komls gadaaWarba, maSin rodesac iseT did saTavadoebs, ro-

goric iyo saamilaxvro, samuxranbatono da sxv. 300-500 kom-

201

li yma gaaCndaT. saxaso, saTavado, saufliswulo da saekle-

sio glexebi saxelmwifos sasargeblod daaxloebiT 140000

aTasi maneTis Rirebulebis, sxvadasxva saxis naturalur Tu

fulad gadasaxads ixdidnen. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sasar-

geblod erevnis da ganjis saxanoebi xarkis saxiT yovelwli-

urad 40000 maneTs ixdidnen. Semosavlebis da xarjebis kon-

troli xdeboda safinanso uwyebis mier, romelmac, ruseTis

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis gamocdilebis gaziarebiT, kole-

gialuri forma miiRo. rogorc vxedavT, erekle II-is mier

qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis gatarebulma poli-

tikam mniSvnelovani Sedegi gamoiRo, ris Sedegadac saxel-

mwifos Semosavlebma, XVIII saukunis 70-90 wlebSi, wliurad

400000 aTas maneTs gadaaWarba. es cifri daaxloebiT 4-jer

aRemateboda XVIII saukunis I meoTxedSi qarTlis da kaxeTis

samefoebis Semosavlebs. `dasturlamaliT~ gaTvaliswine-

bul saxelmwifos xarjviT nawilTan SedarebiT qarTl-kaxe-

Tis samefos Semosavlebi gacilebiT didi iyo.

ganixilavda ra qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ekonomikas,

akad. n. berZeniSvili aRniSnavda, rom `erekles moRvaweobaSi

sruliad axali ram Canda~. Cveni azriT, ekonomikuri ganviTa-

rebis erekleseuli gza did msgavsebas avlenda petre I-is

ruseTis imperiis da evropis rig saxelmwifoTa im ekonomi-

kur eqsperimentTan, romelic baton-ymur realobaSi samrew-

velo industriis ganviTarebas iTvaliswinebda.

aRniSnuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad, saxelmwifo Semosav-

lebi mkveTrad gaizarda. paralelurad Seiqmna `axali tipis

Tavadaznauroba~, Tarxani glexebi da sxva elementebi, rom-

lebic centraluri xelisuflebis mTavar dasayrdenad iq-

cnen. samefo kari saTavadoTa sistemaze damokidebuli aRar

iyo. axali socialuri dasayrdenis Seqmna da ekonomikuri Se-

saZleblobebi samefo kars moxeleTa Statis gazrdis SesaZ-

leblobas aZlevda. aseT pirobebSi erekle II-m qveynis mmar-

Tvelobis modernizeba daiwyo:

1) erekle II-m Zireuli cvlileba ganaxorciela qveynis ad-

ministrirebis iseT sakvanZo sferoSi, rogoric aRwera iyo. aR-

weris centralizeba, erTi mxriv, aiolebda qveynis administri-

rebas, meore mxriv, did Tavadebs Caketil sivrces urRvevda.

amiT maT arTmevda im berkets, romlis saSualebiTac isini mo-

saxleobasa da samefo xelisuflebas Soris barierad iyvnen aR-

marTulni.

2) erekle II-m moaxerxa sagadasaxado sistemis sruli

202

gardaqmna. aRniSnul reformas ormxrivi mniSvneloba gaaC-

nda: a) saxelmwifo gadasaxadebi gacilebiT organizebulad

ikribeboda, rac TavisTavad zrdida samefos Semosavlebs. b)

Tavadebs CamoerTvaT e.w. sagadasaxado imuniteti — maTi yme-

bi, iseve rogorc saxaso ymebi, sruliad ibegrebodnen da am

gadasaxadis ganawileba-Segrovebis erTpirovnuli uflebac

dakarges. erTi sityviT, sagadasaxado sistema centralize-

buli gaxda.

3) samxedro reformebis Sedegad Seiqmna mcire, magram

stabiluri samxedro Zalebi — `morige jari~, saartilerio

SenaerTi, mefis mcvelTa razmi. amiT, erTi mxriv, gaizarda

qveynis samxedro potenciali da, meore mxriv, saTavadoebs

is tradiciuli funqcia CamoerTva, rac jaris gamoyvanaSi

gamoixateboda.

4) XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi saTavadoebma dakarges sa-

policio-administraciuli da sasamarTlo imuniteti. cen-

traluri xelisuflebis mier Camoyalibda `Sinagan saqmeTa

uwyeba~ mdivanbegebisa da eSikaRasbaSebis meTaurobiT. qvey-

nis mTeli teritoriis administrirebas es uwyeba axdenda.

didi cvlilebebi ganxorcielda kulturis sferoSi.

daarsda saxelmwifo skolebi — seminariebi. Tbilisisa da Te-

lavis seminariebs reqtorebi ganagebdnen. maT xelfasi xazi-

nidan eZleodaT. seminariebSi swavleba leqciur xasiaTs ata-

rebda. moswavleebi ismendnen leqciebs, xolo pedagogebi

maT codnas amowmebdnen gamocdebis gziT. amave dros, rusu-

li Teatris mibaZviT, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi daarsda Te-

atri. Tbilisis stambaSi daiwyo gazeTis msgavsi sacnobaro

xasiaTis masalebis beWdva, riTac niadagi mzaddeboda qar-

Tuli gazeTis daarsebisaTvis.

XVIII saukunis ukanasknel mesamedSi, qveynis ekonomiku-

ri ganviTarebis da samefo xelisuflebis centralizacii-

saTvis gadadgmuli nabijebis fonze, saerTo saTavado sax-

lebis arsebobam azri dakarga. ramdenime, xelovnurad Senar-

Cunebuli saerTo mflobelobis miuxedavad (saamilaxvro da

samuxranbatono), gaxSirda didi saxlebis masiuri rRveva. im-

droindeli qarTl-kaxeTis mdgomareobidan gamomdinare es

srulebiT bunebrivi procesi iyo.

sabolood aRvniSnavT, rom XVIII saukunis 70-ian 90-ian

wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefo araTu aRar warmoadgenda saTa-

vadoTa krebuls, aramed is absoluturi monarqiisaTvis dama-

xasiaTebel mraval elements Seicavda.

203

Apolon Tabuashvili

summary

Erekle II’s Economic Concepts and Reforms for the Modernization of State Governance

Introduction. Actuality the research methodological bases of the

under-discussed thesis, the scientific novelty and the main sourses and literature are renewed.

Chapter I. The Kartli and Kakheti kingdoms till the II part of the XVIII century (political-economical review). During the Kartli and Kakheti kingdoms economical and political reviews, first of all we should pay more attention on the princedom system. In the XV century kingdom- principality disillusioned Georgia was formed princedom system. The main reasons of its creation were decentralization and economical law index. The nature agriculture was the main condition of closed-door of princedom. The head of princedom was a prince, “The head of the house”, who was the individual head of the defined compact territory. There were the lateral branch representatives- prince’s children, who subordinated to the first prince, so-called “the head of the house”. The prince had jury-administrative immunity.

In the 15-18 centuries Kartli kingdom consisted of the following great princedoms: 1) Aragvi headman; 2) Ksani headman; 3) Samukhranbatono; 4) Saamilakhvro; 5) Satsitsiano; 6) Sabaratiano, which had been destroyed and on its base with other small princes in XVII century was formed the strong prince- Sakalphanishvili; also existed many small princedoms: Samachablo, Sajavakhishvilo, Saabashidzeo, Satarkhno and etc.

The Kartli kingdom military-administrative division happened to be in accordance to the Grand princedom principle. The country was divided into seven alarms. The head alarm was Kaphlanishvili house. The right-handed alarm headed Amilakhvar, the central-Mukhranbatoni and the kingdom alarm Tsitsishvili. Formally, inspite of Mukhranbatoni alarm uniting, Aragvi and Ksani heads were separated military-administrative units. The weak government without the prince power could not realize politic in province. Inside the country was the political unit equipped with autonomy rights. At this period, the Kartli kingdom actually presented the prince units. So, the kingdom was decentralized. The central government, which clearly saw the weakness of the country, did no fight against this reality. During all this time the government of kingdom did not abolish any

204

princedom. Contrariwise, times to times, kings gave more rights to the princes. The royal governments’ such a „passive“position, at the same time, should be found in „feudal“bosom. During the economic degradation the only relay force of kings‘government were princes.

