appadurai - fear of small numbers

P\lblie ~ Ard:a

" .. ri ..... lil<!d by I)ilil' G_,hr. J...., K ...... r.

Il<:njamin I..,.., and ,ll"'h...,I I1'. rner

P" bl ic " Ianel noou i ~ • !!erie!! de&il!ned by ,,'rilen i" ."d

ouli-HIe .!wI ..:a,kmy- wrilel"!! workiOf! un ,,·h. 1 eouk! 1M!

Cllied tII.rra. i,~ of !,ublie eu ltu~- IO uplor~ q.teI!I""", Ihal

urgelilly ~r" liS .11. Ie i_~ all .1I~m!,1 10 UJIrfI ""holArly

,lillCOu r>il: 011 "oll lemporarr public: cll I'u~. bolh loo:al llll'l

i "t"rrI~t i,."al. I" c! to ill"rni nal ", I h~ t ,jilO»ll T6e wit Ii I .... kin,j ~

of ",.r.al ive tlml will chall,' ''!!e """ h i~Iical .,. 1 .eMle ..... ",ah

them th i"k , lI"d ""I><.'<:iall y make them (IUetil io" , It is, ",,0 .. 1

importa" Ily. an c ~lN~r ime'" in slralegiel of dil!(:oor8e. 00111 ·

bini' If! repo rlage ~",I c ril ical reJk,cl ion on unfold ing i!llllle!!

IINI C,'CII II - "'''' . " '., hope, I hlll " 'iII ,,",vi,le. ",,, ,, i"! narra ·

. i¥<:': of "" r $oCicti..-al , hi. lIIomen' . ""hlie Plw>el IJooka i.

part of lloe " uhlie \\'000. publicalion pmjecl of tloe v.l ler for

T ralllil'1I Itural Stud ies, "hie h alMo incl ude .. tloe journal Public Culln,r ami I I ... Puhl ie ~'orl" $ boo!< oen...

Fear of Small Numbers

tin f ;uay (WI Ihe Geogrtlflhy of Anger

Arjun Appadurai

OUKf U"' lV~R51TY PAUS , ........ ..ti l .. "!,,, -.6

0 0006 n • ..,u"i-.ily p_

AIl r;g." .-.-t

I'", .. ..! in ,100 Un;'..! SI., .. J

Amo";u"" .. id·l_ """'" 8

Tn_ '"'_;8ooI;

br~ Inlo.>'n ... .,., Syoioer, ...

l,;t,..., olc.._, .... !ocl .....

Ift · P~blk.'iooo Do.t.o oppea' ""

,100 boot I"inle<l _ 01 'hlo booi:..

yoIl" .... ~ 0006

An .. ,lief ... ..... J cbapr .. 4

oppooml .. -n... N ••• I , .... J

!',dare 'X

J From EIJltlodd" llI [dl'O£id" I

2 The Ci,' ilization of Clash<!$ 15

J Globalizat ion and Violencc 15

4 rear or Small Numl>ers 4'1

5 Ollr Terrori9l~ Ollrsch~ 87

6 Grass rools GlohaJiul iOll i" ll.e Era or Idoocide 115

Bib1iosral'hy 1,19

1l!de ~ 143

hi . long.,..,.,.y i. thc ",-'c(Hld i"$tultmcm in a long-terril

proj~t that began in 1<J89. Tlie first pliaBeufthat I'ro}ecl

"'as an cflorl 10 . ~xa",inc th~ cultural dyllarlli~ of the

then emerging .... orld of globalization and .. ~ulte<1 in ;1

hook enli t led Mod~mil,. dI fArge: Cu/u.",llJitnl:wUHu ofGWb

aliztUion (19')6). 'n,at $tudy raised SOllle aualyt ieal and ethi·

cal doubl~ about tlte future of the nation·StalC and sought to

exa",in~ the ".~}" ~ in which th~ t"'i" fOre<)\! of media and mi·

gration had created tie'" rt.'Wlm:es for the "'ork uf the imagi.

nation u a l!Of.ial practice. In IIddition 10 slIgflcsting IlUme

pallerns in th~ way that cuhul"<:. media, lind transitional dias·

]JoUta! "'cre mut ually 81 ruel llri,,!! forees in a "'orld of d iejuu.:.

tur"", '\/otkmil,. at f.<I,1{t ],m]>oII':'] that th" production of

li,·e.] communities, localities. had !>c<.:ome furl her curnpli·

cated in the context of g]"J.aliutioll .

The t9')6 book I'rm-oke<l much dd)llie boLh within and k ·

yOlld umhro]>ology. Some critiC!! saw Ih·e book a~ prt$C1lling

too ""'y a picture of tlte glohal iUlio" of Ihe early 1 99')~ and as

heing insufficiently all"ntive to the darker ~i.lef! of gl"bali~-

tion, such Q violence, exdu~ion, and gro""i"l!l inequality. In

part U It oonSOlque •• Ctlof the!!<: qu,~~tions, and in l>.art drive •• by

lI. yown 100I(!er·term inter~s, 1 began to do re>w." .. :h on col.

lective violence against Muslims in my home city (Bombay,

'IOW called M umhai), .... I r.er~ th~re had I_u in lo:nse rio.s II<!.

'''<!en II indu. and Muslims in January .",)2 and laler in '<)1)3 .

Tho:8<'! ep isodC1l of groull violence were part nf" nOli ;ollal ..... ~ve

of auach 011 Mu~lim' ~hrinC5, homllS, and populalions ac!'088

Ind ia in Ihe "·Bke of the d""truclion of lhe Il;,b ri Ma..jid in

Arodh);t in o..-.;emher 1992. This W(Irk 011 Hindu-Mu!lim vio·

• lence in Muruwi in the '9'}OS Wa! part of a broader com para·

li ve I'rojed On large-tcale ethnocidal violcr>et: i" the "orld

artcr ."s9, notably in Rwanda and Central Europe but also

in I "diu "nd ei!!<:"here. TIle rew lUi of Ihei!<': in'luirifOl in the

decade since: 1995 are l><Irt Iy reHected here, as ,,·ell as ill some

_yo p"bli.hed in .he inten·~~lin8 dec..d .. , parlt "f which

Ita"e bC1ln dra .... n upon in this book.

This ~n;h into $Ollie of the harshest r~lts of glob·

alization - and Ihis book i~ inlend~"" 10 argue tiH:'Se ~"(>n"ec·

tio,,~-al!lO hrough. "'~, ~liy by II<;cident, inlo conlact ""ith

an entirely"""w phenornenon, a phe.lOtn.noll fTOrn .... hich "'·01

Can all d raw hoI'" aoout the fUI ure of 1!1o .... lizat iOIl. 1 'I Mum,

ba, .... ·hile looking at the viol.:nce againsl Muslims in th is

hiSlorically ",o~tly [iheral and cosmOJlOli.an ci' y, my dcar

friend Sundar Burra introduced me 10 a remarkable group

of III:ti~ iOll ~ , to ... ·hich he l lOl ~ "'ge<l , .... 100 g~'·e mc ac<,:<:"" 10

.hcir work a""",s .he poore'" of the urWn poor in Mum

Lai. They also intrOllllecd rne to ... ·hal waS j .. ,gifJ ~t jll a

little siudied I' lr.enomcnon - the phe' lOnlenon of graMmo l ~

Slohal,za' ion. Slobalizal ;011 from ~Iow. the __ "-Iwide dfor'

of aet;~i5t nOlIl!O,'t rnmerl1.1 olJlaniza' ioru .lId lllO\1!menU'1)

~'n "lid 8h~ l'~ . 1.., llfob,,1 ~dB "" stich mantr • ." hu",,,,,

rigl,'", 1I~T\dn . ...... er.y. "."ironm"n •. ftll.1 ,Ii ........ 11,i, ftl·

"'.rk~hl~ ""C"O ,,' er ,n M (f,nlhli 1 ... 1 nil'! 10 emhark Oil ~ ......

• lId rcoeareh I'rojcd 011 IIl'llSIlroolA Sfob.li, .. ,i"", ,,·IIOM: IIfl"

I'm;na. y 'clH oI,~ I all,,,le 10 in .he la.'paguof .!.; . I......,!.; . The

f,,11 8'0.)" of , h~_ M "",bai IlOu$ing acli'·'Mi an.1 I he i",,,l ieM·

I ........ for I he I'olit ;es or hope are lhe It, hjec:, nf II .. o<ly (,,·it l1

the Icllt~'i~e , il l" Th~ Ct,ptVily /0 A'I'ifl!j l/ul, i. now ,n IIIe

fi'lal ,;.IlIflft or p.el ..... I ......

Th". the book )'OU ha,.., hegUIl ' 0 ~&<I is II l ran~; . io .. and

a I'"UiIe in a """'-te.m "roj«t - hoth illt~l l.!<:lUal and IIU·

tOllal - to ~k "'ay8 10 ma ke globa liza. ion wo.k ror'ho:Jee .. 110

need ;1 nl(),;.l alld Clljo:I), it leaSI.lhe f\O'O"". Ihe d;~I_!llied •• he

.. ·eAk. a"d thl) "'''rgiooll .... I' .. I •• io,,8 nf (MI ' \1' .... 1,1. I. i • • I .. " .. ·

lion IJC("Jlu8e .11 ,,,1 k "fh .. pc is i,lle ""leM il i" I",lle.1 0". of ' he

jaw~ of II,e bru,alil)· .. ·hid, gloha lira,ion has al llO I' rod ,,~"CCe lie'"

fo,ms of ha. reol . e.hnoci"e. 8nd idef)Cid.-. we wi ll I10t kno w

" 'here ' 0 IleCk 11", rc!IOt' f'N!I\ (Of" hope .hou. glohllliza, ioll and

lhe lI'"'I.,,' i .... l ion "f hope. So I ask the reader ' 0 bee. with lIIe

..... , Ihi~ ph..., of.n in"" "'iga'ion ,h. 1 i. n'>( )"' •• """,.Ie ....

A. al ... ,.y .. I ha'"e nlany deb.8 10 rriend. and roll~ A

deMltlc i~ lionll I ill,.,. Il"d I ha'·e been lhe bencrH:;ary of gener·

\IIl;' Y i" nUlny c()unl . iCl! . nd ool1.;n'.'III " du.ing Ihi. Ii" ,.,. 'n", ru ll li ~. o(i"dividualund audi<:n<:et! .ha. helped me shal'" the

d'ap' c r~ .. r .I, is honk ... nuld h ........ Io"g '0 be mean'''lIr,,!. So I ,nne. fI'" , loe .,.k or u "f.i'ne8A and pick 0 '" jUM a few namell

•

,,'ho ha"c hdfl'!'1 in vllriou~ "'Ily~ throughout the (a ll too slow)

e'-olutiol1 of this s t ud y. In al phabet;';al oroJer, Ihe y lire Jockill

Arl'u tham, Brian Axel. Sundar Burra, I)jp<.~h Chakralwirt y,

Jean COffiIlruff. John Comaroff, Neera Chamloke, V~"<:na DII$,

C:line I)'Cruz, r aiaal I)e~ji , Dil ip Gaonkar, ~tcr Geschierc,

R~hi, 1 Khal id i. Da~id Lai lin, Uenjamin Lee, Claudio LOlli '

"itz, Adtille M hcmk, Uday Mehta . Sheela I~dtel, Vyjayanthi

Rao, KlImku", Sangaroo, CharlC8 Taylor. I'der "an der Veer

and Ken WiMOker. T "'0 arlOn)'nlOlJ8 readers for Uuke Uni>'" r.

sily P re80I asked !lean:hi,,! qUe$lioo9 Ihal have alr~"Cted the

Iii final vt:~iOn 8u l>.!ulfllia ll y.

&>me in8l ilutionalthanks are also in order. 'n", Open So· <:i~ty [n, litute in New York 1I",'e me an Individual rc llu .. ··

. hil' in "J'J7- 911 10 work on Ihis iiU bjecl . The Uni"e~il y of

Chicago gave me u bbalical leave lInd olh~r SUl'f'Ori 10 com·

plele Ihis book. Yale Uni '-c<Sit y and Ihe Uniw:nlit y of Chicago

olfered me teaching opportun;! iell and Sludcm interlocutors

" '00 honet! my argumCIllS. 111e Department of l'nlilical & i

' ~nce al the Uni versi ty of Delhi appointetl mc IU a visiting

professor and im'ited me 10 offer Ihe Teen M uri ; se riC8 of 1«.

lures in Fe bruary ~OO2 , which form Ihe basis of ehapl"~ 2,

:;, and 6. The New Schoul remind" d "'e, mO!ll re<.:ent Iy, of the

''lIlue of d i_ nl and debate fo r global de fllO(;rlltie pracl;(:C. I

am gmlcfuJ 10 each of th~ i,,!;tilul;o,,§.

There are sume oehill d~r 10 home. Ajay Caudhi and

NikhiJ Anand al Yal" I1ni vel'llily "'"re close readen and

thoughtful criliQ of Ihe enlire lex l . z..~ k fi lle ,11,,1 l . .eilah

Ve",ina at the New ScIK>OI 8lntggl.;d with an c,-c r·changing

man uoICr ;1J1 10 l!Ting;1 10 thia SlaS'" [.8$1 but nol Icasl , my

wife. Caml ,\. Brl)Ckcnrid!!,~. ho'-en:d (I,-e. Ihi$ hooI<. Wilh-

001 her cllrouragcltlcn! and " roOdillg. ucithc. i!! lIOu l ll(l' it$

~ubslar":c w(luld ha ve conle 10 lighl.

IJelh,,,, y. Comreclicu[

""gu~! ~'W5

1 from Eth1XK:ide to Idoocide

hiB Blu<ly il coocerne<l ,,-ilh larl!e·~~Ie. et,humlly mol ;·

'lIk~1 violence in our t ;n lC$. II! chaplCr&, .... 1JQ$e ~.!u·

m~n 1B are pre~ ie,,·ed here. " -en: tlrnftetl between twa and 2004. Tlou~ their prin • .:ipal • • gument& we. e dew:1-

oped in the shadow uf two rnaju. kimh of vio le""e. The lint

kind, wh i<:h we !laW in t~tern Eu~, nwanda, and India

in the early '990S, ehowe<llhat lite WQ.ld .fler .'}8<) "'as 1101

goi "I! to be enti rdy progreS8i'-c lind thlll globalillliioll C(HJ Id

up<l$t 8Cvere PIll hologi~ in lhe !!ACre;:! idwlogies of nal ion·

huo,l . The eet:oo,1 kind . oiliciaJly gk>hal ized under II .... ruhric

of the " ",ar on terror. ~ may he marktd by tl .... cataclY&mic III·

'w:k~ on the \\'" .1.1 T r.de CCllwr in Ne'" York "lid Ihe !-'cn-

lagon in Virgin ia "" ~I't e",ber 11. ''''''I. ' 1,;_ 1~1\er event hfllCketl~ Ihe I<)9<lS as a rlocade of iIIJI)<lrvio]~IICe, ~ decade

ehanteteriud hy a ste.dy !!n)wth in civil.",l civic .. ·.rfa re in

",any II ... : iel i-e8 as a feature of everyday life. \\'e tlOW li ve in a

world. articulated dilrerelllly by stal~ anti by med ia in <lilT",..

en! nat ional an,1 regional "ollt e~ls, in ",h ich fu r often .Pllcars

10 he the 80" .... '1\ " "d gro'Jn,1 fox internive c.mpaigm of l!roup

violence. rangin!! from riot. 10 extCl"kd IlOIromf.

III the ' 94Of and fQr ..,me l ime aftc r. many echQla ... began

tQ lWIu me that eXl l'<! nMl forms Qf oollecti,-" viol~.>ee. esp'!

ciaUy those 00111 hi ni ng Ia rgc-!!ClIle ki Uing .... il h "ariou~ fQrma

of planned degradat ion of the human hody and human dig

ni l y, ,,'cre d irOCI by-products of lola Ii i arianism. notably of fas

cism, and wcn: diiM:ernahle in Moo's China, in StaJin'ij Sto~ ict

IJnion, and in smaller lot~li\.arian __ iet ies. Ala!!, the I<)9<>S

.... W) left no dou ht that li loera l-democratie societiC$, as ... ell as

a variety of mixed Siale form$, a .... sUs«pt ihle 10 "'pture hy

majoritarian ron.'eII aml large-llealc el l"lO(;;d;.1 violence.

.. So ... ·e are foo:OO to a~k and "n&>fer the 'I uell tion about ... ·hy

the 19')011, lhe period Qf .... hal .... e may nO'" caU"high global

izat ion: - should al"" he Ihe period of l"rg'l-Ij.:a!e violc'>ee in

a wide range of JI!II:;eliCli and political .... gim~ ... ? In refe .. i."

10 high gloha liullioo ( .... illl nlOffllhan a gestu re to hil!h lllO(l

emism), I flag " llel of uI<>pian JlIIS'!ihi l iti~ ... and proi~'C t8 that

8"'~pt man y count ries. alate&, and pu blie spherefl after the eml

of Ihe Cold War_ 1 .... :'le pOi!<lihiJit ics .... e re cal>lurcd in ~ s-cries

of inler! wined ,koeHi' JeII ahOUI ope" markell! ~"d f I"C<l l rad.:,

ahou! the ~l' read of d" "><>era tie institutions and liberal con

stit utions. and ahoutthe power fu l po!!Sibil ilics of II", Internet

(and related cyher technologie>!) 10 mitigale ir>e<luali ty both

... il hin and aero&! """ielieo! lind to illcrca!!e freedom, Iran ...

p"rency, ""d good go, crn""ce ill e '-en the poorest and mosl

1$Olated countrie$.. Todlly, .mly Ihe most fu ndamenta list suI'

porl e ... of un fettered economic global i",,!;ol1 aSSume tha I Ihe

oom;'10 efle.:I8of free lrade and high degreesof CmAA-nalion .. 1

ma rket integration ami capilal Aow are al"'aY$ po~j ti," : _

Thus, I h i~ .... ork is one more att emp t 10 add n:ss the fol-

Io .. ·i"l! (Iut'$/iun: .. ·hy ehool<l a decade domi"al~1 by .!!1oI>.1

endo' i!I':lIltnl of open mar1r.eU. free flow of finance capilal,

and libe ... 1 idea.' of ...... '!.'!;I"rioll.1 ru le-. ~1 1!"w:rnancc', and

a.;li 'e u lNI,,!Iion of h"nl.~n rights h.,..., procl~l . plelllO'" of "urn!,l"" "r c1 hnie c\ell,!ing , M) 011<1 haud ami ur""" ", r.,..me

of IKllit iul ,·i"I~,,,,,, 1I!!",n!! ~ivilian IKI!,,, larioll! (a fft; . deli ·

II;' iou of I c rrori~tI] II! " lao:1 ie) on th<l o, her·~ In Ih" 1;001"801: of

.... h,,1 follow~. I 51,all OC<:1I~io'lIIl1y IlIke ill'ilre .. ·il h MIme promi·

ncur effort. 10 tackle: Ihi. 'I~tiun . Ilere, I oouliue lIIy"",lf 10

I t. tillg. in .;"'I,1e le. m.l-, lhe ingrt.~ l ic,," of a ,liIf""""1 !IO"

of ...... ·tt. an lin .... ". roo. ~.J in. preuccupoatiun wilh Ihe cui· 3

• 0 ... 1 ";'IM.",!ioo I~ of glob" liu r inn. Soone nit;'" Mw Illy carl;".

cff.,.1 10 chal1lC1e. ize lbe (then) elnt,!",! world of glohl.lia·

riun (U)<)6) U pcrhaps a hit roo 10 .... 10 in ill c:ri ricim.$ of r~

lIIodern naliun· ~tal e and a$ ,,""i¥ely c~ul aoo.rI Ihe I~ne ·

1i'1I of ! Iobal flo .... . This _ y addrneee rhe darker llidet of

glohlllilJU ion di red l)".

To nrri." at D hCller underslanding of wlull globa liza,ion

may have 10 do wirh .,th,,;e cleansin!! lInd .. ·;1 h t" ITO' I 1'1Uj>Ote

• tlt'ri, .. o{ inlerlock ing idea5. TIlt! IiMlI step Ie 10 rectlI!" ;u

lh. t lhere i • • {UIMlamenll1!. ami dangerollS- idel he hind the

'"Cry id~a of lhe " KMie. " naliO;ln·su.' e, .11t! ide. or. ~ naliona.l Clh"",,-- No m ..... ~rn ""I ion. 110""""" """i&n iu poli. M:al .y ..

lem aud h"" ·,,,e. e!ollucnt its public ~ nury be . I)()UI lhe

v irlu~ .. of to!eIlIlw:.':. Utul! icull ural i~m. and 'nclo&>on. i. {ree

of IIIIl i,lea t l '~ 1 i ' ~ nat""'",IMI'·c""i&n' y is built on ' 0"", oo. t of

elhn;,' g~"iu8. W~ ha,·c juSI s«n thi. poinl or vitlw u l'f"CNC(j

.. ·i, .. . I. ocking ciYili ly hy Samuel Ilunti"!!' .,,, (1004). in an

"pen call,,, alarm .hOUl the .. ·. r in whieh II iSIMnic IlOOj)1I': in

Ihe U"il",1 5Ial<-.. aN) th !"t.te"i,,!! 10 accede from the Amcri .

can .... ) .• lUI, lU' narrow Euro, l' roluta" l cultural docl rine.

So much fOl" Ihe ide. Ih.1 dbno",,!io .. ali.! p<>6i lion. are con·

fined 10 dark Bahic 111I1ea. r.vin!! AfOOn d"ma&ogues.. Or

f,jn~" Nazi. ill t,;,1f!lIInd and norlMrn I::.u .... "'.

II It,.. t-n wi<kly noted thai III .. idea of a ail1f! ulllr nalional

,,11,,108., far from be;,'S a nalunl outgrowth of .1,;. or thall!()il.

has been produ<:e(l.nd n&lunliled "g.ut roM. throu!!h rhe

.oria; of "11. lI"d NCrilice. Ihroul!h IKmi~hinll diac:i,>lines of

e..Jna ,lionlll ""d li',«"i~lie uniformity. and Ihrou!!h the .... b.

• ordi '131KHI of myriad loI:al Bnd "'11;"'",1 tntditio:rru to produce

Indian. or Frellchmcn or llrilolts or I"dulle,ians (Aude""""

'99' ; IJaIiNr '990; &>uti ,9')8; \\'<:be . ' 976). I. Ion al!lU beer.

oh"".""'] I,y ""me of UII. great I'0li. ical Iheorio.o. 1I0iably

11"'",ah Arendl ( ,~). Ihal II", i,ka of a nolional pe"ple

hood i, Ihe Achi liCII' heel of mode.n liberal &Ocieli<:8. In Ih"

arllume,,1 here. I d ....... OI' Ihe idcu of "'ary Douglas and

olhe. unlhropologi&11I, 10 . IIl!1llo:st thalli", ..... <1 from national

gcniu. 10 " tol ~lize<1 C08111ok'l!y of I h" NlCrcd '131 io", .. ",I (ur.

Iher 10 elhnK: puril y an,1 eI~aIl9i ng. i. reial j, .. dy di.ect. There

are thooe lhal "gu" Ih .. Ihis ;8 Oldy a risk in tllOl1e mud·

c,n 1)(1l it;.,. II,at I",'"e mistakenly l,uI blood a' II", e~n le r (If

their nat iortal ideolog y, hul blood and nal iormli8ll1 alJf>ell' 10

.,., in a mtt<;h fuller and "'ider emb",,~ in Ihe "1)1"ld a.'l a

,,-hole. All rtalio,,1I, ""der IOn", ""ndi t ion!. demand " 'hole

hlood I ran~usionll, uMlaily ""'Iui ri"g lome I .. rl of IMi. hlood

10 he eX lruded .

'l1,i8 inherent el hnicill tendency in all idrologi.,. of nalion·

ali§lll doeIr rlol explain " 'hy "nly 8'XI'" nalional polities be-

come Ihe ~ntl of Iarge'lICak .. iolcnoe. cjYi l war, 0. dhnic

dea.l$ins. II .. ~ " ll lIeed r«OUrse 10 II I«(lnd idea. iIlYO/Y'

o.1f!, II.., 1'''''''= OJ( lbCi.1 OJIItt.lainly in loOCyl life. I" an ea rtiotr

eMIly el ll il led ~ De.d Ce.lainl r ~ (.<}96h). I ,"""')op a delailed

u K"menl .1.1 ... ,,1 , ......... )·s in ,,·hid. 80Ciai " ... :.,. I.inl y ~'1U'

d ri .... l,mjecl8 or ellnr i,' dcan~i ng Ihal lire 1"'110 Y;Y;H!O:I ioro'&!

ami '·er.r.cali""i~1 in Iheir l,ro<;., lu re8. Thai i8, Ihey ~k

"n~ .. rlao"ly loy disrncrnlocring Ih .. Inspecl I,ody. Ihe hody

u"de. IUII,icio" . This species of tU.ccr •• i"ty il i,,' imlltely

conlM':<:. ~~l l o .he .elll i. y . hat .ooay·.ethn ic ~ro"l~ number

in t .... huruln:(l& .. fthousands and Iha • • )""r ' ''''''· lllMtS. mOJ ' 5

tu r~ cult" .. 1 My)""", a ... d "..,.IiI rqJr.-.enllltiolliO Cnell te pro-

found doubt' .bol1t .. 'ooeuclly areamo' l@ . he ~ .. e~ aml ,,'ho

a~ am"" l tn.- "1 1..,y.~

' 1'e 8,.., ... 1 and inlemity ""ith "hid. bolh " latcria) and

i,l eo Ioli..- ) e Ie, nen I ~ now ci reu III' e at: I'IIM l1al iotraJ bou, ,dor i<:ll

100"" ~ '''& l c,1 II .lew order of "...,.,.tll'rrt r 'n IIOC •• I life. W)'" I'

eve. IIlIl y d '~mc lcri7.c Ilri s new kind of uut't: rlaint y, it ,to.:e "" I casi ly fil II", do",i nKnl . We),e.i"" Pf('I~""CY . I>ou1 nlOO'k.· nit y in " 'I,iel, ea.lier. in l inlal o: we ... ) r .. rmB .. ""Id (l iWl"~. 10

IIO! rCI,/a(:ed by hight)· regimenled bure.ucnrl'c./epl orden

100·u ...... ) by the !!1U"'lh of proeed .. ~ and p.ed i.:tahi )i ty. TIle

form~ of . IIch UI"",," ai nt y "I'll """,,;nly , ... ;. ...... 0 ..... kind

of uncerta inl y i~ II direct refk:.:tion of C<:f1lW OO<K'erne: ho ..

lIIa"y retao ... of I h'e 0. thai !Ort reo llye,itt in _ lIiwen lerri ·

lOry? Or. in Ihc conlext of rapid milratio!. or refulee mn .... ·

I~n l . II<)" "W")' of ~I tlem~ Ii'll the~ ........ _'non~ lie? An·

otl"' r ki ... 1 or ll lIce. tai ... y i8 .. bol1t " 'hat _ ne of .hCH 'nella

idcn l illes I'llll ll)' mean: (n. e lUl '"pJe. " 'hRI Ire the .1<)f"1I1IIt i ....

d>araclerislia of .. -hl l Ihe comlilul ion d~fi nell u a me mh.:r

of an ol e (Other llackwanl C.~l e) in India? A further un

cerlainly i5 aboul ..... elher a,Nlrticular IlI:lliOIl really i ... -hal

11<1 or . he dainli Of' I ,}fle.ilrl 10 he or hIS historically been.

MflIIll y, 1'- ...no.u$ fom la of uneerlainly erelte iTilole.,.,ble

anxiet y ,bolll Ihe relalion&hip of man y indi"iduals In Slale

proyiUNI good'-~'lI! from IIO}IJIIi,,&"wi h".lth lo ... rely

Ind "'l1illtioo, - '; ,w:e Ih_ t'll litleuM'nu, a te fl"etJucntly di

reelly tied 10 "'ho -)"OU~ In: and IIoIIA to .. ho - III<:Y- are. ~:.ach

kind of UOCf:rtai,,1 Y ~inl in<;f"Cl!i'lI! force wh •. ~>eYer there Ire

• large·eeale nIOYen>tnl. of po:l"lICIna (for "''''I~ver reUOll) , when

tleW "'''lIms or Tiw ,ulOCh 10 large . ..:ale elhnic i.!enlit ies,

o r when exiSl' tI! nCI"'orki of !IOCi,1 knowledge are eroded

by tU lllOr, terror. or !IOCial " ..... ·""'enl. Whete one or mon: of

these fon108 of tIOCial "".:e rla inl y come inlo play, .. iok~ Cllll

<:reale a n ... cal".., fOrll1 "r c~ rllint y and elUl hecom~ a hrulal

leehuiq'oe (or folk d iiICoyery-pnlC"dure) aboul "thr.m- and ,

1 hercfort, allOII I " Ul. ~ 111i , YOlalile re!atiOllihi j' het"'cel1 ccr·

tuiuty Mud II IlCCriainl y llIillhl nNih &J,,:d alli<!"" e in II IC era of

81oIlaJizal;on .

J n Ihi' oo<lI«t, in myriad w'1S, eom e Htlenl iaJ pr'tlC' pl".

"sui Ilroeedura of the "~m ""t"""IMI ' e- Ihe ide- of I

l!Oyere~1l .nd atable terri lor y, l loe ide. of " conlainable and

oollntlllk JlOimlalion, the ide. of. reli.hle censua, • • wi Ih"

'd"" of lItahle a"d I ..... sparelll ellegoriee- h.,·., eOllIe un ·

glued in Ihe era of glol.-li .. tio,,_ for re.al1S explored in I~

ehaptc", thaI follow. A bo.-e .U, the cerlai III y ,hal diSf'ncl;'-e

.nd "~ul ... peopae. gn)wout of and OO<ll rol .. ell-ddined na·

lionallerriloric. /w been ,I«i,,;''''r un..,tlled by lhe global

nuidityof ... uhh .• 'nl&. peoples. and imaget that I ,ktcrihed jn Moomlulf1l /~ t l9'}6).

I" .o"'ple, .. o"l~ .. -h"..., the lin ... t.., I "~' "~1I0.1 t""m may h .. e al .. 'ay .. in h"man history. hem blurT",1 at the

bOlmdari~ lind undea. II!:mstI large 81l11ct'11and hig numhoers,

glut."l ilJltion c!utce rl"'t~'t! Ihc8O! unc<:.t"inl il!ll .,,01 IlrtMluces

" ew i"c~" l i"e~ ro, c .. h" .... 1 puri roc~I"'" II. more IIRI ioue Iooie

t toe illutioll of nat iolla l ecooo", ic \iOH"eill"ly or " ',,IHleing.

This ot~r~a r io" alw .... "' i"'l~ uS Ihal "' '1!'''&<:IIi.e ~iu"'"ce is

nOI $;"'I)ly the I)rodoci of' antagonist ic idenl i li~ hut thaI vio·

~ iudf is olle of the " 'IIV! in "'hich the illullion of fhed 7

Illd cha.~ iden til;"" i~ produced. part ly to al ia,. I"" ",_,.

lainti ... ahonl .. tall it)" tha i glol~1 no .. ,. in''' ri.loIy prod"oe.

In thi$ n'p .. I, h bmic fu"dall>en lnli.m. CluilO/ian fur"I.''''"n· tR l i~", . Rml man}' ot"". local and regional fonn s of cultu nol

(unda mental,.", ",ay he K<:n I". p.rl of an emc'lJi~ .... -pc •.

loi .e of efrorts to llrodllec previou~ l y un ..... ,,,i ..... 1 le.-el. of c.!"

I ~ ; "' Y .1 ...... 1 .".;;,,1 ill"",;, y, .'"Inea, lIu ,vjvRI. ftHd dignity. Vio.

le'~. Ctiloc<:i. lly eXI remc and spe<.:lacula . "iolcnl"e, is a "lOde .. f " .... luci,'I such "erlai nt ,. 1>,. " .... hili~infl .. ,h. 1 I h . ... " "J,;o, •

.. -he,~ called -fulIlttach",ent~ (' 9'}8a), ""'1>ec:i.lIy "'~n Ih"

f~. or lK)<"iai ul l«rlainly an' .1lie<:1 10 oil ... , (ea ... _bout llrow;,,, illl.'<luali l y, 10M of " .. tiona l »o ..... ei'nl y. or ,,, ...,.,, 10

local !IeO.:uri ly and li.'dihood. In 'hi' II'!n~. one of the repell

",ot if 1 of Ill y o..-n . ' S" nll!flll here i8 110.11, to 11 10: 1>I,ili" Coure-

"i leh'l bru tal alollO.i~", .boul " wand •• -genoci<k, .fte, all. i.

an u ereil!Ol in oonll11uII;1 ,.·build i"l~ (II1')H; 95).

Tho; """illl l"'HI"c, i,·il,..1f ,'i .. lenl"e doe. nI)l in i l",d f !le'

i '"I)IIIII fu, Ih" Il4I1.'Cj~,1 ways in lO'hi<;h "iulen~'" .l!ajn8I grou ,,~

defined as minuril iet """"'8 Iu ha,'~ lale" on a new life i" the

,~from Ih~ United S.atH 10 I"dom,". and from Nor .. ·. y

10 Nig~ria. Q"e could argue 11 .. ' lhe .. ill COI' le!1k-d Eur"<>lleall

Union is ill many ,"'.y. the m01l1 cnliglncl'led 1 .... lilica l fOTnWl·

l>oo ;n lhe J>t*"alior .. 1 """'Id. Yel. lhere ar~ 1"0 Eur"<>l>e>l in

evidence today: tI,e ,"orld of iuclo.ion and moll icu lt oralism

in one 81':1 of ~::Oropean &ociel ie. ami the a"xiou8 1eJlOfl'hobia

of ,"'hal .. ·e ""y ('1111 Pim f orlo)"', '. t-:orope (Ao .. ria. Roma·

nia, 1I01La .. oI, f .... nce). li'8Crount for .. hyod...,rwioe inclusi • ..,.

democntic, e~en ICCULar ,,;olio";I,1 allliH sp.wn ideo"'g' ''''' of

• " .. jorit.ariani!<rn and n c;' lizeti natior .. lilwn. we nenllo probe

more deeply inlo lhe hearl of liherali!'n ... I do ill chapler ",

T hat analYMI lead. me 10 ol>llen"e that the t ip·o.>! r ;nlo

dhlKMlll'iorutli. m and C>'CII ctlmodde i ll democrul;c po litiCli

h .... ",uch to ,iQ wit h the .. r. nge ill ner rcei procit y of I h" ca lC·

gorie.uf H ",,.jori, y ~ . ",j ~ ",illorit y M in lihe roJ eocwl ,1""'15 101 .

,,'hiell l.rod u<:ell will" I t.llt l", flll.T~ll of incompkleMM. No·

'1lt:ricll l "''';ori'i", rIOn Il<lCOmc predatory lind etllllOCid,.1 with

regartllo ."",11 """,bf" IJre<:illely "'hen 80me millorit iell (,.",j thei r I mlll ""mhen) 1'1':111,00 thelle tna;or itictl of the 8mall

gal' " 'hieh lie8 belwt:en lhei r eo".l ilio" a, lII.joril~ and the

hori ron of . n "n,", IIi~-d ,oa' ional .. -hole. a pu re . "d o"laillled

' ''Iio"al el l"""," ·111i. """"" of inco"'pJdennll can d ri vt! mao

joritiH in lo I"'ro.yem. 0( violence agai nl! miooril ~ in con·

ditior'e Iha' l analyxe illlli'ecilll dellil"-;I h r""peel to M "slims

in lnd;M Ihro"gl ...... 1 Ihe hook , npec;"'Uy in eI,al'ler 5.

CIoI .. i;:r;alion, ail. ipeciflC .... y in .. -hich lillie&. marl.ds.

alld ideas . llOU t trade and !">"ernance hne """'" 10 he, Oll!" ·

IIi.;",I. u.cerhl ' H Ihe oollol iliollil of b fgC·6ClI1e "ioler",c be·

cau!Ie il prodl~ I l)OIenlial ('(IlI i'M>r' course hel"~n the

lotsiC8 of ul'lCertainl y and incomplele."*> eao:h of which kat.

il""wn (u.m ."d r"",e. lh . b"""d fael .boulll", .. o. ld ,,(,he

199"~ Ihe fUfCe8 nf gJoha lizal ion prod,,,,,,.1 .,.",,1 ilion .. fOf "'.

i ne ~1l!<l in la rge-6Cal" lI<.I(;;a l url.:~rtaint y .",1 nl~ in 1100: fri<:

l i(H ' of i ncoml'l" tcIlCM. bul l. of ,,·hielt emerged in Ihe I rani<:

he tween II,~ c . .. :go. iCOl " r ",ajo. il y amlmiuo. il y. '11e ftn."(i~ l y

of i "coUlplcl"n~ .. (al ... ·s)·s lllteni in Ihe I,roject "f ~otnl'lelll IUl

tiotu l pmi t yl . "d the Oloenlloe of lIOCi.1 u"ce.l.inl y . bou, b ",,

.. :ale elhnot.d.1 ulego.ieA can produce. nlllll ... ·.y form 0(

mOl n .. 1 ~, imulat ion .... hid, ilI lhe roo.d to Sftll)("i,ie.

-11. i8 "pproach lu tile Srowlh in Lat~-lCalo: cuitu",l vin

knce ill t he '990I- romhinins uncertain, y a".1 ;oromplete

,_ - ca" al,;o pro~ide an "ngle (ne;l l..:r " modd I'IOt an

explanation) ,II ' lilt! prohl~ .. n uf why IiUch .. iol~ncc nee:" ...

in 8 .,,""i.ely "rn"IIIlUIl,be. of C"!!'!II, e!l11Cf";. lIy if Ihe lot,,1

""i,·" rse i~ ."." ,,"urcd I,y the curren' nurn"," .... r i,"ll1>ef1-

d"nt nn' i()Il·5181 ~~. '11>e arguu~nt prt'!!CIllcd hcre - ",·hieh piv,

Ola (Ill ,h" reL"i"',5h, ,) belwel:n Slo .... li zul iott, u"ce rt .. in 'y.

lind i.II."QIllI'k:lell e!lll - al .... w8 U$" "' .• y 10 n'lt.""I! n'te ",·hm lhe

anx icl y of i'II."Q"",kl~nev and ",ta<"lCej'I.h~ ~w:I. of ",~tIlIinl y cornhine in .... ).! lhat ¥'"or!.: Iarge·$Cak ethnocida l ,no

loili""I;"". 0,,,. rIIi!"'a.S'''' lhallheco_p.-erw;eofhiSh level.

of hot h ~'" imenll! ila nt« ; tn, condition oIla'l!e-acalor; •. in

knee. 11"1 8"IfICH-ncy. as i~ rIO often lhe CUf: in Ihe lOCial lOCi

enen, i.llnolher IIUller_ SufflCi<'OC}' rII isht he pn!videtl by.

"'l!'''' ~IDte ( I ... ,. alld I I.., Kurd~), by . radu ookN.ial3lmctli re

(llwand,,). 1'1 D trpgica lly ~ 11", i<: i7Ald COl,til iIUlion -build ing

I'roceM (Y"B0ti la. i. afle r ' Iilo). Of" by c.iminal le.dcB d r;"en

•

by perl50ltal g"",,1 and iUicit commodity networks (Liberia,

Sudan). I n I ndia, which is a cemllli example throtlghoot th is

book, the condit ion of sufficiency appears to have to do with

~ special continge.,cy thai Ii nk$ a "'. jor politica l partition to

d eeri(!8 of internal "'gal and cultu ral {anlt line&.

Onc llIore poinl '''-'t!ds 10 lw~ made. The Iarge'lIeale ,iolc!lee

Q{ the ' 990s appea ... 10 be typically a.;companicd by a sur·

plus of rage, IU, exce8tt of hatred that proJuce& untold {o.ttlS

of 'kg radat ion an<l yiolalion, both 10 the bo<ly and I he heing

of lhe vict im: m.oi ",cd and lorln retl bodiC!!, burtled and "'1,,;<1

10 persons, disernf,(lI"ek:t1 won~n , hacked ami a",putatell chil

dren , lI<:Xual i:t.ed humi liation of C"C' y type. Whal are we 10

do wilh thi s ~urplul\, "'hieh ha .. {r""lUctilly Il(;<:n enacled in

pu blic actions, often a",ong friend. Bnd neighbo .. , "nd i. no

longer conducted in Ihe oow:rt " 'ayl in ,,'hich the del!raJat iOt,

,,( gmul' ,,'adMe u_1 to ottu. in the past? Conside rin!! the

many elt;",enl$ thai 80 into a poloSible answer, J suggest that

this eJI' 'CSII hail oo"lething 10 do wilh Ihe deformations Ihal

globaliz.otion has b",ughllo Ihe " t1IIn;i"",ism of minor differ·

enca" a Illeme J add~ in chapter 4.

Tlte core of that argument aboul Ihe 8u.p lu ~ o{ rage. Ihe

urge 10 dcsraddtion, is llial the narci.!i! i~trI "r min" r .li ffer·

tnt:es is n<)W vaatly more dlU'Serous than in the past iw.<:aul!e

of the new ~'OO '>Of" r of sl ippage a"d morpl,i nK .. ·hid, eharac

ter;UI! tht! rclali':Hu h ip bet .. 'een majority ~nd m;'lOrit y idcn·

t ities and 110 .. ":",- S;nCfl the I wo e>lltigorics, owing to dte "Ii ·

abi!it y of c~nsu_ CO"Stilut io,,~ and changing ideolot!ics of

ineln. ion and equil y. can plausihly change " laceil, mi"IlT dif.

f<ireoctol are 110 longer juS! valued tokens or an uncerlain ~Ir

a",1 tl",. '~f"~ially to he prot« t ~"I , as d oe or igitlUl Freurlian

in~ ight might suggest. In f~d, minor differenccs can become 110" I";'~I ,";f;~pla ble '''Ie&, 8im," Ihey f"rlher I .. hricale lhe slip·

pe ry 1 .. ·O· .. ·.y t,." fl;" i>et .. ·~' >n the two catcgorie<!. 11M) bru.

lality. dcgradal ion. an,\ ,\d,u",a"iZllI ion I hal h.,· .. f requ.cnlly

acoompani~,1 Ihe et hn icized viole,,,,,, of I h~ JIll!;! lifteen )'care

a ,e. sign of oon.litions in whid, the ,-cry lir>e: ktw~'1:" mi tior

an.1 majur ,liffcrc"ce\! hM ],een malle un""nai". In t'-eif'

curnSlat";es.. Ihe rag" and fen thai in~>f}mplr.teneo;oj BOld un

Ct;rtain ty I~t her pmduCO) <:an • ..-. Ionger be .ddreol8Cd by the

",,,,,I""''''al uti 'oet ioo' or ~"tru!i()" of '''' ... arn~~ 1 ",io",riliell. II

Minorily i~ Ihe sympto", bu t di fle,...,,,COl il!!elf i! the under·

lying I.n>blem. T hus Ihe elimination or "iff~rence il...:lf (nol

just the hy p.> r·lll1adl1n~ul I" mirror differenee8) ;s Ihe ne ...

hallmark of toJay '& large·9(;ale. pr~u.rorr nllrris.si.smt. 5i nee

Ih" elimin.al;"" of dilre..,oce projec t i, fund.nwnlall y in,·

pOl'si!>l" in a .. -orhl "r hlu ... , 1 hoot ndar i"s, ",i ~ "" marri ages.

~harod languages, and olher ,\.eel' oonnec li. ilie&, il is ho,,,,.\

I .. 1,,,,,It ... ,,, "" o.d" r of r""li ral ion Ihal can kl!in 10 a«vuttl

for Ihe systemu ic ex."C$\ that .. -" "'" in tuday'8 head line!'-

The I'syd,.-.d yn.anlice Rml social I'syo:holot\y of this Ii llI'! uf in·

(j uiry. a dilfocuh ~ubject .. ·dl heyond my U"'n "xl'" rt iiM!. r,,'

'lui rC d''''per uploral ion I hau J""""n" ,.! in dIMple . 4.

'n,,~ idO!a~ allOllt uncertainty. incom pletene., tII il"ll)ri·

tiP.'>, and Ihe 1;_hOCl i~ i l y or violc"c., in the era or I!lubalirJI

tion "Illy al lo ... lJ~ 10 rel'ol\ilifJfl the .. ·orld of nnil;ol"ml lin.!

[If:rl',)tual "'a. and long·d islatoce demoo: rat i~l io~n. unvdled by

Ihe United Stal,:1'- in Afgioani! tan and Irati .ft~ r 9/11 . anel

th" ,,"Orld of Iool!·dislance ter ror, un leashed by AI -Qaeda and

othe~ against the Weill in lhe SIUllC J>eriod. ChaplCn ~ , S'

and (j "'erc .. ritten in Ihe imnlO!dial~ afiernlllih of 9/" and

,,-ere composed in Europe and India in Ih~ six mOlllhs Ihsi

folle)l.'ed the allaciu; on t he World Trddc Cenler and ['en tagon.

Some Ihi"lIs have .;hanSed $,,, .. .., then. I." I ,",loti..,<1\.

' n lC new iMlrt8 of cell ular political organ'>Altion {rel,re·

!lenled by AI·Qaeda), the itlCreasing reliance in asymmel r ic

"'arfare of violence againN ei,-ilian populations, the growth

in the taclic of ,",'eide bo",bi,,!!, and, mosl ~ntly, tloe 'Itt:

tie of Ihe broadcs 5t kh,:ading (of more or Ie8I! ea~"al par.

12 licipanl!J ill 1IOOfI'~ of violent Siruggl,,) fflreP. U8 10 ask )'I!t a

n"W !let of '1ue8lions. 'Il1eM: com:er" the !lOtl r'I."e8 of glohal rage

againsl Ihe forcell of the ITlII",el , Ihe $pc<:ia l natu re of rocellt

anti-AmerieaniSlIl in many parts of th" world , and tIle odJ reo

turn of lhe body of the pat riot , the ",a rt yr, anJ Ihe sacrificial

v;cli III intll the spaces of nlOlS8 ,·jolence.