For the general characterization of princedoms system is interesting Kartl-Kakheti kingdom economical-political review. In the 1st quarter of 18th century the condition in Kartli kingdom compared with before period became much better. Vakhtang VI’s (1703-1712; 1716-1724) building policy showed its result- raised as agricultural, so city life. But later, condition became worse: after Petre I unsuccessful military-political alliance, Vakhtang VI was to leave from Kartli kingdom and together with many nobles, went to Russia. Tbilisi City and the whole Kartli at the beginning become victim of Muslim Kakhetian king Konstantine’s (1722-1732) and his rented Leks‘ army aggression. Than so-called „Osmaloba“– ottoman incursion had began, which lasted till 1735, after that so-called „Kizilbashoba“ – Iranian invasion. It was the hardest period for the entire East Georgia. After that all economy was disordered. The normal economic development became impossible. The agricultural fall had reaction on city life too. Tbilisi, as the other cities, were stolen and destroyed by enemy. The merchants were leaving Georgia forever and settling in Astrakhan, Kizlar and Mozdok.

With these negative events in 1744 the most important fact happened in the country’s history. Nadir-Shah settled as a king Teimuraz II in Kartli and his son Erekle II in Kakheti. The death of Nadir-Shah and disorders in Iran brought to Kartli and Kakheti the full independence. With the help of Teimuraz II and Erekle II diplomacy and successful military actions, Kartli and Kakheti kingdoms in 1748-1750 could not only defense themselves from difficult situation, but also reached the superiorities in Transcaucasia: they obeyed and troubled Ganja, Erevan and Nakhchevani khanates. Kazakh-Borchalo and Baidar khanates became the parts of Kartli kingdom. In 1762 Kartli and Kakheti united in one kingdom. With one look, the country was given normal developing possibility. But the country’s advance depended on the following conditions: I. stopping of the Leks frequent raid, what was the most difficult task, because attacks on the plain population by Dagestan mountaineers became normal; II. Repulse of Iran-Osmalate aggression and preserve the achievement (Ganja, Erevan); III. Leading the strict internal politics. For settling the mentioned problems Erekle II firstly needed military force. The feudal army was unuseful for this task. For creating such force was needed solid financial base. Those times (middle ages of XVIII century) Kartl-Kakheti economical condition did not give solid financial creation guarantee. On the contrary, as it is mentioned upper,

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because of „Osmal“ and „Kizilbashoba“ the country’s economical possibilities were too low. From the course we could clearly see, that the kingdom’s treasury actually was empty. In one word, there was degradation of economy.

Chapter II. Kartl-Kakheti kingdoms‘ economical condition.

Kartl-Kakheti kingdom tried to improve condition with help of foreign countries. In 1752 in Russia were sent ambassadors: Atanase Amilakhvrishvili and Simon Makashvili. They were refused modesty about military help and money loan. Than Teimuraz II went as an ambassador. The king went to emperor Elisabeth (1741-1761) but there was no result. The kingdom was disappointed in foreign help. For Erekle II became clear that to lead out country from the difficult situation and keep stability needed to create stabile financial base on the expanses of internal recourses mobilization. The only course of state incomes was Russian empire, which was studied by other leaders. That’s why the government chose the way of experience of Russia forced economical method. In Erekle II economical conceptions were trade-agricultural development. Forasmuch as there were not private initiations and could not be in that time reality, the kingdom leaders decided not to control trade-agriculture, but become the leading force itself in this sphere.

Trade. First of all Erekle II, paid the most attention to trade. For its

developing he did the great measurements in the country: in 1750 was opened the way connected Georgia and Russia; till 1771 was fixed the preferential costume –house tariff; the king also cared about the trade ways organization and safety; the costume-house was regulated. Priority was declared the trade between Russia and west Georgia. The kingdom leader fixed the protective costume-house tariff. Erekle II called the Armenians dispelled in Persia different provincials to return in Georgia and they would be given great privileges. Unpreceneded event for trade developing can be considered the fact, that Erekle II abolished feudal conservatism and merchants, who had great capital took in the rang of prince and nobleman. He fixed them at the state positions. Such kind of merchants became „The new type of prince-noblemen“. They presented the new platsdarm of the king in reforms and fighting against prince system. The king tried to defense the interest of merchants with different legislation activities. (We mean „property city rule“and tec.)

Even the currency reform by Eerekle II helped to the trade development. By the kingdom leader initiation transforming of nature tax into money tax payment cased money-good relation and trade development.