Let IlIC con<:lude this <»erview by foc"sing fln Ihe mOl!l re o

~'" (flrn' nf puhlic afld mB!l&·medialed shoek tn emer the

drarna~ of violcll"'" staged in Ihe name of religion. nat ional it y,

freedom, and identily. namely the videotaped kidnaplling;o

of vict im9 in Iraq and , in some ,nSlances, their beheading,

lIS a med ia 1001 for exerting ""yun"etrie p,esoure on various

~,a ICll, ,,_, ~"tLy itlc ludins India. by groups lllWlCia le<i

witb militant Islam. I .. 80me ,,'ay e., "'e!let a relu rn here 10

the ~jmpl<:'llt form of religious violetlCe, the sacrifICe, ahout

.. ·hieh Ilene Ginnl (1977) hill! wrillen eloquently. Slarting

wilh the .ideutape.-I beheading of Daniel !'earl in Pakistan

~II Mfler 9/ L I, t he puhlie sac rifICe h"" grown illl" a more t y&

lemalic 1001 of political exp ...... ion. '1'1..-- who are kidnap"",,1

and acluall y bd'earl,~d or ""de. I hreal of being lJ.eheaded a re

n().l necessaril y "·ealt h ~. p<l"'erful. or fllmous. They include.

for eumple. a poor a",1 ,iesperalC group of labor ""grams

10 Irnq from I,M/i n. KU"lIil. and elsewhere. 'n,C~ poor mi·

g ranl$. the m!lO:lvt'\l fodder in the udlii.: of globlllilalion, &'g '

nnl II "..unte. poim to tI", impc....,,, .. 1 dealh pr(>d"ced by Ihe

Un ited StaleS Air Foree in Iraq 0. hy AI·Qacda in New ¥o.-k

Cit y. Nairobi , an,] Saudi Arahia o~er Ihe paS{ few years.. Tele·

vise.1 behe.adin@5in ] ra,] glnge a 51 rongget!lure to a mOre int i·

nmH, and pe r1lOnal <;;lCrif,ce I,y combining known ;II1d idenlj·

liable "idims wilh a more gradual and ,kli llO: r .. l<: « remony '3

of "'o len! d'>lIlh , .. more s!mely drama uf Ihe armcd po"'cn

" hehi",] the ma. k:' '111~"" tragic vicl imo .. .., Ih .. ;nvolu,,·

lar}, "..unterl"' rts of 1 he ~u;"'i,k: bDfn hen of Pa let.ti ne. J .... 1.

and S ri l.auka. In these CR'lC8, idwlosi~'8 produced II}' Y\lriou~

form. or dCII]lO:rat ion ahoul u ymmtlr}' produce Yicl ims and

martyn lUI i"strument. of fr~'<l'lom. 1'1":",, oi"gular hodi~ ..

ne II desperale effort 10 bring hack a religious element to

SIIllC1!ll or deal h ili"] ,le81 mel ion tha i have b ... ".:omc unimagin· abl)' ,,!.slrael. They might al so he vie .. "'] as ,00 ... 1 rl'ilpon-.

how.."..,r shockinl!. to the lortu r."d, 1ea.loeti . humili .. IW. a,,,1

photographed hodit"8 of M u91i m men i " Am~ric.sn custody in

I""q and A(gl,nn;6Ian .

2 TtoI Civilization of Clashes

" Ihe way we Ihi"k aholll 1101;I;a l peace and _ ial onle ••

<;f;rlli" il ~"1S of rono:eptllal fum;lu", ""Vol lorlfl bH1l in

p~. Theile include II~ follo"i'lfl clit:het : Inal lhe mod·

.... n IlIIlion ..... le ; ~ II"" oIO~ o> .... e. of "~e'lIale decisions

10 co",luc' ... a • • ntl make endurin!! Irrangenlefll l for pe_;

Ih •• 8<)(; ;,1 o.de. in e,'er)'.lay life i • • dcf~"1! !lale, ."""red loy

I he ! Ioecr nhl!e"re of ,,'8r ; and I ha l 11"" e i • • • w",I' and nl' urat

,IiMinel;"'1I 100)1"·et!,, Ihe lIOCial rli$Or.ler "';Ihin !IOCicl;c, and

,,'ftr ae roM O!O<:;f'l ie1l. E.tch or II,ese ' -e rili"", 8Iall.l •• hlllere<1

in lI 'e ,,'odd I flcr 9/11 , Wilhin .he P"'" (""' l earl. we hl'll e",,"" 10 lIO!e ,h.1 "'a,f.re hutlle.pcd Ihecor,le. 1 of IIIIl nalion·

elale and has c.\Cf"e<led lhe lofI i<:t of a" y I!(H'I of ,...,a lil m. Like·

.. ·ile. " 'e a,..., f ....... 1 wilh form" of ethnic .: .. "flicl lhal .'C' ry. ""

Iow·intm!ily warf.,...,and """' ~ IIIIl roul ;11Il (Wllef.1I1! .1.1 ~ .. r alrli .~ in "'I"y •• ,detir.s; ,I ... u ~1 j<>Ice .1 ....... "lIllo.eaka

of IIt'. ce it lIOW .... I .... i"! ~ial facl . tin. ll y. Ihe ,nd • • I.11 ·

oil "f ,,·hal ,,'C (.lI lcr ..... ri~'" and the ral,iIl .lin: Ip • .,..1 in II IIl

d i!lc,,"',,: (If lerro.i ~", II~ . name for any vuiety of anti.&lale

acliyit )' "as dl'Cisi.'ciy blurred th., linee bel ween WII~ cf 'hOI

nal ;oll lll,,1 ,,'ars ill Ihe nal ;oll.

The disturbance of thelle vt:ritiC3, of <:ourse, did 110t come

uoannOl,t><:ed ewn ifil carri~~1 more than il$ share of Ihe enig

tMS of arrival . I mcrual ... ar~ by various Cf)tJ m~ have oulnu lI1-

be r<!fl HtCrollll ... a~ for~me docadeos no .... W8rfare in d" ilian

wn~ conduCled ... ilh a vi<:w 10 eliminating the idea of war

~ a regu lated a.;l ivily belween armed combatants, has hee"

with uS for $Ome lim". Mass Ilm.d" . of <:ivilian popolatiolls,

perhaps first nlllde an ofr.dal inst.ument by \I,,, Nazi~ ba~

b« n o:ommonplliOO in the eth" i<: ... ·a.s of the past few decades.

And the sp read of ", ilitias al every le,cI of society, ~p.",iany

18 in soc;etiea marked by ... eak or depo!l,dent slat C3, ha,.., un ·

nKOOn:d the Hag, the uniform, and Ihe au tomat ic rifl~ from

the off,cia l nation-Sla le in many ... ·orld regions.

Yel, MI.nelh ing did happen on 9/U whid, brought th.:>!<:

grad ual d"w:lov,nent! 10 a head and forccolus to rethi Ilk IIQUle

of our che ri shed 3",,,,mpl io"8 aho"l war, peace, a",1 stale·

SI""'!lOre<1 S<lCU rit y. The all""k on the Twi n To,,'e. !! has he"n

anal)"'ed more <:Ioo;cly Ih .... 111"'e1l Joy<."" ~ UI)'JJeJ and wilh as

"'lOch 'lI.imiun in opinioll . Bu. few would deny thai in al

lacking the bd ly of the beast , in r;neaking inlo II", heart of

lill hlneM and bri ng ing down Ihe J)",ldhas of Wall Street. a

ne'" kind of war ... ·as declared. its newnelll! was not in its lech

.. olog i. :al"'~Y "1n>et ry, though il W8! !t.iking in that rcgaM.

Nor .. a9 its ne .. ne5!! in ilH audacious effort 10 lerro.i .. ~ all ell

li.~ ,n..g&eil)' and proouCOl <:haoe in Ihe high-!pco..J machinery

of s lul>al cap ilaL And "'" W8~ ilia be fo"nd in th" effort '0

produce t<:. ror Ihrough a form of high-Icch ",,,ltdo,,,'n.

Its "ewn ... ~ .... 8$ it! effo rt to ina"I1"", t" a wa r d" flllcd only

by an cn"",y, th" en..my heing the Uni tetl Stales. Ilcing an un-

signf'd ..,. of "11' . a kind of Dad.ia. nil!h. mar~, • ,TIOII. 'rvut

(0.01 o( .C.~w: fo •• 11 'he Iiollywood 8tt11Sri05of urNn 'er·

ror. Ar:o.h '"Hubera, allad •• from .li~'1' fomo::&. .",l lh" li~,

9/11 mo • ..,.1 rhe idea of lhe a,,'horlels war.o. neW len:1 of ..... ri,,,,., .......

Nor wu illh., Ihis .. ·. s a "'ar utl,INtake" I>y lin ''''''limed

forc<'. I. ,,'aA " 'ar un,"'rlak" I,y D ro"W .ype of Rs,·",ey. a"

agcrocy nc i. lo" r i"le." •• ",1 in "5Iah'ishi"g a i ' Ml e "or in Of,·

1105i"1! any p.orti" .. Ia. ~t.t", no. in . toe relations bel"~l a .... ' '''

.1 . n. '1.i . .... ~ I war IlgainS! America, bul il ..... alKlI .... t

again,. th" idea ,hi ' . rl ' '''' ar1: 'he only game in lawn. 1lIe 11

9/.1 ."acka ..... ne I ul:I-<ai • .., ae' of ""';.1 puni,.l""c,,' . a kind

of mII..,i.·" Im bli" neeu' ion. a <kath by Ii ... , "''''"''l, all!! rublMe

inten, Ie-I'o I.un i~h A" ... , ka for i,. moral 'raYC'll' i",. aro""d

,toe workl. in "",,!k ula. in .he Islamic wo.ld .

I I ,. Ihi8 mOfll', pUni,i"c,lmd p«Iagogkal llualil y '0 il""l

atla"k! "f <}/11 ,loa ' ha'"e led some oM.erVl)talO lurn ' 0 s.m·

lid lI u,,'ing'o,, '8 ramou~ "'odd of 'he elMh of ci~iri ... 'ion!

(1993). I hh"'''Sh ma"y more h""'1o"" ioned 'he televlI'~of

'he ""Mid . But h,,",re we take i..,ue with i •. Ie' u. rlo' e .. ha'

Ippeal i' ho ld. lifter 9/t t. 11 poinu 10 a ,_ !lOr' (If mora l

OI"nlII" MI "0.1. in In.: .. wId luday, a new ... j lIi,'II'_ ' 0 con·

du~' H' .... ""'..,b of .... r in Ih" 'lII"""l ol.t-ili~ iM_ or ........ 1

puri .y and lO(ial fee'i 'uric, and il i~ 01" coun " fooli;;.h ' 0 (\"111

Iha llOere i, ..... ""l lto"'crful link loe' .. een ....., .. 1 rOf'l!ft in 'he

Islam ic world D"d 110" "''ell'' of 9/' I.

' Iller" I r" nmn y ""nlrivial rea!lOlIS hi look 1",)'00.1 tI 'e

I I ",,,inK'oll lIlo.ld , in" I take Ihem up l'f\.ill ill cllipler 6 . .-or ,tow. Ie, ".., "",kc OI,ly a fewohl!cn~'i() .. !o. ' l1.e 1 ~ 1n",;c ... orld i!

full of ita own interna l debates. Not least amoog thes<: dcll8tf!6

is the q UC'!lt iOlI of which Islamic stales are seen 118 juS! stalel! hy

theirOlwn people and which are nOL And many Islamic Sla le;,

are lrt:al~~1 118 illegiti'lJate by ~ariou! coalitiOlls wh i<:b waHl 10

auack nOll · lslamie OI~ nOlta bly the Uni ted Slatt!! Hnd Creat

Brilain. To the extent Ihal AI·Qacda was mai nl y n."IIp"nsi blo:

fOl t the Knacks of 9/1 1 and tha t Os;una bin u.d~ n "',",, the maS·

tr. rmind behind this nct wOfk. il aloo Iioe'ems clear t hat he rep ·

I'ellCnlJI a high ly specif'c vari<:,y of lllOl1Il and ~'l!O:h~ tnlogiCil I

diM(:nl within the 1~lamic wOlrld and wi thin the "ral~ Saudi.

111 alul Sunni .. urld~ TIlis may hea ,,-arin the nameof Islam, 1.., 1

ils au thorily tlcri ~eI! from much more idiol!yncratic $Ourt:C$

.. ithin the Islamic world.

I wi ll return to m y r<:allOns for prefer ring 10 think of ou r·

""Ive!! as being in a ,,-orldwide civil iza liOll of clashe. rather

than in a da3h of civi lizations la tcr, but I .. ant 00'" to eet tire

stage by looking al lhe Americ:an react ion to the c'-enls of

9/ u .

In a curious way. il wa~ not until the U.s. go'~r" 'n~nl rCa<:te<l •

• fter aboul a .. -eek of ..,.,O\1:ry from the sheer shock of the al·

tacu.,lhal ,"cC(>uld begin t(>~ I;Ometh;"gofthemorpholngy

of the 'oew "'ar and the IIOrl of d""h it "~l'r~nt~~I. M ucl, h""

been wrillen about the groping for appropriale ... oms by the

U.S. m,~lia and "·it hi,, st.te organs 10 d,,>!Cr ill(! lloe unseen and

u"k 'IO,,-n enem y. We (;an look back 00," and praiole the ini·

tial effort 10 &,'oid explicil ly racist language, 10 avoid in/ta'll'

ill! allt i·Ara l, sentiments. 10 Il.'tiisl Ihe templatiOil to I18llle

Ihe elllire Islamic world as Ihe enemy. Inok-cd . c...ndoleezza

[\ ice. then Ihe Na lional s.,.."rily AdvillQr, "an y 01' d..-.:larcd

thai this "'as 'WI a dash of rivi lizat ;ons (111Us clearly r""udi ·

ali ng I I un linglOn). George !lush and olher leading memberll

uf his admini ~l ralion ioin,~,l lh" dco;pcralC strullll!k 10 l\11nM:

lhe cn~my. and slowly the I18ming pnJo<:e6$ look shape. AI·

Qaetla. Afghaui ... an. aud ~lUa bin l..a,l,m ' ~nlerged within

1"'0 wcck$ aflc r 9/" as Ihe proper nanlC1 wilh which In Idl

Ihe II nfolding $Ior~' of Ihe 0 111 rage Ihal had been (H'rpd rated

upon Ihe American p""pl .. and to "hallOl 1m, iU$lif'caliOll of Ihe '1 f>O,,-edul mililary relICtion Ihal "1I~ un lelll!hed shorl ly IIlerc·

aft er.

n'i~ is not th~ plac~ for an analy~i!l of Ih~ ulraordinary

air .. ar Ihal .. a~ unleashed by the Unitetl Stal1."8 antl Greal

II .i lai" IIga;nSI /If gha"i.lan. II", Ta lihan. and Ihe wrr, 1o:.l<le.

ship uf Ihe At·QaClla net,,·orl<. Much ha~ ker, Mid ahout It..::

biurT<: hu ",anita.ianism of ai r-ilropping fO(H1 IlaCl:.ages "' illl

IxImbs. Mueh 100 h~ /:H)(:" said ahoUi Ihe irouy of laki"!! a

rOll nlr)" I hat Ihe Talihan had reduced to rubble and lurn;ng it

into dU8t. Antl aboul Ihe inlense terror Ihal was protlueetl in

the del"llslale<1 ci" ilian l"'Pulalions of Afghanislan thai had

al...,ady I"",n Tetl1J...,. I I<l I)~yd"'Iof!"'al wrech by (I,,) Talihan.

And. on the world 51al':e. it has righlly IJottn 1lI;>IeoI thai Ihe

eounlerallack 011 AfghanislAn al10wetl a sleel'Y "'ar miIChine

in li le Uniled S talP.llIO wnle awake. allowed A hardy elecle·d

lea,ler in hi! forBt lerm in office to Jl$IlUnle lhe manl le of ""vior

of th.· . : i~ i li~CtI world , Md let ¥ariou8 dmrnclen replay tile

moral drallUl$ ofSucz. the Cold War. and the Gulf War, Buil ·

ably leJesooped imo one gi l!,amic drama of GuUi vcr ~nrl.g~-d.

The .. uri..! W<t8once u>ore IUrn~d into a 1i51 of ,upporler$ am!

delractor8, ayOO! and na~ s, &I ppO 'I~11! an..! opponenu of ... hal

hocarne Ihe nanle8 of an OUlioou~ globlll cnemy: ler ror. ler·

mri$m, lermri51110

The .. -a. as"insl Afghani5lan, slill not 'Iuite Mcr, ... a$ "'hal

... e llIay 0:11.11 a <wl811Ollic ,,'ar, or ","cn II. forengic ... ar. h ""'olS a

warca lcu la led 10 make diacm-erielo. n,e n>ost inll't.>rlanl ,Iiag_

nosiB Ihal Ihe ,,'ar !IOUghl to ma ke ... u ahoul ,,·lto en'l l!}" Ih~

enemy wa>!: Whal"'u A I.Qa~-da? Woo ""lI~ Osam" bin Laden?

Who really "'cre the Taliban? 'l1,is " '83 a lso a diaglHMlio: "'~r

in aoollte . ~n~ . It 8Oughl to i<lcfIlify Ihe supporlen of lhe

Unil~,,1 Staltll ami the Uniled Kingdom; fon."ed Europe and

Japan 10 declare Ih" ir loyalties; aml illadc ma"y fcnce·s;uc rs

rail On II", sid" of 11.., IJ nil ~,1 StIl' ~'6, ",hal","er 11",;r r""",,·a·

t;o.,;; .. 1'1.;. "'as a plehiscile calkd by ,I"" mighty U.S. "'ar rna·

d,ill<l and ah, lell t i<Nl. " ere 001 permitted. Many of Ihe.;e fca·

lurell characlerin -d the suhsequenl ... ar on Ira'l, though in

Ihe lauer case Ihe precip itati <If! fl)ren5ic ' Iuesti",. ,,'as aboul

M" 'eapon8 of n"'$I! deslrucl;"n.n

And Io« .. u...., II", enemy ... as named as a globalte rrori~t

network, ;tl;Clf linked by sh .. do .. 'y ",echanism~ 10 namel~'$$

oIher such 111:1"'0.1.8 ... ilh t~nlac les tio roughout Ihc world.

U"'''Y sta'~11 .. cre able II) idenlify .. ilh such nami ng or I heir

O,,·n diM,dent!, an l islate act i ~ iS{8. and ~ ioJe"l miooriti<:$.

TI'is was B name "';lh 8 po .. enul global constituency. A",I

most Slale\; re.:ognized thallhi~ was a "am~ with i"finilc ptM •

• ibillties for local ",an'pulat;"n. India " ',,", nl) "",:cpt;"n.

But t l,, ~ ma,,, rc"""" for 111 ,8 O\'er",ltdmin{! sh"w .. r 6"1"

1",.1 for I h~ Uniletl SI. I ~. r mm 8"'"t-rmneIll8 throughout the

"m id i.~ Ihal Ihe)' recotni!ed 110" lhe ,,'.r un le.,hed on 9/11

.. "", "I ...,,~ .U I .... r llel ween t ... o kimlo o{ 8,-81enlA. botlo lliobal

in aeope. The liM mI.)' he detlCr,boed U t'<l'r1rbmle. Ihe eoec:olld

IS ('f!/lj,J;u. Modem 11111 ion·lIllH ~"ize lheir COI"I ...... he· 1ot'll'I'II 10 Ihe 'l!rlcbnte ... orld . nd . like Ihe .... 01. di ,\ON.u ....

!M..., Ih.l lhey I .e in I ,1",,1e""f' tt n,~1e fo ........ ·i.-all111 a IlloI>a l

rO,","'lion.

Ca./.rV ........ tabat.¥ ,.

To undCTlIla",1 Ihe di~li"eliol1 hcl"cen ~'Iebrlil e . nd ce ll ,,·

lar "'orlol ~y~I e rnB. "-e IIrt<;IIO loke a 81'1' back . nd rdlO!(I 00

Ihe rroo._ Iha l "'f' have l'OI'le In ,ktii"nl le .... ,110 the wort!

"lob"li .... 1 ion. ,\ hl lOuSh ""'''Y dchlllel18u rru'illI lth" e~ Icnl lu

which globati1.aI'OIl I,IS emd~~11 he con In .... "r 1 he ay8 le'" of

naliOIt·M ftl e!l .• M' ~rio .. ~ a".lyll or II .. : global e<:O""'''Y o"e.

the "".1 Ih ree ,!cca.le. " 'ould ,leny thnl ,,-hale"e. lIIay ha"e

lleell I h .. ;ot;tint liel i""8 alill ~~"'I ,"<l icliol)", IIr Ihe ' ~11 ;'''Hla l ...

I hetil') ha'" I",~" broughl ,"10 ~harl)f:r view th roo'g" I I~ ~r

integtatio" or ..... rld nWl.hU ."d Ihe ul~.Ai 'e I I' rea" of ;'Ie·

"tOfl'''~ IIf m,nk", ,ut '01' ... " rl.lw;,k "" I',,<:i.ll y . fler 1v89. Nllr h.~ Ibi~ .;"'I't~· h ..... " a " ... II ~r of I ... t..."," of l ra,I •• in relo ·

I iOlllo Clll'. It i, an imotil lllion. 1 tolll1 l':r. "'hid, DIMly IICholars

h •• " mo.,-n I" ;" "ohe ,lfIq> dlll"sn ito the chlltllClet or na·

lion.11 'n.>l ;IIItiorlA. aueh ... CCI" ' ral ba" k .. which i" mll"y !lOci.

diH in dfed mak" !1oI1~l li'Ol iciee " ';Ihi" nlltio"l.l.,ni"ll'

\l'hot" /o.wI'n or c ........ honl" r La ... -..",t .. lC1. ail<l infurm.·

lio" tech,,"iogy I'mtocol~ I""e ~ .. rerl!ro. many nol ~ ."' ..... or

"

L1~d beYOIul 81'f)Ciali~ IK hnocratic elilea, tLi go"",rn rom

plex fom .. nl global economic tra/rl(.

1110C ide. of a Mlion.o.l ~my, . 1"'a)·.lI:aky at 1_ (lUld

toO ol.ler than lho: Germ.to gqflll'ne:r Fr iedrid, USI). '10'"

Ioou ",o~t ofren collaoorari"e a/td f..,ilil81 h'e: ral her Ihall a ... ·

totlOmons or !)elf·defmed. Dilly the worl.!". mOilt powerful

~"'OI>om ies \0010. naliona l ill any imporrant rC!!IK"C1 and t III:! hill.'

gcsi one of all , lloe Un iled Slal~'" ".",,, .. ,uy, i. I>olloing if il is

nut glo""l. In Europe, Ih"r~ ;~ widelli)l'~"'" "I!reemeut thai l h,~

Ia'gee.l j u~liflClllioo for Ihe t:Urop~all Unio" i. rhe ;nescallllble

22 fact thai E"rope Ita.! to play the global goa"'c. or risk nery·

Ih'lIl1' 'n lt: J.p.ne~, not f"lIy !leI UI) to go global in the neW ortlcrof Ihings. find Ihem!oel ..... o'erniw.1 • Oordaled eeollomy,

immune even 10 , .. rion. ""c~,o",ic doctric alw;o:;k.&.

"I1",re i. tee. "",. eemem al.ooo l the eme'l~e ... 1",lil i"" .. nd

cult ure uf Ih i. hyperglo""liz,,1 world . \Jnt dd"'I"" are afoot

amol1g ".,iou8 Ihinken about the cri§;. uf the nation·8ta le.

ahoul Ihe fu lu.e of $O\1:rei811ly. ~ I\(,ul the v;nhilit y of itale8

that Ilre nOI part " f stro"g regio" .. 1 C<NIlitiolil. '11,~ de""les,

"'hich h ... ", toci r counierparts in IMllil icalslw:e<:he;o lind maos

1l1U\-.:nW:ll ll lhroughout the world . (If ten take th" furm of new

.... " je1 about foreis" good. or about roreis" la"guag ..... ror·

eign mig .... nts.. or foreill" i"'u l ..... nl ... Many ilatcs filld thcm

rtelve.elltlfIhl between Ihe need to llerrur", dnom ... or national

"wereis", y and ,imullalleO.,. fU IS or "I)O!IIlw:-. cak"lated 10

in\"it~ the blell.Sinp or Western CIIl,ilal ...... I he limit ilatera ls.

Th" virlually comlllllle to .. of e,-.:n Ihe fIctiun of a na·

t io<",1 oconomy. "'I, ieh bad ""me "vide",:e (or itll es;sten~"C in

Ihe eT118 of st rong !!O<;iali st slale!) and cf.1It rall'lanni"l!. no,,·

h:II\'COi the cultural fIeld as the main one in ... ·hi ch fDntasid

of purity. aliI henticity, h.mler!. alld seo;u rit y c.1I1 he enacle<l.

II i, '10 surpri..e Iltal Ihroughout Ihc de.-eloping world, the

dealh or i mpimion of 11O"'erful national et:ollomiea (through

tire g'O,,-tlr in Iran~ic"t for",~ of foreign il1"csl",cnt, the in

CTeasc in transnalionul c<:onomie forms and l"OCe5-, lind

I he g",,,·t h of olfshor~ ...con .. mi .: emp;r~'ti that t"!ICaP" all forms

of national "<'counting) ha~ heen Do:<:omp"uicd hy th.: rille

of "arious ncw funtlDn""lttali~ lIts, rnajoritarianiSIl~, Dnd in

digenisnll;, (rC(I"emly with a tllll.rke<1 ethnocidal ~...Jgc_ The

nation-sla te hM t.. ... n steadily redu~~d 10 th" ('e[ioll of its 23

elltn"" a. Ihe last cult "ral re.!<.u~e O,'Cr "'hieh it may hcrcise

f,,11 dominion.

An.1. of rom se. there i~ anolher ~ide 10 Ihe eurrem dy_

nami,: of glohali7.alion, onc flQted by II widc tall!:e of oh!le r"crs.

T his is I he gm"'i ng producl ion of grellier iTlt!tJ"alily bel ween

nation~ d~sse<!.. ;' '''\ ~gi""O\. 11,is inc«:.:1-~ in inC<.l"alil )" ir

teSt"""t;,'e of the e~roerl tlehaletl abnut its p~i~ linb 10

"pe n markets Dnd high-"elocily global capilDI Aow!l, is ~

at tire popular Ic"eI in many countries M a ,liret:1 product

of 'hp, unfen ere" fo n::c of g101~11 capilali!1ll alld it s ' ''''lues·

ti",>cd ""'tional dri"er, Ihe Unite<l Slate&. It i~ dou bllC1<8 thit

nPl"' r~nl link he lwee" imploolil'l'l nal;"IIlII <:<'~""'lJlic .... ru ,, ·

away financial capital. and the rolcofthe Unit~ Sta tl'S lIS the

main d ri"er of the idc<,lo,;ietl of busin-. mllrkel , and profit

that h". crea t ed ~, new Mrl of emotional Cold \l'ar hetweoen

t"""" "'110 identify with Ihe losers in Ihe new garnc and tllOK

"'h" identify "'ith the smnJl J!,mllp of winne~ notably the

Uni t",1 SlatC8. The ,,-illcl)' remllrk~ !len8e Ihat 8O<rte IIO<t of

just ice had heen .. i~it ed ullOn the United State!! u~n IlIfIQIIg

tl..- .. 'llO.bhorrW the l .. u .... lityof 9tu i~ 'lOliouh! ancoore<l

in "lOnd outl1lge dr;"en by the kIgie of ernno ... ;';' eJ<dusiun.

'11lere i. "lOre to tile &lory oflh" gN .. ·th in Ihe glo~1 1I.' re.1

of t lie United St.,e.. a"d I retur" 10 Ihat " ,!,ie in cI'~ple r 6.

What i. lIoteworlhy .boul lhe ne .. · flo .. ·• of n">O<Ie)·,

""'.llOrn. in(nrmalion, VCQIIIe, and idoolof!ietl ac...- national

bou"dariet i. tbat they have "roduced for,,,, of IIOlidar,ty

that exist un lbe MIlK': poIiticnJ "larK': .. ,1..- \hal were

lraditionally """lOf'Oti~ by Ihe natiOfHt.'e. 'n,,, ... .I i",,·

i. flO'le oommunili"", ur many kind, l"Ufl.nland primary lural·

l iH alllong population. th.1 "'.y aw. u i. t wilhin va.iou!

naliona l IlOundarin. l.klo.. les on key i!!Sues or "ar, pe~,

idemity, and f)I'Of!"'M rage ."""'11 cyhcr comnnmi.iea 111111

(""etion acrot;ll nat ;0111,1 Ii""", LUKI re",,,,,,,,,' " .. iou8 ki"d8 of

IU litiari. y, IiOJUlC cuhur~1. IORio: profe""io"lIl , IjQllIe $ilualional

0. opport" "'sl Ie. "'n.lent nal iOHulisms ~18'" II,r;>'ll in II", CUfl·

' ''XI of cylreullllcc, hUI Ihey n .... 'c.lhd~"eOI com J>LicalC Ihe ""' .

lidil y of ,I..., t ies bct ... """ lit '''''''. I" ~, and ide"t ity. There

ill really. oo,mn"nily r ... I1e.1 eeLlln .oom (J('gan~ lhan 199B) •

.. ·hid, includCII Tarn illl fk-<:i ''I!! .. iol.,,_ in Sri Lanka si 1>Ce Ihe

1970"- Colle<:tiv" iu~i"i"gII.'MI imlll\ined co liedivi liC6, in

Ihe en! of eyfle. I~hnolofliet., . re no I",'I!~ ' jnal 1 .. ·0 $ides of

Ihe same CO;II , H. tl re •. Ihey frequen' ly leat and oonl Cl;t one

IUlOlher.

Image. of 'he rn:1 ... ori: h •• 'e '-n i,l\ ... 1:.et1 fOf"Cf!'fuU)· 10 cal'.

t" re Ihe .,,,,e'gent """ial and poli, ic.1 rorms of thi! jnten:on·

necled, le!'hoolotly-drivtrI world, IlOt. llly by Man l>('1 Cul c ll~

(U)lJ6) hut al~ 1'1 ma"y wrl'ol'2tr. !"ms. fu tllTtllot\i&t., Ill..!

OIh~rr.. And the .. urld iselearly nowlinked up by muhiplecir.

~uiu alollS .. -hieh m(lney. '''''''&, 1.eof'I~. ami ide ... flow, ~I,

oo,w~rS~. and d i!per~ aKain. And )'l!1 the ;m"sr. of the nel ·

work ~"'8 100 senenl for lhe real ily it ~ka 10 caplure.

1'b<: idu of a ctllullIf WOTI,ll!eem~ ~ Ii/lblly n"-'Ill precil'!.

1'h" co"''''~I . d.;r i,-~d fm m bio lOf!Y. <:(l" lrISlI cdlula r .. -ill,

,-"rlel ... 1 furr"~ alld like ull Kna!osies, il io 1101 illlell(\ .... 1 In

he 001"1,1"1,, O. IlI!rfed. 'nul mode.n .ystem of nal i"" .alales

is Ihe moO! marked C"-'ie or a ,,,.rubrou SI mCl ure, for Ih.lUSh

1I.1lio"l Ih.i .... on thei r slories of difference fUKI 8i''I"larily. 25

the .y.I .. m 0( nalion.! 'ato:e worh "" Iy b«"UiIfl of ila nll.kr.

Iyi lll! a!!MI ml'lion of all i"le ... alional order. l!uaranteed by a

variety of " ... "'&, nOI !eut lhe nor ... of .... r illleif. Totby Ihi.

'-"rlehmle order issymholite" nol i" . 1 by Ih" Ull iled Nalionl

Iml \'Y th" la,!,;e .",I /lm .. -;ng o.>o ly 0( protocolJ. i""t il uliolls.

''''''RI;es, all" agr~'t!"'ellla Iha l !!<':f':k In "n!!UTe thaI 11 11 'Wt ior'8

01~rRle 011 Iy rnnrr.lrir.a l l'rinei l,\ee in relll iioll 10 Ihci . COIl·

duel with Oil" . "o1 hc •. ,,-h.'ever Ihci . hicnr<:l'ie. ill I"'''''' " •

.. ·.,.lth . TIM' system (,f Ml iulI·slalN h ... ",li~~1 frolll the &tlrt

on" Iy~t .. rn 0( ... miotic ~lIi'ion and eomlll,,";ul ion. com.

p.-.I or &uri, ","'"I" ilem~ l18/1agl, IIlmp .... " ,I . idi,," ... d by ",,,ch ",ore r"" ,I'I<'x 8y8lem~ 5Uclr u 1"'- 0( COf.",IaIf!8..

.",lu . '{Jor&, and other mnlwol rorm;l of recos"i1ion. Sucb

..e rl e"r.'" fytl~ml, 0( "'\rich lhe 'Yitem of rrali""·llIletI mar

he Ihe bt.r!"1 "" d !nusl ClI le," i.-," in loCal." a .... "ot '_clurily ~"""nli ~cd or hierMd,ical. n", lhey a .... r"",lament. ll y I' rem·

;11<1<1 on ~ fi nile ""I uf .:oomli llRled ..... g"I. li." "orrn, PlH18iS.

nal ... II is not diflicnlt 10 ~ .. hy Iht: Tru l y of \l'CS1lw,aliallfld

tlMl wrilillg'of KIlfII on moral roci l,rocil y and 'y"uuelry came

inlO being 80 c!oeo. in lime Ind ~INICe,

111e global "11,ilalisl .yslem dorti '101 fil dearly into IIIe

~'(>"I rut llel"""en .erlcbral c and ccll,,!' r ~y~temii. On Ihe olle

hand , it if clelrl y a \'Crlcbralc 8r .. cm , relying .. it doc& 011

I VIISI nenous system o( eOllu"""iel tio" f, l ran 'port, long·

(Ii,tanl ere.!it , and ooordill.il ted fillCal tra"SIIclion'" 'n.i~ ~-o .

..... Ii, ... t~>d fu.lun! hu al .. lI)" been l)Mrt of Ihe lIory of indus

Irial CaVilll i, m, "'hieh al lhe very ", inj"n"" 'elluir".! oome

neli.ble Iystems for c redilllfld monela,y u ehange. Modern

':'I,il.liom i~ . 1010 ..,rlebratt: in IIIe _OK Ihal il ""lui,..,. IIIe

,,'idc~I,re.d avplicabilit y of cerlain I'rot<X<>it of !,w, lOCCO"nl·

ing. policing. Inalion, and !leeurit y. for ,,'hieh it hu t)'J,ically

rdied on Ihe arrangenlenls bel .. -een at .... :reign !IIales. gua,·

"nleoed by .ario.1i agreemen ls ,,"d Ireatics. In l it is 101.""'" Ihe

' -e rle"r"t" structures of lilt: 'Y8lcm (If na liun .~lald and II,al

uf lllOOle ... ind,,~trjal ca" i",1 hav., O'lJr!"IP;n8 flruel urew and

nn ubviously int.:rconnCClell hislory, This rommon siructure

WaJj ne"cr fret: of lensions and coni ra.liel io.' f, of roU/'IIP.. bU I

il is ne.~ rlheletll wi&ihle ill Ihe@,loball'o lil ieale<:ollOll>Y at f&r

back as lhe ft ixlt:efllh and ,.,,1':II I....:l1Ih eel'lur;"" in maril im"

em,)il1':ll ll\.l1 carole 0111 of ", ... tern lind SoUlhern Eurol""

lIul . 011 the other haM. at eIIl'i lllliar" 1_ "mh",,1 since

Ihe n;'lelt:ettlh cenlury. all il hat gro"-Il lechn ica lly nlO'"

80phiSf iealed Inri po!'llIhle, .... its l""h'lOlogi~ ha"e I>e<:<»nc

more mOlh,!,r and ",,,,bile, a",1 II~ illl (Ulaneial cOInl'onenl

1,.llI ~"'e increasingly freeoOf direcl rclal ioOm wilh i",I"1I--

try and manufKI"":, il hIlS gr.dually bqun 10 e>'Olw: <:erl ain

c ruc:ial <:e llular feolllrl:l. Thne fealu rel! haye hem increas·

ingly vi~i "l .. in Ihe efa of tapi lali!m Ihal hu ... riou~ly hem "alk .. 1 Mp.II!t . t'o,d i", .- ~di.!"rganiu...t.M ~ fI~_.a,I~." or - I>t>eti n.

dU;'I . ia l.- I" Ihi _ ~rn, ,:ham<:lcril"d by lhe ~h;fI f...,m muhi.

nDI i01l81 <:O' PO'DI ion! 10 Iran . nnl iorlDl corporal iou8. and rlOW

10 tlk.hll l CO'lM"Hlion~. I h,~ higlHclocil y recmnhinlltion of ti lt)

r",,' o ra of "roduclion hu changed the g~"",r.ph y of capital

and n ..... t iii "M""!JI1C nl ~ an,1 rutiona l pn>lile hard to a_

The. .IWl lili ..... eo!JM:<'i~II )' e"ident tince Ih" '9708, ha~ t-.. reflect .... 1 in nllln)' 8O,t. lOr orymizal iGrllll .Iop, ... "d modds, 27

.11 ~kinl! In ""l'lo,e I"'" mobile, ~mbinant , Of'!KM'llIni ..

lic. and de· .. aliGr .. liud ..... rLinll:S of l1 .. ny globa l corpo .. ·

l ion~. In lhe ,tec.de. ~i nc:: , ' Ihe mi.I· ,gSo .. thClle ~nular fea·

\ II 'ei! have he.:n fll rll..." .... '<leleraled by Ih" ljnked gm .. th nf

new informnlion ledlllo losi« and of Ihe b" .. aderi,,!!.peed

1111<1 "" .. Ie ,,( fma'leiall rllJl!'<lclions Ihal ha"1l ",,,de Mtionalli·

'lmleial mnrkel$ ~lIbjecl tn ~,,,ld':n .",1 drllmat ;1: Ct; ,,". '111i8

ll roe""" ha. l1lo"1ld from Mexlw to Ea~I A.ill lo Ar!!roli na.

,,-he''' . t re"",,"doo,sly ""alt hy cuunl ry ... ·.s reduced 10 eco·

,",omic anarchy ... -ilh in. few .. ~ks, Coomlri ,.,.M>Ch ... [ndia

h •• " op" nly .dm;II .... [ th~t lbei r ..,bl i." i"'",unil y 10 ." " h

".iM:!< i. at "' ....... rll r" f"ncli"ll of the ir ..... L ;,11"11 .. 1;"""

inlo the 1110""1 ewnonl)". ,e.. this is a diff1l:'U1lgafIJe, all many

wuntriel! i" ! uh-&!haran Africa ...... w u. Ih" d iiUl rouA 'm. 1,lieal io", of ""';"11: 100 margillBl 10 glol .. 1 n .. "'el I11 OC~ _ I_

[II .. u;ou~ ... y •. th~ eUTrent Siule of gluhlllli.rn" and the

Ulark ~I 8 in .... hich I htly ope nile d i~play a "plit [ltr$Olll1 lit Y 1 hUI

~mlllel anli reli", (>I, lhe ver.eb .. l" fea lo .... , of I h~ " .. lion'

Alale,yMem b"l alllO il lh" laboralory for 'oe'" form. of ce llu ·

lo ril )", de .linnse, .. ,d local aul"nomy.

TI,i. double ehancler or glol .. 1 capi.a li. m in the cra of

II ,~ Inlernel i . .. ·hMI allowl u, 10 unde .... a .. d bene. lloe oel·

lular ,,,,,10"" of lhe !lew M t ~rrorill oelworlt .. ~ Connecled yel

not .-erl;"aJ ly managed. eoonI inllled )"el re,""",,abIy illd"pen'

deo ••• ea,lahle of replication .. ·ilhou l cenlral "'c !lagi ng Mrue·

tu rK. hazy ill tloeir ",," lra l urgallizational feature!! )'el e r)'lIIal

clea r in Iheir ~"Cll ular 11 .. legito& a .. d elfecla. IIIOM: organiu ·

~. 1m clea rly rely on the crucial looU of lI1OIoey Tmnsfer. hid·

, I~n " 'l!anizalion. off! ho", ha>'ens. an d nonolfocia l flocans of

lrai ning and rnobiliilllt ion , .... h ich alllO chua<;lerize II>!! .... o rk.

i, 'II_ of lIlany Icvd~ of ,l", capituHst "w id. I nd~'e1I , t h~ l!:ray~r

Mrea. of tI~ world of l .. ml i"l1 and (""tllce ate ckatly <:til'"

plici l with 1 he w" ",, i" 111 of Ihc Olel "'orh of inlcrnal ional Icr·

rur. T he nlll8$ive ~M"' I)ai sn to Im lllUC pm' ' reele Ihe a_t~

of thelle oTSaniZllI io<.~ Ihrough II'e \-ehiclel of ba nk ing, laxa·

tion . and law. etp«ially in tl'e Un;led S tates, is a clear tetili·

"lOlly to the IM' riou8Uc8l[ of lhil link . ,\ flcr all , there i~ IIO" IC

amnily hel .,een Ihe olf·bltlau •• "e· ... tet:1 Irnn!IaClion8 uf a Cor·

"" .. Ie sianl eloch all . : nron , ,,'h'eh defrauded Ihou=!and . of .. .".kcl'll lU.d ill\,e6lo .... and I I~ ollline dea li nSI or the lerror·

ist networh ahOll l ,,'hieh .. -e hear iIO much. In a general waf ,

pobal flo .. ·• of arm" labor. d"'8" and I!ems rely r~ll'CI.lly

011 higlHeeh eo",,,,"nicatio" ' IU.d OIt 1I01181.le ".",a,OlI o r " io

krK:... ' 1';8 i$ll~ ZOI>e " 'h..,,., the violeOCt': ofterrori~", amI lhe

i",l<:"peodel"lO!: of ... riao .. illicil global flow. COl ' ''' togethe r.

" el. II", .,.,lI ulari ly .. ·hieh ehItT.r l..,r;z~ bolh capila l and

internat iOl .. al terror huothe. f.~ A"d I addrna the .... yl in

"·h,,,10 1 ..... 1!!tol eo.ganju' ioll~ ha'"fl iJeell ban~'1f! the n~

of .... l1ulo.it y to c. rate new ... lidari , i" .nd ,'''''' .. ' . ' cIlIft ,0

con' n , ,he loo .. -er of '1ll Iio,, ·slale and global '-"'1 ...... 1 io<l& ;11

diM pier 6 On g", ... mol ~ 1l~.""liul 'OfI . ' l1'eIIe .r~ " In •• ian ""I·

luis. (o. m ", dc.ute<! t" goals of ""Iui l y. 1" ""IWtrC'M!Y, a,,,1 in·

clusion. 'l1",y arc as r~1T (rum Ihe el ll .... o( le.n" U olle can

gel. !In' tJloC)' 100 are j n~lancee of the new logic8 of cellului ly.

It •• of co" . "" CIllI,i rie" l)" ah$urd to l lleaa. of Ihe end of

th" natio,, ·"'alr. n", if " 'e examine e.rcfully ,h~ I.",liferat io"

or « 1tub. form. Ihal MJrfUlnKl . nd .,ue6tion lhe ¥erlch.ale

" ",,,,1., )· of the IllO(krn "ystem of NI,ion·"alf'J. il does IleCm

,here ;. bnlh mUl ual Mpcmlence and anlago"i~nl IlelWftll

lhele '''0 princip!c. of brge·!!Caw poli lieal." acl'nlent alld

Ofllanin l ion. The OOInplcme11lari ty ami dHleren(:e betwet!n

.·e'Ieh.ale ."d ~'dl"lar lySlr nJ!! gi,·" uS a .... ru" lu".1 way to u ·

ami"" lhe ~ .i &i8 or lh" .~. , ;",, ·s 'a'o: in 1 he era of 1l1oI",li""lio"

n'HI force til to Aefl t hat ,I ... forn" of gloh.ll1 t ~ rrorilm of .. h iell

""e are IIl05t rou!!Cioos Rfter 9/" 6re only ilffltan<:ee of. dOCI' .nd hroad I r.t>~rOrr1tai i ~", it> ' lie mO'I'I",I~1 of glol",1 ...:<.111 .

omyaml poli t iC$.

Th •• It .... " Iran~rorn"'lion. of .. hich glohal'emor i. lhe

,'iol<-" , . ,,,1 "y"'''''''''e ""II", n"'1 be ' ''1_"..,,1 ... e. isi. of ~in;:u b, ion . TIll t ~. il may be """" a. a c ri';. 1'~IUNd

by ""hal in Ill)" earlier ""un: I called Ihe -d '~iuncl u,"~ he.

IW~I "ariotn k'nds of fIo,,'$- Qf images. id~: .. lot!iet. good&.

p""'p le. ""d wealth - I hat "'~m to ",.n: the e.D of glohal.

i".,ion (,<)96) . 11,~ .Ii .. juu~'uretl are Inrgely producfIIl by

m".leo and m~an8 of ci rell lat ion ,,-hieh "!",, .. Ie ".;, h di lfere",

rlo ylhlll~ in their negolialiOOl of space and l ime. Sometimes

Jiso:u~ Il$ ,Iisjunelglabal flow", lhey pl'O(luce Io<;al <:onlra·

dictions and t~nsiO"8 of many kind". Since all t11C11O: Unsion~

have somelhing 10 do wilh proct:ilSeS of global fluw Ihal art:

nOl cohen:ndy synchronized, thcy may be UrmeJ cri!l'e\l of

eireo!.lion. In O!(I naming Ihem, "t are reminokd Ihat global ·

;l.ation has much to do with Ihe movements oflillam:e capital

and that Karl Mane "1IS among the rll1!1 10 nOle Ihal eireula·

tion, espcciall)' of mo"ey in relation 10 COI1UlIodilies, was vil ;11

IQ the " '<;>rkiugli and oonl radiction$ Qf capital. Today, build ing

on Ihis Mar~ian insighl, we can rocosnize thai the logics of

cireulation have grow" ever mOre 01 i~rsc and disjunct in thei r

spatial !!COpe, ~miotie legibility, speed and tempo of mOv~ ·

melt! , and pathslhrough which they UlOve or that they crea te

afresh for their """,·,:meu[.

Rdurning to the always fl'll.gile idea or a "",,101 of natimlJll

C(:onwnies, ,,'e tan ~haracterize too current el'll. or gloh;)Jiza·

I ion - drh'en by Ihe triple engines of sp<J<:uLlli "e capital, lle'"

f",aneial i"5uuIllcnU- a.nd high-s!"'.,.1 information lochnolo

gi~-A$ c reating new tcnsion$ bet"'tcn the "'anton urge of

glabal capital tu roam without li cense or limit and the still

~g"allt fantasy Ihal lhe nalion_Slale a""" n:.I a sovereign eco·

nomic sp"ce. 'n ,;s new crisis of cireulation (",ore e~IlGIJy II

cri 8i~ of the disjunct relalions between diflerent llluhs and

fo.-",~ of cireulatioo) ;uhe broad lalld.'!Capc again ;;1 "hieh leu

&ions llot!l wet:ll ,'erl~hrdle a",1 cellular foml8 1M'''' unfol.!. T his

8Irul!glc can IIlso be 8eC1t in the f riclion l>elw~elt lhe forms of

cirt:ulatiOlI ;lnd the circulation of forms in the era of glohal.

;""liOlI.

Though IhHe (orm8 an: inulrkahly inlerl.-i,oed , Ihey an:

ai muhanooualy llroot 10 cwh. BUI il ie 1101 a clam of doc· ,ri ,_ cuhul"6. or civi liuolio .. a. II i. a cluh hel ... ·een oIiffemtt

rn00:k8 of large-!lCa1e or,r;lUliuol ion - .. hieh I IwV(' here called

celiu lar ... ,1 '-e rl elol1lle - . -il h in 'he OIwN"« en;;i8 of ci~u·

Iation. Osam. hin Laden .rld AI ·Qaeda are lerrir)',,,! nalllCl!

fo r thi8c1ash , ... h ieh ilOw!."", ",ueh IllOre Ilwn Ihe 'I~ion 01 t e rrori~rn.