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The kingdom leaders cared about the revival of the city life, what soon had the result – grew Tbilisi, Gori, Telavi and tec. There were formed new cities: Dusheti, Akhalgori, Tskhinvali, Signagi. Documentally is proved that in that time strengthened the internal market and the subject of buying and sell became everything what can people use. Unprecedented scales reached the foreign trade. The citizens Erekle II took the main position in Russia-Iran good-exchange. Only from the eastern countries in Tbilisi and other cities annually came good of 700-800 roubles. Importantly raised the turnover of goods with Russia and North Caucasus. Georgian handicraft or other kind of product had no concurrent. So, in the results of kingdom leaders‘ measurements trade reached the high index in short time. The merchants were settled on the important positions and correspondingly had very solid political condition. In the result of trade relations the country had great income from costume-house. Based on the costume tariffs and other data is found out that in the peace period the country’s income were 80000 roubles. At the same time, the capital of the country was importantly widen.

Manufactures. With trade revival and patronage, the government

began to care about industry. Because in the country were not the economical circumstances for great corporations, as it was in Peter I’s Russia, following from it’s fiscal aims, Erekle II began creating of the state industries. The first step was made in 1763: The Akhtali Silver Melting and The Damblugi Copper Melting „factories“ were opened , and in 1770 were put into service The Alaverdi and Shamblugi Melting „factories“. In these industries were employed about 2000 people and the state income was defined with 80000 roubles. From the courses is proved that in that time were put in service also Iron (in Bolnisi) and sulphureous layers. On the mining producing bases in Tbilisi were built metal-teemed and vessel-making factories. The cannon, morting and bomb teemed factories were settled in motion. In 1770 was built gunpowder factory. There was a salt-works factory. From the courses also is proved „Rakhtarkhana“, where supposedly had been making the things from gold and silver. In that time the mint and the printing-house were rearmed. From the mint the income was 30000 roubles. In that time the book printing reached its culmination: More than 10000 books were printed in the printing house of Tbilisi in 1783-1795. In Tbilisi and other cities raised dye-houses productions. There were also small industries: soap factory, glass factory and tec. These industries were rented to citizens and the state had the great income. With the state industries there were the private industries too. Especially it is noticeable in loom (mainly in cotton) producing. In these industries, in course which are called „factories“were used the rented people.

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Workmanship. in the 70-90’s of XVIII century there were more

than 500 shops in Tbilisi. The half of them were workmanships, where were produced about 60 different kinds of production. As in Tbilisi, workmanship was developed in Gori, Telavi, Dusheti and in other cities. The workmanships traditionally were united in the shops. The shop was headed by the shop-header, co-called Ustabash. In the II part of XVIII century the shop (Asnaphe) lost internal independence and the government took the control over it. It is obvious that the shops were taxed by the state. Some information about the state shops tax payment is kept in the different king of economical documentation. We can see that the Tbilisian shops were annually taxed with about 20000 roubles.

***

Allongside with the developing of trade-industry, the kingdom leaders cared about the revival of the village industry revival. Renewing the old defense buildings, building the 160 new fortress-fences, leading out the water channels- these are the one part of the steps made by the government for developing the intensive industry. The one of the main care of the government was the settlement of the uninhabited places and it did the great step for producing the normal agriculture they needed to give the stimulus to the self-peasants. For the normal producing of the agriculture was needed to give the stimulus to the serf-peasants. Erekle II abolished the closed-door principles and interfered himself in the relations between Monsieur and serf. For the one hand the king forbade the peasants’ disobedience, and for the other hand, in case if the Monsieur lost his serf, charged him with responsibilities towards serf. The importance there was the legislation initiations: by the law 1765 the peasants release from slavery could be free; by the order 1770 Erekle II forbade selling of the serf without land. All of these helped agricultural intensive development. The government made many measurements for multiplies the serfs. The king began to return the lands from feudal in the time of “Osmaloba-Kizilbashoba”. He abolished Kazakh-Borchalo, Baidar khanates, Aragvi and Ksani prines, he cut the land from Dimitri Amilakhvari’s land. After these measurements, the countryseats of the king radically grew. The people’s peasant fund filled with about 18 thousand farmsteads. The serfs’ number exceeded over 25000, when where the great princes such as Saamilakhvro, Samukhranbatono and etc had 300-500 farmstead serfs. The princes and church peasants with nature and money paid about 140000 roubles. Erevan and Ganja khanates paid to Kartl-Kakheti annually 40000 roubles. The

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income and tax were controlled by financial annunciate took the collegial form which was shared by Russia state government.