A key ;n;;i!!:I,1 Achille M bembe (WOU3) hat offered U8 is I hal in

lIOCi"I jel in .hid, en:r}.lay life i. d,a lllCleril~1 by Ihe e>-ery'

daYneM of rI 'YMcal ~iolclOce. mililar i1M confl iet •• nd lIOlrlal ic

hrulali l Y in the name of rolkcl i,"t: idcIII;til:e, "e call n" Ioo'l!~ r

imagi lie a ~irnple Ofll_i, io .. 11<l1"('~~' ""lure ami . ·ar nn or",

ha",llUld ~i81l i fe pnd f"'oceon I I", olh~r. Mhe mbc ; .. .. ;1('1 u.

10 i magi,,.., a mon: lerrifyi n!! ton d&<:alle, in ,,·hid, o rder (reg" ,

laril Y. llred icla bili, )". roUI i IIC, Mild e.-eryda)·,-itseU) i. ,,~.

" i7,C(1 .muml I he rael or I he PI'O!!/,,-...,I of violf!flC('.

The gk,,,,"1 poli t ic1I 5IJrmundinl! lhe image of terror 1Ul,1

I ~ rroriem aflCr 9/11 l'retII U, I" take up Ibi. invillliion in a

I liAhl l)" differe,,' .. -ay. " ",y br~.k ,k",.-n the divi&ion 1"'1 WI!f:'n

d"ilia" and mili tary &pace. 'n,e .el iot .. or I'1I riorJ. lerruri~

nel .. -orks a"d age .. I&!oeek 10 i" fu l!tO: a ll of ~ryday civi lia" life

... itlo (car. 'n ",y Ilrct;lune a -..orld " 'here civi lian. d .. nOI eIIiM.

Thil ;5 nol jugl 100aJ .... r. 11& ;1 hat! been W&!~I by po..erful

MalH al differf,, 1 I'ui nl& in h~ory, il i& ~1')()l idilll1 .... r ...... r

as a" e '-eryd.)" ,-.ihili l y. "'&8ed pf«Uely to (~.Ioiliu Ihe

"

idea that there is an -e\'er)'day" for an)'o .. e outside th~ space

and time of war. To thi", terrorism adds the dement of un

pred iet.abilil y, Ihe key 10 producing constant fear. State~ Ihal

engage in Ihis IIOrt of slralejjY wi lh rel!pecllo lheirown popu

lalio"! or olher populaliollll are right Iy vie .. -.:d as engaged i ll

terrorism it self.

Te rror produC<!"O its effects by regul~rly blu rring the oou,,,I&

lM:t w~n the ~pa~-es."..j times of war lind pell<,.-e. It also works

by it s drort ~ to di!!f!uise it ~ Ow n principle ... o f o rlS"niZillion and

mobilizat ion. And it i ~ aoo"'l ~II de\'Oted to the dedmatioll of

Ofder, undustocxl as po"a<:f! or freedom from ~iolcnce. Terror,

in the name of whate~r ideology of etjuit y, lib<!rt y, or jusl ie<:,

lICek.o to inSlali .iol,,"ce Ill! the oo:ntral regu lat i"e prinei pic of

e"eryday life. 1l,ib is ,,' h~t is terrifying al",ut t~rror, e,'en lJ" .

yond illl bo.lily trauma.>, its spatial promiscuit y. ils dram""

of s<:lf-s.o<; rifie'l. its rcfuljjl.l of r.:c:iprocal hu IIl1mi b Ol. Ter ror is

the right ful name for any effor t to rep I ... ", pca<:o: with \'i()len~'1'

lIS the guaranteed allchor of e'"er)'''ay life. It ''''')11 emergeney

as its routine and valUe!! u~ ... ptional forms of v;ole"ee and

.;olation as its oorm.

T he IIOrt of Slobalized terror "e ll.-ork that we nO" see in

sueh organiZ<ltion~ as AI-Qacda adds to the-II(! logics the ca lm

hilit y 10 globalize through cellular organization . So there i8 a

Jouble senile of MUseD Bnd uncertainty thai these networka

produce. They -.k 10 re~crse the rclation $hi I' b<!t w~..,n P""""

and e'"erl day life. amlthcy do!lO witholJ[ ~ny nced or rt)gard

for tllOliC prineipk'i of ,"(:rteb rate eoorJ,nation on ,,·hieh the

"" Ii",, -state h"" .1 ... ·&)·8 relieJ . Thi~ is Mn el'i~tem,,~ical as

sault on ug all . fur it d~'itabilizC8 our t'"o most cheri,.J,ed u-

~u rnpl inns - Ihal 11Ca.~ i~ I he na tural marker of l!OCial order

alld lhallhc IUlliofHlale;8 IUllural guaranlor alld conlainer

or 8UcI, order. Terror i8 thu~ III<: nigh trnariW side of glohaliZll1ion, and " 'e fleed 10 klOk mOff: e"-Iy a1 the Ivgi(: of

thi8 nightmare. Fo r now.],,1 u~ OOle thai terror in Iheera of globalization cannot be di~nn;ed from « rlain decpo::r c rise.

and COIlIra.tict;ons thai ~urround the nation·stalp.. One IiUch

cr isi~ takp'1I 01' in I he n .. ..x l chapler, oorl<"ert1s lhe link hp.lween

miooriti es ",ilhin Ihe modern nalion·~late and the ma'lIIi nal·

iml iOf1 <f Ihe nOli ion·sla t ~ lor I he fon.'e6 or glohaliUlI ion.

"

3 ~Iin'tio" lind VlcIBnce

Ioh.liml;"", is a 1IOIJn:<! of <khal" .lm",,1 c""rywh,,~. II

il Ihe tlllm" of • ""w indu~lrial n:mlulion (drh-en by pow"rfll l informalioo .nd ronununi""1 ion lechno\ot!ietl

whif,h hu ho~ly h,,! ,.., . IlecaO!le of il. ne .. ·...,., il lax"

our li"«oi!l io: r-...oreet! for ondel'll1MIMl illg il .,ul ou r poli l i.

ca l re8Our<:e1O for 'na1).0.8i"8 il. Illlh" United Slalet and in Ihe

Ierl Q ' "" 1l","1 wealthy cnllnl.ie~ of Ih" "'0.101, glol ... li ... rion

i~ c..ru.i nly u ' ..... il ''''' hUl:<W()rd for COflMlrale cl itea "",I th..,i r

po1i li,;ul al1i e.l. B UI for migmnl!!' IIeO"lc of co""r, alii) olio" .

rllllrllilml! (Ihe 8O-ea lleol Soulh in Ih" Norlh), il is M 6OlIn."c of

"'orry ~bolLl indo.ioo, job!!, and lIa-per rna rgillll li:r.otiion. ""nd

Ih" " ">TI')' nf Ihe .narllinal&.. all alwa)-. in hurnllll hiillory. i. a

""o"y I" II, .. ~Iil ""' . I n lite r~m ... inil'f! COI'''U;.,. nf Ihe "-orld ,

the ",ul"nlp.\·d0'l~) and 1M Ind y ~il"I" Oflf'.&.. there i' a

,lo"IIIe anxiel y: fa. of inclu~, Oil "_ia" I .. ,,~ alld

fear of udusi"n. for 1 hi$ "'-'Cm!! like udusion frorn h i&lory

iledf.

Whr.he r w" un~ in the No.lh o. Ihe S ... u.h , 1I".lwt lilllLlioo,

ulw chal1cnget our 811llnges l 1001 (n, ",~killg ''''w,_ limn·

~<:.t.I ... . nd 1 h. l ie lhe ,-.,coline 10 "i~tory, We can do our best

to !lee glob.liut ion .... jusl . new phMe (a"d face) of capita l

i$ln. or im l'eriati~m. or lloocolol1 ialism. or moderu izal ion or

deYClofllllC'll taliam. And thrre il 1IOfl.e fo~ 10 this hUlll for

the a.W1lot!;y II .. , will leI UI tame the 1,.,..1 <If glub.o liulion in

!I.e pri"",. ho:H'$e (or ~) of Iai>!Ull!Ie. Bul Ihi, hi,loricwtl@;

11I0~e (for all of itil lochnicallcgilimacy) is <loomed 10 fail p~

cilidy in accounl i,,@;forlhe llart of@;loha lixationthlt is un~l

Iling in ila newnea.. ttec.>olf!e to Ihe archil'eII of prior ,,"O<ld

'y51<':'ms. old empires. and Imo'HI forms of po"..,r and capi

'al call indeed toOlhe us, bU I on ly ul' 10 a IKJim. Be)'ood thai

poill l Iurlil t he intu it ion of many poor people (and their ""p.

IlCHten in t he "'OI"ld) Ihat global il:l lion I~ lIom e new ehal

!engel ,,·hich CMUKJI be add retlOled wi l h Ihe 00111 (0,,,, of his

tory. u~n thl.e of lhe hill lOry of bad Il<!Of'le and nU l y world

oofl<lueron. Thia huy intuil ion is Bllhe heart of 1 he Ullcerla i"

COIIliliun~ .. ,,,I "n .. a8y dialo!\ l>elI lhat au rmu'"' gloh.o'iulion ,

c, 'en in tl.e I I r~<:I ~ of s,!att I.!. Pras ue, Washington. au,1 flIany

ot her leM dnll natizcd loca l;",,!!.

Where exad ly <106 Ihi. ne"-'>eM lie and why do many cril ;'

cal inldlCClual. fail to undenland it belief? I" my opinion .

there are three inlerrelated fllCto", which mal e giobaliu l io"

.1 ifftCUh 10 undenland in lerm. of earlier historie. of Slale and

tllarkel . TI.e finl i. I h~ role or finance CoII pil. 1 (eepeci.Uy in

;18 speculat i.ce formil) in the .. orld co;onomy to;roda)·: it is f .... tef,

more mu I, ipl;';'liw:. mo~ abbl Tl(:I. a",1 "lOrr. i "~ll$i'·e of " a

tiona l ecooomi~ t ban ~w:r in ih' I''''''ious history_ And be

ClI u!leof itJ Joo;,ened ti nkl lo manufaclureand Q( he r fon m of

produdi'-e .. ..,alth. il is a hone wi lh 00 aplJaren l Mruelural

rid~r. '11.,., IM'eOT1d ru~ hit!! 10 .10 ,,·ilh lhe peculiar 110"1:1" of

Ih~ informalion !"e'"oJulion in ilS eJet'1 rook form~ Elect rouk ' nforn",,;"'. ' edmologir.s are ... r. and 1"""",1 of Ihe no:w fi " .n,

cud 'n~' no mno' &. ",a,, )' of ... h'ch h.'"fI tochn ielll po"'o:n ",hich

are clearl y alle~,1 of Ihe protocols for t~r 1"1:!" l.ilion . Th,,8.,

.. ·I",.her or no • • ho: nali(m·ell" f: is radins OU' , 1I0 0no: a ln ar·

gue .hal Ihe id~a of n nalional oc:o"""'y (i n Ihe IlenOlC fi~l lU·

I iculale<1 hy Frie<l rich l.i!l) ;$ any " lOre lin euily suslai nable

l, n'i~'C: ' , '11m", hy cXlcn!ion. n3Iional ..... c.eign. y ;. 110'" an

uIIi:,e ll led .,ru.fecl for !pedfoc .echniclll nUOlII; of II ne ... IOrt

and ... .aLe. n ,i" I, lIoc new. "'y~l .. rio:>u8., a"d aJ,,~ n~ical

f .... lIl. of .. 'u lth gellCr:,u~d I»' eiP.ClroOlK- finance " ",",d. al"

pear diroc. ly r""""sible for I he Sro ... i' l@ V Illi bo:t,,~ rich

and poor. eYell ill .he richeS! counlries in .he "'Olld .

Mon: i"'l",r'nl!y, .he myeletiou8 roamil1l!' of fi llan.ee

Cal)ila l arc rna l d.~'(1 by new kinJs of rnil!nliot •. holh eli. e and

pro lela.ian , "'hid. n ellIe unp.e........t~nl ctl le"" ion. hel~n

i,I~~ . I, I ie ... f or i Il i n, ide" I " i e~ "f reilid"1 ICC, m" I itl"" Ii I i~" lOf "".

piral' ..... for many migran lS in the .. ..,rld lab...,. " !IIrh!. Leaky

fi,ulncial frolll;er", nlOh,le identi l)e8. and (ut ,.,IOvi nl! loch·

1I .. ~i<'!"!l of commun iCIII;';"1 a"d ' ''''"lion 1000elhcr I,"Mill«

del .. ,e6, 1",,110 .. ithin an,1 acroM nal iooal oound .. ic&. thai

1 ... 1.1 ,'''''' I'" " ·,,I;'J,. for yin",""",.

1~re are lnany .... y~ Ihal "'etan al'Pro.ch the I)ro/""rm of gWo.1i .... ,io" and ,-iok"tt. One oould take Ihe Uni.ed S.ate.

and ~k ,,'helhc r ,he 1l"""'lh in Iho: pri!lOll i,l/lu l . ry (ami ,,-hal

i, &olllel inleS ea lle<l ' he , ~.n:e",1 9Ia'e) is I ied 10 Ihe dyna mics

of reg'0l .1I1 ~·"'''' lOmj~ .. ,,·hid. am being IIU&hcd ou. of ulher

II1Ure II uman., (orl1ll of cmllloymcnl ",,,I wea lth creal ior •. One

could consider Indon esia and ask why there is a de" dly in

crease in int rastate violence l>et .... .,.,n ind igcllou& POP" la t iom

and state-sponsored migrants. One could study Sri 1.-1Inka

and ask whether there are real links hl:1"'e!:n Ihe incel!llanl

civil WIl. thcl"(: alld Ihe glohal diupora of Tamiltl. .... ith &u<;h

l"1'!!Iuh~ a~ edull1,com, an exa lll pl~ of cyber-8IlC'-""Iioll (Jcga

nathan 11}911). O'oe could worry aoout convcnlional 8llCession·

ist movements from Chedmya and Ka.>llIIIi r 'o , Ioe BaS<]lle

Coulll ry and ",any pa rt& of Africa and ask " 'helher their vio

lell«! is &tricl ly endosenoui!.. 0"" Cou Id look ~ t Palest inc ~ ",I

311 a~k ,,'hether Il..., illli"'a'e yio!enroe of inlerna l <;olollialisl1l is

"..,,,' eo dei:pl)" tiw 10 ,ruu. mwia ~nd glo bal inien-Cll liu" I hal

il i. duun.ed 10 permanenl instilnliona Liu tion. Olle wuld

fl'<,. i,Oon onC!l(:[f in K""om or I ra'lan d u k .... hethe r the viokm

humanitarianism or N AT<) air strikes is the ,,~,,~t form of hit.

lica l ret rihmioll hy thc armed gods of om Ii nlM. Or 0"" COu ld

ident ify with the per~pe<:ti ve of terrif,ed mino ri, iee in many

nal ional eJ>&OeB, !!lICit as Paleliline, Tilllor, or Sicrra Leolle,

often livi'l@: in d,:tellt ion<:.1lmp8paradi llg a8 neighborhoods or

refugee camps. and aIIk abou t the v iolen~"C of displa<.:en><:nt

and relocal ion.

Cutt ing acl'OllOl all Ih.:tIe loca,ion8 a,,,1 form. of "iolenee

;s the pre&en .. ", of sume major glohal fao:tofll. T he growing

and orglU, ized viole,_ again", ",omen, famou~ ly in the Tali·

ban regime, i~ also d early evident in ma ny olher llOCiel ie&

that ..eek 10 CU I the fi rst stOlle, such as the Uniled Slates,

",I,ere dom"lIt ie vio lence "",n ... i ns preVlll lent. The mohitiza l i<H'

of yout h armies, ' IOta l,l y in Africa hut aJ$O in ",an)" olher

si l Cll ofintra~la te wa rfan!, is producing war "tleran! who ha,"C

hardl), ~n ad"hhoo;.d. m....,h k.loe .. ~. Chi ld IaIKlr ie euffi·

cienll), I roubling all al\lob.lizet! (orm of ~iulellce ~inst chil·

d .... ". I .... . . Ioe labor of Ii!h!i,,! in ci~i ljall ", ilili ... alld mili·

!n.y sa,,!!s is \I pa'l ic"~,,ly .kadly form or illdUCliot, ;nlO

yiolcna , II all ~arly age. Alld Ihen lloe re are I ht; more i nsirliou~

forrn~ "f "iolcn~ r.'loeriellce<i I.y targe " "",lienor Ihe world',

poor ~8 Ihey u,,!Iergo displacem"n" by hUl!e dRm l,rojll<:ll

or by .,ro;ecu of ~I um d"a~. He re 1.l(:y el l'.:ri~-=<: the

dfe.;18 of Ihe global puli l iao of l!et:u ril r &lal~1 as ~icli "lII or

erooorn ict;mllll'p. ,,,,l iCtl "ioknee, elhnic 1II0hili""I;0" , and

joh It-. The I hmoo",'" of ~1111l1l·liC&"" illdu".io!t in l)ell,; i"

the pa.1 dee .. de illl ~;"id nanll' '''' of the rolh' $Ior' of hiSh-

",i",kli ell ~iron "'P.Il.a' "i...:ou._ c .... rupt eily politic: .. sud

the de",>C tale IC"""hk ror jobe and li .... lihood . Thi. il 1'01.1 of

I h" rea" ... n I hat lhe poor somet i",es lubjecl th",'"!el,'",,, to Ihe

inl i"'Hle "iolell<:e of llellinl! ' l~ir body pa.tl in gloha] "'lIan

mft.i.:d l. Be llinI! .hd • ..-lInle hool ieol . <> ,Iolllellit: lahor in ." ,.

!litre ~'OUnl ric$, 0",1 offeri ng thei r daul\luctli and lIonl ;IlI(l 1C)<

..-o.k and olhe. loerrn;m"IIt ly lleartill! oceulNit ion!!.

l.el '" ""n hack r<> ... momo:n l . 1Id ~v"lidc r !IOor,,,, obj.,.,. •

• ion~ I" I hi, Ii"" of IIKlughl . Wha l ," _ Ihi' elll ."'1!'''~ hue 10

do .... il" ,Ioh .. lizatit;or, u Iud,? 1$ i, '101 ;"81 One loote ch.pler

in Ih", ' lory of po ....... e:,....,.j. corn'pli",,,. ""d .".cI ......... Ih .. 1

"-e ca" find u r.r hack in huntan hislOf')' U Wf! pk_? I "-00 Id arl!ue olloer .... iee. Man), of the eumpb I IIIt'e ciled . I""'e .re I letl in l p«:irlC "'a)'8 10 IflI,,;;fomlo1IioIl8 ill lhe wu.ld eco"o",),

~i llC'" '')70. 10 81_ifo:: ball~ o'·e. indi,eni",,, "".1 '1II1;'IIIaI

lIO~c .eill"ly prod"~c<1 hy ,he baulr, 11C1"'rtll compel i"g "ni·

ven!lll i,m~ . "eh u r reedom. ",. rkel . denoocnM:)', IIIKI rigl,ts.

",hieh simply did not Operslc in Ihe 'lI111m "'ay in earlier pe ri·

<xl$. AhOl\"e a n, Ihe many n ompl". 111II\e given iiI ... ilh Ihe

majOlrtmpirical facl of uUW:!\lviolen.:>'l in the pasl 1"'0 d~ .. des,

... ·hich ii the relali"e and 'TlII rl<ed g!\l,,·th in intrastate \-e r1lu~

interstale ~;"k:me. nm ... tho: map" of stain and the maps of

... -arfare 00 longer fit Iln older. realist googrnpny. Aud ",hen ""~

add to Ihis the global circulalion of arms, drugs, merctnaries,

malias, and other p.a.ral,ho:malia of violence, it is diflicolt 10

keq:> 1"" .. 1 inslance;, local in thei r signifICance.

Of. n t"- contexls for viol"ncc. rangi ng from the most

intimale (such as rap':. bodily mutilalion, alld disnlt!mbe r

menl) to Ihe IT>O!!I abstract (auch "" fon:ed "'igrnt ion and legal

minorit irol ;"n). the nK>ill difficu lt om: i~ the ...... Id"'ide 8_011

against minoriti !lll of . 11 kiwi$. [n this maller, every stltte (like

every (a",ily) is unhappy in iu 0"'" "'.y. BUI ... hy aN: ... ·e 8<)(: ing

a virtually worldwide genocidal impulse to"'ard minoril ies,

... ·hetl",. ,hcy am umnerica], cu ltural. or po litical minori,iM;

and ,,'hethe r ,hey aU minorili(:\! through laek of the prop"r

cthniei ty or P"'lIc r docuuu: ntation or b)' being visihle em·

lMK\i menls of sOllie histo ry of mutual violeoce Olr ahuse? '111;S

glollllllllIllern requi Tf'!II twlIllCthiug Olf a gloNI Rns"'er, and that

i9 lhe aim of Ihi5 hook.

The ex ist ing anS~T8 do nol lake u~ \"Cry far. Is Ihi s ..

dash of ci.ilir.a t iolt s? NOli likely. since ml\ny Olf these forms

of . iok'llcc are intraci"ilizatiornol. Is il a failure of Sia ies IOl

fulfill the Weberian oorm of monopolizing ~ ioleoce? Parlly.

bUI t his failure itsdf 1"Q'I"ircs further eXI,lanatiOln, along with

the concomitant worldwide growlh in M pr ivale" arm;"s. "",cu'

rity zones. conwltant ... and 1>o(1 )-g"ard8. Is it a general ... Olrl.l·

" 'ide nUIIIII,"8 of our humanilar;a" ;'''1>1' '-as IIOmeOnt! like

~ I ;("bac l I ~na,;dr rnay 6U~e!l1 ('91}11), due 10 ,II(" elfm of 'oo

""'''Y n.aM ,,>Cdia io",!!"" of fa .. ,,·.y wars • ..,1 ,,' hn".';. ..... ? "'rh~p .. , bu. 'he lI"n,·.h in I!raMroo" cooli ' io,," for cha,,!e,

"'lui, y .• "d I",. lrll n" " ,,·otld wi.'" ... . i~ "'M""" . hm, , he

I"umm facult y ror Iong·d islance ''I''I)jl, hy hal 110' )d been

d~"lc'~" 1. Is i, Ihe enrico"",,,,,, g l"O"', h in /I huS~ gloh. l ll rr,,&

' rame ,.hieh links ~m~1I ~tms and Kalalih"ik .... ·• I ... Ihe offi· dill ~l lIh:· 'o·.'al e , .. de in rocke,a. '/lnka. ftud r.d .. 'r8'e"'8 in a huge . ,ul "'111.1)' nngeof .ka ls? Yei, bu t this tell8 Uf only

.bou, ,,~tyCOf1di t ion s ror glohal ~iolence . "d not .bout .,

sufflCien' otIe5.

Or are ... e in 'h", ",idst of a "a$I ,,·o rld ... ide Malt hlliian cor'

reo;lion , which ""Orb throug h .h., idioms of ",i,w)I"i,ization

Ind e.hniciza tion 1,." i! rurlC,ionally ",eared to prcparing Ihe

"'" rld for , 10" "·i"",, .. of globalir;ation, ", jnut Ihe incoo",.

" ienl 'Klio.: of il. I,,,,,, r.? J ~ t l l ;~ n ,.~". form of ,,-hilI we "UlY

CIJI,"<:<)"oci.ko, 1I " 'orld"-i.!,, tendency (no ",orr, I", .fec l jn i18

"-o, ki"lIl ,h. " the market ) '0 a ... use 'he d iMIII",arallC<l of ' he Ioicr8 in Ihe St"AI dmma of Sloh.oliul ioo i? A ~.t). 81!0!'.

nan.. It", for" IIIale1)" b ckir!! in II!aus,b!e t"itIL~_, p. r ll )' h.,.

e.,,!ioe Ihe ,,'orld', I.iggCI!l c riminals . IId , yrln l! h.ff: I".rned

rl ... lllJ\il"'f!C& of .... ,"""racy. diS" ;' )', . "d riSIo I •.

So .. -h. t ie il . 1>0\" minoriri"" l bar M:en1lO'o mllracl IIew

formA .nd tea!"" 01 "ioknce ill 1I1311Y tliffeteo,1 IlII rt! of lhe

,,-nrltl? TI", fin.! .rel' I" .. ,> .. n~wer is 111ft' both mi" ...... , ice "'1(1

,najo.i , ;~ ~nl rhe l, rotiucIA of. d isti nclly ,nodern .. o rld of ~I '" i., ic ... ~.., neu",~, P"I,ul. , iO>l ma l~ o"d ot I",r , ,,,,1, of . tp,e

cre".~1 ,,_ lly 8i ,,~e I hr. &e"~'l1I een' 10 L-eflh, . y. Minor; lies Pili!

m ... joriti~"" cmcrgcexplicitl y in the p~or dcvdol,illg iOc""

of number, rCI)r~ntat ion, alld d oclorwl fraochi sc in ploce!l

a/fo>Ctcd by the denlOJo(;rnlic n;.·olulions of lhe eighteenth een"

tury, including !WIlelJite spaces in the colonial .. ·orld.

So., miuoritil"" are a reeelll >lOC ... 1 and demographic cate

gory, and looay they ItCli"ate new "'orriC\! aooul righ t.! (hum"n

and otherw ise), about cilizen>!hip, aoout belongillg and au

tocl,thou}, and ~oout entillem.,niH from the atate (m- it ~ .,flail'

tom ffnmanU). And they in"ite ne ... "'"lIra of eumining the

obligalioos of states as ... ell as the hotmdar ies of political hu ·

42 manit y, falling as they do in I he uneu r gray areD bel ween cili

zens proper and humanil )' ill general. It is no ~urpri8C that

hum"ns vie ... -ed as insuff,cient by uthe" (as r", e ~altlple the

diOlllbkd , Ihc aged , and the sid,) are oftcn Ihe forst tafllets of

nlltrginalizaliOll or cklln$illg. 'n ,at Nazi Germany 80ught 10

eli minalc all of thea.: calcgories (iconized by I he figu ro, uf t he

Jc ... ') is u",J,,1 to eonJcmpwle.

(Jut lIli ""riti ... do nOI corm: preformed. They arc p roJllced

in th., bpecif,e ci.-.:umSlance8of e.-err nation and every nation

ali sm. They a~ oflen the carriers of the unwanled memo

riC\! of the act.! of violence that prod ltC(!d existing 6Iates. of

foreed oonsc r iption, oro{ violent e~tru8iou as ocw sta tes wen;

forllw;d. And, in addilion , a. weak c laimant~ on slHte en·

tillemen t.! or drains On the "-,,,,-,un:et of highly contested na

tional re$OUr(."'e!>, Ihey Krt al"" ."minderB orthe failu res of \ 'lIri-

008 Slate projeet.! (!IOCiali ~I , ,""""IOf""ent" li!t, an.1 C:OJ>itali~t).

'111ey are mar"" of failu re and coen:;Oll. 'n,cy an; cmharTa~

HlcnlS 10 any Stnte-8porlSOlrOO image of nationall'urity 1"'.-1

stllte fairtl~_ 'ntey an; tl1U~ >!CllpegO/lIJl in lhe clll8tliCII I !lenS(!.

lInl whlll is the spt'Cill! illlltus of mch SO:~I)Cl!oat8 in the

e m of glol~,liUlt ioo? A fl c, all, ht ranger&, ~ick l>eop!e, nomadil,

rdigious (Iill'\id( ~nt >l, al><! Kimi!ar minor OlOCilll gnlU]>1I ha>'e

al ... ·a ~8 1)C"n largets of I)rcjudir.e and xenopholiia. Uere I sug·

g~~1 a single and ~im]llc hypolhe!!is. Gi>-.:n Ihe ~ysi eUlic oom

]lmmili'l: of national '''''HlOmic 1KJ"ereignly that is huih illlo

1 he Iogi' ~ of glnhali7 .. 1 ion, and gi"en tltd ;)lCreasing III rai)) thi ll

pu l! 011 stlllC\l IO Iw::ha.'c as I rusl<:t" of the interei!l$ of a tcrrilO_

riall y d"flllcd lind mnfiued "people," minorili~~ are th.: '!la;or

s i, ~ fo, di~pl3Ci "g the a"~i,,t i« "f Illany still e!! ,,1...,u l thd r

0 ... ·)) mi~lOri l y or lIIa'l~ inalil y (real or i lll~ined) in a wnrld of. .3

few IlIC!IIslal e1', of U 11m Iy eeo.JOIlli<; Rows and comprumi!!<:<l

",,,·creignl ies. Minoritics, ill a word, are n)ClaplJ(H'1I ami reo

II,i IId.~ r8 of lh.) bet rayal of t he classic.lllIIl iOlla! projP.f:l , ' \lId

il is Il,iB hel rayal - acl ually roote,1 in lIre failure of I he .",Iio.,·

stale 10 preso: rve ilsl'rorni!le 10 be tlw guarantor of naliona l

sovereignt y - II,;,t "nd"., ... il," the worldwide i",!,ulilt: 10 eX·

t mde or 10 eli ",inah' ",i,~)ril ie!!. Awl l hi~ pl."", explain ~ "'h,'

state oni litary f"r(.~ areoftt " i" ,'01 ,'eo.! in inlrastateel lmocide.

Of "'-'JU rse., e .. ~r y <:lise " f inte rnal ,·iolene.: agai IISI mi ..... ri·

Ii"" al&o has ils "w" reali,t "ocioluj!y of ri sinK " x,,,,,,lations.

cruel markets, eorrll pt stat e ngellciell, arrogant illle"'elllio,,~

from the outside, and deep histories of i IIt~rn ... 1 hale and &os

picion "'aiti ng 10 Ire mohililt ,l . But tl!eM: olily occounl for the

characle l'3. We n~ 10 look ei!lewhem ror the plot . And the

,)101- ... wldwide in its fon;e - i~ a pTO(lu<:l of tho: jll~lifitd fea r

that Ihe ...,,,1 "·,,rI.1 ga"'e has ....cal',,<l lhe oet "f .tate i!oO''e r·

.;igm y and imcrslate diplomacy.

A lId let. wh)' are minor ities target s of l his worldwide p;it·

lern? lien: we llIay rellorn 10 Ihe dlWlic anlhropological argu

menl by Mary 1}000 gIII>! Ihal "dirl is malleroul of place~ and

Ihal aU moral and lIOCiallaxollomif!$ find abhorrenllhe ilems

that hlur Ihei r boundarie8 (1\)66). M inoritieij of t h" sort that

I ha.·" deilC ribcd - th" infirm, Ihe rdigiously deviant, III(: dis

abled , the mobile, the il legal, and the IIJlwdcom~ in lhe spao:tl

of lhe nalion ·Slate - blur Ihe boundarie$ helwe..n '" us" and

··,he m," here and lhere. in and "ul, healthy and unheal thy,

loyal and di810yal, n~'C<I~od but un .. -"Io;onlf!. Thi. lalIl binary

"'Ihe key to the puzzk. In one way or lhe ol lll;r, we nee<!

the "mioor"l\rouf'8 in our national s~s-if l](Ithiug else

10 dean our latrines and flllhi OtJr .. ·a ..... ]JUI they are . urdy

alJ!O u" ... -.:l.:o" 1e '-aU!Ie of Ih~i r anomalous idcnlil'<)jj and al -

lach menl$. A,,,] ,n th'8 00u ble qualil y Ihey e' nhod)· the oon:

problem of globaliznliOll it &elf for many nal iOfHlale\l; it i~

both neo:_ry (or al lea •• ungmi<iabl.t) and it is ullwdco",,,.

It is hoth "~ (,,-eca,,own ii , cOfltrol ii , un,1 uS<l it, in lh"ol,t; ·

",i.tic vi.ion) and 1101 118 ( ... ·e can amid it , rcjed it. live wilh

ou t ii, deny il. and eli",inUlt il. in 'h" pe!<Sim;st ie ~ isio,,).

TIll1'!, fro'" thi s point of vie"·, Ihe glohaJizalion of vioknce

againSI minorities e""eU a d~p anxiely allout Ihe national

I,roject and its 0"·11 ambiguous relationship to globalization.

And glnbaliulliOf', heing a fo!'Oll without a face. eannO{ be the

ollje'" of etlmoeide. ]Jut ",inoritiell ClUJ.

Put more gene rally, and Ihi8 is all argument n](lre full)·

elahornte<:1 in chapter 4 . mil](lrities ure tIle flasll fIOint for

a serie8 of un~-ertaint ;C8 that Inediale between "."(:ryday life

and its fasl -. hifting global "ackdrol~ They creale uncertain·

lie;; abou t the nal ional se lf and n<lt ;ona! cil i~enshi l) be-cause

of their Illi~ed stah,!;. Thei r kgalJ)' amhiguou~ stalUs pillS

1're8!!1HC1I on , :onsti tut ion~ and legal onlen. Thei r nlO'"Cmt~118

threaten Ihe policing of ",",roJcn. Thcir r"" .. w; ia l transact ion!

hlu r the lines ,":t "'e<:11 nat iona l economie!land bet ""Cen lepl

an(1 crilllinal Iransact ions. Their languagt'3 exatt rbal': ,..or·

ries ;,1><:>0,1 nali"nal cu lluml coherence. Their lifeslyles are

easy ""lIys I" ( I ispla~e "';( le~I 're;,d lension.; in Oluciely. e6pe.

dally in urball l!OCi~ly. ' I"':ir IIOIilie8 tend 10 h.., multifocal.

,0 tl,er arc alwaye (\QUI"Cfi "f an.<;Cly I" lIOCuril y ~ta1<:!- When

t IICY arc wealthy, the)' rai"" thc IlJlOCtcr of elite g"'baliutKm,

worki Ill! Ill! ils pariah IllCtliaton. A 110.1 ,,·llCn Ihcy are IlQ(lr, they 4IS

are w m"Cflient symbQIs of Ihr, failu re of tnauy (orms of d..,·

l'<!101,,nenl 11",1 wcl rar~. ,\],0"'" ~II , 8i ,~ almOlSI mil idea~ of

nal iou a"d ]><l<lpld .... >(! rely on 'I"""" idea of ethnit; 1",,;1 y or

singu laril y an.] 1 he SUPIJr<'8SiQl' of the mc"u)rief! of plu ",Iity,

ethn ic minorities hlur tlw hOll "dariC1l "f m!.lional pooplell()(lo(].

This uncertainl y, exace rl~~l ed "r I he illllbi lity of many ~1"les

II> S<!<:ure national '~"" .. 'mjo; !IO"~reillnly in Ihe ern of glOlb·

ali711l ion. can translate into B lack of toleratl<:C of anr!tort Olf

colle<:ti "e SI range r.

II is difflCoh t" k"ow .. ·lto mi(lht emerge AS th.., larget ",i.

norily, Ihe i n · fal~d 8t ra ng~ r. In ""nle CAIM.~ il kcrns oh.ioull,

ill 01 IlCn Ie .. .... Awl I hal i. """.lI..., mi oor;l;"o lire ,,,,I horn

hut nWl']':, hi~l()fically ~"eak ing. In short. it i. through 1lJ"' .

eif", choices ami stmlcll""'"" of len of SIBle eliles or fIOlilieal

lea.ler~. I hal I,arlic" lar gNUpS, who have ~I ayed in. isihle, are

rendered v;$ible as mi ,,,,ritie!! against whottl cmttpail!tt8 of

~alu "'n y can he unleashed. leading t" explo!ioll! of elhno.

c~ lc. So, flit her I ha n lla)"i"l1 I hat minOlri lies prod,,~-e "iolene.:,

" '<; could hener say lhal violence, e>lpecialiy al Ihe ualional

le"el, requiree milloriti~. And 1 hi~ producl ion of minoril i"

" " lui.e8 u""arthin,!! 110fT'" hiMori" and bo rying olhers. 11,i8

procc. is "'hal ao;counls for Ihe complex ways in which gk>bal

if>8Uc~ an,1 cl.l81o.,., Kraduall y ~i",plode" inlo lIaliol1 ' and 10·

calilies, of leu in Ihe f"..m of paroxysrnal v iolen ~~ in the naHle

of S<)me lruIjorily. One d u si<: (;liS/: is the 1''''''6&6 by ,,·hieh the

5ik hs in I ndill "'ere !lrad Llally I Llrued inlo a problemal ie llIi ·

norit y (A~cl2(HH ) . This was ""tthe o"lcome of an y ~impk

(urlU "f cen~u~ ""Iilic&. J I was i>a8C,i on II long I ,,'cnlielll Cen

tury of regiolUlland national ""Iiliet and " 'lIS finally pr(uiuced

in Ihe ";01<:11(:<: of 1914. Ihe assassinalion of Indira Gandhi .

1 he Slme ." t"OO "Ierinsutgenc)' ~"lunp.~ign againsl S ikh ee parnt ·

isls, and Ihc carnage (J{ the 1984 riols in Delhi and ciae ,,'hcre.

It could he ar!!:ued Ihal il "'a8 in fael the ,,_i.·e unlcuhing

of Slale and popular violet1« agaillM Sikhs in '98.1 Ihal pro·

duce<ll he S ikhs as a cultural and po lilical mino rity, ",I""",

0"'11 8malllerrori~I COlll)}()nenl acquired a ge'''~ral sacralily

afl er Ihese evenlJi.. So, wilhin a cenlury (and SOme wouloJ say

w;lhin a decade) a calegory Ih~1 WlIiI cOI,sidered a mil ilani

auxiliary of the lI indu wurld turned into ita most dangerous

inlernal c .. " my for al least a dt'l:ad" after 1984.

COil sider OIIe 1;,1$1 reflection 01' Ihe lillh hel~en gk>bali ....

lion and .·iolenee llgainst minoriliCii. Th is connection fon:<'!!!

one to perfor m Ihe 1,anlcsl of anal ylic " xerei i\efi, ... hich i& 10

...... w 00'" fOn;eIJ of great speed. $eale. and $COpe (i .c. , Ih" pro

CC!!lll'f! of glohalizalion), "'hieh am all!O in many ,,·ays ,-ery abo

!\tracl . can he connected 10 hodily violence of llle 1TJOS1 inti .

m.'" 110", fnnJe(1 by , he fam ilia.ri,y of every.t.y rd. ,iotllL, ,h" romrorl of neighhorhood, and ' he bOl'lds ofintimacy. lIoweal1

fric"d kill ftic",l. ''''ighhor kill "c~hbor, ,,'-en kino",a" kill

kin811'>an? TIICM: ''''''' fo ..... of inti"llllte Yiol~II« K enl ""pc'

dftl ly 1" '7.Zling in 'UI era of fast t...,hnologiH, a".' noel Ii,,,,,,.:,,,] insl .u m ... nl ... . emote fO • ..,8 of poowe., and large'Kale OoWI of

ledrni""c.a"d id~'O;IlogiC8.

One "'ay 10 """,vet Ihe horror of Ihe worl<lwit! ... IIm,,'Ih in

inl imate I_I ily violence in Ihe eonl e ~' of incre.,!,," ..hoi rae.

li"n • .,d cin'"IlI . io" or imagn II"" ,,,d"''''ogi" i. '0 ~"QI~id ... r , hal' he relaliou .. hi l' is lout paradoxical al all, 'n ", hody. e!lpe' a1

dally Ih" ",inorit ize.] 1000)", ea., si."ull"le<)uilly I", I I", mirror

and II", i' I$I" " ncul of tllOK abstraction. "'e fea r nlO&l. Mi· nori, ies aud thei , bodiH an', after all, .he pro/lu"'l1 of high

degr«1 of .b. ' .ac, iQt1 ill Wtlnli"l!j, clllosi fyinl!j' . ",I Itln"ey'

iUI! »O""lal ion., So. 11M) body of ,1 ... hi8.oric. lly IlrodllC<!ll ,,,i.

lIori, y combines Ihe !!eIlu,,' iom of the fam ilia. and 'he rt.'(]11 ... ·

• ions of the alll! tract in lIO<: ial tife, allowing (~a.1 of' he glohll l

10 he embod k-d within il . ml. ,,'heu l pedlie ,itua,ioll l l.et;orne

o.'c rdiarg~'(] .. ,itl , am idy, for Ihal body to he an ni hilated, To

be "", re. "'" ne-ed '0 u"den'and a greal many 111I'cific ""~'I111 and proc . F PO' in ord"r 10 get f r(Kn 'he ",r"ginOUllpin of,he

1110 .... 1.0 II." i",'" ... O.' I."". of local ~io~, Bul h"..., i~ ,h., (XWlilrilil Y 10 cOflsider: that pa., of, he effort to &low d",,,'n

tl.., whi rl or the I!jloh .. 1 .lId ill seen,i,,!! larg<:llelll of reach i.

by bold in!! il .t ill ,lInd n~."i"l! it small, in Ihe Iour ly of Ihe ~io"

lat ed m'.lOr. Such Yiole"~..,, in Ihis pen-I'ect iye, i. ,,0( &hoot

old h81 rt.'tb ~1H11'.illl"rdi,tI fea~ It i8 an ctfo. ' 10 uorei!le the

..

"" .... , the ernerl!~" I, and the uncerUlin, one name for ""hidl ;.

glob.olization.

The rt;lation~hip or the ~.t e8'lriC$ of ma;orit y and mi nor·

it y. especia lly in li beral J cmocrocie&, i ~ slipvery 3.ul ,-ola·

tile. TIle; ' special relationship 10 globalized violence i$ .nor<:

cklso:l y enmineti ill the following chapter .

4 Fe.,. 01 Small Numberll

he. e i8 . ha. i" puuk .... rour"li,'I!: BfI~ .Ioon' mino' ;Iie.

in . g~" .. li';nll .. o.t.! . TI,,,, puzzle i ~ IUOOUI ,,-hy lhe net...·

I i.-ely 8" .. n numbe~ thai I!!i • .", l he ..-ord minor;' y il. moN

Ill m,,1f. ",..ani "It ami u~Wllly imply poli lic.l and military

,,'cIl; \lCM do 1l01 jll"f! .... 111 mi nori'iel! from bcing obj«ls of fcar

.n.1 of Bflt'. "'10)' l;'II. hlrlnl"f!. or I!!belloize Ihe "'eal;? '1". may h.: n ret.·","", '1 .. ~-.; ' io" for ethnie yiole""" .&"'n~1 . nllO n

gronps al an y lime in I li~ 'ury( I I , ,"o', 2uol). IIc.e, I ..eel; 10

""1!!8ge IhiM puu le wi. h ~p.:cial rt)fc.e.1O!: 10 Ihe ",. a of I!!lohal.

,u,io" , ~""I"""i8I1y from the lale ' 9801 unli l Ihe l'n:ocll l,

, 11e WOlll);lT1lti,.", b'Morial qllf:Mion doet not , ill ."Y CUt,

Bpply 10.11 ofb"",.n hil iOf')'. Mllce l1 .ino. ilin and majo.ities

a.e ~nl hiJIIl. k. t j'''T:'mions, eoIIIefll ;' lIy li~d ul' " 'il h ideas

. houl ' IlOI ion .. p<J1lulio.lions. . epre&enl. lion. IIld emunention

.. -hieh are nO more than a few centnri~ old. They .re . Iso

loolay '''';'-''''$<.1 idea .. since Ihe led,n'que. of con "I illg, dao·

sifl£at,on, and political participation that ullderlie th~ ideas

of tnajority and minoril y .re ~" ~rywhere ItSllOCiated ""ilh the

modcru nalioll·slalc.

T he idca of a nllljority i, not ()rior to or i",I<:"",,, ... lI:lI t from

Ihal of a minorit y, ~pedal1y in the di800Ur11C8 of modcrn

politice. Majoritiefl Ilrtl U mud. th~ I,mdllet of enumeration

and political nomination 115 are mi ..orilies. I ndeed. majorit ies

nee.1 minoritiu in onl~r to uiSi, ""''' JtI0r~ thmllhe re.·c~.

Hetloo. the fi~t stcp 10""~rd addl"CMillg "'hy Ille wcak. ill

80 many ethnonationalist settings. are feared. is to go back to

t he ~ .. e/ther ~ quest ion in elementary 6OCio~'gicalthe<>ry. In

Ih is theory, Ihe creation of colkcti"e other&, or thcm's, ;5 II

requiremcnl, through the dyn",ni,,"!! of stereol )'ping and iden

lily contrast, for helping to !let houl\,larj~~ an,l Hldrk ofr the

d t "arnic~ of the we. 'Ill is IIspeo:1 of the tl",ory of the .,.;af"l'

gnal. lhe sle .. ",type, an'lthe other gro ... ·s out of that hranrl of

~y mloolic i"t eractioni~m that was made e~pljcit in the works

of Cooley lIud Mead, but il is alro entirely centrol to the core

of Freuol"s ullderSlanding of group dYll81l1iCll, including his

da",ic e_y on the nareissism of lIIi 111>< differences ("'hieh I

disculIt! laler in the .. .hapler).

I II tli i, llOI:ioJogicallradilioll. the undCN;;landi"g of the prll

CClI!I II( " e -making is limited, since il i8 8Ct:n as a mecilaJli·

cal bY-rnw:lIlCt of the I'rocese by "'hich Ih·ey ~ H/"f! c real~-d.

The process rell" ire8 tYm,,1e oo"t rast ~ and shar" !>o"'Hlarie8

which help to consolidate "we ~ ;dentiti~6. The making or

,,·e's. of CQlk",live selV6, is gi"en short sllTift in Ihis I radii ior"

since it is regarded as !IOCioJogicaUy Hatu nil and ""I"e<I"i r ing

of doopcr thought. Mainstream sociologicaltheor)" especiall y

in rc@,a,d to@,ronpfornuuioo. ,\oetuplorethe role of oon·

nkl 1M i lithe tradit ion of Sirnmel) or of reli«ion (in ,he t radi·

• ion of Ou.khd m) or of anI M@,OI,i •• ic 'nh'~1 (M in lhe . ... di.

I iQn of Mar~) in II ... hu i 1,linll of ool l«.i~" id",,1 ilie&. (luI o:wn

1 1~'gh 11_ ,rad it im" .ie, ca~1 11(1"''' lillio l 01. the (orl1l;\1 iQn of ,,'t "Ientilin Q • I'a.lially ind'-1~1O(~,' proc: 3' ,,- i tl~,' ...,(.

en:nc<: 10 II~ " e/I\"")' d ialecl ir. Ihe y do 11001 lend to I"" o.Ittply

...,H.....,'i.~ . houl , I"" (on ,ulI iOll of .. -hal I ha,'Ol el&e .. he. e called

MI,,,,,,lalory id"nl il iH M (ZOOOlO) .

P, .... " , ....... ' •••. , ••

1 define" pre.:!.I"r), , ho ll<! id""li,ie. " '1,,- *"".1 <:'On~l ru.!·

lim,"n,1 I11oh i'i .... ' i"" r'-~,uire the ""' tinctim. of other. prox.

imate I!<><:ial catellor;"".. defi ned Itl thn:.'fi 10 the "ery e~ i8tence

of &oone g .... up. defi",,'" II!! fi ... e. I'r~-da'o ry identj ,iee t llterge,

lteriodicllil y. OUI of 1>"il"8 or i,kn til i~'e, .. "' ''''' im.!Ii 1Ioe 1 ~ ,hal ore

la'!!,·, , h"" "' ...... -hid, h~" e Jon!! h i ~l orie5 of claM: r.''''IIOCI ,

mixl un:. "nd IIOm e ,kg''''' " f ",," ,,~I ti' ert'<>IYI, ing. o.,ca. ioo,.1

"iotencc may or may '101 I..: I ~ul. of Ih,-"" hijloriet., bUI "(line

, Ieg'~e of eON.1 rl 51 in, i.k" l;focI' ion ;sltl .. ·.)·" in,"Oh~l . O"e of I helle pai", or ",,16 of id"n' itica .. r, ,,o I urns 1" ",lalol")' hy III()·

bilizi nl! I n "nden .. .. ,,,li,,,.x i l ""'I ( .... lh rn le,,,,d ""'.i<>ri'Y'

Thi! kind of mohi lillllion i. II"" key "l'1' in lu rni,,! a henill"

social iIk"'il} i"IO' p'ellotory idenl ity.

TI.e rornllll ioJf' or ,m dl" ... in to a modem ,,.Iion .xl ....

I 'ro" ide~ tl~ Il;Ui~ (or the .... ~rl!tn« of pretiator, idmtities.

idetlt,l ieI< thai claim 10 ~I" i t1l the exl;nction of ' ''Olher 001-

Iect;" ,ly (or IlId r 0"" "''''''VII I. I'n:tt..lot'"y idenl'l i.,. are . 1·

"

mO'l1 .. Iways majori1/tria" iden1i1;~ Thai i!l, Ihey are ha'lC<l

Oil claims about , and 0" ho) ha lr of, a threatened majorit y,

I" fact, ;n many ;n$lanCC3. Ihey are claims ahout cultu ral

"'''jor;t;es thai ~k 10 be ""clu$i~dy Or exhau~1 ;"ely linked

"';Ih Ihe idcntity of the llat;OII. Sollletimt'l! these claims arc

ltI,ule in terms of ~ligiou $ majorities, soch as l-l indus, Chris

tians, or k .. '8, and at ot llcr times in terms of liuguist;c, rllCial.

or other 8Ort! of rnajoritit'l!, such a8 Germans, Indians, or

So: rbo!. nil) di.'!COurse of I~ mohilize<1 majo. itiee of"~ 11 ha~

.... ithin it the idea Ihat it ~'U" I,1 he itself lumt-d into .. mi

I>or ity ulll~ anoiloer minorily d iSlippeaT3. and for I h i ~ rea

""", predalory grou~ often use 1_,,, ~ .-<lcUlog ral'fl ;f. argumenlJ! about ri!!ing hi rthrate<! among their targeted minor ity

t~lCm iCII- Thus, pN)tlalory id,~n titiCli arise in those ei reum-

6lan~ in which majoriti"" and ",ifM}rit i"" CIUI pLausihly be

fOeen as being in danger of lrading plllC""- Thi. in"". reci

procil y is II ,""ntral feat ur~ uf thi~ analysis and .... ill he re"i ~i tetl

below ill this ~ hapler.

I'rooatury identities emerge in the tension between ma

jorily identi l;"" and national idcnti tie$. I d'!Hli ti,~ may ho) dc

I<;rii>ed a$ Mmajorilarian~ nOI simply "'henlhey arc jm'oked

by objccli~el y larger groups in a na lional p<>lily hUI " hell

they ~tri¥e IU d oee Ih., ISap )lI!t"·<len the rnajority al,,1 the

puri ty of the national ,,·ho le. 11.is i8 ~ key point "buut Ihe

oondi tiorul under wll idl idenli l iC1! lurn pre<lalory. Majorily

identities thaI $u~~fu ll y rnobili~e ,,·hal I earlier ddi"..,,1 as

Ihe "fIX~jrof ;11COm/>kf'.1I<".3J about th~i r eo: .... : reigm y ~an I urn

I' redBlory. IncomplclellClls, in th i~ sense, i8 fM}1 only ahon'

effecli>"(\ cOO lrol ur pmclical HOH,n:iKnly bUI mort: ,mpor·

lantly 8hout purily and ils relationship 10 idenlity.

In lhe prev ious chapler I referffiJ 10 Mary Douglas'~ con·

Iribution!; to Ihe suhiL'!:1 of l!Urily amI calegorical identily.

Uer in~ighl& "~n be ex t c'HI~,1 10 »ut~ Ihal p...,.\Plory ilknt ;·

lies. " l)()<;i aJly .. -h~n they al"(! _iale.1 ... ·ith .... jorilarian·

;SI11, th ri>'C in the gap helwef:n I he &ense of nu merical majority

and the fantasy of mU;onal l'uril y atlll who\eHe811. Predatory

id.;t,lities, in olher words, are Producl$ of si lualion$ in ... hich

Ihe idea of a nalillnal peol'lehood is successfully redu .. 'ed 10

the principle of dlmi,' ~i"g"la r ity, OK> Ihal Ihe existe'_ 0( &3

C"'''' the ."111.110;1,11 minoril y ... ilhin nllt i0l1111 houndarie& is seen

allIIn inlolerllhle ,kf"'il in tl oe purity o( th~ national ..-hole.

I n such eIreu Illslanees. I he >'ery idea of heing a majont y i. D

frustration. si~ it implies IlOme $Orl of elhnic diffusion of

Ihe national ptol'ldK>O<l. Minorities, 1>cinK. reminder of thi!

8mal1 hut ("'Slrat i"l1 .-\efocit, I hu! u"leaw the urge 10 purify.

This i8 one haiic elemenl of an an~wer to the quesl iOll: " 'hy

can small n"",hen eXelt" rage? Small numhers rel're<l'ent a

t iny oh~tade bet "',,.,,,, majoril y and trllalil y or lolalp"ri l y. In

a St .. llse, the sillaller I hll nUIli ber IlJld Ihe "'Caker Ihe minori l y. Ih~ deep." Ihe nq!e abou l il8 capacil y lu mak" a majori l y feel

Ii ke a mere " ... torit y nil focr Ihll.I1 like a whole lind "'lOOnt~ted

ellmus.

l1'e I11Q/j1 I"(!n1ll.rkcd I"-ent ielh Century e1<ampll:: of Ihi$

!len!lOl of fmstrnted I' ur;t y it, of e<w.' r!Ie, the mobilizalion of

~German,,~ ~ a~ a I'~atory irlent il} hy Ihe Nazis, di l1!Cled

esl"",;all)' but n,,1 cxclusi~1y against the j,.,....!-. Mmny ""hol-

ars 11a\"e forcefully uguoo Iha l Cfi,leCi.Uy for I he _ imilalcd

J"wish ",nnl~r. of lhe German bou'l!eoi~~. il .. -u poMible.

"\ ~n -..:11 int ll rhe I'" riod of NiW power, ro helio:>'C lhar rile)"

.. .,r., Jewish in In enli ,dy Ko;onduy Ie,_and that lhey .... e~

in ewry imllOrUlnl rewrrd fully Gemlan. eo."'en.ely, il ;s 1"*

liible 10 argile that fir from Iw.ing a IlUC()Fseful IIlOhi liul ion

of a IXInlin ...... &, unc:h.ngi ' l@. , .. rionaU, coded f"alure of lhe

Ge n , .. n 'lMfl-ie, ant j·s,o,m ililOln had 10 be ""gularl)' mobilized

and rea .. ilined through I'0 .. uful carnpaigllil of racial and

[lOli tieal PWfl&gllltla, Ihrough which Jews ~'OOld he!left1 118

'IOII-Ger"'.n~ and a"ti-GCTlIWI"'" 'n \e II~ial corllrihuliOll of

NaziA 10 l he compleI tra,liliom uf European ant i-semilism

has heen idcntified I,y .,...IIre imllOrtant ""iJOLa rs 10 he I"" in

lirA;"" of ""icn lifrc; ...,il", and it. OK;C;om pan ying eugenic . IId

denlOf!rapl ric i!leu lu ea rl ier form$ uf religiuus ami lIOCia l

Siereot ),Ili, ~.

Ew,,11 [)"" iel Guldhagen (,,~), .. ·1", other .. ·isc: crea tes a

wtllRrlo:Rhly rRdal i~,~1 picture of the itlc .. t iti' ~8 IIr Monli"".y

Gern .... n.., H cul lI)I:<ICfl that I lie N",,;, mad" criticalne ... conl,i·

butllln, to Ihe d" linilioll and nlObi liZlll ioll orGerrnan"~'$.'i all

tire ident it y of I I IIrealened lIIajoril)'. tit re;l ~ned espec:ially hy

rlre r.cial car><:<:1 (abo . NAi tWf/e) of I he Jew",- Wharever the

1II..IU8 <lr Goldh"8en'l a'1!Ul1'Ief1l1 about .. ·hal he ca lled -eli·

mirur tioni~t anli&miti~mM and it. mobilizalion alllollg the

\1151 ",.jori l y of ord inal)' G.:rmana, t he " .. jor .. .".kne&ll orlhe book il ;1. ""ru.l 10 ' 1X08l1 ize ilJl O1O·n mn!ive e\'iiknce. nut

lID much or a deep. pr;nlOrdial. and hard,,·ired form or anli·

Semili!;1Il ImOl11l all Cem .. n!l.. ItrCCe!IIIfu lly captured by the

NiWl ror rile p ro;':':1 of eliminwting.1I J" ... rrom the race or

lhe urI I" hul of li1eulnordinarya'TIOUn' of I'Oe'lY lhal was

required 10 lurn ",llIl)' Guman nlll l;ollais inlo ins! rllnwo;l1Ia 0(

,he ~1r",t Sululi ... " .

' 1,c I' ''ge 3' 'foa •• lu. of Nazi ... edi •• ,111 ~p«lack . lloe Ii reo

leM cin:"I.lion of .ad alized PTOf'sgandft a/ld orrlCiall y cin:u.

lal e<.1 " ""0,"" lind lint !!e lf.fulfill ing I)(! r( ... rnlll"'"ef (in whieh

degr~ded JCll·i.h 1'0""lal ion~ "~re ~" at evidc,- or the

8ubllluna" (Iu/lli l iCII o( Jew8) ,,'ere a remarkalole ( .... 1 or 11(.1.",

idoolog.ul and IIOl it ieal r.ngineerir\S. E'e" in 1I"'''' ..... I~ Ihey

c""I.1 I.., tcC' n IIJ t1Oi.ll'"rlre of the crr"r' rr.qui~1 I" h"iI,l . "'-IC

~(u l national wn>t"ru,,~ in f ... -or or lhe eamptlign again~1

Je .... v " cent r.I"lat f .... m of 'he 'n ,ird HeM:l,. One <:01, 1.1 aleo

argue lha' lloe e''!:If!emenl o( ei"ilialla of '1Irio ... kimb in

.... 1 • .,., Mltyliuna, .leath camp~ .nd f"..,...1 marches. ... h~h

... ~re "art ... f Ihe machinery of lloe fi nal SoI"liol1 .... ere I "r",

........ ~ ... ",oug Ihe IIlaS$i.e pol itiCIII perforllllll i"e8 Ihmugh

,,·hid, Je .... ,.ere ' " oceM("lIy n:",lcred ,",hhum"" 11",1 tllOl!e

Germ"n. "'110 " .... e 01; ,ecily ;m-ol,·ed ... cre draw n. loy yiok"t

llel ion. ; "Ill Ihe C(I" ..... "SU6 ab ... ut Je .. ·~ IL!I J1RliOIlIlI fill h.

'n"'n: it . I!!l'al deal mor" Ih.1 oould be woi<l lIhor.,1 Nui

anli&""1 i.", 1I1II11h,· bo.ger national projccl or Nalional So.

dali~m . For 1 loe purpo!!l"l of thit arguolletH. I he ma,n !,,,int i.

110.1 On"" 110" I • .....;.:.·' ... (Genn""""", be<;a" ", ,Idlu • ..! in ~tI.nu .

"",i.1 ter "'~ ...... tile !oeM: "f .... rit y ca.ne inlo play. a noridy

or mi'IO';I;eI I",,:a mc: Aites or l1I@e aho"t ;noornr'ele purily:

ho.l~~"al!l, Ihe 1IfI~d and infirm, Gyptie.. and. ahove all,

Jew&. Jewl were I'",,, ted in NlW IltopaI!D"d" a. "",Jl"ellt'nt, nl!

" a rio,,~ k i",l~ of !IOCi .. I, IlOlit ical , .nd .... ·0"0111;(· threnl &, hut

Ihey ,,'CrC "'''''lJ 1111 liCen II~ a cancer, a. a " rohlem for Ihe

I'uri l )' of Getrna,,-Aryau blooMI, rur I he alm,,-,st perfect project

of a naliollally pure and u nlainted el htlm. German ident it )",

as mobilized by Ihe Nazi", requi red the oomplc1c e limina

tion of Jews from tile German l!OC;al body, and s;r..::e lire Ger

man proje<:1 "'3.'!. proj''<:1 of ,,'orld dorni Ilion, it " "I "i red tl",ir

el imination worldwide.

Tile N""i I'roje<:1 of elimina ting many mi florilice from the

eanh alS(> ca~IS li ght 011 uno thu ;ISpe<: t " f the "';IY preda

tory idell tit if!!! UI"f': mob ilized . In this case, pe rhaps fo r the

fif$t lime in Ihe bis{Ory of hurnanit y, Iwo COIrlradictory irn

pulSl:$ ,,-eN: mobilized in tho: projecl of gcnocidr:. The fi rSI

",as the med"mical, tedmok>gical, and hu rea l>(:ratie side of

the proje<:l , roal'ture<i in Ilarmah Arendt '8 memora ble I,hrose

.bout ~t he banalit y of e"il" (A rend t .!ti3). The lleCond. ho;tw·

e"er, i~ the degradution, libuse, und horrifyi ngly illl imUlt ~i .. -

IerlCt thaI "'as wreaked by Gtrman 801,l ie ... , conilCripls. camp

guards., militias. and ordillary o;itizcns al c.-cry Incl allli in

e.-ery ~i t e of Ihe Final Solulion, This ie rhe co ntradictory illl i_

macy gen"f"dled by I,redalory identi ties. One ,,'ay to under

sta nd th is cnrrtnodicl ion is Ibal reducing targel popu lations

to subhuman Slates faci litlltes the wurk uf lar~e-8Ca le murder

bye- reat ing dislance bet ween kill ..... and killed and by I'rovid.

ing a ~If-fu lfilling proof of the idook>gical argument thaI Ihe

"iclim~ are ."hhuman, venni" , i nsec:t~, scum, garhage, an ,1

y'" a CIi.u;e rous I",rl of the valued nationa l body.

Y~t there is more to the degradation Ihat frf!flu.mtly ac

oompanieti large-&ea le genocidal violence. I ,,'ould ~' ggetit

Itrat il is IJreci!ltly the Bmallness of tire gap bel ween narional

10lali l y and minority presence thaI prod ,,<:ell Ihe anxiety of in-

co...,pklene81 .wl CIl':. les II~ frusl ",1"-,.".1 ~ I hal dti~

lilDle forms of de!radalioo thai shock U8 0)00, frotll Nazi G.:r", .. ,y 10 " .. -ami., from KOM>YO 10 Mu,u lwU . A&-;n we

mUM re~iew Mnw.: arl!umcm., . holJl lhe lIa rei. iNn of "",. U tI ilfcrcrlcH. ,,'I, id, I ,10 lalcr in lilt' ch~l' ler,

'n,,! N87j eUIllI,I,· mighl " l'flo<1lr 10 ht) '''' elll renw.: r.I!Ie thl l

1m. tilll" ill cu",n" ..... ·;th ~"ch ret.-enl liberal "'.jorilarian ·

i! n' . PS IhOIl<: or I nd in. I."k;slan, Brilli n, or Gcr",,,,,y (amon g

othcrs). all of .. hich an: nHln: OJ~n 1o IOC;~ I d ilfcrellCe than

Ihe N~5 "·rrr. The Il i"du" ';I ideology in I .. d in. roruampJ.e.

Ihe ",;ons of Ihe !IOil" ,d~'Ology in MaloYI~. or vatioua ,rn:oJo. 51

giN of cil i~,&hi l' ill t;u""w.: m'ghl he aeen as IiIM!TlI l l1\IIjori.

Ilriani!!<n§. Ih. 1 i!!. as nllIjorilarianisms .. hieh ae.ek 10 he in·

cI,,:iV1'. Are In.w ""'torilarianisms rundanll!'nt. ll y dilfell':nl

from the lIIore wlOta li lari,,,," OOH th., Ihe Nazi8 'n&t.lled in

Ge rnllln y ill Ihe 19301."d 19"O~? My 1iU~lItion i. Ihat .11 mlljOfi lu riani~m. hare in II..,,,, Ihe lIl.'1!< ll of genocide, ~i,,~'e

they IIrt i,wariahly COlln~'<'l ed wil h ideae ahout I he ""gularit y

ami C<.>", ,,I,·lcn"J18 of t he "'~Iional ethn08,

'I1,e dillicuh 'I.><:&t io" is 1o ._ how and "",Ier "'hat

condi lionl lilM!ra l ",,,jo r i l arianism~ might turn illiberal and

potentially gcnoo;id.1. When ,inef; Ihe fact of i'M;o;Imllk le na·

' ...... I"" rit y I~", . " 0«1" ihk ' 0 '.an.la' .... ' .".1 nto.loiliu ·

1100 in the tll! rv ice of build; ng a pred.,ory idct,1 ily? 1bt: .... ..... I wo .. ·.Ys of I"$" oer illg , " i~ "uestion wilhoul <:f. ler;'1f!: in.o an

clah ... ra ' e ""'I,irkiM ~t ud)' of CIIUIO!S. condition!!. 1",1 """' I",r i.

eon 8. Une i~ to IIDggefit lru.lliheral !llOu!!h, hili! a fu nd.rnelllal

IImhi.lllclIce " hoUI the legilimac y of ~ .... IIet:li . ili"" a. IHllitical

acton lI"d . • • II rl'eult. i& al"'a}'~ ope" 10 the manil'u laliuu of

.rllunlCnl" Ilhutd '1l.I4loly dillf!u~l .ti l'llum"nlJlabou l <Iuan ..

Iii y. 'nl' • • pproech i8 uplored below in thil ehaplu.

111C _ d is a more lIe' lCllIlly hislQricl 1 and lenl. I" ',"

"nawe. IU Ihe <l1oettion of " 'hen the oond,l ion of ,n,,:o"' l'lele

, .... ,ty PI'OIIeI" au . fI!U lllenl far lIenoc'de. The hi"tori~a l in ·

I!redi~"I " for Ihi. IllIndOl'"mal ,an or li pping ..... int appear 10

indnde the followiI1f! : the <:aptllr" of the 8tlliC hy partil'$ or

01 hcr gl"Olll18 Ihlll han, l'Ja.:ed Ih" ,r ..... lil ic1l1 betg on !WJnlt:!IOr!

of ra~ia li ~ed ,lIIlio, .... i61 ideology; Iht .,.,.ilahilily of ~e'llIl'$

1001. "nd .ochniqueol lhal ellcouJ'llIl" eunme rlled """,,,,,,ni·

$I I;el lo I_no: norm, for the i,le. of w mmnnily i~ l f; a fdt

lack of iiI bet .. -ecn poIilal borden and co"",,"nity m;l! rll'

l iot .. and IlOIlulal ioo&, yieldi"" , new alerlllCM to .... Iit icall y

. ba,!dooed elhnic kin or 10 elhnic fI~rl claim" ,!! 10 he

one '" kimmell ; and a Mlcu:s8ful carn pail!n of fear, di recled al

numeriCII nuojorilie8. ""h ieh convi"0011 the m Ih~ 1 I hey I re at

risk uf .1"01 mclion by ,"inorir ies, \\'ho know how 10 use Ih" law

(and Ihe el1l ire ~PI>aratu8 0flj be ra l·de moc""l ie I'ul ilic.) to ad·

vltl'ce !hei r ~pecilll end ll. To !helle faelOr., I!lohAlization afld"

il l ollO>(: ifie e"erl!i~ " 'hieh "re di«:uWW!d I I Ihe end of this

d lll p!cr. 111io!lel of faclors;, nOI i ntend~1 10 he "~h,,,u S{i,,,,

or pred icli"". It is intended 10 &11Mb ! Ihl l lilt: Nazi projt>rl

""'y hl \"e I....,., "xtraordi nAry in il' coII. i51 .... cy a"d Ih" reach

of il o B",,,,,,,idAI j'nAAina tioo,. But u .... idoolot!r of n .. jori t"ri ·

Al,i~m turn .. d I)redalory. it doe8 nOI . 11ow Ul lo i '''''f! i ' l/) lh~ 1

l iben l i~m is immune from the col1d iliQoll Ih . t I, ro<i uce nil!'

joritariAl' 8"nocid ... India in III/) Pili ! IWo d.,..,,,deIJ is a pri"",

".Iit: of I I Ie 1ft \I er I""",i hi Ii i y.

The Nazi case certainly jn~; I "" u. 10 !II'" how predatory

i4lent ities are funned and tu ret:ogni te that the reA~i~e theory

oft I ... uther, in wh'ch scapegoot~ (oftcn m' tlOrit't'8) anl v'c .. ~

3~ a (u'>e4ional ""'Iuirc",ent (or 4"" bui ldinl\ "p of f« ling.

of W~ ' IIe8S, i _~ hot h m,~hanica I and part ial , 'n,,; ",0I.>il;7.1 ' ion

of fccli n~s of wc-nCllil. ""IH"<:ially in Ihr: ~' l'Of1g form Ihat I

lm'"ll hcre caUeril' .c<I;,tll' Y. deloe.,ds on th., tC' IlI;IIn h"I .. ·.,.n

i,INI~ IIf the _ ;rcr l wIH,I"nCl\.'i IIf thp. II,uional dp.'tK>iI and the

statistical idea of a maj.-.. ity. M8jorilariani~1ll thri'-elI ", Ilere

majori t ies h,~;ome !>ei~e,l "r the fantaay of '~lti"'ml purit y,

in that ~One "'here quautit y rneete- but d00:.'8 not completely

de(",e - qualit),. This i.\SUe opel1llu p anotller dimension uf t he !l9

prohlem of Bmall n" mhe rOl. "'hieh i~ th., link hetw.,en numhe r,

quant ity. anti polit ical ""i,..,.

Number in ~ Ubwel maginDt ' ""

N"m~r~ have an a",hi ,-al" .. 1 " lace in liheral SQCial theor y.

and t he relation~hip between nu ",he", and calegoriee is I()(lay

at the heart of SO me central tcn~i'-"'8 he t...,en liberal !!OC;al

theory and demrxrat ic '''-'rm!<. T he issue or majorities in the

mude", "aliurH tate ul~ ,w8 us to eurnine the&e lensi,,"s ina

product i.e manner. From a certain poi nt of vie,,', the crit ical

"" ",""r. for Li".'r~L ..... ! i~l 11o,,,,..y. i. Ihe m.","'" o,,~. "'hieh i.

the numerical ~ign of Ihe i"d,\"dua1. In\lOr.r u the indi" idual

i~ at Ih., .KJrrnath'l! heart of libe rali sm And is sil.uOO gnrullli

""ell amung cumpeting libernti sm~ the "umber ~()ne" i~ the

. mal k08' ' '''t>oriant number (or liocr.l ism. A$ the 811.,.11« 1 in

teger. the nu",her ~one" has _ number of p«>pertie. of inler

est to mathematician:!, but for liberal 9()(:ia l theory, it i, ill

l!O"'ll jjO ~"SOl the only impor tant number, 'liher Ihall zero. The

lIumber z"ro i& almO$lIl8 im[Klrlanl be<":ause it is thol key to

c'lnvcrting integcn inlo nllmben in tht hundreds.. the thOlJ·

" .. nd", lhe millions. and.., 'In. In 'lther .... 'lrds, zero ia the

numerieal key to Ihe id". of the tn"'SC" , "'hieh is one of th.c

eatcgorie!l ar(HltHI which liberal Bnd (I.;mo';"dlic tlKlUght part

.... ay ... Lenin i, qlloted as ha"ing said: " I'ol itics is "'here tlte

maSileh are, not "'here t here are thousands hut .... h"rO) there ar"

",illion ... thai i~ .... he re ow.rious politics hflgill~- (Merton and

Sills 200').

M",:h liheral Ihought imagin~ large grouP'! a8 "~grega·

t ious of i'ulivitluals (that is, of infinite combinations of the

number 'lne). A &ignitlcant part of 110" utilitarian traditioll

in liherallhoughl, from Bentham \0 Ra .... ls, trie!l to imagine

oolll)(;t;\"I) life as orgaltiz~'<1 around forma 'lf aggregale deci

sion making .... hieh privilege the individual Or II. number of

p<:~ns nO Lorger than 'lne. In this way, liberal Ihoughl, in

terms of th.coriu 'lf rel,rescntation, of the collec ti"e good,

a"d of social seienee, 'magi riel! aggregat ions of i"rlivi'] lIal$ a.o

<.'olistitu tM by the IItlditioll or larg" ow,U of the number Olle .

Pu t anothe r "'ay, the app<: .... dllce of w llecli"ities, ililhe cell'

I ral t rad itjOl's of liberal Ihollghl , is a mailer of the "I!gre!a·

tion of 8;"11" I ... r ;nlel"$ts and "l'lcnts !eek;ng eol"lion~ 10 I he

flO(:t Ihal they . re fon:ed to interact "'itlt one another, This is,

or COtHlI'! , only a ... ay of restating the 8la"dard chllJ"lleteriza'

lions of markel rnoddH;1I neuclailSical economics and of the

imagesof collecli~ life that lie ""hind Ihem. In thinen$<:, ]ih·

eral thought irnag;nCf! colle<:tivili "", to be social forms .. loose

Iogie>t, motives, and dYJIIlJn ;sm can al ... aya be i"fene'! from

8Om~ m~lho.1 for understalHI ing I he lI(!gregal iOIl of iulen:&tcd

indi_iduals.

For Ii beral thOtlght. f rom it~ _cry ho:ginninl!!s, the probkm

about ,]crll<><:mcy is Ihe l>OAAibilit y that it ~'Oul,1 cncourdg~

the IH,lit ieal Ic~;t imlley or Illrge numbt:r1I. '!lw: 8harp COIl t rlLst

bet .. m:n tim pcopk and the masees i~ eousti ul1~ in li ..... ral

Ilouught ~ruund ... hat happen$ to tht number ~one" "'hen

mpny L~r .. " ~r., pd.kd to il . TIll, ;d~a of the mK88efI (as in

Orlega y GaSflOlI's dlll!fli<: I'ook. TIlt: H"l'Oil u/IM M".Utl) ;8

aS8OC;ated in li"",,altll/ought .. ,;tlo la'ge nu",,,", ... that have

lost the rat intrali! ies ~mtIC,.hl~d in 1 he individ ual , in the num- II

b.: r ()tIC. '!'hu f;, the mllOS<'a arc al ... a)'lll!CeIlal! the "roduo::! and

t he 1~I~is of fascism "",] t ot alitariani ~m. huth loet;,tu ..... of the

""-n",,, of Ih.-i. k ing C<l"'I~d of tlo"individual ~ (or ind;" idu -

als "'hu had lost 1 heir mcntal capabilities to ': .. .:rci!lll thei . o"'l1

rati"""l in tert'Sts) aIMI of the 8Cnse of a coll,-.; tivity ord lCt-

trate'] by r"reeI! oolsi, lc itsto lf_ such &8 II state, a dictato., Or.

mytl, "'hid .... ·8S nol produced by the dcli herali ",~ inleradinn

kt ... ·e.:n individual"" '1'1"1 <juotalion (rorll Lenin eapto Il!8 pre-

cise ly .. Ioat liberal tho"ght fc ... about la'lll' """,be ... It is

b«au !\Ol of 1 his p04enl inl "rrmi4y het wee" large num he .. a"d

tm, hirth of t .. c llIa-. t"al ",uc"lihcra llhought ha~ ri ghll ~

Iw.,11 eI,a_ Ic,i • .,.1 I,y II fCll r of In'g" "'Hl.bt~,S. Th i~ n ... ",h

seems intuitively d ea •. But where then doe. the r~ar of .mali

numhe .. come in?

Ex~'<'.:pt for Ihc ",,,,,ber "ne . ... 'hidt i~ a 8I',,..: ial CIl!oC, 8" .. 11

numhcr~ Rrc t",ubling 10 li,,",ral llOCial toouglot for a variety

of rr.,,*>U5, ~ir51, email nurn hers are lI8IIUCi ~ted "';110 ... ligopoli es, clil ~_ and lyrnnnie8. ·Il .r.y 8UI!IlC'e1 the l)QIII!ihilil Y of ..... at

loday ilaliled ~eli l e all)lUrf!!" of rnoortt8. privilclle&, and the

.-.eryeav-cit)· to ~iate. Snu,U num"" ... are . 100 a worry be·

alUM: lhey raiM: Ihe speclU of OOfl!Ipiracy. of the cell. the ~py.

liletnilor, Ihe diseitknl , or Ihe~...,h' lionary. Small numbe ...

im rod uce Ihe ;ntrusion of 'he p.inte inlo I he IlIOblie sphere,

. ,,,1 .,.irh ;111 ... a.iolOCialoo dangers of nepoliam , coll usion, I!tl h.

"",r~iou. and deceplion.11Iey haroor 'h" 1"" enti,,1 fur !leCreey

a"d pri \"lley, bOlh anathema 10 the ide_of publ icil y and l mns·

plUcncy thaI am yi la] 10 liberal ideu of rat ional eomn"mica·

l iou and open deli heratioll .

More llro,,<l ly, , mall num"" •• ..!"a)-' ca . ry the l)Q;Ijjihili l y

of ,,·hal in I ~ Jihen.l.er.-:ularof tbe Uni led Sl.llel ue called

~~poecial iuteresli ~ and thul J)QSO': lloreale 10 toOff)!: idea of the

-general inlereo;t,ft .. hieh if believed 10 be IJeo!I ~ ... -ed "hen

i,,<1ividual~ deliberale or ""J30tiate as i'Klividual. wi lh all

othu i,.Ji"iduab in the f'Olity. Ilo muSh IMIIne legible mocha·

n i~ ", of repre!leTlta tioll.

Minorilies are the only f'Owerf,,1 i " ~I Rnce of Imll il "u"'

/JerI .. -hich excite Iy"' ..... th y rather Ilmu di81 rlll i ill th( li beral

iUIIlsinal iun, wIlllhal is b.:eause Ih"y inc . .. ... t., thai ""m( ri·

Cl i ~mall'leIIII of wh ich lhe pri" ", case i. Ihe number one. lhe

indiyiduaJ. So once Liberallhoughl bt.'COlIld iUlimall'iy ron·

,_led 10 eleeloral deUloc.-.cy .,,0:1 to delibenl i.-.e I.rocedur<!tl

ill kll~lalion, the itle .. of lhe minority K '-Iui.-.:. a po_nol , ..

kn~t (u with lIlt ~real regard 11>0 .. -" fOor minori ty opinion;.

ill Ih~ U.s. Sul"e,,.., Court) . I u fKI , I h~ ide. 0( • mi nOority is

in iti pol itical g.,.'f .• 'lIOo!y nOot an ethica l or cuhunl idca bl1l a

I'~(l" ral one, haYing 10 do ... ilh di!l8<:nl ins opinion8 in de·

li henl i'-e or kg;!I,.ti,-., <;O/llext. in a democratic frlllllc ,,·o,k .

Thus. in the hi~lOr y of liheralthought, th~ positi"e inll'n:;!1

in minorilietl Bnd lhdr opinioos has much 10 do wilh diS9Cnl

and lillie 10 do ... ·ith d iffer~nce. 11,i8 d iSi i",;tion i~ an impor·

tllllt contribulor 10 the con temporary fear of minoriliel and

re<lui res ~areful e,aminal iOl1.

Th~ initial posili>'~ "alue allach.ed 10 miflQriliet in Weslern

lihera l lhough t is fUlldamenla lly procedural. 11 has to ,10 ,,·il h

l he "alual;Ol1 of ralional d~bale, of Ihe riShllO diS8elll , of lhe B3

"alue of ,lissent as a sigl1 of Ihe lu rg~r value of free ~f"'«h

a",1 opin i(m, aM of Ihe freedom 10 expre8!l diMenting opin-

ions Oil '"alte .... of puhlie momenl wilhoul fear of rctrim,l ion.

The U.S. Constitution is I'erhal'~ the loest place to ellamine

Ihe cenlralil y of di.'W:nt 10 the ve ry idea of freedom. Bul if

we ~ re not ClTe(,, 1. .. .., gre likely to re,'Cr ... the course of his-

'ury and IJlru..-e a rdali vely ...,.,.,nl <levelopmenl , "'hal ... ·c IIllly

call .u/m""li"" diS8<'nl (fur ellmnplc, I he right I .. e ' l.reM el"en

morall y moml rous ol';n iOIl~ 1 he right 10 C ril iciz~ the polir.iCII

of Ihe stille, or Ihe right to qUC1llioll lhe religious opinion '

of the major ily) from "'hat we may call pro«durol diSr!Cnl,

"'hic h io th" origills l conText for t he positivc "alue 1'1"",-"<1 011

",inori l ies.. ~nd c&pecia ll y 011 minoril Y " I.inion. The key ... ord

here i~ opinioll, fOf procedural mi norities are not cultural or

loOCial minorilies.. II",)" are lempomry rniTMJrilies, minorilies

soldy by and of opinion. Social and cultural mitlOriti"" ... hal

"'-': may (all sl.Ihslami,·( mirlOritic~ an: pe rrna,,,,nl ",inorit~

minoritiCfl thai have IlCt."Orne socia l and oot just procedural.

If "-,, look at the history of WeI\tern la,,'~ and ideas per

t~in ing to minoritie&, they take Oil dlllir full likral foroe

Jargel)' after the binh of thOl Unitl'tl Nations and in the vari.

ous cOImmtions pertaining to human righl!! thaI an, pro

,juC<':d after th .. hirth of lhe United Nati""" Of course, there

are va r iou, pi~-.;enlllal ideas about the prot""t ion of min .... i·

Ii", ....,fore the formaliml of Ihe United Nalioos, hut il is

only in the &eo:ood hair of thOl twentieth century, as lhe Klca

of hurnau righ t. became the major currency for negotiating

illlernational agreenlt:nlJ! al;out the ekmenta ry entillements

of all humanit y, that ""~tanlive social rninoritieB """"me

cril ical foei of consti tutional and political concern in many delllocracie@ throughou t I he world _ n,e righl~ of lIlinoritics,

lIt.'f!'n U!Hler the larger rubric of human righl3. aC'lu ired are·

markahly wide credibility during Ihis per iod, and. in differ·

ent natiOlla! fle tlings, became the basis for major juridical

;u)(1 eoll!itit ut ioltal.!ruggl~ o"~ rdtiz<:n8hip. jU8t ico;:. j>Olitica l

llarlicipalion, and ~"'lualil y.

This pro...-ess, in which social "nd "ultural miuontil!S he·

came universally ""en Ill! lM:aren of real 01" potential righ ts,

conceals a poorly theorized, ev~n unanticipated, transfer of

oormati.'e value from 11I'oe~'tIural minorities and lempordT)'

minoriliClito ""bsta.nti,e minorit ies. ..-hieh often became per.

mancnlllOCiai and cultura l ooliecl i"itiCli.

n tis unintended displaceul<..'TlI of lhe liberal oon/;e rn with

"roteet ing Ihe 0llinion! of proc:e<lural minoritie!! (such 09

milloritiCf! on courts, councils., rmrliamellt e., aud O!llIlr dc ·

IiIlf:rali .-e hodie8) ontu the righls of permanent cultural mi

noril i~ is an imporlant !lOu.-.:e of the cu Trent, tlc~1' am bi.a·

Ie.~ .bo ut mioo. it ic! in democracies 0( all .... i/!'l ;.... The

m"IIY d .. hat ta . bout n1ultkuhu l3Jism in lhe United Sial"

. nd Eu l'OtM:, 81-. t ... ho.d inat .. nation,.li . i", in ... riou. poo.t.

0( Ihe e~ ·SoYiet Union. about $l:<;u la .isrn in Illd ia, . bool

-", .. ~.uf .• he·8Qil- in ma " y coun l . in in A!lia, abou t -."Ioch·

IfMmy" ill num)' r"ginus oJr ,\f . iCI , ..... l l1l1oul I he .ight8 of - in'

d igc" ... . ! l)OOple ~ throughout I."t in Am~.i~. "",I in plue.

a. far 8 1~ rt M N" .... h·a lantl . Cana.lu , AU81 ," lia. " ... 1 Ilawai ;

are .liffe",~'1 in im!'u. lpnl wa)'5. But Ihey hal'e in COmmon

a ~'{)I~m .00 .. 1 tiM) .igl,~ 0( cult ural minori l;etO in ~lation

to na l;.;..,.I , OII ('1 alltl ' 'II rious "ult .. n] rn .. jorities, anti Iher n

a" ... ya ill,'ol"e Itn .g,g lce o.e. cullural ril\htt u tlM)Y ~late to

na lional cit i~en.hi l' alld i.l!6Llell 0( hdo"6irl@:. I" ma"y ca_

I I~ II n,uiet h..-e 1000000n dil'e<:lly ... Loled 10 lIre e.ne' II"',,;-e

of l' ret iaIO' ), elhn ie idrnl il ies and of SllCeO'Uf .. 1 efron. 10 1110'

hilize nlOljorit ic" in I.roject~ of ethn ic de.n~i nl! or dhlloc:it/.e.

TI H!8<l COUn;CU III:cd cnr h:d du.;,,!! r he .<)Il.oi aud 19<)0&. dur-

inS ,,·hid. many nal ;oo..slules h.d 10 8imll har~"" I)' nef!Olia te

'wo 1,n:aeLlre8: Ihe l"e8l!lI re to open u l' their rrrllrkelJ 10 for·

~ign i,we8trnt'nl , co .. unu<lil ies. .. nd images and 11M: l,relJll.U,e

10 "'" ' ''"ge lire <:1I1_ il y uf I hei r u"',, " ult .... 1 mi ' lOrit ic. to uoe

the glohlilile .. 1aulull!co( Imman righ~ 10 argue for lheirow ..

cLoi",. fo, cult u .. 1 dil!" ily a .. d ' ''''US,,; I;'''' . Thi . .. ... 1 ,,~

allte Will .. d iJl ino;li.c feato", of the to)908 .. nd p""'~ • erisi" in .. ,.ny ern."' r i .... for the "","!Ill of .lIIt ;';"1II1 boundar;""

nalit"IIIJ .. wereignly, and Ih" purit y of Ihe ,111110.,.1 elh tlO8,

a",1 il il .li n:clly rCllf>Ou",bIc for the growlh of nllljoritariao

raci, ,,,. in &ocicl iulII! d ive. se III! 5 .. ·OOell aud In,loucl ia &I .. ell

u IlomBnia. liwanda. and I nd i ~ .

The r.4lIe of (ndia is instruct ive in regan! 10 tile argumenl

about subslanlive and pl"OCedural minori li..". Ihal I ha.'~ I"",n

d<:Vl:k>ping. 11M) Indian nation-slale was formed i" ' 947

Ih!"(lugh a polilical I""rlili<m Ihal al$O producetl I'a ki~t an a~

a new nalion·slate, formed u a political ha'"en for Ihe Mus

lims "'110 lived in Jlritain'~ Indian Empire. ·I1,c,re is a huge

"nd eomemiou811<:oola l"!!hip surrounding the .I(lry of Parti .

lion. the poIiliC!! Ihalled to iI, and Ihe J,izar", goographietl it

III produced ("'ith EaSI and W/:lII Pakistan flanking an indepe,, ·

d~~n India from '9'1710 '973 when wI P-dk istan IMlcrewed in seceding from We8t P.kislaJ' . giving birth to Bangladesh,

a new ",lIioo 011 Indi a'~ easlern bordcrB). I "'ill not take til'

thia l"'lit iu here, excepl 10 1I0te that il prod nced a vermallt:ut

state (If "·lI.r h .. " .. ..,en India and l'aki . tan; spawllCd the a pl"'"

cul ly unsol.ahlc e,i si~ of Kashmir: created an alihi f(l ' the

idl)nt iflCation of India'. M u. li m cil iZCII8 "'i th ils major cross

bo...:ler enemy, Pakistan; and laid the llroundwork (or I "dia'6

cur~nt crisis or 8eCularism.

11.e ~tury OJf this <:Tisi. i" ali!<) too 0011lP~ to be 1010.1 he re.

What i~ ootewortli y i. that 8l! Hinduism and its political mo·

bilize ... ev<>h·cd. a cultu TIll politi..". ill the cou"'" of the IIi",, ·

teenth and twcntieth eenlu rieo., Ihe hi rth OJr I'akistan c rt:llt~~1

d n"", link bel-...:!en the Uin,ju sell$<l of .. ·e·llC ..... the oo".ti ·

tutional OOllttril abou t till) rights of rn inoritte$. Illld the ri~

of a ",ator Hindu political c""lition to I>o .. 'er in the t990!l.

TI,;! coali tioll , of pulit iul part ieij and various affiliated ~.

cial movemellis (8Olne l;mal cal led fhe Sangh PariYar j, is vir.

~ ually oo~~m,i"'("'8 .. ith India '$ ~'poMlre to the pret!lures 0(

! Ioba liutiun, and it hM Ilt'eIl bracketed by two of the ~

1","",,,,lou~ auach Rgainsl Mu.!in18 i" Ind i. i;nc.. the nIQ'

Me' eI! of the I'arlition: lhe del!' rucl i(lll of the Bahn M ... jid ,

" Mu~lim " 10&<1"11 ill Norlh India in '99~, I'.r.ceded •• KI fol·

Io .. 'ed hy" .. -av.,' of genoci ,lal riol~ ,,!a;nol Muslim 1>(1),,18.

tion~ throughollt India , and the munlero118 1" 'gn"" agai"sl

M,,~lim ~ i" Ihe 81111 e uf Gujarat in ,.00,.. Th~ tle<:lIlIll lhal ie

hno~ kcled loy Ih~ event" al eo wi . "..-..llhe roal ional co"""I;.

d" lion of a large hod)' of Indilln .",hl ie op in ion, i""lud;",

tl_ of ii i "ducaled an.1 onCfl· lik,..1 rnidlile elM' es, apillai 61

Ihe indu&i .... , plulllli~l. arM! 5<'JCula, iM ideal. or Ih" I .. dian

COIKli'ulio" and or Nehru. India"e lirsl , nloOlt Chlr'Srl1alic.

I"irne rrlini~ 'I1'_ I n it~ p!acre, Ihe <:mlilion or g' UrlrootS rflO\·e·

""""I! . 'KI poli t ical part i~ led by lhe I" dian l"eople'. I ... ty

(Ihe Bharali f" Janal. Pari r o. al p), ,",~edcd in " ~lt;Ilg a

dttl' Ii nk hel "'tt,, 1 IIC memo. y of Ili n<l" l,uu I.I 'ation3 by Ihe

pre-Bril i~ , M uelim "llere of India. I he duhiou! pal ';0 1 ism of

!mliB' • .\1"81'rn dti •. ell", Ihc kllO"-" wi ~h of Pakistan to de-

llroy Indi, ", ili laril y, and Ihe 1I",,,'lh i .. ",i li'I " I aCI'un8 by

Muslim lenorisle conne<:led wilh a"I ;, I",li.n U I,i,";o" .'I ;n

'he CQlllCIII"rI 81ale of Ka~h",i •.

,\ Iuel. ",,1>01..1,- .",1 ;"'u."". i.tie ."","in.. 10." I ... ..,., ."id

10 Ih;s ~nUlrkahle ~I ory;n ... hieh lhe world'. lar~ demor: -

1lIC)', horn "';110 , "OI15l itu lion I hal pay' .ern, .. kable .llelllion

10 ...,JiSious inclu8ion, !KlCula. 10leralK:e for religious diffe._

" lICe, an~I.llcneml contt.n wilh l)rol~l i nll l he M ,,~.ker sec

,ions ~ of 8" del )", oou].1. ,,-i,hin fori y )Url of il s bi'l h, lia"e

I".n"d ;1110 an "8I\."""i,..,ly I~ in<lui~ed 1>olilY ... hid . ref.Oelll -

ed Iy and ~ystcmaticall y 80ught 10 identify India ""itli II indu~

IlJld pa lriol i8l11 with Ilindul>'a (I/i Ullu-ness) . This Indian (I ,~

"dol'mcnI casta a particular light on the fear of min.oriti "",

that i ~ .. orth examinin!! in 80me detail.

My ar!!ument .leeds 10 recogni~e, at this stage, a major

illlc rrul'lion f ,om the .. orld of political C'"!lnts.. Since t loe fi rrlt

dr ... ft ufthia paper .. ·aa writt en in October ~OO3 and n::vii!ed in

,\ugu~ 2004 , a momentous aud u'>cxpe<:led cI.,..,toral evenl

nc<:llrred in. I " .t ia. "nMl Hindu right -... ·ing coalition, led by Ihe

HJP, was Tt$OIJ ndi ngly defeated in the re<::enlgeneral elect ions,

and a lIew """Iilion. led by Ihe CongrC8!l Part y of the Neh

ru!, is back ill power, Thi! elCtraordi nary democratic n::,·o·

lution, '101 the lillit in thc hiatory of independent India, has

,;h.-..:k<!d ew:n the ranlliest poli t ical I'u ndit ~ (not unlike the

fall of the Soviet Uni<)<1 in '9B9). Though the sig,,;ftcall<:e <If this major changc j~ atill being d igc~ted by the experts, there

is genera l agreement alllo"l! mo~ anal y~l s thall hc d.efea t of

the ~JV coal ilion eIl"<SSed 1 .. -0 messages.. Olle .. ·a9 that the

Illd ian electorate (both ru ral and urban) was fed u I' " 'it h the

IllC$llge of Hindutva and did '101 sec il as any substitute fur

plans and pulicie8eol1cerning th" ecollorllY and everyday poli

ties allhe local level. The III:<!Qnd Wll9 Ihall ioe OOUOIll half of

Ihe I"dian ~Ic<:torate (oolh rural and urban) wl S al90 fed up

wilh llCeing tI,~ benelit~ of globalizaliOlI king cunsomed loy

a smalll!TOop in the ongoi ',!! c i n::u~ of ~tat e corTUl'li<)<1 and

clil p. conWlIll'tion, ,,'ilh few tangihle knclits fur thel1l ;;e lves.

[n ollw.r "'ords, c.llou! I!Lobalization and qnical anI i-M uslim

mohilir.ali<)<] ... -ere '10 I<HIge r viabl~ plalforlll~ for a nationa l

~"OOlition. So .. -e have ano ther nove l momcnt in Indian 1)()li-

1ie5. ,,'he~ Ihe Cott@lftIIand i15 11lie& Slee t a difficuh COlIT'X

Ioe",rrm eoonocn ie jU$1 iee and global " Ulrkels WlII 1II':1 ... -et:n

localized I lld c~t e, I>II",-'1:Il'tlrilin and l larflju, I"""elhnic and

plurali&1 pul i li~ ..