In the tax incomes trade-industry sector had the great unusual place for feudal state, what could be explained by the government’s economical politic. In spite of reducing incomes because of the enemy attacks in the last III of XVIII century, the kingdom’s economical state was very stabile. That’s why we think wrongly about the estimation by historiography, that Georgian state economy body exhausted all its possibilities and was at the edge of degeneration during the Aga-Mahmud khan attack at the end of XVIII century. Such decision gives us Tbilisi lease prices (what showed the common Georgian economy). The documental materials reveal that for 1801 almost all lease prices was equal to 1795 data or was behind a little.

As we see, the reforms by Erekle II for economies development had an important result and in 70-90’s of 18th century the tax incomes annually overcame 400000 roubles. This number was about 4 times more than in the 1at quarter of 18th century in Kartl-Kakehti kingdoms. Compared with the state payment part foreseen with “Dasturmali” Kartl-Kakheti incomes became much more, what gave Erekle II the possibilities of making the reforms and workers raising.

Chapter III. Erekle II’s reforms for the modernization of state.

With the state incomes Erekle II began transformation of govern system. His reforms realized in the several stages. Reformation was the equivalent of economical progress and sometimes continued for years, according to the concrete finances of the state. In this affair Russia, empire experience helped the government. In the II part of XVIII century all, the law projects on what were based Petre I’s reforms were translated from Russian.

The country description task in Kartl-Kakheti kingdom in the II

part of XVIII century. In the middle ages of Georgia for normal administration of the country, the main attention was paid to description. After description the kingdom’s government took the information about fighters, the number of tax payers and generally the condition of the population. However, the perfect description was rarely in the later middle ages. As it is known, in that time the government let many functions for the prince interests (we mean soldier). The country description was in competence of soldier. From 1770 Kartl-Kakheti kingdom government made the important steps to decentralization. One of such measurement was feudal army exchange with the permanent army. The duty army creation was connected to the country description. Became necessary to get the correct information about the population and equipment, what was

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important for duty writing out. That is why Erekle II made the basic changes in the country administration. From the courses proved that, the soldiers deprived the individual rights of description and were given to the central government officials – secretaries. The description centralization for the one hand made easier country administration, and for the other hand, undo the huge closed space to the great princes. They were taken the lever, which were the barrier between the population and government.

Changes in state tax system. In the latest feudal epoch the princes

used with tax inaccessibility, what was expressed for the one hand, in partly free of stat payments, and on the other hand princes tax payment inaccessibility was in that the princes participated tax payments themselves to their serfs and then collected it themselves. According to the “Dasturmal” in the big princes, the small part of serfs paid tax payments. By the evidence of Kartl-Kakheti kingdom secretaries and other documental materials, in 70’s of 18th century Erekle II made the great changes in tax payment sphere. That time tax payment was made according to the country description book, with household and non-preventions; but the key taken was charged the king’s secretaries- the good headers and other workers closed for this work. This reform had the bilateral meaning: 1. the state tax payments were collected much more organized what was rising income itself; II. The princes were deprived co-called tax immunity- their serfs, as other serfs were fully taxed and they lost the collecting-haring individual rights. In one word, the tax payment became centralized.

The military reform. According to the united Georgian monarchy

tradition Kartli and Kakheti kingdoms were divided each into four alarms. The Georgian military-administration division had the base of princedom system. The head alarm holder (consisted of somxiT-sabaraTiano princes) headed first the Bartashvilis, than the Orbelians; the right-handed alarm (Upper Kartli, from which the main was Saamilakhvro) headed Amilakhvari, and the left-handed one (consisted of Mukhranbatonian, Ksani and Aragvi princes) was Mukhranbatoni; the behind co-called the king’s alarm holder (was coming from the beyond side co-called catholicon army) was appointed by the king (mainly from the Tsitsishvilis house). The soldiers were responsible for army calling away. The different situation was in Kakheti kingdom, where the bishops leaded the alarms. This was the feudal army, which presented the prince-serf army, where the serf was serving under his prince’s command.