BUI il "''''ftin8 eru";"II" Isk wh y IlIl l1y of Iol(lia '& po lili'

e.1 parI it'l. • 8i8"ific,,"1 1",.1 or ilS pOI'" I.! iUII , lind • ~ho.;li n8

lIumhcr of C05molHllilan . libt: rlll in idleo:lUal8 lurned 10 the

lI illdut,·p "'~_lIe;n lhe per iod het ... ·.,c'" I"sS ftml 200.\ . a

hi8tor;c,,1 period ... hi .. h coven . Ihinl of Indw', hi" ory a. ao

i",IC!~ndcn l "Il ioll . A n,1 t l~ qU~lioll ift 1l0! ~"'I,lr hieloriocal

or Ka,kmie. Th" fo,ce1! of ~li ndu Illajoril.rililiarn ha. e rIOI 19

$i nlply d ;"I .. ~.rnd. alld itll n~lhod8, n lu/lll, alld lechniquee

are 114 ill .uy mloch I li.'e in Ihe I ndian polity. \Ii~ are in I 100·

mom! of re&pile, I lid in ome. 10 enStln: lhal lhe I linduiiUUion

of Ioul lan Il(Ili' i~ .. remains hislury, "'C "eed to Ihink Ihrough

Ihil perio<l " ';111 a~ no llch CUe D.'I"'C can """" ..... ' .

'l1,e r ise of the llilldn It;gl" as Illdil" "",j"r .",1 ""'jori ·

lar;"" p" r; , icul couliliol) """ il! cal,lu", "f ",,,inl l remn 1111_

tiolla l "I';" i"" IIl' IIcJy i .. Ihe ,,}80 .. af" ' r d~'C.de& of being.

f nagonclll e" a"" OIIa'g;",,1 ""I of po lil ;e.1 " lOwe" "'"I" Wal ~")J\_

lleo;:lcd to fou r major de, 'eJopmefll $ tl"' l ",la le 10 lhe iMllt

or m""hers and minorilies. t~h of Ihelle de>l:lol'menlll I ....

"".""lh;" 11 ;n~1 nl(:l ;Ve 10 ""y abo .. 1 oIh". "a lio" . a"d 1oc.11une

,,'*: .. -I"'fe ;n Ihe "urld.

' 111e (ltft l de.dotHlIertI had 10 do with minorll iealhal an:

li"ked 10 lI'ohal 111("'e"'""I". idenl'li.,.. . ",1 nelwork ... MUi'

lims in l,uli. havo: . 1"'1)', bcell su bjeo:: l I" lhe d,ar,.;e or 001111

more IO)'a IIO the "';der MIIsli", ,,'orld Ihan 10 Ind;a, . .. d thei r

allcge(1 ~"I i,,,,,,,' al r;nh '0 Pakist ... (nfle" 8Ir~""oudy reo

pudiated by Indian Mu~lim$) have alway~ I>e<::n rtad in tht

Cf)Il tut of the r<!$(lu re" and political a~piration~ of glohul

Islam. In ]udiu in the 'gSos. the l]i ,,,lu lIight took a ~pe·

cial int~ r<lit in the now of res<lU rceIl from the Mus lim Middle

East to religiou$ and education .. 1 institution$ in India, argu

ing Ih ;,1 th i~ w rl of $ub8idy of 1 ... lian Muslim" nee<Ie<1 to he

monilnr<<(i and ~t ,ieted and thaI it iu.'>tified a com rovel1lial

pol icy of r«".l)I"~l"$ioll5 u ndulaken by I he I li nd u fl ight , ClIpe ·

emily among poorer rural and tribal populations. allegetl to

have been dupe<l inlo COIl ve,.,.iotl by Ihe fOn:e\l of global 1. lam.

70 Such re(:<)1l"cl"$ions were also inslituted "'ith I nd ian Ch,i , lian

oommunitie. und remai n a maio, pial form for the gruSlH'\>(.(5

violence and 1",lit ic~1 51 r.te!y of II", l-l indu Highl loday. r n

il~ eurl y ",ani(Cfjt alion~ in ll oe ,gBOIS, Ih i. bailie of co/lvcr. ;ot ••

Will! ulldcrwr ill~~ 1 by Ihe iumealiot, of ll oe size, po ..... ", and

inlluc,>C(! of global loramie imc~'. and f,,",cs, .. ·hid, ",'C",

",,"<:n IlIl the Trojan. hidden "'ithin the n:lali"ely small 'lUlII

I""r ofMu. lim$ in Ind ian OOlllllIunitic6- Thus. to pUllhe mat·

ter crudely, Ihe rdal i ~ely small "urn be. s of Muslim. in I nd i ..

,,-ere !Io!e" as II mask for tilt: large "U'" kril of M uslirn~ arau",1

Ihe world. Toda y, Ihis pietul"fl of mililam, I rHnSllalionallslam

ha!! become vir tuall y rr a tu rali~cd in 110" diOl'.:our;;e of I ~!arn ic

t ermri~m, e!lpe<:ia lly in I he .... ke of 9/".

In lhe I"d ian "":Ie, Ih;s pictu re of India" MlIsI;rn~ 119 in ·

struments (and ol>je<::\.S) of global lslarnic IlIO'"f!lllCno! (usually

portrayed as viol~~II , anoinat iollaJ, and allt'·l l i",lu) ,",'as sup

ported by the ongoing con""itment of I"diall Muslirn. to

going Oil Iloe Ilai (. ~l ... "<:ially ""c .. ~d f'ilgrimage 10 Mocca. ""'<:" as a de8i rable oct ion al least once in the life of any dc~out

Muslim) lind by ti M: ! m..-iflfj IrafflC bel"'~n Indian ..... rtten

(of all ki'HI& ./td d, 'F e.! ) and the oil· rid. &heiloaloms of the

Mid,11e EU I. nfHl<:ially Salldi Arabia. I)ulo.i. K ..... ail . and

Hll linin, t tarl i"l! ill II..: 1<jIIos. AtTIO"fj th~ ",ill rant. lo lhe

Persian Gulf .... 11 .ill"ifirlllll lIumboer of Indiall Muslims,

' hough lloere .1 lill Ie ~il!n ,h., Ihi. " '&8 anyl hi'l! oIl"". I ha" a ..

N'OlIomic Oltt;o" for Ihem. Ne~rthclt"M, the Irallle be' ''"Cen hulia lind Ihe Gulf .. '''. Ihe -.ite of n 1I.~al .Jul of mom] Mud

poli l iCliI ."~'ely ,,'hich ul"doSf'd i t~,jf in lIuch hu reaucrallc

jm,ovation. &8 the c"'.lion of ti M: offll,", of ~'nM! Pml~lor nf

Inlmill .. nt$, ~ a g(n~rml1f'n1 agency de8illned to ensure thaI 71

[ndian ..-orke .. "Cn! .104 be'ng exporled 10 lhe Culr for im·

Ulora l Or fraudulent rc_:",,,. In I rela,ed ",,,ral ,lna,..lI, Ih"n:

" '&8 .lIr"a' .lu i of attcntion paoid 1<, the gro .. -i"l! p •• d ice of

marriages arranged I""",'"en richer (ami often older) Arab

me n from ,he Gulf and Mu.l i", "Oll""n (ofteu ~ry young)

fmm 1'00' f'i"ni l i~", in im"''''cr ishe<l Mu.lim CtIf"'UUni l iefi in

ci l;e~ Inch &8 II y,kral'ad , 1.lIck IIOW. lind Agra. 'n, •• pidn.e of

Mu. !i", nUl i-e .Ie,,"!"il y and pol)'l!arn y. ta, !!",;n,; I h., aln:..-Iy

exploile,1 co",,,,uni l y of M "6lim ..-omen, ..... cireul. led in Ihe

IIOI,ula. Itr~a",J in ~uch <:o'nnll'rcial f'ilmil _ &Im<UU, .. -hieh

were cl le"llted to e~cile lhe worst lIerool y ...... or ,hi, 'ulr·

.... ., ""'''N. It i. 1, ;SI.l )· likely lhat ,,,,,",,, ~o<"',..,n:i.1 I"d

l)(!Pular im8f!~ of lhe lIbu!lt: of poor Indian Muslim ... omm

by de.:atle"t Antb meft a"d nlOney lay behind Ihe cekobrated

leila I CQfllro,e""y wrruu "di,,!! a Mu. lirn woma" cilled Shah

Ibll", .. -I", .u~~J IlI: r husband fo, 1"'1'1'0<'1 . rl e. lot! di ... >n:erl

and 81 .. ",loned hc •• in accordance ..-it l, M usli", I"' ..... " • • law

(onc ",".!Wl or lhe ~1M.'t:ia li led body of I~w ~pllliuble 10 ",allY

.'IJeeII of family and d " illife for d i,r"renl religiou! oo" n"u·

" iliu in I,ld ia) (Das 19'}Q).

The Sha h llano C&!Oe . ... hid, ..... (H", of II", Ir'(lfIl publi

dle<1 legal dram&!! ;n India . fler i nd~>peIl,l el)ce. pilled the

".Ie againiit lhe judiciary. lI i"du, agai n$t Mu~litll s. femi

nillill again. 1 each olher. eecula ri!I' again!if Iradirionlilisl& II

al .. , e rt!al e,11I d~1' and hKrrnf,,1 ol'poOli l in" 1/1:1"''''''' the inter·

nt. of wOO",n "",) Ihose of minori' iee (5in~e SI,ah Hann'5 al"

l)el l ""lIS . gain!1 the cuslomary famil y lawl of he. own CUm·

muni ty). The cue showed e~e .y lign or rocking the Itahil ,IY

72 of Ihe ~!i nw: of R.ji~ Gandhi , I .... tlM-n prime min isl'" of

I "dill, who Kl'rnented lhe Nehruvia" I rad il;on of """" "rism . ,wl e ...... ,·ha'wlcd 'ie8S toward . 11 rdir;iou. e(Hmnuni , jf:ll. TI'e

lI iml" 11i1l11l. 1cd 10,· tlw: II",n .i"'116 .,~, ,,--,plnired rhe Shah

1). ... 10 case mercile!i8ly, painling li1en...:=l-..:. u Ihe In .,, pro·

IcctOnl of Ihe aburled Muslim "'0"''''' ami of women'8 rights

gene rally, "'hile ul in.!! the pul.lie i nl e '~"81 in Ihe ca!;!! 10 J ia·

aeminale viciou. nlP.lll!'lgC8al",ul II", aUlhorilarian lK>""i:' of rhe MU91im oornmunit y 0"". il l women a,,,1 rhe gCHer,tI'l ed

se~ul l imnMlral il y alld i rrel!pOn~i bilil y of M lJ~ l im nlllle8. '11",

ease wu eventuall y raolved th rongh a "",iu or legal and po

'itiar l cor" prom;_ bul it created ..... jor public doubt aoo"l

th" Il«K'fi lil of ~b';b'" and laid lon w: of tIM- groulld~ for

the hi.,.. rre idea lhat t}.., lI indu Right wa •• • non: R:ilf'on . ible

1'n)I«:lor of.\l uslim women'. r illht. IhlUl a"fbotiYf!lij,I!. It also

laid II", found .. 1 ions for a dd .. le , u",HUh'cd right up 10 11",

"re8l'nl , allOllt the deriirahili l y of. Un"or ll1 Civil Cod" (uee) .

... !rich i. IIOW .... ..,11 as .. rublemallebymosll ... lil il;lll p"'I;e!! and

I'rogrCll'li"e ... omen's 8ro"llfI bUI iSllC tive ly e"I'IMl'I", II ,y the

Ilind" Ili~hl, f'lf" ",hidl il i~ " IDlljor ""hide for lI induizi",

III(: !,,,nona llaw of all mi""rily r:ornnmnil iea.

The SI,,,h Ha ... oc~ ,,,';nI8"p Ill(: ..... ys in which ' .. va.ur

rounrl i"ll rninoriti~ in II comple:. mil hirt!l i~iuu, demoe racy

like IIHlill, ta" h..,wme n.., .. poin ts for fum larnental dellllh~.

"hool gend"r, ' ''luul,I y, legal ily, Ihe ho",,,I,,ri ... , of Mille power,

"nd I he IIhi li. y of rd igious communil ies 10 1'0 licOl Ihc",,,,,I ,,",

Tim looinl I,crc i8 11,111 ~m,,11 nllmhe", elln ''''~" Ie hil! iw ,l'8,

<:'!i1)CCillll y in counl riC!! like India, .. -hert! Ihe ri~hl' of minori

lieslre d 'ree. I)-connected 10 !attn argo" ..,.II, .1.0 111 che role

of lilt! alale,lIlt! limil. 0( religion,.nd Ihe n.'II re of ci¥i1 righll 73

at mallcn 0( legic;.""." wltlln.1 difl'ermce.' [II a '-ery .Ii',

f" rclII crn'IC1I , [noli" ', tons hislory of accion •• ,M.! 'iliptio".

~Of .. ,.,.ni,'1 am.,,,., ;..., Or remedi.l action, in Ih" COO I""I of

Ihe 1IC11e(1" k,d c"s.c~ produced Ihe n11lioo .. 1 oorl>'ulAioll~ ewe r

the 1')80 rep",.1 of Ihe MSIHbl Coelllni&gion, ",hich IIOlIgll! III

~i"c hoeth 10" rlOli cy of jill> reservalio,," for ca.'~. eo,,"idc~1

IU han~ heen hi810r;':lI l1 y Ihe vK:tims uf diol( r il11 iualiun, The

Il imiu Il ighl r~'WfIll iz,~ Ihe lenl ion in Ihe rioW:..,f t he Io"-er

c ... ea, "igllllied I.y III(: Mandai HqlOrt . llnd "lliI acl i"e ill i ••

effor,. 10 ,ake a.t.'an lageof Ihe rage of .h~ Ili.,du "Plw:r ea.,l~

",ho li0ii''' Ihem""I ,'ftI 1l! Ih"-1I1eorld anew by Ihe poli tiealu

pin..iotl! of '/oeir , ........ " fellow I lindo ... ,\t.ny "","oLo n h."",

,Klinl .. d OUI Ihmllhe Ilin<lu Hithl, IhtoOthoollhe 10)80e, mo-

bilizeol the ,,,,lilies of Ihe Mlllljid (Ihe MI*!ue) av.insl tilU!e "f MDn"a l ltl~ illl ... _11 ind " hau le o.~r ro:eerved iol>ll for lower

~"'k") _ II hu .I!IO I ... -en noled Ihal Ihe clio" 10 C .... le. II"i_

fi~~1 Hindll c~~.e fro<ll, in Ihe face .,or Ihe ClI!!te bnll l"" ""_

ICIIShe,! by the .\I urnlal IIcpotl , ma,le Ihe M usli rn minonl y •

I"' rf,~, ~o,her' in ,he prod"ct io" of a lIIohilized II i nd" lIIa

jorit y. ~I ()St iml)(}rtan' for the i~u.e of nun,l..., r;" Alllri ta Ra. u,

a ,liS! ingui~he(1 8lUdenl of the politics of comm""al violence

in N(lrth India, has <lbsen-ed thKt the idea of K Il indu on,, ·

jor ily aCluall y hide!. tl ... numer ical minori' y of "1'I'"r ~a'le ,

landed Hind" C-.I>1 es who ha''e mU(;h 1I)(}1'e Il' fea r from the

rise of the luwer castes than thcy ha'·1) t(l fcar from MU51im$

in their own lo;..-:aliti\!8 (lJa. u '99-d. Wh.,n " . ., r loc.., thi ~ Wn·

cern against Ih., lIene".1 politicizat ion and rna!l6 mohilitation

of 1 t... lower cast ee in pu hli c politiC!! th m"ghout India, arllu-

1 4 ahl y Ille single greatesllrausformatiOl, in the political la nd

IleBl'e uf India m·cr the I"'st half century (Jaffrelol 200.1), w"

can 0l0~ thai l he fe~r of small n" mbt:rs i8 fu rther inflect.,J 1.). the I I ind u ",i!>Or;ty .... hich actually Im$ t he IIlOSt 10 gai II from

the euiturgl f,ction of a lHndu majorit y.

The Ui,ulu majorit y i8 a double foctiOl' in cOn!clIlpo .... ry

lnJia.1i1"@t hecau8e the category ~ ll inJ II~ is unthinkable in

<;ontemp<>rary politi~"S aparl frolll its birth ;n colonial el h'lOg·

raphies dlld cellSU8 catesoriel! a,,,1 ",!cond because the deep

"i~ i8iOl'8 he! w~n upper and lu"-er castC"8, always a feature of

life in agrarian 1'lIlia. hu IIro ... n into one of Ih·e Tll(}St impor·

tant Ii$!!u.-eo in the I"' lit ie!! of Norl h ind ia in th., pa9t ''''(1 de·

ca,Ie$. Til"", tloe Hindu majority i9 demon. l rably a I,rojecl ,

'lOt a facl, and like all flIcialized catcgorie!! and all pre<latory

ident ;tie!!, it re<.luires mobiliZlltiOil th rouKh the di scO<lI"l!<:!l of

crisis and the practiCe!! of ~iol~l>o;e. T he e",i91c,>o;e of minori·

l ies.. ilUCh 8S Muslims, is an i",portant Mp<:Ct oflllCljCl c , i_

and practiCdo, but the relal;oll ;s '101 one of simple ~Olll ra9 t

and 91.,reot ), l'ing • .0.9 I pTol'o!lC<1 ~~rlicr.

The relal ionship het"<'!'en Ii i ndu Ctil<' poli '~ and the ami·

M 1I~lim IlrotNlganda of lhe llirnlu H ighl, et!pecially Mnce lhe

1<J80 .. i, . Iso I ied up with a major r.,.tu", of I rllli.,. dectoral

polil~ , in.:.: Irnlian indepcnderoee, .. ·lt ich i. C&1,h.mI in lhe

dik'(lur.e of tlte '"Ole hank . Indian elt'<:lior., are fretl"""nlly

seen. ~o,;llCO!irlll}' at the nrral , loell]le'·el. 118 h. rnill8 , uhetan,

l iall )' on the power of th ie or Ihal l)art y or undida le In ClI p·

lu re a .. hah' 80' 1 af ''Ult"!) from " I",rticular 1;.II~ 1 <l ur religious

cammu"i. y, ,"'Ijdl ie houllhl ofr throagh ii, elires, •• ul oon·

il it ulel a ~ot e Milk. Ilrilllj,illlj, loget lM"' Ihe ~i.'ions of an

elite·manipulaled. oo llect iyized '"Ole and of a '"Ole buuglr l cor· 15

"'1' ll y, Ihe image ,,( the ,(>Ie hallk, .. ·hich is r...,.,ly uA'!d by

, II J rldian JlOlilicianl al!"ins/ one anolher, Cltl" a , ,,,, lhe deep

hi. lory of li"k. I"" " <'!'en the C(C1ll!lI! .",1 Brili,.h colonial idea.

of oornrmlllil rand clco:lomle. '1OIor io .. ~ly in!\fi lut iOlla lited in

the l!epara te cle<;lonll e!l o; rcateo.i early in Iho: t .. ..,nt ielh c(c1l '

tu .y ror Il i"d"8 and M .. . l im~ in I .... :al d<'!'el ian' " .. der t..,lo.

nial rule. '11Ie",", t,rumcraled enm","ui. iel! (Kavi raj ")9~) m·

ma in a major l1 igh. nlare fur liberai liroog hl in I rulia, hee, ... "",

Ihey cate" the Iillera l nbllOrrenee both of n_ loolitic. and

illl IIpeeial oorn'plior •• and of the negalive d tal of ... r'p''''''

and " ,"shill in " rnorlemiling democlllCY. 10.Ia)" Ih" impor·

lao>«' of , ... , ~ It"nk. I.u I""", ""''''''''loa' " r ........ -ut loy 'he " .... w.

ing 110"'." or 'nd"pc"denl I!.--ronl~ maH~m!:nI 8 ... hid • • eti!1

"'holl'MII:- ",,, .. ipII lalion tty potil icians as ,,'!: lI u the cynicism

" 'il h "'hich l oolil i~ ial l! often rnab arlOl hreak a llimen and .{.

frlial ion!. Sl ill.lhe llind .. Hight roeve r I~I ,m ollfl'Ortunily tn

mi.., l loe . peeter a f I h" M "slim vote han k, often n~'Cu~ "fIl i l ~

maio. Wlllp,,1 ilo •. l loe now Yictarious CorrgrcM I'lIrty, of pa ...

.kring to Muslim. in an " Ifort to capture th" Muslim vot"

bank in local elect ions and , by implication. in stat" ami na·

tional ejection&. 1be amazing defeat of tho: KI~ in . he 2<)04

general ~Ie<:t ion~ showed that t h i~ ,,,,rticular bogey was not

enough to huy the lo)lll \y of th'l largely nHal Ind ian d~"C·

to ..... te. This poin t loring. uS 10 the (n",1 featu re of th.~ ("a r o( mi.

nor it ic~ in India. which has wider implications. The Hindu

Hight, C6p1:<:ially through its dominanl pol it ical parties. hll$

eonMstent I)' Il(:(:ui!ed the c.ollg re8il (the ..... rl y hist .... ica lly aS6()'

78 cia le.! " 'ith N"hruvian !leCularislIl. pJuntlj~m . and act ive toJ·

erdll<:e of Musl ims as a cultu ral minori. y) of appeasement in ilS dealing!! with Muslims' demand &. com pla ints. and d;tims

OIl th., 8tate. n", di !lOOuree or appea;;eme"t i8 fa>ICinat ing. h,,·

ClIO!le it i~ deeply linked to the slippage I earlier di!ICu8!!e,1

het..-ecn the eenee of being a ma;urity and the f rust rat ion or

incomple te identili<;ation wilh the undi"ided " th.- or the

polity. When tho: Il i", lu Right bait~ ~ula •• ",niee an,l """'01'

",,,,nlS "'ilh tI.e charge of "app.:asing" Muslims, it implies

both d certain opportunism and oowa rdice on Ihe part of

the l!f:cu la r i~ls and I\imuitanl'Ously (118 with the Nazi$ and

Munich) e .. ~at~ an imaiC of II,c , lippery ,lope ,,·hid, iea, l$

(mm Ihe fcar Qf giving in to this (lr that local demand of

Mu~lim t'O rnntUni ti"" to gi.ing in ,"'Iooiesal" in the mi litd'

ril<e<l. now nudcarizcd bailie with Pak istan , ,,'hieh is Ihe

large'kale hackd ro" of.1I militant \l indu prov;tganda in

India. Th" di !!C(}ur8<l of appea~mcnt i ~ the link hct ,"" ~11 mi·

no rity daillls within na tional bouIHlariCll and the ~t ruggle

with Cllemy , ta ICllIIC' 08& the bo .. k •. in th i$ case Pakistan.

11101., I IJPeI!e ' f1('n l i8 aHOlher di!l("ull!; • ..., device lhat allowlr

the slIIall numbell! of ludian Muslirnll to be lwollea and im

f'"'I1, .. ,ed wilh II", Ihr.,al of l"'ki&1an amI. beyond llul_ of Ihe lIIi lilanl mu lt il"d" of ' he .. u rld of glol>al loll lll . In lhe:

pe riod ;lrlrne<liale!y following the 91 JJ allM:ki, II 1 I ... ·c ar·

gued alK,ve in Ihis dmple r, Ihe!!e oonncctiOIl! were Il:l\";,'col

and rei"'lIgi n~~1 Ihruul'l h I he globa l invocKl io n of hllllll ;., ler·

rnr i~m . I lu", now, by Wll)" o f conclusion , 10 Ihf fisure "f lhe

Iillic ide bo", l",r, horn in Ihe stm ggle8 bel w~n Tamil! and

Sinha'"" ill Sri t anka in I he "J7<>8, and II", relaliOll5hip oflhi5

iOlillry Ii",,,,..., 10 i~.~~ of Iln mi:>er, lIl;rooril y. and lerror.

How 5-...... Smal Numt.r.? ,.. .,.. ..... w ... "'. IIP"". . •. tA

n ", Mli.:id" IKHllk •• "'hethcr in Imlel, Sri I .. nk., New York,

Iraq, 0. 1..0 ... 1011. i! Ihe dartu:.! 1'0lM\i ble version or II", lih .

e ral .·"Iu., 1" .. n~1 on the individual, Ihe 1111mb",. "".IC.~ The

suicide hom h.:. today i. ti re ideal I Yl'e of II", t,~.rori.t, linee

illlh,. f. go.e /Ie'"C1"lI1 nighlmares are COIttlt:n~d . lie o r .he.

fir&! of .. II , completely c~ the bounda ry het"'etm the body

and the .. .,apon of Ie ........ WI",lhe r by 11-1<81'1"'18 bo", l", t tl hi.

o r her hod)" 0. II)" 011", . .... ., .I i~u'''; 'lf! u ,.Ioo.i.·", in hi, or

her body, the wicKIe bomber is an eJpIof;i ve body t hatlJrom·

i.,. 10 ,Ii . tribule ils o .... n bloody fragmen" .011 IlIi" 1""01

ill " 'ilh the blood)' par" of the civi lian popolalion. il i. in ·

tended II, decima te. Thos. 1101 ollLy doctIthe au ici.t., bo",her

el"de d~ tecl i(Hl, IKl or she 111100 "rod,..,.,. a horr ihle tll ixlllrtl

of hkwHI and I~Hl y hel""",n ell~miC6, II,u. ' ,ola t'''g IIOt only

"

Ihe liOil ollhe nalion bullhe >'Cry hod i.,. or l he viclitll~. ill

fecl ing lhem wil h Ihe blood oft .... mart yr, Sec:OIld, t he aui.

cide hum ..... ill a revol ting >'Cnion of t .... idea of the marty r,

hil!hly ,'aluet! in Chr isl ianil y a",1 I ~lan., ror intilead of being

a I_i..., mo rl yr. he or ~he;e .. n IICl ive, umbe r,

. 8 wilh the bra iu""llijheJ "l!cnl ;n The ,II",,,:hurulJl Con,lu!aJt,

i8 iU"Kriobly I)(}rlnt)·ed ;IS being in oIOme p"ranOf'n1a] SI,. le

ur convicl ion, ee!llasy. aud Ina fllO'!e, orten b" ill "I) through

11"""'· rdigiou8 leehuiql.fe8 auch at iliO"'tion , indoc:l riual iou,

71 and d rull·i,I<l ueed lur.Jlucimolion, on Ihe e"f: of Ihe suicidal al·

' lICk. This im&l!:e ~ Ille .-ery lUll ilhesil of t .... li],el1ll indi.'idual

acli,'8 in her inlemi! , for the idea of .. willingly elI pkKled hod)·

.\0..- lIot fi l easily ; IIIU mosI ."odd .. of I1Iliona] choice. '-ourlh,

il1\af;ined 1M all .lItomaton, the . "id ,le ]lIlmhe., ,"'hile a len; .

fyi ng ~ .. ml'le of lhe indiv;dual, Ihe lIu",I.e. "one," ;, in faet

.h'"IIY& Ref' ~ an instance of 1m, crlln .. ] moh or IIIII!I6, Ihe vic·

I i", of 1'1'OI""1I" l1da and e~1 flIllItiuuMI COIIVicl;OIl , a p" rf~'Ct U·

ample of I he mi nrllee8 regi.llenlal iOIl of the n18_8 aurl of Ihe

dangernu. "nl' rOOictahilit y of ' he moho

In . lIlheee reprd", Ihe suicide hmnller is the I'"re alld

m01l1 . lu,ullO:' form of the lerron .. . In Ihi. tIeIliC, the BlJicMk

bomb,:r .1 .... "aplu...,. ""me of .he co:"'ral f.,ar. , ,, ,round 'ng

lerror, A. a figure lhal h"" 10 gel e"- 10 lhe ,..t.:... of at -

1110:1< by appear;ng .o he. nonnlll citiz.,n, lhe suicide bn".her

lakes 10 Iheut reme the I' ml.lcm of unco:rt.i nl y ,,·hie" I lone

,]ilCulIOiCd carlier. In one ... icide ],omhing in 1$.111:1, a .... icide

hOUlI~ r di llfl:ui.!oefl him 9Clf ft811 l'11hbi , I hu! $"h .~rl itlg riot: ve. y

I,,:arl of Ihe v,sibl" moral onlcr of lsrucli Jewish l!OCicly. Like·

"·i~!. t he ~uicide bomber t hril-ee in 1 he spaces or civi liall life,

lhu~ producing a form of permmlenl emerge llCY that also reo

'1"iru a new approach to the prohlem of civilians and civi l

life in the nge of glol .. liu~1 terror ism. This brings U$ to K fonal

featll rc of the problem of small numbe ... in an <,ra Qf global.

i~e,1 ,.."wtlTle of . ~rror. e"" h 'u 1~ lh~t h""~un,, ,. full l'Mt

of publi, · "on""i<>u;,n~ after 9/11.

Sm .. Numbers....t GIab.I ~Jat""'"'"

The e'"'!nlS "f ,)/<1 Hre n"W su/fM:iently h.,hind IIi that .. "'! 78

can kgin to ~ift through Ihe ~cnQphQhia , sent imentalit y, an,1

shock that tl.e att ach IJfO<lltCed to p<;>nder the more persis·

tent imag"" thai remain from Iha1 event. nOw tQ be """n via

Ihe da rk gla$$ of the ... ar (HI Iraq. O$llma hin I..aden i, al·

mOllt ce rtainly ali,·c, the T aliban are regrouping in Afghani.

sl.n ami Pakislan, , 'arious ... ·arlords keel) Afghani~tllll in a

profound ~ta te of d~1>cn<lCIM:y on foreign IlI()JW)Y. arms, anrl

so ldiers, and there ;s a f..,n;e insurgency against American

fo~ tn Iraq. T he I raqis. ~u btl"ed initial ly loy shock and a ... e.

~~". 10 hate Amcric.ans as much as they did S. ... ldatn lIus·

sei n, and the ",·capons of",~ dClltruelion seem to be alibi~

for the wc.p()n~ of maSl! C.NI.lruelion, la rgely in the hands of

Ikchlci and Hal lihu rlon. In bolh Afghani"an "",I r raq . mo~1

esp.~: ially in lru'l, the Ilnite<1 Stal"" appears 1(1 he eX I'"ri·

ment ing ... ·i'h a .Ie ... · political form, ... ·hich may be called -long·

d i5tan~"C dcrnocr~cy:· a stra"ge ( •• >TIn of imper ial federalism,

... here 1m,! is trc~l.,d as JUSt anolher Americal, Stale, oper·

a! ing nuder 1 h~ juriedicti<lll of , he Nalional Guard and var i·

()U8 ol l~ r Federal forces from Wa"hir~lon in order to handle

" di""'liIer ("ruduCf!<l in thi. in!l.,t<:e by the decap;t"l;"n of

5o.dd"m', Tl:gi n>e).

11>e Ilrobkm of "u",ben, mi" .... ili.,.. and lu .... r i~ ali,~

and well in IllIq,.kIn& wilh Ihe "ua,I;"n of wl>eIM r a" Iraqi

~penple~ can be produced 01.11 of I"" c ..... l ic "'''gap<>lil iQ of

Shiu, Kunia, and Q(1)er large m;noril;"" On 001': hand, l be

US. adminlMllIl iQn in IllIq f.eft lhe belO'i lderi,~ " rob/.en' of

",iuor ilies, lOCh III! Ihe Shi .... wlro arc in aho,olu lr nunt"riI;ai

lerrns very Ial'J!e and IO~ II t'()fIIr«led to the tuli r~ "'gin-.e of

lnoor , or Ihe Kurd !!, 10'1100 ~lBn Ih., oonl.., .. of Iran. Ir" l. and

Turkey and con81itule a buge mirMlril y. A~ Il >e Uniled Slal~

emnl,lele. itJJ !MM~~'I , ""~' r~ ruel JCII ' " lea" ... of up"rl, 10 bui Itl lU1 I rail' c:or'8l iwlion oy..,rnighl (jUSI as tl ley did in Af·

g"ani! tan) . there i. a d~1' COIM:t1)l na llot!;am invo lvi ng large

numerical minoriliei, the ill,,;slcrn;e am"'~ n",,1 I "''1'$ tha t

the IIew I",lil y hu Iv he ~ I&btmic, ~ and the &ell~ Ihal II real

democracy cam,Q( he 1 1~"nic, except in lit" Ihillllesl ""n..,.

StnrgglO)A ovcr ,he natu re of BUch IlBsic idcK8 MS t'Ol,,1 i'ulion·

oli.III , elecl i"", democracy. and re]H'~IIIUl i<MI go <MI in r rnq

in 1 he . h .. <1oIO· of !lu,k ball leaand full 'M:IIle IO'IIrfare in plat-e!l

like N.jaf .nd ~ilnuja.

"\';0 poin'. IIIMlul the ongoing Iraq ,1e1w:1e a", rOlIe"anl 10

Ihe problem of iIl ' lIIl1 n"",bertlll"d 'he fca.r of mioorili .... One

~ Iha l ""en .rlcr et.d i,~ Ihe CIIO'!er of .. lro ly mu rderous de&

pol, likely f ... ..,d .. ,d hal",d hy "'a"y 1""li., IIWI US. mili·

lary 11 lIilI doged by lhe r~a r Qf 111111 11 numlrera, lllOI!f: small

grou~ or mililia, civi lians. " Id oIhen! lO-hQ CQlulud sn<:ak al·

lac~ 01' lbe US. tQn:er and 1O,""'li,nes lake l uidda l risks

10 inflicl darr~1ge and kill 11$. 8Olrliel1l. Fully e", I~Idc<11l$

I hey a~ wilhin I he civilian POP" lalion, lillding IIICIII: Ml1:rror_

i.15~ i. a nighlmarish lask of di vinalion fOf U.S. fon.-e!! Ihal

counted on 10la l Iraqi surrender afl cr one evi l individual

Saddam U" "'Iein - ha,1 "'--en loppled from po .. cr. Thus too

United States, as an OCCIJP)'ill jli IlOwer in IllIq , fat:~ the feu

that the small nurnbe r~ ... lIu are cuntinuing to torment and

kill il5 801,t ier"!l art, 'nfe repre&enlativee of Ihe 1 .... '1i 1~ 11>1~,

who we re originall)' oc ri pk~1 10 gwd the ArneriCllJ18 a8 lib

eralors and unfold I he speclacle uf 3 civil !!OCiet }' u mlcrncalh

I he can;a!lll uf Ihe diclal" r.

I mq ~I !!tI represo!lIts II ... rnore absl rael ehallcngeof produc

ing a nalional poople from ... hat lM,e," 10 he on ly large elhnic

or wligious mi norit i« . In holh Iraq and Afghanistan , the

Unile,l S tat es f" "nd il""lf hetw""n It rock and a Imrd place as

it embarked on Ihe proj("C1 or buihl ing lonfl:-distance ,"'moc· raei"", eilher Ihcy n"'~1 allm.· IIIC8e oounlriCfl II) eo" sl ilule

Ihemseh cs as Islamic repuhlic5. Ihus r«<>t! "i ~i IK thaI the

onl y "'ay I() creale ~Ic. is by "Iacinglh" ~er)' religion tIM:)·

mOS I fea r al II ... hea rl ,,( I h" ,I" frnilion of t he <lat ion , or Illtly

mUSI f",,1 wa)"~ 10 a_mble ';<lalil ionl! of nu mcricall y large m;_

norities, II,u! oon~e<Ii"g thai ,,; ,·;1 00<: ;';1 y in I raq and in many

plltCe9 Ii k~ I r~'I I",~ 10 be h" i h 'W~r a Ion!! period 'If lime, ami

Ihal "Ulh""" is 10 work willt are minorilies. BUI tilege are mi

<lor il;'~ .. ·ilh global oo",,,:<::li""l! and larg" population~ a"",,

cial,,.j wi th 110" ,,1. In flOC;ng Ihi8 diffICult &<:1 of "hoi~ aft er

slani"g a war Ihat rcfuSCI! to end. thc United S lat e& has 10 en·

g"ge ,"' ilh issue& of minority, uncer laint )., lerror. a",1 ~t hnic

.iolene ... Ihat 1,Iague maul' eocielil!$ in 111<\ ~ra uf g~,I ... 1i ... _

"

"

lion. 'n lere are indications that !IOIIIe Jra'li~ Illay already he

engaged in "hat has been called el hnie d ry·cJ'~anillg in prepa'

ralion for more bru tal dhniccJeansi "g. J f that &eenario comes

to p" .... ·c wi II need, more than e''er, to flUd ne ... ""/Iys of nego·

tiating the distance l>et,,-een .,roul'" of sma ll nUIr1I>e~ that

pro_oke rage in the "'orl<l 's mobilizt-d majoritie-&, whoow: large

"umbe" Leni 11 pre.;cienl ly ...... as markin~ the I",g inni"g~ of

... ·hal he con~ide red ~ ""rious JIOli ti~ ~

J oow return to t .... o importan t tbemt.'$, one is the issue of

minor di rreren~-e& and the other i! the !]>eO:i al link bct"'een

gloha lizatiool and I h" !ro .... i"g r .. ge against ,njnoritie6. J u my

vic .... , Ihe8e l loemcs are 001 uurelale-I. Mieh,..,l lgnatie lf( 199H)

;s perhaps Ihe mo,"'t articu late analyst to i",-oke Freud 's fa-

1II0US ~y 001 '"Ih" nareiilS i ~m of rni nor difference. - i 11 order

to deepen our """"" of the ethnic hattie. of the t990'" ""pe'

cially in Ea'lern Europe. MOlitly jnforn.w by his deep knowl·

edge Qf that "~gioll, ]gnalieR" uses Freud's insigh t al>ool I he

l"'ychodynamiC6of na n;i. islll w east lighl on why gf"O\J I'" like

the Serbs and Ihe Croau should comc 10 it"est 80 I1meh in

mutual lutlred, gi .ml the complex inlcrwea" ;ng of I hei r hi!-

10rie9;. language-&, and identil ie!l ovcr lUany centuriC$. '111is ;$

a fruitful ob&<: rvBtion that can 1M: ex tended HJ1r1 decpen~~1 by

refc~oce to 8O<l", of I he arguments <le"cloped h..,rc.

In JWlrt i~ular, I suggCiihxl that il waS Ihe small gal' he·

I .. ·cen majority status and C<llll],lcle or IQtal nal ional ethnic

purit y that could 1M: Ihe!lOun;eof the ext rClUe r..ge aga in.,t lar·

gch:ri eillni<; ol/WI1\. Thi~ Sllggeslion - ",hal I earlier g~1

a~ II,,; an~icl y of in.:oml'leleneM- allo"'8 U~ D further buis

for eXlt",ling "reu,/ '~ in sight imo complex. Iarge·$<:ale . pub·

li<; forUl~ of violen"e •• irll."<l it allows uS to !ICC ho,,' nan;i$8iSlio:;

wound s.. at the le~eI of puhlic idoologies ailou t group idenlil y,

can be t u rued out "'ard and I",,;onl<: in.:it~rnents to the forma.

tion of "'hal I ha,'r, "all"" ~ pre, latory i,/entities. ~ The under

lying dy namic he~ is Ihe i"ncr re.:i pror.ity Ilet"'t'Cu the cate

gories of majori ty slltl minorit y. A~ ahstrar.tions protlueed lIy

<:eIl'ltlS techni'lu~ and lihe ",1 I'roced" ralism. major itit'6 can

"I..-ayl be mobi li zed to think Ihatlhey are in danger of he- 83

conling minor (t-u huraUy tI. numerieaUy) and to fear thai mi-

oor;1 ies.. rouver_'!f!l y. can ea~i ly hecome mnp (thn)Ugh hn,te

ac<:<!k,.alP.t1 tel'rotiu.:t iOIl or suhtler leta I or polil ie .. 1 means) .

ThC1!e I;nked fears are a pecul iarly modern produ<;t of the

inner re<:ip rocity of 11l(1!(; ealegori e.l, ",hich aleo set~ the t'Ofl'

d;t ions for the fcar that they might llIorph inlo one another.

Anti this is als4) "'here glohalization conte\! in. In a ,.,.r iety

of " '.11)'8. glohalizati(H1 in"'n~ifit'6 Ihe poMibility of this vo la·

t ile rnO'l>l,ir.g , so that the nnturdlnesa that a ll group i(k,,·

tities seek and !lS8urne is perennially th,,~aIC'''''' hy the IIh

! I rad atronil y ,,( th~ .wy ~al ego rie8 of m .. jority and rninorit y.

C 1"","1 m'g rat i ... ," "".-.- and within ,"'t ional I,n"",brica cOn·

stantl y un!>eule the glue that attache!! per!!O<l~ 10 ideologi~

or llOiI and territory. 'nu: glohaillow 0( rnasa-mediated. $On",·

t im .. '6 comrnodi tiu:d. images or !!elf and othe r create a gro",·

ing ard,i'll of ir yl"iditie!! tirat unseule the hanlline>l al the

t..tgC>! or large· scale id~"t il i~ Modern statee fre'lucmly m8·

nipu late and altcr t he nal ure of the categoriC\! through ,,'hi<;h

they conduct t!.eir <;en$u$ell and tloe I!tat ist i~al nll':an~ through

.. -hieh they enumerate the po;.pulations.within tbC6e groups..

The glob.ol spread of impro. i$<:<l. id~"<.II"@;iefj of ~0I15t itutiOll

al ism. "'ith elements drawn from the Uni t",,1 Stat ~s, Fmnce,

and England. pro,'okefj new globalized debates aboul ~th·

nicit y, rn i'lOril y, and ekctorallegitimacy, as We liee today in

lra'-l. ~jnally, the mult iple, rapid, and largely ill.i~ihle " 'ays in

.. -hieh largc.s<:aJe funds lllOVe Ihrough offICial i I1lc""tat~ dUlll

tlds, quasi·leg~1 oommerdal cim,,,,cls. and complelely illicil

channels l ied "I' wilh tlCI worh like AI-Qacda an: inl ilJl81dy

t ied "p ... ith globahed inSfitutiooa for money launderillf!.

d t'Ctronic I rallsfers. IIJld neW forms of ~r088-hord er account·

ing and la ... , all of ...-hich t"OnSl itute that furUi of finant-e tapital

.. h;.;h virtually de fines the ~ra of glol",lizat ioll . The.te rapid.

often ill"isihle, and freq uently illicit 1l1O'-enl<'nts of mo tley

aCr0i;8 national bounduriCilar~ ... iddy, and r isht ly. lieen a~ cre·

ating tllC meall~ for loday'~ minorily 10 h<.'Conle lomorrow's

",atority. ~:;";h .. f t loelle facio", can cOlltr ibute 10 the e~~r·

bation of lIOCial uncerlaillly - Ihc suhj'~1 of d.,lai l,:<\ analy.

sis throughoul Iloi~ book -alHl thu~ creal~ the oondilions for

cr()O.'!i ng the line from matoritarian an~ iety to fuJl -$Cak pre·

dation , Hen to geuocidc.

11ms, the fea rol smalillumben i8 inlim .. tdy licd up with

th~ tensiofl8 produced for liheml eocial thoory and iu inMi.

lution! by th~ ron:es of globalizal ion. MillOr ilie\l in a glob .. l

izing "'orld are a constant reminder of the inoompleleneS8 of nat;onal purit y. And ,,·hen tile c<H,dil ion! - nOlably those ... ,.

rounding !!OCial,m<:ertainly - ",illrin any I"'rl i~ular n~tional

pol ily aNI ri po! for thi" inooml'lelcneu 10 be mobilized "" a

'"olatile ddi<;it. Ihe rage of genocitle Can be produced. ~pe.

cially in tOOse libellil polities "'here Ihe ide. of minori ty has.

in 9Om~ "'ay, ~Ome 10 he ... shared political ,"alul'! a(fe<:ting.n

tlU mbe",. larg~ and smalL

J " r ...... til;, im[H>l1.nt [><>in! to .'.iMl l:k<ji . ... '" mode i, in lhe """, . ..

of. 1«, ,, .. on the portitioo. of ' " it' '''' "H'''.I Yole Uni","i' , in fol' -3"

..

!5 Our T .... 01 itits, Ourselltes

~rlicr. I I'"'I~I .ha •• he~ IS bolh "''''"al depend",,,,,,,

u wdla~ fi"rce ~I roggle be\""«f\ -..:. I"" .. le and cellular

S)'sl em~ for I he lar~·Kalr. c:oordinal ion of IlenotH, re·

!IOItl'CH, and Ioyah it$. Conleml'o"ry lerrorlljln •• ha. i!l,

"iolcnl a~lio.m againsl I'libli~ spaces a,,,1 civilian populal ions

in the nanw: of IU, Iisiate polil ics. i8 surely lIa"",1 on a cellular

form or I!IoI,al nrl!an irat ion, and one " 'hid, ha~ I ... "", fore.,.1

inl(! ou. cnn lloC ;no~, ... '811 by lire <)/ 11 auar.h. I hD~e .I.!oj' 5U]!:'

gCllIed I hat I his Ie<:Innic 81 niggle ~urround B and .ymlJ!oma·

lilCll I he current n isi. or ,lte .ysle,,, of nalion.l tl lf:'l... Ilere.

I Pi"O]~ to 100&: mOre closely at ",'eniS in Soulh Ajia ..rler

9/11 . oHr>ce in Ihi~ rel!ion "',, o.e.:m 10 have. ff1K:lal ';!'Ple or ,he e.~"I . ,,{ 9/" .,..1 , .... 11I..,1u by th" Uni, .... Sea,,,.

lilli' 01' Afl!hanillan and 1 hen on J raq . This fBe,"1 ripple I I"

pean 10 reproduce uncannily I~ bailie be,"'een terronm

and !'ta1Cti., he,~ ce llular and ...,rleb .. le forms of violence.

and llel ween 81 mggles fnr 100:.1 political idefll il y and Ihe . ell·

ill diplo", .. cy of ~"'IIII,Ii§hcd s' a'el. I n I hill f",clal movenw:nt.

Is ",el·I'Hlell~ ille i5 It media~itlg lerm, which .. Um.'s the !>oti·

tiC'll of N" .. , Yori; Ci ly 10 meld into the ""l il iclI of Ka$hrnir,

'111CSC "'"enl .. are both ripplCll and replic~t ion .. Among th"

tnan y <{"" ,"ions they raiJl(! is the meaning of ter ror from a do·

mC$l.K; point of view.

1 .. • ,.. 8I1d u,.-... • t z' .tv

Su~'Ce9l!fu I terrorist aC lion~ !ucit 88 tltwIe of 9/ L L n:lurn U8 10

the problem of eocia l utlcertaint y. a ccntral con te'" of thi ~

88 8lud y. ~irst of all, Ille u'lC<l rtainty has 10 .kr with the age"l ~

of such violence. Who an: they? What facet are behind the

masks? \\' hat namell do thcy u.e Who armS and 8"I'I>orl>

them'! II"w many of them are there? Where are Ihey hidden?

What do tI,ey "'an t?