In 70’s of 18th century Erekle II began leading the reforms in the military field, which aim was changing feudal army with permanent forced.

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In the results of the reforms was made military office. The office had books, where was written in detail all soldiers with their equipments. From then, the head of army did the calling. The first step in creating the permanent army was “Nokari” army creation. “Nokari" was the army rented from local population, which consisted of from1000 till 2000 soldiers. They had Minbash (captain), Fonsadbash (head), Uzbash (captain) and Dahbash (captain). From 1774 “Nokari” was changed into “duty army”. According to the “Duty” statement all adult man in Kartl-Kakheti was obliged one month in a year to come in army with his goods. In return, the government would free him from goods payment. “Duty army” consisted of 5000 men. In Georgian historiography was settled the thought that “duty army” was abolished soon after Levan batonishvili death (1781). However, the documentation published by A. Klimiashvili certifies that duty army existed until the end of XVIII century. In 1785-1790 in spite of duty army had been collecting “Sabadlo” payment which was giving to the army called “duty safeguard” made in that time. In the mentioned years, the permanent forces role-played the Russia army battalions foreseen by Georgievki treatise. Documentally is certified that in 1791 the original face of “duty army” was restored.

One of the main achievement of Erekle II military reforms was field artillery creation. According to the Georgian and foreign course is proved that in 70‘s of XVIII century in Tbilisi was organized the bombs, morting, and cannons setting down factories where the cannons were made by Europe caliber. At the same time was made artillery union, where served about 400 cannonries. Officers leaded the artillery corpus: colonels, majors, captains and law rank militaries: officers, sergeants and carpals. At this time military office was made, where was kept military equipment- gun-bombs, bullets, provision and forage. The military trainings were conducted according to the Russian article. The interesting fact is that the military servers were given not lands, as it was in feudal state but they had salary. At the same time, Erekle II did not abolish solders. In case of need, the feudal army was collected again. The small country could not parry the great foreign attacks only with small part of soldiers. However strictly were defined soldiers’ rights, obligations, and they became the officials of the kingdom. Creating with the permanent force, on the one hand the country military potential raised and on the other hand, the princes were confiscated the function of leading the army.

Court and policies-administrative reforms. In the I part of XVI-

XVII and XVIII centuries in Kartli kingdom were 1 or 2 adjudicators (from Rostom Beg time Mdivan Beg). The adjudicators-Mdivan begs such small

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numbers can be explained with the following fact- Kartli kingdom presented the princes collection. The king’s court functioned but its competence was to settle down argues among princes and serves. The princes used the court immunity and were the first adjudicators in court. Only small parts of criminal affairs were taken from the local court competence. In the II part of XVIII century, In Kartl-Kakheti was made the important changes in court. The numbers of Mdivan Begs grew about 10 times. The rising of the adjudicators’ number considered abolishment of immunity. The end of the court reform can be considered the time after Ksani prince abolishment (which used with great immunity) the order of Erekle II established in 1778: “All petition and complain should be given to Mdivar Beg”.

In the II part of XVIII century there were made the important reorganization in appellate and administrative apparatus. The number of appellate leaders-“Eshikagas Bashed”- rose, what reduced the princes’ policies rights. In 1769, Erekle II ordered to princes: “If you had complains or argues with together, report us and we will do the court”. After the court-petition analyze became clear, that in 70’s of XVIII century the princes lost policies-administrative and court immunity. By the central government was made “The internal affair annunciate” with the head of Mdiva Begs and Eshikagas Basheds. This annunciate administrated the whole territory.

With propose of territorial-administrative reorganization Erekle II abolished the Kazakh (in 1755) and Borchalo-Baidar (in 1765) khanates. In 1777 he took the land of headers (in 1743 Teimuraz II abolished Aragvi header). The king changed these parts into manage parts. So, Erekle II could radically change the country government after that the headers lost immunity.