EI;,e .. -he re .. -hen diso:,,~ing the re lation,,!,ip loel",wn un·

CC rlaint y and Large.s<;ak ethnic violetlce in the t990S, l ong·

ge,"w tha t such vio lence ~ .... uld b" vie"'e<l as 8 complex

rt:iIpon St: to intokl'ltble levels of uncertain ly aOOut group

identitieLI (19')11b). In that argument, large'!!Cale " xercises

jn <;ounti,,! Bnd naming POIJUJ.l1ions in the ,no;t<Iern period

8ml "'orrie& about 1>COp!ehood, ~~L1iltemenl !<, and geographi ·

ca l ,nobility created &il nations where larg" nu",ben of p<.'Op1t

turned immoderalely &uspidou8 8hout the "n:81~ identiti ....

of thei r eilinic neiglthol1!- ' b at i,., they !:.tgin to BUSpecl thai

tlte everyday conlra'll.i.'e Lahds with .. hich Ih~y li\'e (in .. ·ha t

r h&"1} called I ..... ,ign .. : Lation~) conceal danll" f"OU" ~-ollecl ive

identitietl which ~a" he handl~'fi only by cthnocid" or sume

f()l"m of ext mILle 80Ciai d(ath (or t It" ethnic ot her, ]" Ihj~ case,

ol>e or IlOth paired id.!tllitif!l! Il<!gin to _m predatory 10 one

another. That il<. one@:l"(IlIp lw.ginSlort,.oelthatthewry!',.)Cis_

ten ... -e of the ot lter group is a ,Ianger to its own Buni~al. Stale

pmp"ll"n,la, <....:ouon,i<: r, !~r. an.i migratory lurlJllle" <..-e f"",,1

di,,~! tl y into Ihia shift , 811(1 it f re<lucnti y "''''<!II along tl~ " ""I

to ." I",oei<le. I " Africa. for uample, it i~ di re<: lly linked IQ

n\O'·ement~ for what is called ~aUlochth()lty,- ,,·hidt in"ol,,,,,

primary claims IQ l)I!(lpld,Q<.>d , ' erritQry, and citizenship fQf

""rsons ",ho can .1\0'" that they arc from their rc~pccti.'e

"lao;C$, unlike otl"'1""& ... ho ~re migrants or foreigll.eno, In lIOCi· e lie~ in ,,·hich all region~ ha.'e heen ... rod~d by long-term 89

",,,I large-&<:al c ",igrations, thi e is obviously II deadl y di slillc'

t ioll . A"d heca""" it i. ha rd 10 ",,,ke. large_!lCale bodily vio_

len«: het:Qn~" fQre,,~ ic mea". for ..".Iablishing sharp Ii "..".

bet ... een oormally rTli~ed idenlities.

Bodily ~iol. !"ce in Il~ na"'e of !!llmici l y be<.'OtlIe>I I he vj vi·

""" l im, i.1 tool 10 ""lahl i. h the " ,al it y behind the m~k . And

of t..'Oursc .... eh viQlenee in,·ariably conrorms il. con;c.:lurc,

for the dead. disahled. or dCt.'OtI.truclt.. .. 1 hody or Ihe ;,u ••

11t",1 ;oJ"'ays co"finns the suspicion of il s IreilCher),. Much

of the he$1 elh n<>graphic literalu rc on maljlj ethnie ~iol'''lCe,

eVen going I~~:k 10 I he N;I~i period. i8 fu II of t he language of

mll:>k,., Lrt;ad'ery, I.(: t",yal , ami ""I""'U"'. Viol~ """ i~ 1000rl or

th., deadly cl,i'lcn1Ok>gy or el l""ociJe. Of oounoe, ~uch vi .. ·

lence breeds counterviol~,~ . .... hich takes on similar vivisec·

lioni ~ 1 form,. In the mask.:.! ~iolt:ncc of Uc lfast , NabJus, lhe

Ba!l</ue Country. and Kashmir, IQ name iust a few examples,

the mask of the arm",1 terrorisl actually reneels and confirms

the sUBpiciQn of many don' inallt elhni<: grou pll .. When terror-

'sl. "'elr nl.lsk-, and even ,,-hen I hey do nUl ...., .. r m.lsks. Ihe; r

onlinary dem~ln()fllrc teen ., organic masks for their real

ideuli t;"' th~ir violenl intenlion!!. their I ~al!OllOO! 10Yll1 ies,

Ihei r iiOlC~1 brlray ...... Sv e,."ry lime lin offICial poli ... fo",",

ti l" otftl", nWlk of. dead or ea ,llu~ lerm';" . .. hal they

~veal henelth Ihe ,J\Nk il "lOth~r mas k. thai of an ordinary

MII! li ... , or ''IIbliniln. Or Afghan. or Ch"ehen, a traitor by

delini tion.

Tholl. rhe e~r ~n>ll bOodily vKllen.:e bet"-ee1' ethnic: fl; roups.

Cl;rccilily again~t ethnic minorit iea, , .. hieh ...., IIl1'''' ,,-ilne;;;;ed

II) th roughout the ,,'orld ill II", ''J901, is no,t jui-l te.ll;mon y to

OU r p"~lIn ial bratiali l y or .... olut ionary lende .... :}' IQ ,,-ipe ou l

II", Mlhem" IQ ~""""re tll<l luu1>'al of tll<l ~n~ M Nor is il jll~1

Ihe Mnle JU IlI lhe ro::iigKlIII I"d elhnic violell« O''tlr I he cen

,urie.. The Im .. al elhnic violence of the 1'J901 i. deeply in

A~"' l ed by fllClors ,,·hi.:lli riangulat .. a highl y 51>eei tie IjOrl of

11l(~lemily: 11Il1!Sporl ·b,,~~1 national idenli . iC!l; ccnSl' !J. baoe<l

idea8 of majoril y and minority; nM:<l ia_d ri,', ~" imagee of ~df

a",1 olher; COlll l itn!;OIlI which con flat .. cili lCn8hi" a"d e!ll'

n icil y; I nd • • nOllt reeet llly. id e," .boul dcnlOC rllCY and the f tee

nlllr" .. 1 ,,'hieh ha,." I, rod" ced lIe.."re ne'" 8t ro~1ea o.-.:r en

fr""ehi~l1It!nl a"d cnl il Il:III,,11I ill lIIany !IOCic!i .... T I,e8C and

ol her f.c luB ""'I1IIIII d that ,,'e 01 .. nol look III the la'1!c-"", .. le

gmulHiok'fl« of III<l JlII$I f"w dceadeuu ">ereeh.]>ter in Ihe

illory of hU Inan tendcncid lo .... n l relifl;Klu~ "1I r Or ethnocide.

MOI!l import.,,1 .boul Ih"", new fonll s of ~i~ie«I ion isl

,·iokoce i, tht:ir peculi.r mobilization of !K>Ci.l nncert.inty

and ideolot!.ica l certainl y. Stale p ..... l&&artd. artd f"nd.menlal

.111 idooiot!ie8 of many kind, 'I)~ .. I vieion. certai nl ies .boul

Ihe el hnic Ol her - ahoul il~ phy ~ical features, it s plans, its

mel hods. ,18 dupJie't'~ and the need for its eJ<I'llCl ion. l1>e infa",o,,~ ~ r mtoool of tl,e E I,le,"" of Zioo ~ iS l'erllal>S the ciR'I

sica l modd of ~udl a propaganda Ie).\. Bl1t 110 amOl1l1t of

polilicall y irul'k:e d l>anic al1d doct rill8l1y in,jucW COIlvictioil

... ,11 1I)(),'e o"linllry poople to II", o;Orl of ext reme yiol!:nCtl

agaill81 larg~ groups of fric'kl~ and neighoor1! tllat ""e read

.. 1"",1 ill ,Iet ;,i I reg;, ... l ins li "..a",l .. i n Ihe early '9'}Os- r or such

"Xlre"", violence againSI "c iKhl~ and friends 10 occu r, a

de • .- p sort of sodal un(;e r taint y mll~t mix ""ith high levels of <Ioc. rinlll .,,,rlaim y. '11,., .. .-an y tI,i, products i$ Ihat liwl oroi . 8 \

na ry fact."8 of c"cr)"d"y lif~ ("..ilh nan>l'll. I'raclitt8, and fai.he

• .lifTerenl from ono; '$ O"'n) are in fact masks of cvcr )"dayl"ll!$l!

I,... hilld "..h;ch lurk I he ....,al idenl it ;C!' no l Q/" el h nie o lher1! hut

of trailo rs to Ihe nation mnceiye.1 as an cthn06. Thi ~ is t he

lethal mix Ihal I'rodll .. ...s the logic of eth" ic I",rif",al ioo . And

of cou rse sud, uFl(;e rlninl)" i ~ also sociall y i",lucc.1 an,] po·

liticall y etimulat(;{\ . It , 100, INlrl ly CO" I<.'3 from IH .. JI .... ga ,,,la .

nUl il abo Cf>m~ from o. her SO" r<:<:I!. of len much clOl!er 10 Ihe

locality Dud t() Ihe minor "'ounds of dail y life . in .. ·hi(;h cd",i·

cally dirrcrent grou l'" cumulate liu le doubts. small gmdgee..

and humhle ~u gf'icions. With Ihe arri"al of large r IICri p48. of

1>0 .1, e."",i III y ~nd " ncN, ,, i,,, }'. I h""" lin Ie 8'o ri.", r",~ 1 into a

narrali,'c " ';Ih an c thn.-..:idal m(>mcntum. Rumon; feed ~u~ h

momentum, hUI only in!;Qfar 0$ Ihey are fr.uned hy larger

narra, i,"" s. Awl such n~ rr8t iyes Iypiully COmto from SI;,I " Or

fro." larg". l\Calc, "..ell·o rgani".,,1 polil ical fo r<:(;&. Such forces

(;11H r,,~.e r produce ,he contingent ootid ilions (or t he reeerl ion

of their Jlarrali,·t ... (and here ;3 the fla .. · of man y llropaganda

th"orin ), lout witloou t ,I~", n,-n y &I)l.rka would die quiel ly,

long ..... {o..., Ihey I>«ollle fin:$.

\li'hailloee lIOCiallmcen . inly hl'~ 10 do ",ilh lerrorism?

The li nk i.e Ih.1 lerfOli&on worka throu gh Ihe toob of u,~r·

t.inty. And thi. Ulw:enlimy rome in lnallY fonn~ Filllt of

.n, ... Iw!t, lerror'''' •• tt..:k "td nc.llpe, we "0 roo\ know "nelly

"'ho they • ...,. Sometim"., .. " do not kroo .... -hat lI..,y .. lInl or

,,'ho eucdy Ihey wi.h to attack or kill , When they.", ell"",'

d.lly bold. ev"n ... icitl.l, Ih"i. mOl i'-eI,ny61 if} ,,~ producing

(".,h". '''ICe,,';n' y. They .1 .... 1"(»""" •• """",. "' lCe rlaillty

,",,,,ut .. ·hal ""'y 11111"1"''' ''''~, . Terr ... if fi r&! of.1I the le. ro.

of lhe ,,,,xt attack. ·Iloe..., i •• I!KI Ihe ' luelliion of .. hal bound·

.rie. ' errori~I' ~. , Terrori~1I blur . Ioe tine hel"'eeI' mili ·

la.ya"d civi lill.n &I"""" II.nd " ...,.Ie une<:rlai III y about the '-.:ry

bO'.IIwla.in wilhin "'hieh we take eivi l llOCie' y 10 he IIQv"...,i8'"

Ttl.ror is a ki nd of melU IQi. of war, w •• wilhout ' palilll or

lemloornl bound&. Te.ro. divon:<:1 "-II' from the idea uf Ihe na·

lio", Ii opena II", pOllli,bilily IllIIt a"yolle 11111)' he u w hlie. in

di5I!u i~. a ~1"eJ>. : r P" 1(N18 " " wp i l il~ 10 Ilrik~ ai litc hca rl (If

our lIOCial.luml",r. l1", Icrrorist combinOOI the 'IUHl il ie8 uf the

1It,'d i<:. IIml lhe ' I'Y' Ih,,& blurrillg 1UK>1 her boundary on which

modern p"li lice hula'8c1 y btlell l~wd . Thi. if an 'mporum

di",elloliou (If .. ·hal I",ppc"cd in s.,uth ANa .fter 9/11 .

I"di .... d Pll k i~I.,, -a,td much of Soulh ANa 1.'1 a ,,'ho!e

we..., direcll y a"Octet! loy lhe e_lI~ o{ 9/11 alld by Ihe " 'Ill"

OIllrrror launched in Afghan;"It' in ~()() ' It,d exlended 1o

Iraq shortly Iher~afl~ r. Ml\hani ~lan ami Irdq are inlricalely

linked 10 lhe regional " urld in ,,·hieh Pakistan survi .·e&. And

I'ak i'lan ;U1d Imlia, or "" .. r>'f>, Im.-e loo:en locke,1 in a penna·

nen I Slale of ~Oll nicl since t9-17, focus.;d pari ieulnrly on thd r

Sl rlt!l6I~5 o¥~r Kashmir. "ner 9/ \ 1, both I .HI ia ami PakiSl.8.n

were foo.:ed imo /I cnrncst to ally tlloelllseh·es with Ihe Unit.ed

Stalc~ in Ille glohal ,,·ar agai nst le rror. Pakistan became a cru,

cia l as;oel to the Unit ed Slates- placing its o"'n national ll(lv,

en:ig ltt y in pcri l - hy ]",. mi n ing the Uni tetl Sta les 10 u!le ;1 as n mililary loaSll in il~ loattle againot Ihe Ta liban .... l lhe;' all y,

(),;ama hin ! ... ,lcn. lu<lia uoo::d lite language of ter TOl"" to de,

lIC ri loe Pakistan '8 ",,·n rni litary im c ""Cntio,,~ in Kashmir and

Pakistan '8 Sl'o nSQTl!ltil' o f inte rna l te rro rist llel ions in I ndill.

lllu~ South ,\sia in the morn hs followi ng 9/11 off"ers us a spe'

cial npporl uuil y 10 exami lle the gCOfl ra pllY of ange r and 10

gel ""rne 11<:11\10; of tlte ways in whieh g lobal, regi.,ua l, nm ional.

lind local spaces enler inlO relationship" of repl ication "lid

repen:lI!1Sinn. Th is g~ogruphy is one way 10 eurni .... how the

fca r of srnall llU1ubc", and thei r "",,~r shape t he mutual re'

lalionwi ]l~ of ,I ilfe"",,1 51"" in I ecalC\l . "d si le!!. Mo"" 6i"'ply,

looking ~I I IIdia and M um h;> i in I he per iod follo .. ·ing 9/" leiS

,,~ tlefl how th,~ language of lerror prodUCe!! a , I<::W political

goography.

In Illdia, this ,,·as tit.: pr. rio<l in which lhe lI iudu RighI

had achieved elccto ral dom inance nationally ~t the end of al·

ma51 I..-a .k"(:aoc1l of ca reful eff"orts to erode Ihe cultu .-.: of

ow.cu lari~m and I he e ,.:di hilit y of plu mlist fao.:es i n IrnJia, The

9/" atta~ 1u! ""ere gold~n OJ.portuni, ietl for 'he ruling pIIrty,

the Bharat iya jana1a Pa rty (KIP) ami ils al1i e8ou lh~ Il indu

Hight, to bring togetber " "umber of tbeir agcndaa. 'Il,cs<,

included a long.standi l,!! interest in coullating India's .\IU$'

lims wi tb Ihose of Pakislan; a slrong progfllm to strengthen

Imlia '8 armed (indudiug nuclear) capahi lilieo! and 10 prepa re

I ndia,,~ fOf th .. prospect of B fiMI .md decisi"e war "'ilh f'aki.

stan: " domest ic CIIUlpaign to "'ipc OUI slJeCial lrealn .. ~>t for

allllOn·Hindu grou I'S, npecially Muslims, notably in area~ of

tbe IlI!l"8Oll3l law: and a ~yijlematie effnrl 1.0 rewrite I ndian na

tional hi!tory (ami child ren'. ted books, amOllg other tex t ~)

to reflect thei r ~iew of I ndia a~ a II i "du civilization ,,'hieh hHd

he.,,, viol~ted I,y Muslim in"a, ler& in l loe pre_ ll rit ish period

Bnd was endangered by I'akista,11 today. -Il,e B'P, along wilh manyol l>er Hindu nationali~t groups

and organizations, hu been lit the heart of the national CIIIl'·

pa ign ,,-bich led to th .. I,.hysi~-al Oeel.uction of the Bab.i

Masjid, a major Muslim mOS<lue in the north India pilgrim.

age .:enter of A)'9dh)'a, ~iated with ,he Hindu god·hero,

Rama, in December '99:1. ThrougtlOut the t!)80s, the IUP

had I'ut ~rt:at energy into rewriling the geof!;flI phy of India

.s I~ indu goograpl,y, wilh major Muslim shrine8 po.t.a)·OO

as illegitimale 81 ructu. es huilt 01' sacred Uindu site! and

shrines. TIlis lI ind u geography was combil>e<1 "'ith 11 para

'lOid nationaliS( gCOf;raphy, in "'hi<;h Pakist ... n was treated a.

an abomi lUll ion, and war wilh I'IIki~lan WIIS d i"",u_d si",u I·

tan"ousty as a projec:t bolh of I!oe<:u rity and of po rit y. In t 11;8 manJlCr lhe B}P made a nntional efforl to mobi lize !>enl in",nl

againsl Muslim rights wilhin India. the Muslim 51ate of P" ki·

S(an, and the 18~ltn ic I,re-sen~.., throughout l loe world ..... ft er

9/" , thi s eflOrl "3!I cur iche.! hy the infusiOlI of la nguag~

13ken from the glo1>al "'ar On t ~rror. "'''ieh, for the BJP and

its allies. lle(arn~ Olle and Ihe 83me as the national <;amrai!!n

to ... :<Iuee MU51im8 tu It humilial~..J and glletloizWmitlorily.

This campaign waS more Ihan a small pari of Ihe elhnoo:idal

rage ~ainsl Muslims Illal Ill., 8J~ n ... 'JagWlo hame. and

c"ordinate in the pogroms allai n. t Mu~ liTils in February and

M,m:h ~OO2. afler a 8111all group of Muslim youlh Be l fire

10 a train compartment filLed with Hindu acli_;st! returning

from t he sacred sh ri 00 al Ayodh)'lI. The BJ p lost lilt: nal ;"nal

general elecl iOll~ in 2()o'1 hm ren ... i"s <:11I rcncl,,:d in Indian

po lit ics and is sl ill the ru ling eloclc.! pany in th~ SIal') of "

Gujara!.

We shall relurn I" til<: Gujarat anli.Musl im pogroms

shor tly. But leI uS note tlm t ..-ithin ludia Ihe months folio .. ·•

ing 9/11 also MW II.., tran~formation of oario.,8 klcal and r.,·

gional g<!ographic" into par' " of the larger gCOflmphy of na·

t i",,,,1 (lut ' age "n,llIlol>,,1 rl'lIc against terror. Consider theeil y

of M u mhai , the capital "r thc Slatc of Maharn"hl rn, which has

It ""'II history of II i,,,lu·M "slim r iols Io"t 111>10 a long hi slory of I ralli<: and comm~rce hel Ween II indus and M lI slinl ~ in sport.

busin~., thc film industry. and Ihe ~Iai I "'O'ld, among ot fler

aSIH~1 8 of life.

In Mumi:>ai. 1",linn poli liu has it . OWl] "I>ecifoc way. of

playing i l ~l f out, as il (~s in Oilier slales ond regions. I n that

great (o",nH!n;ia! city, Ihe ~lOry of nBtionallllITily and mili·

tary prCl'arednCI!<! is. as 1I1"'a)'i\, >IOul/lwlJaI ovemuulo .. '!d by

news or UoII )'wood .. r <: , ickct. This is th., city or 1,r(H\uclioni

in ]jying C.IIsh and color. Word of the delllh of ilal"$load " Hig

l)uJl ~ Me"I",,, fraudulent iTlW'Slment rnlllker; tile ooillg& of

the fim family of Indian dncma, the Bachchans; and the reo

acti-'lItion of the c riminal proceedings against the mc~ film

producer and diamond merchant, Bharal Shah, accused of

linh 10 I he mafia, all remind OIle thai in ,\luml>ai all eloe hows

10 Ihe llen'OIlS sySlcm of callh, wealth , glamour, lin d ~I yle.

Yet , ,\l umbai aft er 9/11 ba.! ils 0'.-01 ways of regi stering

I he anxiel y aboul Pakistan and I he lIen OllSl1eSS ahout il ~ OWII

JarSI) Muslim p<lf!UIaIKvI$. '!l,e .. : "'as increasill! !l(:ruliny by

11M: po lice of slulII POPUIaIKvlJl, CSl>o<:illlly those li ving in or

ncar imporlant mililary Or IraMpor laliOll (""ililillll. The ar·

rest of Af rm Khan, re!!idenl of 0Il<l of Mu mbaj's oldlllli slums,

Chcelll Cam,>, " 'il h links 10 the .. u rkl wide ter ror ist allllCks On

Ne .. York Cily, Delhi, Sydney, and e loe..-here lirmly placed

MUlllba, and il8 pol ice in the .. urld .. ·'de htl til for te rrorist &. III

Mumbai, the 8U blexl Ihat link!. Musli m,;, ~hnns, and M IIC!18 M

(Ul'" lerroriSIS is liar! icularly IIrlir,ulnle; a",l {roo,lier lowns like

Mu",bra, ... ·he re munieip,,1 "nd pol ie~ ... rit s lire Iimjlc,l. "we

targeted by pol ice and th<l media as natn .al COleap" batcl ,,:.o

and 8«ure Z(N)eI! for te rroristli, e~pecia lly le rrorisls wit h links

10 the groul'S alleged to be lWloC(] ill and 8UPl>orted hy Pa ~ i,

slall. One IlClioll Ihal linked holtsi "8 (perhal)S Mumbai's most

d.!$pcmle everyday issue) IQ ter rori~m .. llil the arnaling de

cree by Ihe thell Cornrn~i() .. er of Police in Mumllai , M. N.

Singh , I hal ali lan.d lonig rnu~1 rel>ori the "arne~ a",1 .I. ~tail! ... f

all neW lenan \&. sublenants. or resi.lcnl8 in Ihe bu ild i ng~ 11.e)'

control. This amalling panoptical exercise " ... s snrt: 10 fail in a

cilyof 1 .. ..,1..., 10 Iifl et:fI million I""'ple (and;8 now largely for,

goncn), but it could certainly ha,,) pmvidc<llIn a.!dilionallool

for I"'li~e invasion of l'rivlU:)· in p.." lolrl,i""nlly M nsli on are"".

'11lt:re i. in all thi. more Ihan I ~hade of the e\~nl. of It)9t

""hert the Bahri Mu jid in i\yodh)"a WI8 deilroytd by Iliudu fu",la",,,,,lalil' ''' leadi II! up tu the ""ad ly rio .. Olf Ila:o:",lJe.

'99:1 and Januarr '993 and lilt: bomb b1u .. laler lhal ~ar

("'hid, ... ~re "'i dely~" aa Tel"iN I! by M,,! I; rn groupe w;lh

. "PJlO.t from Mumhai'. "nllo:. ,,-o.ld).

The .clut i(~ t~hil' hel ,,-een nalio,,"ll'It~:u,it y RUt! a,,~idiC!l

ah04l1 Icrr()t"i"" and cri me i. alway •. in M "",hai . linked 10 <:1:. ,

lain e~1 •• ter .i loria l image!! Olf PW;d like Dul)ll i, Karachi . and

ine rcui",IIl y Kath mandu. Ila~J<ok , and Manila . With Du·

ha ; as the n",in Olle a'n()Il! thellOe, Ihere il a COtlll.1a ~b 17

of ,,,,.r:o ti.-es in.-oh'i~ majoo. M "'nbai'8ro"'n criminal. now

work i' Ifj ou t or Karac hi and Du"-i . link. wilh Int e...scfY~

IIIIelli8e'I(e in J'ak il lan. ba8es in I he .,.,unlries I hal ' "rround

Ind ia . and act;"" criminal partncr:o and repre&entati .". in

Mum Ini (a",1 eloewllt:re in India) "'ho dOl the bidding of tllQll

all ' ,"'werf,,1 figu res. 11tu"" in M omllili . 8tale dil!<:ou r!le al"'''1

lcrrori~I1I, "",;uly articulated by Ih" 1)(}1i~"e. i . alw&ya i"l~ r'

cum_red .. -il h older narmr;veI\ abot'l lhe " nder .. wJd a"d the

film .. orld , I muggling. an,1 the growin8 number of Men~'Oun.

tel1l~ hel"..,...n 1!OIice and 8'fl8!Ilenl ,,-hieh . JlIOU"t hl . rllled

.... rfare in M"",haj '. mosl c rowded areas on vi'lually a d.iJy

O r w""kly 10 ...... Yo:-. .. ",.he • • l rat"I.IoI ' rer..., .. ,I." Mum.

hai experierll'1l or Ihe8e national and ~gional Ihc lltel is lilt:

0:-11III)IIigll1l I gaill&l I", .. -u rs. par1 of a lon8-81 ll1d i'1f! 81rugle

betweell the: Ital e an,1 « ,tain middle,claM in lere.!1 grouP!!

on one hand and Jloon:r st reet ha,,·ke ... on Ihe othe r. Zeal ·

OU~ "'''nid, .... J o,rlCia l ~ ha.-e .. -,.ged II. war aIl8' ''$1 81rtel '"cu ,

01" .... TIo~'ee bp11l"" I()(} have: a ~r l"Ong oo",,,,,,nal $uhre~l , since

nlllny of Ihek I .. ,,'l e,. hal" ...... 10 he 1.1 usfi m Illlrl COIlioeclcrl

10 MU il fim ~knlelli. in Mum"'i'. undcrworlrl allrl In olher

foronl of ",utlCk alld prolOClion. 'n ot ,,-ar lIgIIill!1 ha"' le~ i& a

lIlrugglolahoou 1II~,ciYil;ly, eneroadnnenl , .nd I.u"lieorde.

in MlIllIboi . nol il lou i. no. "", .. ra." fmm lioe &I.btcx.~ of

cri ..... , leV-li lY' ieClIril y. and o. ,Ie.,

1'k Shi ... 50:, ... tloe ri!hl.wi ' lII ,uui.·i. 'IM,ty .ha, hQ Ihe

longf$! r('(:onl of organilj ' l@ a/l';·MII~li'n ."m ;menI8 anrl 11(:

livil;'" ill M "",hai. .. "nd alway. har. 1-n the dean:!;! .'Oieo:

in lloe ~lfon to link eiric ~ 10 anli·Mu~lim promeations.

[n mccnl )ur ... in an am,w"l!l K t of ""Iitical "",nc, the 50:""

lou organized a acri" of IrItIrn,·comti' pe ,fo'man~ in I Large

nllrnher of Irmp'" and I).nhlie 8f"'~ in Mumhai <H. Ihe ar·

gument I hal IIII;tI: ... ·er" rilllal OCCIl8KM •• for bringing ~ peace ~

'0 M ,1I 1l1 .. i and to 110" world. 'n,e ou l .. goous f~~'ure of .hcse

d ui lll;' i8 Iha . i. ia cllllt;ll y Iloeooe large_o.:a'" rilulI ls which,

ill 199~-'JJ, ,,'en: 'he rnai n ill~lrum"n t for organizing an. i·

Muslim 111(1)8, for mllki,,~ ,,,HII,,,,,,,,,ory speeches, IUld fur

lillkillg lI i,,,I .. 1I ~g.arituaI8 wi,h Ihe ,I i .. ~:t ill t imidp,ion of

Mu",i", ~om"'u"iti~'>I , "d IIcighhorloood ... To rO!ll'ore t hes<:

. ituals in the roeriod aft~r 9/11 walt ill onl': stroh 10 re510re

the deadly IH'llfJa!JU,da Hnb loet ween Muslim. and Pakist,," ,

"'hi le "ul;"11 Il indui , n, in Ihe role of II loea":I':rnak;n~ fon:e.

Finally, in. fairly steady d"""IoI",,,,nl of the past d('(:ade.

the Ind ian n.avy hu become • vi~i hll': . ,.te .nd ri lual !,",II

~ i .. Mumhai . "I""y"he key pla)er in Mun.boi '. deferu!tS.

tloe I nd ia .. navy has .. aged a llerin of 'pee"'':u lar f'l&f!eant.l

of ~.nic might off Mumha,', ~h"..,. i" mccnt )"urs.. '-t·

ing friendly lIavte.. dilplayitlf! ita 1M':""e8I mil"ary "11"'10.. and

anticipating it! cr itical role i" IIny future confrontatioo ,,"ilh

I'lIki~tall, 1'hu8 Murnbai'! ~hores. previewed as a potential

landing lOrn! for I'a";~tani . uhmarine, i" '99~ -93 , are "0,..

dedsi~dy seen O! part of India'~ Kr""ed borucrs, il$ Lirn: of

Control, and "'umhai i~ in<; reasingly inserihed into India's

frontline by the navy ami the medill., more than eW! r ill the

1»'51. T he Arabian Sea i. in'; rf!uingly part of I he I ndiall o.:ean

U II 5t ratl'gi.; 7.011';, ~nd 1 he oc~anie di8lance bel "een Karachi

and Mumh.,i is »e'·e. f ;Ir from its puhlic imugination. Dis

lan~'C!! Hrc al""ays partl)' II mailer nff« ling and sens;!,ilit y, and

Ihe 1",lia" nav )" has ,lone a rille jahof shrinking Ih.; mllrir>e 9 9

diSIKn~-e I~I Ween India .u,,1 P. .. kistan . I\"d wl"'l the nayy ~

(UI the c .... ' sl8 alld in the harhon of Mumh"i. Ihe Shh.,. Sena

amllhe poli C<) (I hough 1101 al"'aY6 ito harmony) do i" I he o"il,l ·

i "g~ neighhorhoods. and st "",Ie of Mumwi. n.e joint elfe<;t

of t heSf' prod iee~ i~ 10 .;rea te a @radually super iml>OSed mcn-

tal mal>' in which war, s«:urity. crime. and ter ror o~erlay the

gCOf!raphy of commerce, I ranspor t. ..-ork, and ~'<)n~urnption.

11,is hrief di5<:uMion has sought to provide one elIamplc of

the " 'a)"g in ,,'hich events an,1 ~1"'ccs w,;rc rccombin~d hy the

lIarrat i,""" of terror arter 9/11" Nat iotlal " .. Iilic!\' global alii

an~, rf!g;"nllllell~ioll" h"',,"een 8tatC!l -ali come into Be'"

rdn r ion. ,,' hi~h e ~clllplify t 10" .. ay. in ... hid. 'he gCUSraphy .,(

anger is form"'!. Such gcogrllphiel! ..-em produced ond trans

formed Ihroughoul tloe ""odd after 9/11. In every case, they

broughl logelher k"'g. ~I:I"ding regional :lnd loca l hi ~l oriee,

,mtiu"al a",1 lransnat ional political \cnsious. and glohal aud

internal ioual preMUres and coalil;"n,,- We ha'"e lookc<.l dO!!C1 y

at India. al Mahara~hl ra. arrrl at I he cil y of M 11111 hili. But we

ooul<l do the Ilallle .... it h many pla~ such as Kahul , Cairo,

Ne .... York, and nlOflt n)«ntly, London, to .... hich I turn short ly.

[II tlvery (a'le, the gP.Ograpl ,y of ang'~r i~ 1101 a simple map

of acl ioll and ,.,:ao:t''''', mi ,,,,ri ti.,.tion and .... ""'istance, n~'Sted

h,eran;hi« of spao;e and 8i le, neal ~uenCe& of cau&<: and

efrect .' Rath~r, IIIe8e gP.Ogral'hies are the spatial out~"()me of

oomplex interactions hel "'cen fara"'ay tl,"Cnt, a",1 I'roximalC

fears, bel,,"Ceo old histories and rN: .... pro'"Q(alions., loet"'een

rc"'rillen borders and un .... rillen ..,rders. ' 1,e ruel of Ihe&<:

gP.Ographiell is cerlain[ )" ma!!8 mediated (by the ne .... 8 media,

100 h~ the Internet, hy 1>olitieaJ 8p«Clie& and Hle8Ilag"-'l, hy in·

cendiary reJ>orls and documental, hut il5 sparks arc the un·

certainty ohout the enemy .... ithin and the anxitll y ahout the

a[""ys iucomplete pro';':':l of national pu rity. The g~-og ... ph)·

of anger;s prod ,,~ in thc .'Olatile relationship i>el"'<!en the

nlal>8 of national and glol>ool ...... I,ti<:8 (largely produc~'<i hy offi·

cial in~titution;, a, od I'roced" res) ;" ,,1 t he ",aI's of sacreel !HI'

t ional 8,_e (prooluc;.ed by ...... Iitical and religious parti<!$ and

nlO,·ernentg).

TI,is diilCUi!iIK.tn or Ihe geography..,r anger i~ intend~>d to

support tWO argutlletl1s. The liret i8 that in a world eharac;

terizerllry global artiCUialKMI!! and Ic:nsions between L..,lI ular

and vertebrnt~ J>OI;t ;cal forms, regions. nations, and eitiee can

pnxlu,:e comple~ fraclal replicas ..,r larger sl rugg l~. lllUS.

the Icn8ion~ bel .. -een India ami Pakistan alopear in ", ,,tant

forms at . ariou$ Je~cls arod l!Cale!l: the glol>ooL Ihe nat i .... 'aL the

regional, and the urhan. In all of Ihelie tM. figure$of the termr·

i~t , the pure n.aIKM" the I11l1$1c;.ed trai tor, and t"~ hidden enemy

play a e",cial role. But lhe eJtacI ,*,apt: or IIIe84: cOmmon d,a,·

ac,en and tho: pm:i!le ])lots they an imate a~ lOOt rq.licu but r ... ,al$ of wider "e~li '-e!I and imagC$, The ..:oond a'!!iu,

'nl!T" tha, th~ Yigllell~~ allow i5 ,h.t ,herf: i8 IIowa rrelhly

charlll~~1 rd~lion!l"il' hcl,,'een uncertain t y in ordinary li re and

in:!«urit y in thc alrJ i I'@oUr!ltates.

'n'Ne lire mm,y r,Ir'IOr8 ,,'hich nfr~t the form! in "'hk h

gloha l drama~ of war, f>ca~.., . and lermr arrive al different

nat ional a",1 rt'giorllli locatiuns in differ-'lIt gu i5t~ and 'ake

On hilllhly ! I'ct'ifie 8y ru'Il' ie cnnneetion" '0 local ~ n ~ict i"" anll

image.or the HIlIob.o I.'· Among II,~ rDClon. vi tal i.']oe q"" •

• ion or 'he nwdia, ; I!! ~trcng' h . its ",i~ , iu ioOul'Ce of 1)Ofl' '01

'rol, and il!l!!iloha1 /"C...,h. The media - print u wdl as elec·

t ronic - an: .... jor opiniot. '''lIker! Ihroughout tl~ wodd, as

,,·c.1I know_ /l ut we all also know , h~1 e,'cn.t the hil!hHt

1e'l':ls of I!lob. ' contro l and circulation .10 one qui te rule8 II~

roost , '11..., r~ma,kable rise or. he A nobie. langunge globa l ne'·

"'ork, AI·Jazco: ra. as II. compcti ,or 10 eli ~ and u c. i. f",rha ,1!!

th .. dcci~i,'(' CII!M: . ,,·hie], shows that Ihe 1>IIII Ie ror glohlll in·

forma' ion ~nd O],in ion is lturdly over. A.HI Ihe .. me IlOkl"

Ime III Ihe 'c..-I ur ~m~lIeT ein:1e8 of med ial ion Ind eireu·

"' l ion . " ,here 11l''''Sl taller!-. magazi.-. aohle Italions. film$.

and polili':;I(1 &IIe«IICI ,)rovirlc highly '·.fUihle ,IlII h~ through

"'hi(,h , ........ n" OI)i " ion can lih". "" H' ",,·erlJC ... ~_ In Ind .. ,

ror example, IIIC .,nlggJes among • 'lI rlet y of lele"iNon 1)Ofl.

f!1on ... ratea, I"dian and multina tional; tl..., po..-.. r or the in fo. ·

llIal;On a".1 t.roadca!.ing lIlini6lry: , h" ahili t y of ellloloe opera-

' on 10 hijack and pi rale all !IOI"I~ or tl1e(lia OOll"nodi. il .. Q,wl

coot .... 1 thd r local di.t.;!,,,lio .. ; the huge IOu ltilangu8g'l l"eM

... hieh "KHl ifi~ rco.:eived \\'esle,n and Engli .h Ol)iuion; and

Ihe din.>cl accell8 of many Indians 10 O~C~a>! U.:W8 th rough

"'ori<, kin8hiv. and oommcreial tie8 create 8 ''Cry COIllplic;)t~,l

cin:ulalOry system for the formation of puhlic opinion and

for the mediation of fca r, panic, and Ihe Iw.UiIe of emcrgency.

To th is mi. may he .. Med tI.., ne .. ~ata1yst of I nlerne!· bailed

newS and opinion flo .. , ,,·hich allnw~ a large "8riety of inter·

est groups to di,,;;eminate their _;e .. 6 and ue"11 and 10 S<!kct

cOllstitUCIlCi(:ll wilhout reganlt!> naliu" .. 1 houndaries.

And there is of courBe the glnNI e<:onumy - glob.~li,.at io"

prol~r- t hat regime of ope" rnari<elB, i r>Cn:ase<i integraliOll

102 of e.;o .. omi~ and high·speed ~in:u1alion of "f"'Cu lati.e cal,i

lal under which we ha"e heen living foral leut thn.oe ,kcad~

A~ many have uotl-d, ,hilI"<: is no significant poJlUlat iOll uu'"

living outside tile terms of this ~IoNI e.;ouom)", wm- pro·

locols, dynamics, and legalilie8 all': being con~tru'-; I ed in k.-;y

""ys in the pre&ent. What is rel~vant about thi~ Jarger I"" ·

~ iBthe matleroflhe link bet .. .,.,n the losers in the regime

of globalizalion a",1 Ihe anger Ihal has inspi red Ihe wrls of

attack. that we wi tnessed against major world po"eMl before

and$inee9/ 1I .

·I'here is lillle douhtthat the reservoirof what has prop"rl y

been ClIlled haIred directed against Ihe Uniled Slale&-lhe

'lIate - and America- Ihe country- has complex TOOls and

!!OU~ Am",,!! the m i, Ih" long re<!Qrd of Altle rican mili·

tary ,·iolenee during Ih" poIIst century, II.., arrogance of Ame ri.

Un foreign policy, and not lea$l, Ih" dear link Ioe l"·een world

C8l'ilali$ItI, American weahh, the po .. cr of multinational ,.,

and the policiee of the IlreIlO!l-Wo(ltb instilutiolls. T homas

Friedman, a promiul.,.t commentator in Ih" page8o( theN~,

t;"k Ti.M;s. not • Mani.>! b)' t''e'' the ",i ldel!t ~t ret ch of the

imag;natiOIl , "115 Jl~ candid I. fc", )n.,. A«O in I.rSUi", I hal

the United StatCli mu~t he the owrid 'S IlVlico: vlr..:er (ill sueh

plllo«1l.' KV!K"'o) ailoce i, "11~ 'he o'wioll8 engine I.e ,,-ell as

the gn:a'~ I..:oef,o:iary of' he@;loha' e"onomi<' ,y,I""'( '999).

OlllCn mil)' " .,.Ige Oil I hi s poi", hUI il hp~ more ' hlln I. liuie

lnolh to it. T"~ .. : is more 10 he ll8i!l olll t ,econ")'e~ jot,rncy

from U.s. l! ~)'~" ,Iorni,,:or;""', of lin """''''my I hat i, I)rodue·

i ''fI hoI h ""'rlI ... ~a l!h a",1 more Ioserl at a" alarming rate 10 a

ral)i'! Iy a,.read ing cuhurt of anli·A mcricanism. I •• ki re5f this

in Arealcr Iklai l in d l3l'ler 6. Bm thc Ii nks I re lhere, men if '03

Ihey Ire . "I»k, .;arioo •• nd 8(HllClill>e8 fU bttrra .... an.

\l'" ,'.n rei urn I"," 10 lho: conlplu new ein:ui lry Ihll links

moce rllinly i" !IOC;. I life 10 in!ICCurily ... ilhin and b,e"'een

! 'u l"", TI,i. ne .. condit ;on mal' be lib 1'<111&. ",orldwide Mile

of in~uril y ,,-hieh creat .,-s incrusinll numher. of ,,-hul I1I3Y

hc elllle<:1 j"-lt:£ur;lr J1,,'~ •. ')i$CU;!oSions of II", rcl~1 ion"h", he·

1..-.,.,,, Jle<:uril y Kml i!l!~,cu r; l y h.,·e heenme i "en:~ai "gly rich

I1I1IOlIg ;!CIIOIRr. in SoJu l h Asia , P8 P I~"I cu llCoC tion edit .... by

H. M. BaSni r (aou, ) rnllkC1l e~idL"""

I II I he ru li! 1 • .-orl.1 " 'hieh ,,'c ~on to 113"e Icfl '..:hind Uf!,

Ihe $CCurit y cn. lttrrrs of state!! and Ihe ",·u yd ay uno-ef, .i" ·

I in o f "i.i~er'" ("r ciyil iaruo ill m y _ on .... ~i""'cr) ""re rew,li ,"dy

cklfly!lel al>l rl . 'n.., former had 10 do .. ith "., .",1 pe..:<e,

diplomacy 11",1 borders.. dden!!e budgct8 and "urk! IlOlil>c..

" lre laller had to do ,,-ilh localla ... n" onkr, 8OC;.J pred icl.

abilil y and rouline. reli able kl",,,·!etlse of Ihe ..-orlol of friClld~

and neig" b" r$. I!On"" !\("n!ie of ow"cI1Iloi l) of local Sl111Ce a",'

locll l p"hli~ sl'h<:re~, eon", 'l<!nse I hat lun"'rrow ..-ould , VII the

"·hol.,, he like loday. Today, the insecurities of Slaleti ami tile

uneer1ai nties of ci~ilian spaces ami peroon~ Iia"e I,....;orne di !t

II1rb;ngly intertwilled, an,1 terror, t~rroriarn , al,,1 l~rrorists

are where we call !)('tit fIte Ihi9 new blu rring.

T hi9 blurri,,!!: is noillblya I Wl) -... ·My Slr~'et , Q .. ·c can ckarl)'

!lee in 50mh Asia. Local foct;'",al ~1!"\lgg IC'll, elt'etion,., n, ItlOf"l!.,

and conflic!9 bocome IIOUI"(>f;jj of e"eryday uncerla inly, ~pe.

roially about the idenli ly of one's neighhors and Ioo.:al fdlo ..

cit izellil. Ethnic identilY is a specia l nash poinl for such un·

....,rt ~,inty. l.ul it tall :.180 take other oiOInatic form&. i",·ol-·ing

104 language, clothi,,!!, gender, ffI(Hl, or rae<::. When But:h uneer·

tainly is written into wider I'~of dem"llraphic change,

",;uoorn ie fear, and population shift,., tHeerbated by the "".

C<:&ICS of maSt! n",'fi i~tion and stpte or <ju"si·stal'~ propligan.llI

"",chi",~ as I sugg""ie<1 ca rlie r, Ihe mix of f!OCial certainly

pnd ut>CCrla;nty "ecofl'p.<! volatile and met as tal it: Y inlen~-e e""

<1",,,101'. Co.]\'cncly. "'-Ilte ink'Curiti<:ll can percolate do .. ·"

ami through t he cal'illariu of ciyil !;OCiety t hrough ddibemt~

efforts al !lIass mobilil.11t ion, the politiciza tion of !!Owe or all

of tile armed fora-s, tltt select i~e imposition of policies of (\e.

tention Of" rep ression, the ethnically targeted iuvigilation of

particular conUlJu n;tiell, and kga] di sc r;mi, .. tio" against mi

noritie&, migrsn!$, Or ot ller "'tak ci t iz~n'" Such state insecu

ri ty i8 c8pociall y "",.ked ... ·h~rc 8talesl"I"c 1 .... 1 clear links 10

nlll~~ ])(llilics, ",Ilere ambiguous nr &e]eo:t;vciy fa"ol1lble ceo·

oomic polides are impool<!d on beha lf of wid~r global in tcrestB

'Ir force&, and .. ·ltere Slate<! ha,-e ~gun to ~ulJ.stitu tc funda.

nw::nt"Jly ell hurali~1 policies for developmcnlalist <><>e!j.

India is an I!!!pet:ially interesting ease in th is r<:ganl be·

cauJle in previo,,~ polide~ of it~ Kl~- Ie\] coaliti()l' there ""103 a

st range mix of free-market rhetoric (liS in the ereation of 8

mi nist r)" at the eabi llCl Ie"d for "di$inveslmCflt "J, It(:hno]ogi.

cal l rendir..,Sf; (as in the cull of infurrnatiun lochno lugy and

t h~ loch·driven nonresident Indian cornmunil y), and cull ur~1

fun'lan,.,n tali~m , The slogan here mighl he seen as -open

market~-dosed cull urc<!." Tire ongoing lension bel wet'll Ihe

ofrlCi~1 alP leadershi] . ;111<1 tl.., leader~hil' uf Ihe Ra. htri ya

SwayaIllJ!ll'·aJ.: Sangh (National Volllnte<!nt So.-iet y) and the

1." '1.'11 ",ON: mdiea l fringE>softhe Hindu Righi lie part icularl y

in the ' I"cstioll of who:re l'Conolllic 111,,1 cuh und s.wereigllt;":'; t05

mix and mccl . And <;'"<;11 ,..; thc RIP inc reasingly rn~ il.$ c..wi.