Chapter IV. Changes in inside headers. Detonation of immunity

and developing of money-goods relation, rational agriculture appearance and feudal houses’ degradation, disrupted the princes’ economical force. In such conditions began massive destroying of princes’ houses. At this time, the princes and headers went to the city. Only in Tbilisi at the end on XVIII century lived more than 70 princes’ and about 200 headers family. They did not satisfy with rent from the common land and tried to make their own individual property. In 70’s of XVIII century in Kartl-Kakheti activity of princes’ houses participation and the process of individual massive agriculture formation. At this time, broken the following princes: The Phalavandishvilis, the Korchibabishvilis, the Abazades, the Gurmaishvilis, the Khimshiashvilis, the Tumanishvilis, the Davitashvilis, the Andronikashvilis, the Cholokashvilis, the Amirejibis, the Taktakishvilis, the Germanozishvilis, the Garsevanishvilis, the Phavlenishvilis, the Diasamidzes, the Avalishvilis, the Begtabegishvilis, the Saakadzes, the

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Javakhishvilis, the Tarkhnishvilis, the Kherkheulidzes, tha Abashidzes, the Machabelis, the Tsitsishvilis and etc. It is known that the great prince houses were aware of separation because in the feudal country it would caused their abasement. Alexander Amilakhvari noticed about this: “Georgian respected not separated family”. However, immunity denotation and new economical environment caused on internal princes properties too. Documentally is proved that in spite of formal united, the Sakaphlaishvili land was divided into 4 parts. The important changes are noticed in Saamilakhvro and Samukhranbatono. From data is proved that the land of princes reduced much. The princes’ property became the independent property. As we see, in the last III of XVIII century, on the background of country economical development and centralization the no rational princes’ existence lost its sense. In spite of some holders (Saamilakhvro, Samukhranbatono) began the massive demolish of the houses.

The conclusion. In the middle ages of XVIII century Kartl-Kakheti

kingdom presented feudal country. The country actually was the collection of autonomic rights of princes. Such country became very weak for provoke, against which the country appeared in the II part of XVIII century. Therefore, the kingdom government began making important measurements for govern modernization. The first attention was paid to economical development. Erekle II noticed in his letter, that economical development could “cure us from the enemy”. Erekle II raised on the economical development method, what was expressed in trade-agriculture state sector domination. With the help of this politic the internal and external trade developed, in feudal society grew manufacture type production. After all, the state tax income importantly rose. Discussing Kartl-Kakheti kingdom economy, academic N. Berdzenishvili noticed that “in Erekle activities were seen something new”. By our opinion, Erekle’s economy developing way was familiar to Petre I Russia Empire and Europe states economical experiment, which considered industrial development in prince-serf reality.

With economical development and raising the state incomes, Erekle II made the important reforms for govern modernization. Description making and Tax system centralization, military and law-court reforms were directed to the king’ govern strengthen and prince immunity denotation. At the same time, the government divided into centralized rings – military affair, state income, internal affair and foreign affair departments. the conducted researches showed that in 70-90’s of XVIII century Kartl-Kakheti kingdom only did not presented princes collection but it contained the elements for absolutely monarch.

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damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura

saarqivo masalebi

saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi

1. scssa, f., 1448, sab., # 1448

2. scssa, f., 1448, sab., # 2972

3. scssa, f., 1449; sab., # 1126

4. scssa, f., 1449, sab., # 231

5. scssa, f., 1449, sab., # 232

6. scssa, f., 1449, sab., # 234

7. scssa, f., 1449, sab., # 854

xelnawerTa erovnuli centri

8. xec. f., A sab. # 1648

9. xec. f., Ad sab., # 1044

10. xec. f., Ad sab., # 1304

11. xec. f., Ad sab., # 1403

12. xec. f., S sab., # 167

13. xec. f., S sab., # 249

14. xec. f., Qd sab., # 1633

15. xec. f., Qd sab., # 1637

16. xec. f., H sab., # 193

17. xec. f., H sab., # 460

18. xec. f., H sab., # 609

19. xec. f., H sab., # 1426

20. xec. f., Hd sab., # 665

21. xec. f., Hd sab., # 1159

22. xec. f., Hd sab., # 1431

23. xec, f., Hd sab., # 1606

24. xec. f., Hd sab., # 1616

25. xec. f., Hd sab., # 1617

26. xec. f., Hd sab., # 2518

27. xec. f., Hd. sab., # 2762

28. xec. f., Hd sab., # 3142

29. xec. f., Hd sab., # 9464

30. xec. f., Hd sab., # 11261

31. xec. f., Hd sab., # 11264

32. xec. f., Hd sab., # 14301

214

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56. iese baraTSvilis..., 1950; iese baraTSvilis cxovreba-