!oility 00 ils ,lance on cuhural h,:rilage anti historical eo. ·

n:dneu from a Ii i",] .. poinl of vie ... ', it~ polit ics has 1M!C<lI1Wl

stea,lily more hawkish. espl'eially in the ... lIke of the offICial

nuckariwtiun of h"lia'~ ;lrmal fon.-e8. S inl'C tl,al lime, ~",I

in t h~ w~,ke or Ind ia's triu",ph Ol'C' Pakistan in Karga a few

year1 .ogo. the re has heo':n a $tead y cllort hy the "l¥ and its allies

10 l"t]uale Inrnl~. nil y "'ilh te"'ur0los y (parli<:ularly inforn"".

tion l~d111010E)') ,ond t r~d itioo ... it h f find II is", and to claim to

he Ihe IleSt guard ian of hoth. The cente. piOC<! "f Ihi$ dual ap.

proach include!! a ,Ir.rmatic intensilication of ... ealoon~ build·

i"8. i I>cllldin~ "'·cal""'. ,,·lala l I" "uclc~ r 1" ""'''' un ;nt ruoui·

gent ",,",ilion on Iwgotiation wit h an)une about Kashmir ; and

;1 steadfast cummilmCHl lu linki',! Pak istall i Ih rf;.;llS to elI le.·

nal """,u.it y wit h jnternal thr~al8 to J ndian pu.il y. espeei~ lI y

f..,n, 1 ~1:u" hut alw fmlll other ~alien ~ religiuns. Thil l<. II..,

cult of informat ion HII,I mi litary technology g<>eII side hy &ide

"'il h 811 im.:N:8Sillgly elrid"nt p..,j,~t 10 II ind uir.e Indian ci>' iI

l!O<:iet Y at e"ery le"d . II remains 10 he !tee" whether the ru ling

CongrClle Part y. which "'QIllhe general e]~"I; tion8 in 2004. can

reWOn;e theN: trend""

The ""tioos of various cellular group" producing armed

oppos itiOll to Ib.: Indian "'ate in Kashmir. and oow inc.eas

iugly Teaching a.croSll Ihe border <Jeep into Indian cities and

faeil ilie.!. opens a ne W opporlu nil y for tb.: Slate 10 pene trale

ci~il 90Ciely in the name of il! Own inse.:uritiCil about bor

Jenl, Baootage. ami internal terrorism. This is not to deny that

the re are in fact c l"OOIII-oorJer in ter~18 at "'otk in I ndi,t, some-

106 times ... itll deep OOnnnilmen16 10 viole"l act ion. But il i ~ 10

su~gt:llt that $1.](;1, violence has greatly 8t rengthcned Ihe hands

of Iho"" .,.,IJO .... ian 10 pum the metaphor of ,,'ar e,1:. dole]ler

into the Cl'E:\' i~ of rlail y life. ~o r nlany 8eC10llI of the Indian

middle claMeft and for many !>eCliom of the urban and mral

"...,rking cI~tIIle8, ,I~ily life hal! l><!COme ;,,,klibly c,,~ .. e<1 by the

""nse of a cultural st ruggle whid, seamlessly linh "'ar and

llOlitic8 PI Ihe horder! wi th v i gilan~e and purifi~alion al Ihe

centers. From Wagah to Ayodll)'a' ill hut a shift of thca t cr~ of

... ar. and here there is a link between Pakistan, it~ terrorist"

r nd ian Muslims, and Iheir impticit I reachery. The stlccessful

efrort hy the police in Mumbai to otoli lhe staging of a Mara

Ihi Iw"uage play abou t Nathuram Goo.., (the Il indu killer

of Mahatma Gandhi) in >too>t " '118 witoout a doubt umlerwrit

len by the public IM:moe tl.~t J "dia is 8 country (ahnnst) at ..-ar

"'ith Pakistan. Sud. stale actions feed into lhe u .. certainties

of everyday life, and in a given week or month in a place like

Mutnbai imereut themseh'C8 with nC"'spaper storie! abou t

Mu~lj", terrorists livins in pr incely d"-e ning~ in slum a rcu

(.lk8~'tily fUrllk.'d b~' AI·QaOOa or simila r networitl) a/ld hy

Illl>!l: ,;e' ICTnl cans to Hck.'an H out slums especially dominaled

by M u~l;m'" .. -h i<:b are alleged 10 he ideal h .... ~,,'1 for le. ro. ·

ials fro m Ku hmi. and ""yo" d. I le re aga;" D~ tl 'e "'c" I""'11I

u"",,1 I,y Ilot: N,ws ill 1'~ICe8 such M WaNa'" . I",ur """ling Ihe

verm;n (a~ I hey ,It'!IC ,ihcd rhe JeW8 of I'<> '"nd) . ".1 of VII rioua

s:roU p8 10 . le80: . ih" 1'''0' M,,~l im areas in c;l ie& ",,'h II! lle lh i-I nolec, I, ~l alC iu!lCt:u,il y aud liOC;ul u ,,,,,,,. Iain l y aboul c th ·

lI ieil~" "Ihe n f .. ..,d On uch olhe. in II diAI "rI,;,,! 81)ir.d in

1 h., era of global lerror. rur onef: le.ro.illm ill ........ ·n 10 crou

nalio .. a l bound.,ies (n il plainly 00...) and O/'Cfl;1 i •• ho .. -n 107

I" work I,y .. 1.,.1110 and disgui&e. the .. thit coooe<:lior';1 e.."

to mark I nd lrIohi lizc. And go;oing back to Ihe lrope of .ivi·

8«1"1<. ( .. hieh I u!!eOl tarl ie.). hoth "al"·~""''''''l'd \'iolffiN:

aI!3in~I I ~ .rori~llIln" Ioco l violence lIt!ain'l e lhnic: neighl ....

oom'crgo: .Jt1 I h" .1 illl,l"r ...r t he CIO I,tured, wtIU",It.~I , or hUll.ili .

nle<! body of lh" enemy "II tb., proof or l he ~ry I.elll;hery il

was tktig"",1 to d~"'\I 1 m y. In rhe "'-'PO!!e of d"ath o r t he i m",,,·

hi lity of .. " ", ,,dc •• le rrorist ..... 'ies I",,:orne IIi Icnl memorials

to .h" "'n~ "' y ,,·ithin . • ' roor of t reachery in ;u ~e ry palhelic

ord illllr;.-.

The Uni.e<J Slates o r ( Otll'M: i~ engag"" in II new 8I':r of h"" let

o~",r alate sec:IJ r;Iy Irl<l civi l unco:rlai nt y .fte. 9/ '" And aft

in J ru lia. I he ."D~h of 9/ J' ba, ... "" I ea.h,~d I r"'w or,/cr o r

COr"""!!l""''' 1..,1 ..... ·<: 11 e,-<:. )"d8Y sod al ullCt:rta;nt iel1 ahoul U$

And rl ", ,,, arr,] the insecurilies o r KII e ll"'g",1 n"'gul at.~. As

Ihis Culli,~ r I"'eaks Ihe I>ond~ of I he many 1 .~lIi puliall~ Ihal

haw: been plagui,1,\\ il for lOme lime and w.eak..a llies have 1>eeI'

launched againgt ill~gal migranl&, IlUsp icious Ira\-elt:rs, and

d iSolent of eve.y kind. New debales have been unlea.hed "houl

Ihe limi ts of sta le 6urvei llan<:~. abou t lhe need tQ protec t mi·

nor itiet\ of colo. against hate c .im~ 'e!!uhi~ directl y from

Ih" ev"nl8 of 9/ I L. and about L h" consl ilu tioll<, lity (If mi lit;IrY

I ria ls for llooee detained hy stdle securil y rOrtt~ inunedialdy

after 11M: 9/" attack,,-

108 T he problematic of terror in the puhl ic sphere in the

Unile<1 Stalet\ has II very different lofI ic from Ihat in Ihe Sooth

~ian region. 'Ierror promk~ 11<:W debatn about immigra

tion, " 'I,;ch arguably has been Ihe ~ent rul policy dilemma of

Ihe Uniled States in th" past f,fty )·ears. It arou >es newar·

gumenls about civ il r ighl &, esreciailly th~ r ights 10 pri,'acy

and freedom of nJ<l,-cmen t. It has mad" it very diff,cult 10

mount a s.er ious crilique of Ihe uf"ICIIlilig of dcf'~"!!<l expen.

ditu res aero" the """rd. "nd it ra iSe!! the worst worry of

all , Ihe One few people ..-an l to think altOU1 ,Ow!r tl,e li nk he·

Iween the auack 011 I he Federal lIui Ioli11,\\ in Oklaltoma city hy

l1moth)' MeVdgh Dnd his s.uptJOrte~ and Ihe attack 0 11 the

World Trade Center in the early nineti~"tI and again On 9/1'.

This l118t is Ihe cenlra l lltJ;nt Ihal links the refnu::tiona of

terrorism in otherwis.e w:ry different eil~ of the globa l et:o,,·

ollly. Whetl1<:r inlh., United Stales or in I"Jili. terror o'l!a·

nized by ee!!ular networks terrifies the "ertehrale st ructures

of the sld te and hlullI the lin~ IlOlt"'e'~l the enemi<:$ within

and the e"~ lIl ieli oulaKle. Thua te rmriat&, e"e ry,,-here ill the

world, cast a dark sh .. ,l<Jw on our own deepesl anJ(ieti~ "holl1

national iden t;ly, ~tale P'O"w, and [he ethnic ptJri t y Ihml all

nat;ona !K>n",IMlw depend Oil , Our lerror;81 ,., ,,·helk r ;n the

U ni[,~ Slat(!lj, I"d;a. Or d se",here, an; I hcrcfor" dotl bly 110. ·

df)' ing: th"y ;If<l nl.,JigtUUII, 10 he 8m!), i>1J1 th'lY al'lO sollm·

JMlW "",e", 10 be "Y"'l'tomg of [Jo" .1""'1' m., lai s.. in Our Own

".".,ial and poli1 i~aJ 1 ..... li,,8, 'Il'C)' cannot easily he cxorci!!e<l ag

c~iI spiril s o r s iml,l y "lnputale<1 like h"d limbs. ' [1my (0rQ) a

d<-",,,e . engagemenl with o ur s tal es, 0 11 r world , "nrl our !M)1,l!S.

Closing tM Loop

\l'e can 110'" try to d...., Ihe explanawry loop and br;nll 1(>

ge l he r I he fC;lrfu I sy",,,,..,t ry l~tweoJn thil l''''''!' of SImI] num·

~"!- Ihe centra l fcalure of ct llular le rrorism and Iluicide

bombing - and Ihe/car of sm.1I num bel'$ - Ihe p:o.rad"xicaJ

.. eak ''''''''' of liI>cra l democracy in Ihe e ra of I\loh"lizal ion.

In Jul y 2 .... ':,. just a few "'eeks before t his hook "'11~ !!<lnl

10 prC$$. Londoo was shaken by a ~ries of bomb blai t9 Ihal

shook Ihe Bril ish nal;'" I, I'wdlle ing dedlh and mayhem in

Ihe \\''''''I"r" ""pilill ci l Y hest pr"p"reo.l to deal wil h urnan

It.rrorism, Ihe holllbti ha'", holen II'OCe(I 10 a gro"p of yo""g

me" li"k.:d I;Lrgciy by 11.e ir 61al" ~ a~ nOlln"li _ ina muhicul .

1,,,,,1 Br ilain .... ho may ha,·e oome together in l he ~O<llCxt of

.~"I\Ia,,(r$ la rgc "cl W<)rk "f "lO@<IuC$, re ligi0lJ9 ".;hoo l,. aJHI

lela"'i", oommuni l iei. T houg h t he~ are varialions " 'ilhin II~

group and many qllP.'llion$ a lMlIII how II~y o:utnc 10 he I.all$·

ro rmoo into ",ban I~rrorigl." it (\0.,"8 seem dear Ihat f!<l\'CraJ

of the boml~r;, and Ikir fKtn ili e!! were parI of the I'aki$lani

dia~pora .... England. alld othen! have lies to the I ndian ~(HlI: of

Guj~mt . which lie>! along the 1 ndo. /'aki$lani bonier. Whal ,10

the8e fuelS ha_e 10 do wilh the larger argumenl$ of Ihis book

ab .... ut minori ty. uncertainly, globalization. lind .iolen(:~?

The bomb al1acuof Jul y '''-''-'s in London "llow u~ III bring

the w Iry of 9/1 1 into II.., prP.!lfm1 a,,(l lak~ 8 do".", look al

the dynamiC$ of terror and elhrlocide by eumining in SOllie

detail One ""rticular strand of a larger global fabric. A! we

h8~ "",en in Ih is chaplcr. Indian M oslims ha_c hcen 8utte8@

fully porlra)'ed by the II i odo Right as pOlentiallraitol'll to lhe

110 Indian nation. as ~rel R!ent8 fur l'lIk i' lan on Indian lIOi l.

and Nt iUilrtlnW!n LS of IIlobal Islam dele""i ned to "ndermine

Ii i ndu Ilwia. The state ofCujaral ,,·imess< . ..t (he mGot S<';r iOl' .

5tale·~pon~d lerror against ill! Muslim minority in Feb·

r"pry ~oo~. 1101 101" after the global ,,'ar 01, terror "'as all'

t>OutlC(ld by the Uni l~'Ii Stat"" in the ... ·akeof Ihe 9/11 alla<:ks.

Althonllh til(! RIP, Ihe political pari)' that 8\'OlltlO .... >d Ihis

massi>1! elhnocide in democrat ic India, ,,',u driven 01.11 of

po"'er in Ihe nalional elec tions of ~OO4 , the regional hmnch

of this party ren .... ;n$ in CQIlt rol of t loe 81~t e of Cujaral, and

lho6e RIP leaok($ wlkl consc:ioosly mO>1!d Gujaral into a ~tate

of ",ajorilarian rag" are still "ery mU(;h in ...... ,,·c r i(l lh i~ im·

portanl stat~, CnjaTal i~ slili a crucible for political haIred

Ilj!ai nSl Muslims alw ror state-sponsored fear of Pakiatan.

Mean ... ·hile, many )'O"~ Musli rns (among Ihe m m .. ny rrom

bot" side!. of tilt: PakiS1an· lnd ia bortl"r, induding lhe Sla te

of Cujaratl ha\'fl grown to adulthood as diasporic Bri lons in a

mu It;~ullUral "'orld ... ·!Jere they are by no ",eanS full cit izens ,

f:xP"'!'id 10 the ""-gel! of b lamie mullah. who believe in

!lOme form of p<:rmll .. cnl ,,-ar again~t the We!!I, uncon vi nc<~1

by Ihe Brit ish mi~ of off~ial multicultural ism and everyday

racism, ~,,,I awarn of the atrllch against ord inary Muslims

throughoul the liheral ... or\d. Ihe psychology of liIleral mi

I>vritie;! dogs them in Bri ta in and fw ls Oil n>e<lia "'HI Inlernet

reports of att acks on Muslims in 1'a1 t"8 line, 1(3.hm;r, Guja.

rut , Npw Yurk, and he)'o' ''1. At t h~ s;un~ ti rn~, th~ '11<_18""

10 ..- hie h t h,~y a rc uPOiletl from Mus lim eler ic~ in Il ritain 8, .. 1

by othc r peers .. -ho ha,'" IIe"n fad icaliz~~1 i~ tI ,al Ihey truly br:

long 'M,t tu a terrorized minor ity bUI to II terrifying majori t ~.

the Muslim world it ", lf.

In th is proceM, in sorne in~t "nces, their self-,>cn.:epli(>n a9

inju red minorit ies giVe!! way to a different sen!IC of themselve!!

as ;' vanguanl minori t )· .... »11 Qr- t"ally sl'e;.k fllr; ' !!aCretl ma'

jorit y - th" M u~li "'S or the world. This ee lf-~onstru"ted mi·

norii y is a very ,I ilr,,~n l sort of 'n inor ity from II~ i,nagir>erl

loy Ihe British stale. Horn oot of the ~hre" 8 aod puldlC$ of

Ilr;t ish mu It ;<:uJI uraJism. th~ n~w minoritiu onl of ,,-hieh the

London 110m br:rs emcrg~~1 i. ind<!e'\ a minvri t y to IJ.e fi:arcd ,

b';'cause it is th~ rogue voice of an inju ... ~\ glohal majoril y.

There are two ways 10 read this story. We <:.an ",ad it B$

Olle of the III )" riad w;l)'S tn which ~ deel-' oolol1 ial history ;oi nS

1 h~ rl y"a",ic. of glohal mitloril y loo lilic ... The parl il ion .. r II",

Indian su heon l incnl is unimaginsble wilhout a !lerieIJ of ;nsti.

t lllitH.a1 changes sponsored loy Ihe Uril ;." in colonisl 'ndia,

ra" gi 'If! from religious counlS in the nineleent h-century cen

SUilt'll. to separa te ck'CtoratC!l (or II indus ",,01 Mu~lims in the

early 1 .. ·.mtielh <!emury, 10 slrategiee ror ,Ii"i,k nml m le that

1c<1 ,Iireclly to the c rcmitH, of t..-o n;,lion8 in '947. In tu rn,

thi$ C(>lonial ator)' !lOts Ihe stage for o"e of Ihe hloodi <!l!l pol il j.

cal partition9 in modern hi!tory, ,,·hid. pU i S India and Paki ·

stan in a sl~le of permanent anla~ ism fur more Ihan hal f

~ c~n t ury. Some portion of this aggrieve.:J f>Ol'ulallOll of Mus

lim~ from India and Pakistan ends up in Britain, land of the

struggle m-er Sah,uu. HuslHlie '8 Thf' Satanic l'erJ<:J in the late

'9808 and Tony Blair's agg~i.'e emnmitmel1 t 10 Ih" caus<:

oftl.., Uniled Statc8 ill Iraq in 2W3. On I],e Indian sill.:, the

wo,, ".b of "'rli,iOlI lead fairly directl y to the riOlt: of l!i ndu

fundamcntal iarn in Cujarat and a wileh hunt and pogrom

112 agai nsl il!! Iarlll! Muslim C(>rnmunit y In 2004. Young M uslinl.'l

(of Indian and P-... kistani origin) in Britain ~ ... uld not ha.-e

fai I.~ 10 make <:<>nnect ions hel "'eell 9/11 in N., .. -Yurl< , I h" War

in Iraq and Afllhanislan, Ihe ongoing hrulaliUltioo of Ihcir

fellow Mu~lims in I'a lestine, Ihe posrom agai n~t Muslims in

Gujaral in 2OU~, and the COflti"ucd fai lu.., of the I "dian .tate

10 punish Ihe ntain per pet rators or lilt: crime!! against 1m·

mani t y oornmille<1 there.

\l'e can al!lO read Ihi. 810ry structurally and synchl"O<li

cally IU a le>l!iOll in Ihc ~l ippery ,lyn.ami(;8 gu.wni ng Ihe ~t aluS

of millOriticl and maj-oril iu in many dcmocratic lIO/!ietiCII

in Ihe la~t deellde or lhe Iwent ielh century. As some dento·

cmtie nalions indine to cremle intcrJIIII mioorit~ .. -hom they

pcrcei\'e as utertml maj-oriliell in disgui;;c, so som .. amonll

thcsc mi noriliu - oftcll educated. d i~ffoclcd youth- k gin

10 illenlif)' II..,m<lCh"" .. ilh the ~'ell"lar .. wJd or J!1"I~Ll t e r·

ror ralhe r Ihan Ihe isolaling .. -urld of 11.1111011.111 rni noritieo>.

'Il rus tltey rnorpl ' from fNII! kind of mi'lOril y - "'cak, di!jCrn.

powe red. diSO!nf ranchisecl. and augr)' - 10 anOI he. kind of mi·

T>".il y -cellul~ •• 8Iob .. li~f'(1. IraMnalioMI , K.med. and " an·

gerou s. ' l1,i s lransfo rnmtioo is the crucible that proooce!l

recn, i l~ 10 global "~ .ro. i~",.

T he I'ioto.y of Muslim ",ino.iti" in Ihe twent y-f'l'lIl cell

lury surel)' is t he dominanllHIe of Ihis kiml "f fearful sy"'

metry 1~lwee" Ih" rear of small n",nt..er~ a,wl lh" po"'er of

sma ll Ilumb.its. nUl il i5 by no "'ea"~ uIliqu..,. 11,,1 ..... rI" is

full of ang . y mi'lO.ilico wilh Ihe polCIl lia l (I' cdlulat orga

nizalion. We ha,'C alread y u i>se" "d this eaJ>IICity among mili-

Illni Sikhs. B";l(JuCl!, Kurds, Tamil Sri I.ankans. and ulher 113

lIurieved minorilies "'ho hHve bet:ome dins!,oric global rom·

rnunitiC!'. So lei us nOI "UI~"'"" Ihal Ihere iS l!Oulelhing in Ihe

"~A uf 1 ~ larn Ihal p.(}th"~", Ihe cap .. dl)' 10 nlO' ph com»I;"",

milluril ips inl" lerr ify' ,,!!: '''''"8. Wi th I h..",., ol"",r"1"iom "]"",,

Ihe relal ionehi]! he, ~n violen~..., against mitlOritiC!' and Ihe

viok",:e of mino. ities . ... ·c are in a I_ilion to return to Ille

worl d of i<leolog ica l "'arfare in ,,-hieh "'C nOw Ii~e_

, . ,\ "" ........... ,; ;, • I,,!!<. publ". V"'''''' ' '''l'' n in ....,.n' Y"' " '0 ......... .,... lI'n.'" " "'~lh •• od ..,lid.,it ,.

I, In N. h,iI!",,,, ...... 11 I_k. I~ t{ tAl Jihad 1"""5). ~"'.I

o.vji ma'" '''0 major .,~~"""' •• 'UI fu" h ... iII~mina .. . be !C<lI\nlp/lyof

' ''5«, Tb. ~ ... "' 'o.how In., ln~j</Iadi wwld.;- ia, comrie> hiolorical

oul"" .... of 11 .. .. 1p ,.~ ...... vf . I.~ [,.lam;" "",I., ",.h<, .t.... i .... ..., ....

,ion. Tbe_d "~"m<1l' """.,,,,<0 wilh my.,...n ioi. .. 01""" idt"" idt ond

ci . ici<!< by .. ,u'''lI: ,b.. ,be ."'''"' .m... ~ ,,,- jilooOOU i, !:>tU t . ... n",

",,1;.,01, oI'«I .. ,i .... h;.,ol u"i ..... liom ta, ..... ,I..., & "'k d y on,;·\1'",un

rioio>o> _

3. ~ ...,..,wly ,he 6 ... .....,. b)I Jo~ .... Ur orw><lo w ...... " .. '" ,he

id<o 01 i,,-,,";, y """"'S" in' ..... linpy ..-i,h m, 0 .... .

4- 'A'oph it . ..... <1<, pool bo' ....... Indio ond I'lk;"on, A)""'ih". i. , he

oil y'" ,t.. ....... Ii.t..d Ilohri Mooqu •.

B Gr-•• ..root.. Globalization

in the e ... ol ldeocida

arnucl II untinglvn'~ a.gum .. "1 (1993) Mbou l Ih" duh of

d.-i'im llaos is fun.lall1efll.dl y flawed . Bul il dew II."",

• ""rtai" imui li.'e "I'peal in Ihe " 'wid we h."" enltrn!

.flcr 9/11 , lI y I'lacini "" hu.e al ill hearl , Ih" ..-kla" . peat, 10 hne 1'~lly "a"turn! toIn<!lhing of Ih.., om;oe

of g<!ncralize<1 ""r agRin~1 Ih" Weill. ,," 'l ie,, larlt' Ihe tJ"'Ie<.1

SI~I"lI. l haII!eCm' \ 0 ha.'" ."'e.,t Ih" Iglami.: "'Jrld, and 1'$1'''' dally il8 tc . ... r;~1 exl r"",.,.., So t hcf'<l i, """,o:lhi"lI rig"1 01>0,,1

this mo.tel ft ll .I ... ",Clhing ,,' rong.

The ,,"'1 thai i. Hawed. i"d~'e<1 f.~lall y fI. wed. i. il' imRge

uf c1v ilil.llliot ,. I hemliCh'l'll. conceived in I"'fl nod.lly. ill ,,".1

ge<>t;fII.,hica Uy. in ... rt I»' religion. affilialiot" .,><1 in gen·

..,fIIl AI ph,...,ie.1 lltilloll' of .. "It" .... Thi. i • • "i'nI)rtlialiom

"'i,h a IIUlCI'O!""f!nI'Jlhieal ~. It i«UOrell Ih" VlSI amount

of gloloal i nle.~1 ion 1)f"1 .. '~n c1viJizaliotlll ",eas, it crtiCIIlh"

dia logueoc and tkba,~ wi. hill googfll,.hical ..,gioow. and il de·

I~IC!I o'-crl.al>ll ""d hylor id il lei>. J" a word , il eVIICua lf)IJ l ,i~lory

fmm culture, kaving only goography, ,"1" wurl,1 apl,ea •• a.

a larK" IIt riu nf . Io,,-ly moving c"hu."l gl~citr&. wilh , hM,,'

<;0" "a81$ at Iheir bou"dariCII ."d liule ~ariety wilhin. 'n ,is

spat ial iza t iou of culture, painted in Iarg~ 01 roIo;~s in I he troll(!

of ei~ i lizalion,., al$O ( 1)Cns the ,Ioor 10 a dangerous <. ... lIapse of

religion. eu hu re, and ra. :e in " unli ugton 's argu,,)Cnl.

All th is hao "e~n Buggested in the many Ire",;hanl eri t i.

cisms of this "pprOllCh Ihal ha"e al'peareol sillee il ... '88 furmu

la letj by Il lJUlinSIOl' se",~ral y,:al1lago.. But IIC ... ·85 a l"" righ t in

a certain in tuili~ .. ay. Hight box;ause he recogniz~d Ihat far

from being at Ihe ""cud nfideology," Q Daniel Bel l called il in

the '95~ or at Mt hc end of history" as Francis r ukuy-.n", put

116 it scVl'ral d ... -e&d~s laler, we set.'m to ha~c enlereol a new f'hase

of ... u in th~ naUle of ideology alone (!Jell J¢J; Fukuyama

'992). Iluntingmt '8 er ror .. 'a~ 10 connate meolljO~lg~ r and "'c\!. 6IIlge a'I<1 In mal' Ihis ooml'lex rt.'alil y into a rea list grog",phi·

eal riclurt.' of Olel"al, physical land ilia"""" "'hich w~rt: secn as

Ihe ho"'C\! of antagonist ic eivil i:utt iom. F.6p.~cia ll y in the ease

of 1~ lam, Ihis is a emily error """,ausc it re.:ds, perhaps "".

i",,~,tin .. ally, tm.. spllt ialized fllntasice Ihat k d George Blish

and hiB ad ~ i!lOr1I to lry to localize AI·Qaeda in Afgl""'i5tan

and dceim~te a cell by e ...... inl! II la'HI",au.

Yel even Bush alld hi9 aSSQt:Ut.tes re.:ugnized, from Ihe

very starl , Ihal there WIl$ son)Cth ing global, dllsi~e, alld

'1OI'~palialize<l - indeed vi rlual- aoout the rleW enem y. 'n,i~

quali ty i~ what I tried to caf'lure in the distinction heh."'!cn

,-ert cbra le '"erstls ce llular orgallization~ earlicr. Il unlinSlon's

moJelloo. apart frum il8 variom nlhe r COIlc<:plual Haw!;, i9

a ,'erlchmte mudd for a cdlular wo rld . !Jut loe ,"' 11~ right to

!lee Ihal there ,"'1lS a new !!Orl of ideological t ulali~lll afoot

in Ihe world. ef!pecia lJ y II!! regard s lite hat red of Ihe United

Stilet. Thi, is ..-hell! the idea ol-ideocide- ( .. 'hM':h I aoo

rli!ioed earlier in tlte booJI,:;) comes in.

hie ••• and Cit;-'"

Ideo<;i.l" i~ ~ lerlll I hal points 10 a witle81",~ • • I, i ."Iet.~IIIIo""I,

J11~"O"'~~IO'" a nC"·lInti sc r;"'us pl,,, .. ome"o,, , .. ·here],}" ,,·hole

11COJ,le8, ~"Uunl rice. ~nd w.ys of life are regardcol as "O~ iO U8

Illtl out ~ide thr. d rde or humani, y and HI . ,.prop riate largets

ror wh.l O,laodo 1',ne rMln called M""",ial deal h - (. 9II~1 in hi8

dioc:ulfoi.ion of , Ia.,ff)' and ,,·hat Daniel Goldhagen NoW" the '17

1i .... 1 ~I ep ',",'ani Nazi el hnocid"and genocide Il!v rui ns; ,,,,wid

kwry (.9'}6). 11,;, !lenl iment i! 100.' rot'8 10 be e.l led • duh

of "i~i li...,1 ion", It (an heller he """ IICO'l a clash or iikorid". or a

clash or ciricitkJ. ·Iloe politiC! in qu~t ion is more I han ~ tIHIO-

eidal or "".~., genocidal . ~i nee 1 ho..., 1~ "1I5 haw, Ihei , an.;"o",

in Ihe ha lr~~1 of ·· inlernal- minorilies. I d~"UC~I.,." ci,·icide

turns Ihi. senli",,,nl o"lw~,d and large .. whole id~'Ologi,,&,

large l'egioll8, . nd "'Y' of life as outside tl oe lla k: of homall

diLieal OO''''~rn . Abo. "nlik" earlier l" eo:UI1IOI'I....," &II CoLtI

\\'., Mani"haeisf(1, in ,,·hieh oommun;"m, ror u.a rnplc. " 18

iCen II! • 10lal 01.,..." or re~o 18ion 1.». Ameriea"", the 1"lIel in

ouch ~....,. i. ,~. Io' 'f!c ' "...,." r", ~I.'U or 1",lilicl l "'g'" '''' b .. 1

... hok ide0lotliell an,1 i<l ...... of ,,;vilization.

·nl i~ INlr! of my a 'ilument may seem like .airnp k: reatale

rnenl of IIn nli''l!ton·~ a<II""","t , hUI i. i. "" 1. By 8hifl inll

I".d~ fmm d.,h 10 clea"si,,!!, " ... ,,",!If! ' "nu:iaJ 'l uIIJi l.li\~

Ii"", .. ·hi<;l, ~l.so pllow& Ihe shift rro ... rcl;,mCl as 11'11,,18 ' 0

who le IlfJpuJalio". u~ large. ~ (Ih" bill 1 .... .1"" BIi.I,·, .. ·e may

call it). Furthe r, by focusing on i<ieu of civilizal iOil ralher

II'an civilization s lIS such, "'e n~nize Ihat sud, lola lizing

lMul~ can occ:ur tfilhi'J the great Iraditions and regions of the wo.ld and f1Qt just aaru.r them (I he .::ent rsl fla'" of Ihe

Il ullIitlgton ,node l). Thus, the huge and Icngthy "'ar bel we"n

I r~l and lruq, now ttlOlitly for!!"tlen in the Western ",edia. is

an u an'plc of II major baul~ bel"""" Shia and Sunlli idcas

of Islam, CJUW;(:r l..ncd by addiliOlwl . Iimu lat io,,~ through thc

machin.lltion s of Ihc Iwo regi meufte. th~ as<;C"$ion of Ayatol.

lah Khome;"i , 10 be sure. To cast rcalligh! on the new logi<:8

'18 of illeocidc ami ciy;cirle, ou r """t clue Cfltne1J from the wo.ld

wide growth in the ethnic cleansing of ll1;oo.i !i~ lI it le. "'as

Ihe lir&t to link Ihis im"rnal is@ue(Ger,""n Je"1I) to a lolal

g.Jnbal projoct (the elimi lIatioll of .... orld Jewry). Elements of

Ihi s glohalizing or i mernal o;w::apegoats can be ""cn in IIume'-

0118 ellRmplflll in Ihe pout d""adc. ConYel"ll"ly, the. e is a grow·

inl! !"ndelleY 10 see global mora l "n"mies lIS being moraJly

indisti nguishable from k>cal 0. inte.nal enemies. This "oublol

Iogic- gJobaJi~illg intenwl moral opponents and local izing

fant ..... y " lOra l enemiea -i8 Ihe lu)y 10 tI,c logic of illcocide and

civicitk. J I adds a powerful glolllllizing componenl 10 n i! l ing

modali ties nf ~1 1 "'ocide and genocid~ .

11,e 8eCOnd, <i illlcuh 1",.1 of an aher n;,li ve 10 tire clash of

c;" ilizalions mottd hail 10 do wilh the Uniled SI ~lee and N.-...t h

American cultural life generally.l1letll i8 'lO doubl ing th~ fact

Ihal ill '"any different part~ of Ihe "'orld and amollg \"ar iOlJ ~

da~ Il'lilliool j!:roups, .nd intellectuals U "1'11 as _mollg

many ordil1lry ~1)1e, a gmeraJized hatff:d of the U.s, goy.

~n' rncnl, .nd of Ame.ic.". as • f""OI,Ie. ie hM>r'e ",",It'. I,read

than "'" l)()' ow:timH c. ,~ to . dmit. ,,,,. h.t .~J ,oeed ti 10 he

n,,<lc. o;IoIIII . 11 lou many mul~;md ("' '''&.o llol " II c ... ,fuII'd In

Ihe IsllI",ic "ml,1 by all)' mcans. '11,.., first, ... hieh h"o lJe<!n

docu nWllled !Ill IOI'g IIgo as I h~ i"'ag~ of the ugly ,\ me. iCII",

l!oeII hock tn the c.'cr)'day "'1'I?I\811C(! of Amcrie."ti of ..,wc. y

t )"l"" in the "'orld after ''''''5. As tou.ist&,. 'mMie.niz" ... \\'orld

Ibnk offlCi.liI. n"wona.i..,.. ' e5C3n:hcn. do·goode .... . "d phi.

lanth"",i .... "'4'".,i.lly in th" ohadow of I h" 1~ll le .. -il h I he I II

EO'il Eml,in:, A",c. ic.m in this IJoe.iod dosed tycry PI' he·

t .. 'een lhem""I."- ... pcoople. and !Ioei. govc.m.Jenl. Amcri.

c.n~ .I .. ·.y~ ~n",d 10 1>0: cultur. 1 .mt.a-.to.~: in a "'lI Y,

""-,,,y AHter iclin .. -110 found him'!elf 0' h.,nelf anywhere ill tiN)

IIOtI· t;urolJeln .. orld "1I~.!oeen 11$ .... alkillg hundle of Ameri·

can \o"<:hnok,gic~ 1. rniliIH' Y. rull" •• i. and " ,I"catio",,1 I" i.·;.

lege, 110011 , UR'Ult in8l hci. "I~awl"<.'ll and restricting a~~!!15 10

IIIC!Ie jl lca~UTc~ E,-cry l>egga . .. -1>0 l'alI stoud Olmioo tlte I!: .~al

hOlels of the .. 0.1,1. .. -aili,,!!: for a laTf!:e America" COIl l,te to

I Iorow IIOUIe ki nduI'M Or """'" pennieslll him or loet. """T!in<;e '9-15. i8a lmalt mujohiden. in the ",akinl!:' And any Ante. ;·

em, .. Iou I, .... u l'e ,;.',,,,,,,,1 Ihe launti"f! of poor I""Wr •• ny.

wh"N! in A.ia. Af. ica. or the Middle r.-il . kno .... that e~ery

act of !uI'I,licllt ion conl.i .u a hidden th.eal . ' lIl . ttrla;n IIeql

r ... vut&io-n. Guo1l!:a Din i! dead.

Ami lhere i$ a l;u itu' lIl d imen~inn to ,hi. gro"';ng anti.

i\ "'( r;~ani~", . o/r .. n~;"e Ge.mans ~ml Jal"'neIIe are 1101 &een

lIS .",I»IlIMdon of Ihd. reg;mCfl, hut A.IICr;Cln8 Rhno. ' al·

"-ay~ arc. Why is Ihis 'ItO? The rea&Ou is thlll Amer icllus ~rn ·

OOdy, i n Ihci rclot hi "!! , their sl)' le, their ~iono!., and Ihcir

"racl i~ (such as joggiug IIffluud their hotels in the Ihinl

... 'Orld ) a spo:c:ial embodiment of the cultural ma~hi nCli Ihal

re"rellent America on Ihe lelevision "" ..... .., Il~ of the ,,'orld:

Ih~ heauli f,, 1 hodiCOl of &.)1",,'cll; the physical 9Calc of Ihe

Sch"ll r2cnegg"t'$ IUld Statione!l; the energ)' and " igor of " "' "I'D

8/u~; the fol k~y humor of 11."';e I"'cr an,llhe caring aurn of

Op ... h Winfrey (bolh of ,,"hi<;h are popu lar ,ho,,", " tlrld ... idc) .

In IIou5 emhodying 110.., greal eu lturnlmal;hi ner ie!l of Ill t ir !<O.

120 d cty, ordinury A.neric'n~ in,-uke the J ....... e' , ,,d armgan""

ofl ile American slalC, sin.:e lifClll yles have glohally bc:<;OJllC

Ihe central 'lign of .noro l sty Ie. Moral ~I yles, I h rouKhoUl th ..

workl, arc no ... seen as dictaled by , IHtc imcrQI6 and I'<:\Il ri".

liol\8. So, in an odd " 'ay. I l.ere is a grD"'ing tendcocy to link

A",.,rican bodies, Amer ican cult ural glilz, and Ihe k'IO""n

po"~r of Ihe Amcri<:an stale. In Ihe ha".I$ of Iho!le id<'QIOfIuC8

rhroul!oour the ""rid ... ho have made hodi Iy .oorali l y ttn! r;.1

to Siale sta!>ili! y, Ameri<:ans Ileem 10 ay '" bolize the N ikC<! on

their f<::ct and in their mi"" ile sil"" !Ii lI1 ul l!IJ>oou"ly. NeedleAjj

10 ""y. most Ame ricans ,,"ho Ira'-e Jived, W1lrked, ur !ra~led

in the poorer pilrt~ of 110 .. world " ould be horrif, eo' by Ihis

readiug of ... hal Ilrey mighl TI'l'l"CIlent.

And in man y parU of Ihe world . lbis equation ha. hee"

slea •• iJy w._Iidat.,.,1 h~ IImssi,'e Ame rican mili!ary strikes

aj!ainSI poorer r-ounlriC<! ("'e roan begin "'illt ~I i ro.h i",a !lJul

Nagaoaki , nlQ.-e Ihrough Korea and Vir-tIlam. IUld ",ake a fc,,'

side baits in Culla, Chile, Panama, Iran, Iraq, and Afghani .

>;1.0" as "..-,11 all BangLad,~h , Somalia, !IJ.d Hail i) "lid lhe un·

deni,,!!I.., \\'MhingtOiI impr imatur 011 !!Omc of the nlQ6t d if

f,cult polick'l! impollOO by the Imcrnational .\lonctliry Fund

( '!!If) And ,he W(lrld H. llk.

T he h .. rd,~t pill to s"'all<lw is that mos t uf the .... orld aI'

I>cars'n be despera.e to ~Ome to .he Uni t",1 Stat "", tu ~ha ",

its f...,edom and ils ellt rel'.cn"uTial po"!;ibilit i..,,,, to eujoy i t~

gOOlls and !5Crvi~'1!S, and to ~ the ,,-orhl from the eo<: kp il

mther than from the las, ",~ats ill et:ollomy c la<!IL And this i$

"'lilly pUT.!,lillg for nlO'!I A me rican,,- I-low call $0 many people

ha te us (or l loe "ery things they (I~pemt ely want m,,1 !Oe<!k in tT )' ing to era,h nur ho.d..,r ... get our vi!!U, and fly. drive. 121

!l8i l, Or S"'im to Our shores? Wh)' eX I>cnd huge eue rgiett get -

ling to a land you d""pi !IC? Why kill the ve ry pleasure!! YOiI

ItOpe to enjoy?

'Il,e d ues to the ans" 'cl"3 to Ih is qUelition are not 10 he found in Iho devasta tion of Afghan istan after th ,,-ar wilh the

Soviets lind b)' the ant i-'\I ' IT>lh.l ll plan pUl"3u.,.j by , he Unit",1

S tatCll once the Soviet Union left Afg hanistan. nor are they

to lie f .. "nd in the I'ale~t ininn ..., fugee camps of l .doatlOn and

dSfl,,'hcre . ' lOT Are Ihey n en in Iho(IC shado .. ·y I",kista,,; mao

,I ra!oSa! ,,·here the Ta lih .. n ' ITe s"p~ to ha." heen fired up

and ,Iumbed do .. ''' ' thOllgh all of thCllC may be pa rt of lhe

haekKnllmd. T hey aTe tn hI) f .. "nd ill tal king t" <:ah.lr i ... :r~ in

many cities it! t he United States, 1>eQ},i<: of tIIl)(lCllt mtans and

lower-c ia"", I ... dgmunds. fr ':<I" ..,...II, educated, mohilc, and

t~l"n ted , " 'ho hRH' cho5en to ~n t"r the United Sta tes through

the Statue uf the Ydl<lw Cab. Mllny of tht'I>C caMri"" .. (,,'00

oorne o>'e r .... hdmi"gly fmm South Asill a.n d A fril;lI .. hen Iloe)'

a .f. 'IOt },Iack AmcricaM Or 1-l ispaniCil) a"" g"ng-ho Ame ri -

ca.., celebnu i.'8 Ih,o,ir abi lily 10 work for Illt'n_ I_e&, be .hei r

own 1--. ed Uelil e IlIdr cbild ren. or purwe IIteir own cdu

calioN in the Unile.1 Sl lt~ .... E.cry I hird cabdriver ieche<;k i"8

OOl l he Microeort cerlif,auion boob and dreaming of cybcr

INlnld'ee. DIllen have more Briny pl&:. few nJOre cal>e. a

I!U MaIKNI. a ~'onO'l\l,ience &tore verhapa.

BUI OIhe ... ~ak " 'ilh incredible CQnlcml"l of America .....

of crin .... a",o.,sl>la<:b. of ""'ItUll I ~"ello6 ""M'8 ,,-hile!, of

immora lily al ~ry Ie"" .. of 110" hyJlOt:rioy of polic" and cily

o4TICialA, of I h" ","cryday ncit ltl 11Ml')' e~lterierl<.~. 11" ,; mural

1iZiZ (Oillempi lelll nl _Ihi0l!. and il i. nol aboul Irn_ri!)-,

l ltne nlOral c rili"" of I)\'eryday America. "-OO!lee Ihermeh-e!!

18 surv,ving in 1 1110 ... 1 ('OCOOf1 " 'ilhin II", belly nf lite beaol .

hive ( ... und a "'.y IU IiCfNltlll" A" ... r;""" lif" (" hkh Ihey value

and l reagll re) from Ih" Anre riCin - "'ay ortif~. ~ " 'hid, i" Ihe,r

'"Cr~i"" . of il Ihey freol"c"l ly ahho •• ~I'eeially in III.,n er1l of

iIe.'Oual moralit y. 'l1.i$ i, ,,01 all euy 8Cl'a r~ l i(Hl 10 ooucCpl ual ·

ile. si .1Ce il i8 IlIIrl (If . 8CRmlell< .. eb in ever )-day A."cr;c."

" .. liural icleol"Sic&.

For Ihe M ..-rclch~.r· of Ihe ..... r .... ,,-110 oome 10 make their

ti"~11 in l he Un'Ie.1 Statn, I c .. ri,,"~ ""lit ha~ c",<:rIlOO. A~

Arne,iCl"A, Ih"y haVOl a IKIlO'erful IIO!n lle of Ihci . tighl8 It .. "

free<loma. ... hieh they ~k ami o:t1joy to l he fu llellt extent

.,.-ihle. At 'IOIl·American .. lhey retai n l he Il('flBe of revuJ

lion •• Iie.,ali"n. and die-ta .... :e I hal II",y llIay al" .. )·, ha''!' had.

t'nr Itlch irnmi«n"le (Ie«al orollterwiBe) "ivil; pal rintism has

wille 11M' Iwler (rom polil;""1 poIl riotiWl, in many casn. It is

thi. gal' Iher teek 1000'"11. ul' in lhe l,rofllMo.-, of n&fl~ and

other tokens II~y a,,~ im' 8I y ad"erl ise in the Slreet~ of Nt'" York and be)"oml.

Another example comc~ from higher up the glohal da!\ll

ladd.~ r. Most highly e.l uc"I~ .. 1 memh" r5 of the I"dian elite

in my own agc group (so-60) lIa"., famil )' an.1 (riends in

the Uniled Stain and generally are ""joying high positio"s

in mc.!icine, Icchoology, compute", banking, arId finance.

The )'OImgcr l1n1ong thcm li re truly immigrant rnaSlel1l o(

this un iwrse. T hey run OOIllI>llnin, ad, i'!e mayon ant! cahi·

nets, n,n majM journals a",1 puhlishing houses, 1)II1 (:nl new

hio and cyh-er Icduoologies. and teach at mOSI of the elite 123

un i,-ersiti C!< in the LJ nile.1 Sialee.. J n ''''my C&!leII. Ihn<) pri , i.

leged I nd ians hn"e children now in elile colleges in the Unil.~

Slates n, hope h> j.loce Ihem there, or Ihey are helping to

find II'em jol)$ afh!r .h.~y graduate. 11.i8 ie Ihe ,\mcrit::a the)'

seek ami pursoc with ""nagging vigor, net worki ng. plllnning,

lind stnUf'gi.jng. A,,,I Ih is ;~ e,'en lruer of tho;;" memhers

of Ihe 1,,,lian elite ,,·h .. , have elected 10 ~Iay in ludia in their

cholsen I'rofes.<;ioue.. Yel, Ihis ; ~ rIOt hy pocrisy either. 110'" \10

"'e understand Ihe fsct lhat m3ny of thne eli l~ in Indi. arHI

else ... I ~,." )m'e nothiug mure than to ha~h Ihe LJ " ired Stall!"

( sornet im,,~ the l\'J>"Crnn":nt . son"~ tiUlee Ihe culture ;,,,I us·

t rin, """'"lin,,,, just ,\ Illcricaus8s such) .. ·h ile I>ursuing their

version of Ihe A",crican drellm ror Ih'! mseh-e~ or for thei r

children? Thcse lin) . ~ ,oornlO,,~l y suphist ieated pool,le, among

them stars of 1 he corporale " 'orld and of t he acatJ.emy, artic,,·

late in English. media·savvy, ~Ii<;k in argument , (orlli,ing in

del"'te. se lf-effacing in combat. A far cry from Ihe apologists

of Osam ... BUI how different arc thef! Alld " 'hy 00 Ihey 100

bile Ihe hand Ihlll fee(j g Ihem?

The IIn$wer 10 Ihig puzzle Ji~ in anolher p"rl 'if Ihe pnx:esd

wtl ellll globalw.IKHl. M()6t profess ional fulure!l, whelher in

~ornp"ICr1l, mathemlltic!l, Il()(:;a] 8(;;."II;C, or h""'lIn righL$, ~N:

made hy staudards l.mdl>Oe<1 and ~nfon:cd in U.s. organiza

t ions, profCSl!ional I>t:t"..,rh, wl(1 insti tulKN,s. I n other "'ords,

your su<Xe88 in ~ i rtuall y an) ,lOnstate career ill the poorer

partb of the wurld ib likely to IMl mea~1I red by A meriean-ltI..de

~tandard $ or by A meriCRns enforeing theN: . tan<laros.

124 This would 110t matter "" much exo:<:pl Ihal most poor

ooulllries and "'gioll5 have dest royed 1 hcir cities, weakened

their aClId"mie i n~titulions, made .." iouS reiM:art:h ""d teach·

ing ;"'I"-"'Sible, ami made rn.all Y prof~onal ~PItC~"$ coloniC&

of the Slale, eilh~ r through repression or through COrm ptiOf].

So, for tllClle professionals wId elite., thn., is a ~a;;t ;>uck·

ing 'lOidll, produced in the ,-acu"m~ of their o"'n prof,~l;ij ional

worlds and anchored in Ame .ica. So Ihe)' pursue care."s,

tit", . clt ilolrclI's " ll ll·being, "lid their ow., profeO<!iona l ",,1·

working ill the Uniled Sillies (and to some Clltent d..c"·h,,re

in the firsl world). AI lite same lime, like the Ihi rd-"'orld cab

dri'llr, they .dainth" right to IMl anl i·Ameriean in mailers

of cuhure, polities, C'Vt'n lifest yle. They end up in America u

ci~i l immigrants but also as nlOml e~;Ie<.. And ev"n "'h~n t h~y

""'''l in in thei r home cou ntri<:$, they ",tain thi s dou ble rd .. ·

tio.,.hip, ,,·hieh also provides fud to the la rger machinery of

ci~ icidc in re!!vect 10 Ihe United Stales.