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28, Tb., saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebeTa akademiis gamom-

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57. ioane qarTveliSvili..., 1952; ioane qarTveliSvili, me-

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58. ioseliani, 2009; platon ioseliani, aRwera Tbilisis

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59. ioseliani, 1978; pl. ioseliani, cxovreba mefisa giorgi

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60. kakabaZe, 1913; s. kakabaZe, istoriuli sabuTebi, t. V, Tb.,

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61. lorTqifaniZe, 1940; i. lorTqifaniZe, masalebi saqar-

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62. masalani..., 1907;M masalani saqarTvelos statistikuri

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63. masalebi..., 1938; masalebi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri is-

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fasebi, masalebi SearCia da gamosacemad moamzada n.

berZeniSvilma, Tb., Tsu-s gamomcemloba, 1938.


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217


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67. masalebi..., 1948; masalebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos samo-

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68. orbeliani, 1981; papuna orbeliani, ambavi qarTlisani,

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69. rainegsi, 2002; iakob rainegsi, mogzauroba saqarTve-

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70. saqarTvelos..., 1920, 1909, 1910; saqarTvelos siZveleni,

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71. qarTuli..., 1963; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, vax-

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73. qarTuli..., 1970; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, sa-

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74. qarTuli..., 1972; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. IV, sa-

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218

SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb.,

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75. qarTuli..., 1974; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. V, sa-

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79. qarTuli..., 1970A; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, `das-

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80. qronikebi..., 1967; qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTve-

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81. xanTaZe, 1955; S. xanTaZe, saxelmwifo puris gadasaxadi

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219

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139. kakabaZe, 1925A; s. kakabaZe, qalaq tfilisis aRwera 1803

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140. kakabaZe, 1956; С. Н. Какабадзе recenzia d. gvritiSvilis

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143. kareevi, 1908; Кареев Н. И., западно-европейская абсолютная монархия XVI, XVII и XVIII вековъ. общая характерика бюрократического государства и сословного обшества `стараво порядка~, СПб., Типография М. М. Стасюлевича, 1908.

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152. megrelaZe, 1963; d. megrelaZe, masalebi saqarTvelos

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153. megrelaZe, 1964; d. megrelaZe, rkinis adgilobrivi war-

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158. naTaZe, 1930; Г. Я. Натадзе, К вопросу об економическом положении Грузии в конце XVIII столетия, История Классовой борьбы в Закавказьи, сборник статей, книга первая, (ИКБЗ), Тифлис, Закавказский коммунистический университет, 1930, gv.

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160. rogava, 1964; ap. rogava, kapitalizmis Canasaxi saqar-

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161. rogava, 1950; ap. rogava, saxalxo ganaTleba erekle meo-

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165. samsonaZe, 1972; m. samsonaZe, saqarTvelos sagareo vaW-

226

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166. samsonaZe, 1980; m. samsonaZe, saqarTvelos socialur-

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167. soselia, 1973; o. soselia, q. CxataraiSvili, dasavleT

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168. soselia, 1973; o. soselia, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis

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169. soselia, 1966; o. soselia, feodaluri xanis dasavleT

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172. tarle, 1924; Тарле Е. В., Пaдение абсолютизма в Западнои

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178. qoiava 1963; n. qoiava, fulis mimoqceva, krediti da fi-

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181. WiWinaZe, 1903; z. WiWinaZe, istoria qarTuli gazeTebis

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182. javaxiSvili, 1925; iv. javaxiSvili, istoriis mizani, wya-

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183. javaxiSvili, 1918; iv. javaxiSvili, qalaqebi, saqalaqo

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184. jamburia, 1973; g. jamburia, socialuri urTierTobebi

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185. jamburia, 2007; g. jamburia, qarTuli feodalizmis sa-

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186. jamburia, 1955; g. jamburia, qarTuli feodaluri ur-

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187. janaSvili, 1898; m. janaSvili, mefe erekle, tf., m. Sara-

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188. janaSvili, 1899; m. janaSvili, saqarTvelos deda-qalaqi

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189. janeliZe, 1957; d. janeliZe, ramdenime cnoba saqarTve-

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228

Apolon Tabuashvili

Erekle II’s Economic Concepts and Reforms for the Modernization of State Governance

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