So, IlIldly. the d rt;a"'Cn and Ihe hatcn 8re not 1"'0 groul's,

'n'ey are often 0I1e and tlMl same per&ons. And. in Ihe cased

the United Slat~ hecau"" of iu huse role.,. "'odd IKI~r

linee '945 (and ~P"CialJy !irICe (989), thi. a" ,hi''lIJerroe i, "'''r~ d,amatic:. 11m!!. h"" ... 1 for "nreric:. ;e inli" ... Ic1y lied

up "'i,h Ihe deai,,, 10 h" "",I of il . Spt",,1 a ... ·""k ""'aMle any

I1.S. CtM",u late 8<.'ekiug a "i!\;l 10 get in.lilling . 1'Ulul red forms.

be ing ru~h~~l orollnd in Ih" 'I""" ". heinK insulted loy pett y local otlici" lfi and I hen ~n)$$-eXB",ined hy II t ircd .iM o/Iicer

~"d I hell turned ,J.;,,,-n. Bn.1 lOtl wi llaelivllte l ire hllte gene too.

T he U.S. pr~'M rel\"larly run~ 9torie8 on Ihe"" j"""eII "'hiel,

are ,-i,-id h:" li,noll illls 10 Ihis litt le breeder ",acIOT.

A.MI tlr .. ", are "OIIny othe. s ... ·00 all': .mbi\'lll~n l thie .... y. 12$

Norl~"cr"'nenl a l organization (-",~o) KliviSI8 ... 'no h."" 10

I"'g Ihe \\'orl<l B"nk for .. rew thousand <loll&n; dOCIOMI who

rail thc America" ~ledic.l AS8Ocialion cums Te(luired 10

pn.cti~'4! in II ... U"it~1 SUtt"6; slutknU rurced to return .lin er

their C.IUCIIIHM' I"'cau!'e Ilreir jub maker. c1,ang<!ll or '1In·

ished : " ,,,unger8 in tJ.S.·ronl rolle<l muhi,un i""" l. ",'Iro find

"meriClln ~ (or t:urOJJe~u, ;;) fIfteen ,-,-,lIr8 ,-Ul"'ger tI~m Ihey

COlli rolliuJI; their r'-'JI;io"al hcadquarlef8; TCbearchcf8 "'1", II"...,

~tr"ggJed 10 gel . ! i"gle arlide p"hl ishcd in a U ll il~1 SIala

jou mal rot" .k'l1l'~ fi"ding Ihr.m""h"" lurned inlo ,,,,,i..., i,,· rormanls rur Allreriea" gradua' e ! IudcflU .. "'Ion ne~b lhe

"""I,., .. " 10 hreeol hate?

For tlrete Ilrol~l '-'litH.. with C08fI1Opfllit." vilium and

tip; r.I ;"'IS, freedom and OPII.wIlIni l y a ... nol .rl ielos or a d

."raJ rait l, and ;00118 or America, in Ihe 8O:nolC repealed end-

1.,."ly by G..'Urge Jlu~h .ml his !lenior _ialn.. Iblhe r, rree

,J.;,m ami ul'por'",,;ly Dn! pn.clicaJ " lJIllera. RlI8OCiBl~..t wilh

I\rucri cu as. ";yic rRlher than a polit iell' system. Again. in

IIOmc Il<!n!le ... ·hal 11_ outl!i,kl1l_k i, American eoc iel y. nol

A",criro.u polity. They !Ie~k opportunil iel! a8 fad", nol op

porluni ly ae a norm. Ilert il Ihe I lip, reall)' Ihe cha;; rn. be·

I,,·t:ef' ulroc:ial or in ,j igellolls palriolism and Ihe more l"'lg

mal ie dcsi re for II,e good lir~ II,al 'na',y " 'ould -1M; n.igran tl! 10

Ihc Uuih!d 51al~ &e<Jk. And I><:re i, ... here practical p!r. ...... rc

in life in Ihe Uniled Slate&- or Ihe ai m to enter il - <:an be

C()/",i~le"t with a dc.::1' mornl rC>lllnlm"nl uf A,ncr i"an pulit y

at"llh" A"'~ rican g<lve.",nCnl 33 810llal forc~

Soo:iologically s~aking, 1"'0 fOn::e!l ;oin 10 create Ihe .Ieep

128 !!(",n:e.o and d,an.-els of world .... ide anli.Amroriroan feding.

The am bi, ... koce of global eliles "'ho resent Ih~ American

discip lineM that affecl Ill<!ir li"e!l and IllWiped ii. ... ·hilc oe<:.simlally H d u,li llg or drograding thc m. and Ihe raw "nger of

Ihe armies of the di~ . ... ·ho im,,!!i ne III<! Uni ted Slate!l

through the kns of feudal lordship. of mora l dcpr ... il Y. of di·

recl bum hi '<gil arid remOle conlrol violence. and of C<:Ollomic

di!\ilSI.., ,,, med iated Ihrough Ihc World Hank a,,,lthe \lIF. 'Il,e

Islamic con tr ibut ion 10 Ihis mix , in II", form of II", re< lcplo,y·

ment of the conc.::1'1 of jihad against the Uniled Stak s - con·

cdved a$ Satan in the "'orld-add ~ .. ~peeific regional VP.CI'"

to tI ,i s oomhustihle mix. Other ,·p.ctOI1l exist dl!<!"'I":re - in

",ud. of Lalin America, "'hen: lhe Uniled Slates i~ seen as an

uten~i<K, oftlWl CIA and 110" larKe ",ulti nalionals; in Jal",n,

whe re the hu",iliations of \l'orl·d War II and Ihe horrors of

II i.osh; rna and Naga""k i aTe hard ly forgollcn; in I lIdia , wh,,,,,

lI i",lu nat;ollali~l~ aSllOCiale Ihe United Sla t~ .... ith heauty

J"'@eanl" rampanl CO" $u"",rism, alld amoral hc<lonism; in

",u"h of Africa . .... here th~ United 5tal':$ i~ sten as the ,""c,

~ 10 I he Iorol.li l i..", ofEuropca" r<.,Jonial ism by &orne 1lI1d

at Ihe tlell~lIlOn of tile " 'orld that is too bu~y 10 CIon:..rout Afr;"a. Such ClUOmple& coo,ld .... muhiplied. The y .0,1 .".,.,i!k

regiona l and hi"oric. 1 fI~ 'l}n 10 Ihe lIIi1 of .",bivIIII!fIoCe fro",

clil~ 11",1 ,J ... ·I. r.,.r and ~Ilg~ r f,om 'he poo'~r ",alliin.

We ("811 now add.eM th" i ... uc of long.d i81ance haln:d.

"'hieh may IItlIl , l i ~lir1t;' i.e contrill", inn of lire 1M.~ .... " 1 half or

tile I wenl iel h c.·murr. )'oung.,r sli III hall I he IlIlOrl hi$lory of

.,n""" lIy at II d i.I~ . ... hich Michael I glllll ~rr II<> elOI,IIClllly

diA<;ur;_ (' 9911). llllllllicffpoinlil oUl thal e>'ffi in the Chrit·

l i.n Weal . i, " ao! nol a nallll"llllhil" 10 ,,"Orry a l>ollt II", 51.lfer. ':f7

ill!!' of II IOIIe rar Iway and Ihl r thit Clpability r ..... e"' ... ' loy II •

ditilallce i.1 &fJOCi al product of the liberal. humanist imasin.·

lion ,,'hich r<:1o i~l~ all "" II~ ri "g in Ihe ru .... e or .. felt lind gelleral

humnni ly. Bul " 'hal ahout the ~r emol; ... n. 81 ... h .. .,nvy.

Irat ,ed. ~nd fear? Ilow do Ihey hecome plalls;hl., wilhout f.u:e.

to·(ace emu .... t •• l i,,,,,1 reoo;n ulIe"' . ~IC~I U pcri"nCCII? Ilow .10

Ihey 1~lIlC ltI""m(' t ,It,d porlable?

llere rlre '~cc "t history or intcrnal ctlmoci.w, in "1&<:..,,,

8ud, as Y"I!,.;IB" ia. H ..... ndll. I",!onellia. Ind ia • • ",1 Canlbu.ti~

i. onl)· , .. rll )· in81"'<:Ii .·~. for theM: horrible eklll.si,,, cam·

l/aign8 in.·oh e di$tor1 .,.1 inl; 'nacietl l hrough .. hid. neighbonl

kit! " "ighl"'rs . " d (tun";"" .rt horned into AI ..... 'I!e .... "d

.bon,i"", ion ... The N"", AlKCtM ." Ihu. turning (;., rnoao, ,Ie",. inlo Ih., "eocial dea, l ~ I'~e<.l their ahUil y to IlIGbiliU" ca. ....

pooiS"8 to dimill3le Jews in olber parIs of Eu'ol'" and cvcn·

tually in lIu OIISin.

lIuI I .... lfty·~ hal reds. such as tbe hatlll.1 of 8Onr" Isla",ic

'h in~c Nl. nI"V""lClIlll, lind rnilil~n18 for ,\",eriCIll '! lind the

hat rt. .. t of many American~ for Islamic p'!flpl.~ (concci,-~..t as

,\ ral>5. Muslims. or terrorists) is a more ahlltrac:t halr<')<\. Fo r

""II"', vict ims themselves of bombs, economic de"utalion,

wilTfare, and ahandollrnent (such u the ,Ughan tIlujahidccn

ahall/Ion,~d by the U.S. after the defeMt of the S.}\'ict ~ in Af·

ghanistan), hatr<')<\ of the United State\! i~ imlt..,.j tied h. inti ·

mate experience!I of socia l ",Ker ing. But for man y, it is a

victury uf t he i mage and Ihe message, of n>e<lia and of Prol"'

ganda. Media brings images of Amtrican prosperity, moral

laxit y. and globa l power through nlO.-iCl!, telev ision, and the

128 Internet. I'I"OIWlganda conI<. .. throug h loca l elite .. .. -ho fmd in

the United Stutes a general theory and !IOun:e of evi l in th~

world . ' Ill~que$t ion is: What ma.kea these rnCSl<age8 t,lausihle,

tllelMl inlo/l!;e!I compelling? And how ean they be illCittmcnlS

to hatred , to the irnpul!e to "'hat I hOI'" called civicidc'!

The mow from garoen \"ariety TC1lCnt ment to generalize,1

hatred of .. -hole coumries. population!!. and societ iel;. of len

han lly experienced concr" teiy, re<.juires us to understand the

moral cu"' of th is hatred. TIle langu,,!!c of evil is ramlNlm in

thc ilIOn! extreme di$Wul"tiI:!! of the Islamic world - and ;t has

produced its ;;;:If·fulf,!iing other ill the images of ,Ie.-it, (lie

e~il, au.\ the li ke used by t h~ Ica<kcs of the United States.

Long·d i~tan"e hat red requires t ... o lethal ;t,~",~ 10 mix- a

Manichaean thoodicy that IICt:ks to explain Ihe moral rot in

tlte " 'odd in one (cllswoop and a st:t of image! alltl n>r.eeage8

in whid, th is Manichaenn thoodicy r.an he ancllO,,:d and ",ade

locally pla u~ible. I.ong -d iSlal>Ce hatTO:<I ereate8 a moral inlage

of (:()!Ilpicte eyi l and gi Ve!! it the face of an entire 8(lCi~ t }\

.,euple. Or region. T his i~ Ihe fuel of irlCQ<;ide and its (W>liey

~on;;equenCO', <;ivit;id.!.

And ~i"icid., no'" 1 hi,,,,!! in II new posl·West "halian world.

Surely Ihe ~y~lem of nal iOIHlales is not ,lead: iIOrne ri!1oC, IOnIC

fall. all share lhe illu~ion of permmlence. Hul Ihe <JILL al

la~h are a sure signal lhal the WQrld of global polili~&, of

dif.lom8Cy. warfare, rel!om ce H"w, allegiarltt, and mobiliza

tion is only parlly eo"cred by Ihe map of nal ion·Malet and

Ihe polil i~~ of i mcrnal;onal deals and nows. This WC$lphaliall

"'orld ma)' he ,[,,!!CritH,.1 as rea l and reali st , as retling on an

lIrchileo;1 ure of I11UIUalil)' K",I recognition in ,,-hich OOflSlaie 128

aCl or~ were mioor irritalion", usually oonfincd to dt)ll>esl i.;

1",liti c~ or. "'I,, ~n they l'::lIkeol ;lcro&S national boundaries. 10

he si mpl" exampl~'S of crimi IlJIli t y. CI'O@jl_bonl,~ r flows, ill th is

older m.xlel , w.::re eithe r Slale 5alletionetl or criminal.

But, a~ I argu~d carliu. a Ilew "'orl ,' hu emerged as we

mOve ill io the t,,'cnly-first ~en tur)'. We ~t ill ha,'c Ille "crte

brate world . organized Ihrotlgh the central spinal system of

internation.al halancC$ of power. military I"~ali~s, e<:otlOmi~

alliance!!. and institutions of cooperation. But alongside Ihis

""ist~ the cellula r world. whol!e par'~ multil'ly hy ItSlIOCiation

and opportunit), ralher Ihan by Icp;islal ion or loy dOOgn. It i~ al",. a protluc. of glol .. h,uiou - of the uew iuformaLion Led,·

nologiH. of the $pecol of financc an" 1 he vdodty (If Ihe news.

of Ihe n"''''''1<:nt of upitRI amI the circulation of refuge<:$.

T hi! .::merging cellular ... orld has tw() f~"t:&.

-Il,e ,lark face of Ihi~ cellular I}()l itictl has heen my own pre

occupal ion in It. i~ ~nd in cartier chapter&- I t is Ihe foce we have

.;orne 10 ~alll em}fi~m. ,,"her~ group'" a. div~rse.u Ihe Irisl,

Republican Army and the lied Urigades link up wi th like

gmups ill tire Middle East , Asia, alld dso~,,-hcrt: 10 ~rt:ale large>

IlCllIe violcl1ce in the heart of everyda)' life - in cafes, sporting

evenls, financial cenlen;., train and bu~ Hillions. 11""", cellu·

lar orgalli'ollio". are ","'>cl i",,,, a p ... <lu,:1 of and are dq>e'"

d..,..t OIl lhe nation-.tale, bUlthey aiM have lhe potential to

Ihrt:aten lhe nation-Slate and 1>Ot only by attackillg thi~ Or

Ihat reg ime. ill this regi<m or Ihal olle. They threaten the sys·

lem of J1II' iOll-!lIa'e6 by eroding il! o,-crall n)(}n"l",ly Over the

130 means of large'lI<:lIlc deva.tatiOlI of human life. By ,,'orking

()IJlsid~ tbe exi$l ing fr"",e" -orJo. of !Kwe rcignt y, terr itoriali t y, alld national patriotism, Ihey attack the mo .... l frnme,,"ork of

the J1IIliOll-State Ill! a glohal form aod ~)-~Icm.

This is the iIOun:e of tire real panic behimlll>e pronOll''''''' >

"'CII I$ coming OIlt of the civilian alld military lcadership in

W..Mlington ami ilol allies. What if "e;ITe witn~ing the hi . t h

of a lIew global system of polO-e' , poli . ico, violenee and its di.·

!!em inat ion , completely outside the s.ructure of the interna·

tional system, ,)(}I individualterrotist nelworks and cd I., nOI

even rogue slales of alliances of rogu~ .ta\l:-s, but a fu II-!<:ale

alten1llth-e glol>al I",lily, with fu ll ll<:<:e>!S 10 lelhal 1<:<:1"'010·

giee of communication, planning, 'lJId de,a;,ta tion? A nd ",hal

if thi ~ alternative ,,"orld system has as i t~ pri nciplil ubje<:t th~

means of violenC<l now largely .;ontmlled Ihrougl, the stal~

sys lem?

' n leol(l dark lI<:erlJlrios suggellt an end not just 10 ~ivi lllO(;i~t y

hut 10 Ih~ idea of "i"ilian life ilself. But long-distance po liti,,"S,

organiz,,d in new edlular form&, is nOt only the monopoly of

TOgue cal!il a l isl~ ur p.,lilicallerrorislS. It is al !lO Ihe or~ni·

ZlU ioual ~I yle of the ... ost intcrClltins progn:$ll;' C movemenL&

;" glol",1 "",, ;ely. II" osc 'J>/,,'emcn l ~ which ~k I .. <:OIl ijtn><:1 P

thi rd ",>aCe of C;.., ,, lIlIion, independent of Ihe spocea of stale

p,,,1 market . and ,,·hid, we may call ,oo"ernent8 for gra~rool ~

glol~,li/.a1 ion, I I urn 10 a hrid dio;cuS!!iou of 5ueh nlQ .. emcnL&

as a way to cmlCludc.

Cell ular glohali"'t i.,., d"e~ ;nde<.~1 h">"e a nlQ, p, ul 0I1;an fa..'e. 131

The happ ie r fa.:tl is "'hat hu IIOnlCl imCII been call.:d inler·

nmiOlUlI ci v i l 1!4lei~t y, 11..- nel wn rlc s of activist! r.onc<:rned

with human ri ghts. fl.wert y. i ndigenou~ ' ishts, eme rgenl::)'

aid , e(:.,I"Ilica l justice, gender etjuity, and other fund amen·

tally hll mani~t gools "'ho fo"" tKlnstate net wo rks and interest

gT"Up" u" n »!J! national I. ". ,,,!ar iel\. r ",m G n.'enlle""e to [><x.. tors \\~ t houl l:!orders. from the Narmada BachltO Anoolan 10

the Public E)'e on DayO!\, the variety of dlel!e n><l"erne"ts is

vast. a ... 1 rheir num hers seem 10 he growi llg ali lhe time.

Soc;al ""iel1 ti.ts ha .. e hegun to not ice thar there i •• corn·

pl~x com'ergence het"'t'en "'hat u~,1 to be St...,n in i80la·

I .... " ..... e;"iI . .. " iel y jrr~r illu .... " ... I ra"~,,ar io,,~1 <>rl9'" ;",,r iorr ••

oHllpof'ular !!Ot:ial ll><l'-.: ments. I" "",lie IrMlI!e way lhey un

all he lreale<l as liCOS or as lrum.narional liC08. n ul th is is

a huge e~tel!0ry. I'lIngirrg fro," r.hun:hCll and lar~ philan.

thropic organiT .... tions 10 multi la teral h .. diet! and M:;enli r",

1!<M:;' ~ 1 i.",- J am speak;rrg h"re n><lre rl8 rro,,-ly of "'hat Ke<:k and

Sikk irr k ha"", called Iran~"~l iOll al activiSi networks (' 9<n),

Such n~I .. "Orks ttoW are aCI,ve ' " v,rtually ~vc ry arca "rtou IlIHn

"'Wily and welfare r .. nsins fMIlI heallh a.nd c,wiron menl

10 human righ ls, housing, 8"ndcr. and indigenous peoplc'~

r'ghl¥. The y are lKI,nel illl"'tl r<:l .. li.....,l y local and regional in

iIOOl)e wId IKImelimu truly global in their re;lch ami imf'll':t .

AI Ihe upper "n<is Ihey arc vast , .. ·,, 11,(,,".1 .. '<1 . ami "'iddy

kllown He t .. "Orks Ihal ha"~ he<:om~ mega·(lrganizationl!-. At

the other cnd, they are 8malllllld flu id. bare networks, _rk·

ing quiet ly. often invisibly hut .lso aCro5Il national and other

Ii,>e!l-. The siudy (If these nel wurk~ hns grown increasingly

132 Ii"el y, e;;peci;' lly among politiea] 8Ci"ntists concerned " 'ilh

n~w forms of illl~rnatiol)al hargaining, with expand ing Ihe

siudy ofM>Cial movemefllS. onrl .... ith Ihe third space oUlside

of market and state.

Many of these Irnnsllationalactivi.t ,,,,I works arc e~plie.

illy involved in the major o.IchalC8 ahout globalization, and

IKIIllC of t l~m .. -ere made highly visible in the loudly puhl'·

cizw street prol .. '$ls of Seattle, Milan, I'mgu", Wa. hington.

D.C .. 1)~>'Os. alul else ... ·h~re in f.l1rol~ a",1 Ihe Uni led StaiN!

in r'.'cenl yca ..... Hul the va&t majori ,y of ,l,e;;<; mo~emcnt5

are engaged in moch less publicized ;Ul<l much mort: targeted

forms of ad .... ..:aey Inul ooortlinaliotl in pursui, of ~p.,..,ifl(

1",licy changeA al the local. ""I i"'lat. "nd glohal Icve lij. They

Ilave oft~" !IU~k" i" slowing d"wn ", .. jor off..:ial "'ov,"", 10

..,1 gloha l policies On I Tilde. en"iro",ncnl , "ehl , ;lnd the lik",

usually hy fordng IratlSpart;fIq", by putling preA$ure On spc·

cific slates. and by e irt:nlal ing inforlllation about (ortIH'9rning

policy .keisions rapid ly aeroSOl slate bouudariel! b)' d.,.;tronie

mcanS so as 10 mobilize protet;t.

YM pft)l~ i . nol I h" k"y " " ", "'il h .nany 0( I I~ .no ... :.

m" nls. "'ho abo f~lIl!f1lly e;o;plon: plln"e nhip5 ,,;Ih mull i· lalerlll "Scnci", ... i, h the jr Ol .. n IKM\W! .I ~ ' ....... illo " .. jor I!lobal

fUIMlen •• ",1 ""Ih other foree.! in lonl . nd inlerr .. liunal

d. il _ " el y. ·n.e1oI; parlncr.hip" have nOI been e~ 1'10.....,., .-.:ry

mil " " by ~:iftl "dent i ~B. and I hey colll;1 illite II ~ ruci~ 1 , '.111 Olf

I he D"v,d ~,,,I GOllia lh , , ~'· .. rn t;C Ihrough .. I,icl, ~,,"' , nCI""orh h ..... loccume elleet i,·c.

I mYlk!l f am ell!!"!!,,d in II IOllg·lerm i tt,dy of ')IIr. auch

i"'I"'ltlllll ,no."e rnen l. the Shad:fSlllmd"..:llcn 1"lerrUllio, .. 1

(SOl) ."d t'l! llftially of ;18 Indi"" 00<1 .... "'hielo i. an alliance 1:13

of t"ref! d ilfe l"Cnl acl i.i~1 bodies: Sociely fOlr t htl Promot ion

0( An:a R"""r<:f: C .... "lres. an ~co; .\Iahila Mila .. . an or!"n;'

%alion of 11(11)' urlOlln "Olnefl .... ith roou in MumlOlli Mnd tk. "oled 1,,;nci,Olllly IOl ~",all' !lCa le IIIIvi ngs and hoI. si.'II ;&&te!!;

and the Nal ;onal Slum Owelle", Fede ralion. II rernllrklllole

older urgun ..... 1 iun of mule ~ h,m d .. .,[ I,,", acli • ..: ill tIIore II,all

t hirt y ci l iel in h" Ii" . Thi. I n::rika of orSani"',1 iOln" ilSlllf an un ·

usual (",mul iou. hu heen fundioni"l! as IU' A Il ia • ..,., in I "di.

ii .I<-""t: Ihe II,;d · ' 9&>1I Nnd hal b....,n a key 'Il(! rnl"'r Olf 51)1 fOlr

al>Olll a d«ade. SUI i. acl i.", in al"'''1 l ""'nl Y eotltll rlee in ANa

. "d Africa and hQ .In:ady nlade IIOI,W! maior " o:n l6 on 811d,

i ...... ,," u e8lal,I,. "" .. ,netl..,.l~ ror "'''''' ''Ii", ,-..,10: ', ... vi '~ • • novemen " 10 ohtllin bridge finance from major runder. ror

Pro'ltolII>r proje<:I~; in eelting standards Ihrou!!h wh ich lI« ul"t!

t~·"'>r" in land and hott" ng can he obla i.lCd (or urban "ha.:k

AIlII l"I_emenl dwellers; and in conlributing 10 Ihe world .. ;.le

nlll'"em<:nl . '"' llIhly led by oount r ie!l like Chirw. ill lIIak iul!

~cce". to 811 l1itary fllci l i lj~ a central gua i lif SI~ le IlIIlicy. In

working on 1 .... 'lIO ~ I!o.al'l, ... hal so, (Appadurai 2Q()()b) h"" oolle

is 10 find ' I<!W ... .,.y$ of orgllnizi,'I! poor people in cilies in Ille

prar,l~ of what I ha.'e d;;e ... ·hcre called "dl!(:p den>o<;racy ~

(2002), in onlcr 10 1l1O"e a .. 'ay from existillg n>Udd~ of agi

tal;"',.1 IlOlitic,., or of $impl~ ,lowlIstr<:aming of eharitable

funds, or of simple out80un:inl! of traditional state funcl ion$,

all palhs that COlllinue to he follo .. ·~-d by lIIany so,;O(!. ltather,

so, h"" (oculled On building Ihe capacity of poor people i"

cilie8 10 explore and pr.teliee specifIC means of urloan go,,,,·

nall~~ .. -ilh an eye to building Iheir own capacity to..et g .... l;"

13-4 achieve e~perli8e, "hare knowlo.,dge, woJ generate commit ·

ment . In this, they ha"~ ma~ remarkahle u_ of ~uch prac·

ticp.>! as daily I!.avings. llOt to ~hlish an clltrt;prcneu rial hahit

for the pur~ of tu rni"lIlhe urban poor into ",icrocapital ·

i51,., but 10 eiltRbii"h cer lain pro"x:()I ~ and I'ri»ciples for gcn,,·

in" ..elf·g(I\'ernance. In effect, the u,ba" poor that the Alii.

ance h"" ho:en able 10 ··federale.~ IheirowlI key polilicalterm,

hR'''' developed "lementli of a oU,udo"" urhan govern"'~ nt in

lIlany ci l i~s, notably in Mllmbai, wher<: Ihey ha.-.: eslahlished

tltd r OWl] credihle facilities to provide IhemSf:t.'es w;lh basic

infr""t rueture and aOO ... itlt b.&sic aoo.,&1 10 Icg~1 ami pol il 'cal

8CO; IIrily.

What i~ most ;ntc"",l ing abou l tltis exereise in CKf"'City

blli Id ing (alllO organi.cd Ibruul!h Ir""gnaliunal exchanges he·

I ..... 'ell ft:dcrati0<l8 a~",*, countries for more than a decade)

is thaI it h~ i",..,h·ed exploring and building neW parlner·

ship@ ... ·itlt mc",berll of loI,al, state, and central go.ernmell18

in I nt! ia, Solll l, Africa. Thailand. and Camhotl ia and "lOre re·

~"(!ntl y in Nepal, Ziml>ab~, Ken)·a, and clliOl ... ·hcrc. Way$ha.e

al;,o I",en found 10 U lahli.h groun"~ for pa rtnership with the

Un i t e~1 Nalio n~ ~y~lem, notably with Ihe Uni ted Nation~ CenIre for Il uIIla ll Senlf.mCIll s. and '!\'~ n wilh Ihe World Uan k

ami u,loer major ~Iale or <{ua~i -sl ale dndo!" ",,"1 bureaucra·

cies in Eurul"', Africa. and Asia.

In Ihis p ror;P' SI;, tl ... Alli~U1ce has ",~"'e rcm",rl<Bhle sn idetl

in lite substantial problems of urban I""'crly in many cilie.

in I ",[ill. and beyoud. Their glohallin h, net,,'orl<~. exchanges,

amI pers!,,,,,ti,-..,. haH) Iw!cn key a_t~ for tl"'lll in strength·

ening the work and moralc of thcir loca l fe<knllions. They

ha.e nOI only !!Caled up Ilteir abililY 10 make mll1e r;,,1 inter· 135

ventio",,- for e~am pIc. in the mat tet of rcloc..ting sh"" d .. ell -

ers, bui ldin@ loilel$, and ,-, real i"g !lavi"g&·ha~d ho,,~i nK roo

Ol)(!ra t ivetl among rhe II.han p.-.or in many c iti~'8. They h"'-e

also fouml new "'11)'~ 10 channel the;!e global excrei!le8 illlo

hui ldiug the ,-al",hililie<l of the I>OO~I of Ihe urhau poor 10

be d i, ed areh ile<;IS of rlmi r loo:a1l>oIi t ica l .. "Orld" And. !II) far,

amazingly, rhey ha"" dolte SO wit howl bc.:oming mere too ls of

~ta l e urgani7JIrionij., m llhi lalera l fum\er8. 1",litic~ 1 ."",t ies. or

Olher major "eel",1 ;nlere&iS. '11,;s il cell ula. demOCrali7.l1 t1otl

al ,,·o.k.

Th e "as<! of $[)1 and of other lransualional houBing ",,,we.

"'en l~, ie or COil 'I!(!. not unique. T here ar~ m~ny .. ..:1, "", II ...

laT form~! ion ~ in 8(:l ion. IIOme more hiShly developed than

mhcre. Som·., are more visiLle, since Ihey are inmlV<lfl in dra·

mat ic global ''IS\Ie! sueh lIS t he fulure uf large dams. Ot heT8,

working on humbler i'Mll~ like housing and I\IIving8. are Ie!III

"i~i hle. Dlltlhey areall commonly im'o l"ed in shaping a third

space. in which markets and stat..-s are oot on ly forced to ree·

OfIn'u Ihei r itnportan<:t: bul art: in lhe 111 00:(6& of h..ing 10

con.;o:d o: genuine poli tical ~I~ 10 Iht:ee VO;Ct:ft and IClors

"hen glot.aJ decisions about key ~UCII lre made.

'11, •• i. a nol a fail)' ta l" . no r i& il al an end . 11 i~ a ma

jor fln' lIISle. filled " 'ilh risk., hazanl", ~"t"'Ir;"licli(lna, disa,,

pointoncnlA, lind oh$tao:ie$. Out ~ud, "",veme nI8 are. in I heir

IISpira tion", democralic 1"'11, in form ft, td in le~ And in·

c reasi,~y Iloq are constructing t lo~ global nol throug h the

gCrlernl language of uniYerijal prol.lo: ... ", right", or norms hut

It) ' lack Ii ,,! ()Ile ~, ... 'e alliance. on", viclory al a linle.

1. 'nle g...,at I'rosnsi,.., " .... ~n>ell t. (If the l)lUt few cent "rie&,

nolably I I~ "ork ing elaM n .... ' ·ell telli. "'hid, ha"", characler· il4l<lll~ nineteenth and t .. -noI"'I" oo:n lurio:ll, alwa)" " .. rked

wi lh un'.-eraali!ll principlea of 8Olidarily. iden,i ly. and inler'

n l , fo r ainUl altd lIf!ailUll 0pllonenl4, MI80 con<:t:i.ed in un i·

verfli i, t a,,,1 gell"ric lero ns. n~ new l"ns""lio,,,,1 acl ivi ~",~

lop"",, lnol'l: room fur huild i" g IIOlidnri l y from ' mlliler co,m: r

gencl:!! of in iefeill. and Ihough II,ey mny II lo1U invoke big calc·

go.-idl, .,...,1, .. " I I~ urban poor, H 10 I,uit<l I hei r ,lOl il ;CII, Ihey

b"ad thei r aclual eol idari li~"II in II more .d hoc. inducti.'c . lind

context'!len!lil in, manner. l locy are I lou. de""""" n! a new dr

'III",ie in "hieh I!JobaI J~t"'ork ing i~ I'u ' III Ihe """ >ce o(local

j",aginill@,ofl.lO"'er,

Muc h el60e cou ld he &aid .bou, dIeM: II",'-e" ",,,I&. tl",ir

form. f".""Ion. and llignific."a. But I JIt.'Cd 10 ret urn \0 Ihe

key Ihenon of th i$ eMIly. I po;nl \(I i ue lo trll""IIIliocoal and

lram,urhan ac';";st mo""m."' t~ heo:auit: in their Inlll5nal ionto l

d""acler. they \00 work Ihmugh the cell" l .. r princi"le , ~"O.

or, l i u~ 1 ins wi thoul tuB. i,-e c.,.,'rn lill.lllK-on , rep ..... ducing wil h·

OlJ1 • ele. r-<::ut CC'll1ral malldare. wortdrl8 ~ .. lIr in rhe

Larg.:r Itublic ere bur ofren oulbide it , kvt:nllPl~ Il:8Olln.:e\l

(ron, state a"d markcl lo the, 10"-n n1d ... .... 11>Unrui"@ ~'sioolS

of Ctlu ,ly ."d IICCCSI that do nOI fil many lwenrierh-<::enlury

11>0<11'1. ei lher of de ... ~ lofl"'~'1 or of tle"",ocncy. We ,teed to

"'alch II ~m. for Ihc CO"" ,,!! cri5i5 of Ihc n'li""-Iu le may lie

'101 ,n rhe dftrk cellularil'e8of lerror hUI ,u Il'e lIIopim' eel lu·

larities of 111e1!OJ other new tmnsna lionnl organizalional forti\&,

lI ere lie. • ~ilal ref'Ou",e lhal oould (:Quilter 'he "'orkl"'i<le

, ,,,,,d 10 d lllll)O;ide a",1 ~ leoci,le and lle re 100 Ii ... Ihe "lSW1:r.

ho""<l.-er incipient . oh!ICI, ..... , and lenllli.e. 10 I he ",rai lled ret.· 137

I i.-.nshil' hctw«1' peace and C<luil y in lhe "'Orld ,,-e ,,,h. bi l . AI

• .,y rat ... lei " . I"'P" 110 .. 1 I his u10j>w. form or ~'t;II"lIIri l y will

be lhe lilealcr or our slruggles. Oth.~ rwi~. leI llll.ly j!OOdhye bOI h 10 dfi lia,,~ .,KI 10 civilil y.

Bibliographv

ADd • ....".. lImedict R. 'W'. /""'iP....J (' ... " .. u.i,,:" .. R~,,- "" ,II< 0,;.

Ifi~ M. Modm.ilrd' u.,,.:u.II,,,,,1 ~t(~-

.... /;.",. Mjn"''''I~di" Uni"" ... i, r ,,( Mi""...". r.-.

:==. '9'}&. -r ull AII ... h""n',-I~ C..J,,,,,, , .. /0) .

. 'wIIl>. - 1)0.,1 c...n.i" '1' [,I,,,;' V;.,[ .. ..,., in ,I" En .,( GIoI .. li ...

';';'11.- ,,""'''' c..b~,. "' (l) : "5-." . ___ . """"" -n... Co""", .. ,. ~(,he , ... . , ... '.,.&1.0 Ide,,' i'y. V. ,I""", .nd

T. rr;,...,-," In {I'o""""I"", aM "",.,,,,,,",,,o'i, .. i. /Jo./'rw.O;Jd .~, 1:""

. :.1 . Kid! (;Old,,,,,,,,,, un II." .......... ,~I f. ........ ,,· .. ,i ... , """""': R"",·

Iedfo; •. ---, ........t. "Sf"':\.oI IiQ"'""II ... d Utbon CI .... .;"II, "'ot ... on Mil!. .. ·

.. ial Mun,bai." I'IJJIU- CoJ,,," .. (3): 607- 5 "

--- . 0000. - I:k.p o.t1IOC~,: Urban G<",.mll,,",alil ~ .. ..t ,10.; 11Qri" ., 0( ,\>1;,;<:0.- ,_;.. CU/,.,., . ,. ( I)' " - i7,

/1 .... 11, . 1I ... nat.. '01>3. E""""""" i. h .... w l"'" A R.,...,. "" w s-.Jilr t( £nJ. No .. Y .. k: \ 'il i,'@: p,,-,

--. '!1M, :n..OtW ... « T_liww..u.... N ... Veri:., Ii_ri,

Aul, Urian Kei,h.. 000'. :no. /I .... ""'. T ... ..,.,t 8otIr: Fl.' ""', R',~~~_·, ... ,;"",.."J,II< 1-.."""i",,« d .'>iJJo -~ - O",hon, o," I I ... ,~." I)"k.

I1hi~"'i', 1',_. Rali"", E,;"'", •. '9')0, ' n,. 1".,;.,., ."'m." Nnw .. (3): JOQ -6, .

II ... " " . Roiuoh. 11. . ... 1. toO'- s..:..rily ;.. lit< A~ .lfilSrtW ...... ' ri .... . /""" :>OWh .... ia. Now D.lhi; I .... ;. R_ h l' rftO.

B-1. Am';,.. ' <)';14. - o;' l><n L>taI Rio .. A .. Not M ..... ly 1.0.: • ., Rri~r'l! ,I,.

S .... ~ Rack In. 8ij"'" '933-9" ." F~""" /w;,im/ I'''''''r. >00$-

". 1\<11. O ... i.1. • .;,', F.".J. iF ~~" 0.. ,4< F ............... iF /'vi,,"'" III"u i.

,"" rifria _ Now yo ..... : '..,lli., 1I00I< .. Culdl .. MOI,ud. 1'.l'}6. 7Ao: RUe I{''''' ,V ... ",,,,, Sr>citty_ (".. •• ,,,ridg<= RI.o~·

"",II ,

(~",IO)'. C ....... II ..... "". '<.Ai -HoR>lUt "'Ill"", .-J ''''' S«UJ ()r,k" In' .... ~""'iOiIi by I'hilip R;.If . • ' ... ...,.-d by 1I .. l><n M .. d. N_ \ ... k, Sd.od.<"

"""" 0... V ...... • <)fIO. M,,,,,,,, <f I"~.' c.:......w.i/ ..... H~,.. mAd S",';',,,,, ,~

s...u. A>io.. o.U.i, O.f.:.td tJni",ni' r ........

De.ji, h i .. 1. '005. Wndf"'Gj1C' i{w. jillaJ: MiJu.-:,-, M<>rnli<rw MDJn.

"",_ hhaea: C..,.-r>tll tJni ...... ' r 1' ..,...

/)(a,~ M.ry_ .q/04_ 1'uflJ,"""' l)a,y;<t,- .4. ,1....1"" of c.-.,..., of P""'1

,.",d 1aboo>.l.onoo..: Roul l..Jge .n. K<pn 1~1.

r ,i.dma", l ·hw ...... '99'1-' A ~b.,i ... '" for th. h •• \\' .. 1.1." N.., Ion To"",.,

M. od. .8, ' '1'19. Fu;,u)lImo, f"",o;" ''1'/'. 11k F."'! iF 1/,,,..,-,,,,,1 ,4< / ..... .1/,.,. , No", Y,..-J.,

he< I' ..,...

Gi~."j, II<n'. Jon" r.:..k"",,.,,,d J4<Soa.d. Ilolli""",,: Jullns Ilopki, .. Un;

...... t)' 1' .....

GoldbOfl<n. llaniel .• ji96. IIi/iv .. l'iI/i,,« E--.. ;.-,,: om, ... "" c,...."""" w 1Iv. H<.J~_ N ... Y .... : K""I,(_

Goldma" n. Kidl. UI' 1I ... n ..... ","I C!.orl", \\·",ti". ,,01 .. '000_ "",;.,-Ji>m

,.",d '''''',_;.....1" .. i~ <4< 1'wl-C<JIoJ K'a, C ... , 1.onJon: R""tl«.lj;<.

Gou"" ;U:/'. l'IIilil' '1J9R-1'. I'io/I '" 'nfo<'" I"" 1M, r""""""" g', . 'iU Ih

&lkd ... ,~ l)., ~"'rotiI;...· ."'.,.;",.fo- H • .....Jo, N..., \ 'ork: ."rr.,. S"o, ..

","I Ci"",, , lIinton , Alumd •• l...ban, td . .ton;/lilo,;,,« IJiffi""""'- Th<c .t",h,.".-.l<W,.<f

~"';<k. n.r~"ky: Univtni1y of fAIi/"",;. 1'.-_

Uunti"llton. s.n. ... 1. ''.193. ~Th< CLooh 01 G.ilizat ....... ~ ,;...;,p.4/iW> i' (]).

- -. 000,1 ~..". lt i.I .... i< (:hollrnr.~ 1""",,/'ohy. Mardt/A"";1.

'1"""11', ~,dtaol. ,wa. f1I, 1'""",,,,, II-: 1':<.\oW' I'..,....J ,,,. ~

C ... • "" . ,,, •• , '",l : II....,. 11011.

Jalln,1or, Cbrio!.,...... 1003. IttdM·, .'i</not 1IJ..d .. ;..: n.. Ru; <fIN t-c.ur .. '" ,""""!MM. N ... V~: (".01~ ... boa Unj ....... y 1_

J<pn.o, ....... I' • .......,. '9'11' -M, ... M .... , An'h .......... intl l_iontof \ " ...

w...., in ... U.1.n Sri l.ankan Com"'uni'y.~ PhD ,hoMo. Dq.n_ of

Anoh """""",,. II .... , oi,. '" (;I ... ,," ___ . '9'14. ~m....",-: 1'Ion-. N ....... """ Imaci·N.,;..., in (1 .....

_ ." f 'Wol", ("...I, ... .. , 131. K •• i.-j. s..dipU. ,_. "Thr J .... ino'1 I".'i'u' .... of I"";'." In s.J.J1mO

SloJioo • ...... 7 . • :..1. l'a"k. Cka" • ..,.j C) .... ,od ... r...do). Oolhj:

O.r ...... II"; ... "';') 1',_

""'k. ~I.~.' .:. .... d K.oh.,.n SiHink, ''1'11', An ...... ' /t;J""J ~,...

~ "' ... ...., • • in _,_~ / ...... ,td. IIh .... : lA,mUllni ... ,.;"

1' .....

.\th ......... " ,-hill ....... ~. ~N"" .... ""il i"" • l'WoIi. (" ... It ... '5 t.): , ." .....

M.""". 1100.., " i"," ".", ' b.~t L SOl ... edo. ...... . . 'i< .. i<J .w- Q_~ .

'1(1tII,' . -Iw Suid N M,. N ~, .. mod . '''' .... N .... lIN ..... i<l , NJ.: TI2ZIO-

..";.,,, " "hii ........

0,,-.:" 1 (~' . JuoI,. '%7, n.. 11 .. ,-", 0{ ,'" ,Wn ..... , N~ Yooi:: Norton.

l'all ... "". OrloMo. .<)8 •. S4.'''') ""d .WuU ,_It: A c.-,..-" s....Iy.

Con,brid,.-, 101 _ : II...-..-d IIni"' '''11',_

ScuI •. J ...... C. ,,qI . . w"",, /; i •• . ",-, /1<>.0 (" ...... ;8 w ...... , ... 1_ 1M H_ C...d,';"" I~ l ;'iJ,J. 1'1 ... II."",,: Vol< IIni.~r';'1 1'''''

$"' .... 1. ~ ' <Q>. "n..: St'.W •. " In 1M So<ioII.wr<fG.o.,. Si • • 1. T, ..... oM..t. K"" II . ..... If. C~ ....... IU .: t·,..., t' .... U~ .Io~ . ...... . " Ih, ...... s..--.ril). ,ho St .. ~. oowI 0....-• .." ito

.C,lohoIioi"l! " """1." In ..... .,,., til wN-MJw.;_· t ..... fo-s-i A .... , Eol. Ita,.... M. II ........ N ... llotIhl: , ...... 1I_an:h 1' ....

......... ,:",1""'" .<r,(>. I ............ ,,,"" I ll .. in d" n."""' __ 4/It....,J

f~ . ..... · .... 4. StanW: So.nr"'" Un;,..rtilr ........

'"

Index

M~. (;h .... il. ,..-i_ ,~~''V'''~ ... ~ ... fV""i .. .., >OM. '9-0,. N. 'P-

9l . • <>8

Af.;... !!2. Wi

"" .J .. ", .. ,,.,. ..... k. " "

"'1.Qotdo. '.'..:..'.l, ' ;'- 10. 79: .. I.

lui ...... ~niuh"" of.3' -33:

r,mdi"l! . h ... "",I. of. 14 analot!;...,.., V .... I' .. 'i(on. ~ &t

.,;'" , t.,bal ... ,;,,,,

.nh·"' ''''''""n'''''' 01-'3. '0' -3.

•• f> ••• 8- 3" ";"oid_ ".' . 114-

all: ""II ~",I ft.~n fir.,; and,

" II- I"; '""n'«'."" 0",1,; •• · 1m« .nd. ,n- .1: .. tam ..

j,had , .......... of. ,.6 _.8: I",,,.

,t,,, .. ,,,,, "''' .. I .. ~I . "7- 1\10

""",,1001'" 0".-1. 010: oII"oc",1

Am"';"'n ..... " '" .,.t ..... _ .. , of I'mr.-...... t •• !;" ;", n' i~1l"""

"'- '5; of ..orld" .... J>IIO<. .. 6 - 01

... " , .... m;'i ..... !;.I- s6. &t oJw

N.u.m

.ru;"tr '" '''''''''' t~<I •• ''' ... ~

:;6 - :;1; 5""I'l' "'oIo, .. " ""I!'"

...d. 99 "" , " 3"':notiono'" In,'; I y. "~"I.';, y •• ,~I "lint,· ..... and . 4$. 5' - 53. 5j- 58. 1L,

!Is; tOv--, m'_clitr •• ..

.. "'. 10_". 8.-8s. IJJl

101'1 ... 1" ...... Aoj''''' ,. -• • s., L. !9- ]<>

A..,.clI. lbn ... h. 1.,~

A)oohra. '.M.; "4n~ .. 0;... <Iloo l!abri

M.ojHl •. " .. k

ltoe m1f (film' . ~

1\01,'; ~10 .. ;. 1 ." ... 1<. '. 0]. 'll, '17 Ilachcban f .... ,ly. !.!§: Rooono •• R. M .. ~

a..... A",ril •. H

boho..!ir.,;o. 10- '3 1k11. llan;"l. u!J.

Jlh.a.r.tiyo ja""a l'ar"I"'),,~ f ... nl",1 r"l<lIig<""" Ago",;), (c" ).

lnJ ian Pwj>!o', I'&rly .uft

rn.. ... , Shah, !I!i .,.i< ..... "3"', 117_'/1; ."".

bi" 1-.1<" . O ...... , !!. ''1-' '' , 7'}. A .... .;""" ",~, .u""t. , ... - .8i

93 ...... vi (i.il .. " lik on,l. '3'- 1<;

. .. . . 'k.o IntI"n """,ole'. 1'&"1 ~~-<liol.,"", ha,...,.1 ","I. '"1 -

Bbi., T .. ,y, II, ~ ""'ion, .... '. """ ... " of. bodily .ioI ....... , ,.6-,.8. 1<)7; in' ;' 109:1'

""'<Y of <lkDOCidal .;.,1<,,<>< • ..d. cla.h vi ci. ili ... ion .. " '9. "S-

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Mj .. " AI'I .. d .... i i. Ih" John Dew"l' Prof,"""," in Ih" SocillJ SC;."..,...., Ih" N"w ScI"",l. "'h,,..., h" io al"" Senio. Ad _i"". ('" GIoh.I Ini'ial;'· ... Ii i. hooleo inclu,l~ Mt><krnilr at I_~:

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appadurai - fear of small numbers

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