Appendix 1: List of Scandinavian Authors Who Have Contributed to the History of Northern Light Until 1800

Einar Gunnarson probably author of the "King's Mirror" about 1250 A.D.

Olaus Magnus (1490-1558) "Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus", Roma, 1550

Morten Pedersen (Alban) (1537-1594) Meteorologi­cal notes in "Paul Ebers Calendarium", Witten­berg, 1571

A bsalon Pedersen Beyer (1528-1575) in his diary from 1552 to 1572

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) in his Meteorological Journal

Peder Jacobsen Flemlose (ca. 1554-ca. 1598) "Ele­mentiske og jordiske Astrologie om Luftens Fo­rand ring" , U rani borg, 1591

Peder Clausson Friis (1545-1614) in "Om Gmnland", Copenhagen, 1596 and 1604 or 1605

Christiernus Reitherus "Historico Geographica de Orbe Septentrional", Copenhagen, 1664

Suno Arnelius (1681-1740) "Exercitium Philo­sophicum de Chasmatibus", Uppsala, 1704

Thormod Thorfaeus (1636-1719) "Det Gamle Gronland", Copenhagen, 1706

Ole Romer (1640-1710) "Descriptio - Luminis Bo­realis quod nocte inter I & 2 Febr. 1707 Hafnire visum est", Miscellaneis Berolinensibus pp.131-133, 1710

Jonas Ramus (1649-1718) "Norriges Beskrivelse", Copenhagen, 1715

Jens Christian Spidberg (1684-1762) "Historische Demonstration und Anmerkung tiber die Eigen­schaften und Ursachen des sogenandten Nord­lichts", Halle, 1724

A note in Nye Tidender om laerde og curieuse Sager, Copenhagen, 1738

Anders Celsius (1701-1744) "CCCXVI observationes de Lumine Boreali, ab a. MDCCXVI at a. MDCCXXXII par tim a de, par tim ab aliis in Svecia habitas", Norimbergre, 1733

Johan Heitman (1664-1749) "Physiske Betrenknin­ger over Solens Varme, Luftens skarpe Kuld· og N ordlyset", Copenhagen, 1741

Peter Moller "Betrenkninger over Nordlyset" and "Advertissement", Trondheim, 1741

Hans Egede (1686-1758) "Det gamle Gmnlands Nye Perlustration eller Naturel Historie", Copenha­gen, 1741

Samuel Triewa1d (1688-1742) "Experimentum Au­rorre borealis Artificalis", Proc. Royal Swedish Acad. Sci., Vol. V, pp.115-117, 1744

Joachim Frederik Ramus (1685 or 86-1769) "Histo­risk og Physisk Beskrivelse af Nordlysets forun­derlige Skikkelse, Natur og Oprindelse", Proc. Acad. Sci. Copenhagen, YoU, pp.317-396, 1743 and 1744; and Vol. III, pp.148-212, 1747

OlofPeter Hiorter (1696-1750) "Om Magnet-NiUens Atskillige andringar", Proc. Royal Swedish Acad. Sci., pp.27-43, 1747

Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin (1717-1783) "Observation­er Pa Magnet-Nalen", Proc. Royal Swedish Acad. Sci., Vol. XI, pp. 52-59, 1750 "Vetenskapernas Historia om Norrskenet, Proc. Royal Swedish Acad. Sci., pp.161-171, 1752 "Fortsattning af Historien om Norr-Skenet", Proc. Royal Swedish Acad. Sci., pp.81-93, 1753

Lars Barhow (1707-1754) "Richtig angestellte und aufrichtig mitgeteilte Observationes von Phaeno­menD Nordlicht", Leipzig, 1751

Erich Pontoppidan (1698-1764) "Det forste F orsog paa Norges Naturlige Historie", Copenhagen 1751 and 1753

Pehr Kalm (1716-1779) "Nagra Nordsken, obser­verade i Norra America", Proc. Royal Swedish Acad. Sci., pp.145-155, 1752

Carl Gustaf Ekeberg (1716-1784) "Berattelse om et Norrsken, som observerades pa utresan med Ost­indiska Compagniets. Skepp, Sophia Albertina den 30. Jan. 1755", Proc. Royal Swedish Acad. Sci., pp.61-64, 1757 "Observationer pei Magnet-Neilens Inclination, Gjorda under Resan til och fran Canton Arene 1766 och 1767", Proc. Royal Swedish Acad. Sci., pp.225-228. 1768

157

Anders Wijkstrom (1726-1763) "Om Nordsken", Calmar, 1759

Gerhard Schenning (1722-1789) "N ordlysets .tElde Beviist med gamle Skribenters Vidnesbyrd", Proc. Acad. Sci. Copenhagen, pp.197-316, 1759-1760 "Udtog af hvad der angaaede Vejrets af Luftens F orandringer og Beskaffenhed er iagttaget i Trondheim fra den Iste Octob. 1759 til den Iste Octob. 1761", Proc. Acad. Sci. Copenhagen, Vol. 9, pp.596-61O, 1761-1764

Erich Johan Jessen (1705-1783) "Det Kongerige Norge fremstillet efter dets naturlige og borgerlige Tilstand", Tom I, pp. 375-469, Copenhagen, 1763

Fredric Mallet (1728-1797) "N ordsken, observerad i Upsala den 17 October 1763", Proc. Swedish Royal Acad. Sci., pp.62-67, 1764

Torbern OlofBergman (1735-1784) "Afhandling om Nordskenets hogd", Proc. Royal Swedish Acad. Sci., pp. 193-211, and pp. 249-261,1764

Johann Carl Wilcke (1732-1796) "Forsek Til en Magnetisk Inclinations-Charta", Proc. Royal Swedish Acad. ScL, pp. 193-225; 1768; "Om Magnet-Nalens arliga och dageJiga iindrin­gar i Stockholm", Proc. Royal Swedish Acad. Sci., pp.173-301, 1777

Eggert Olafsen and Bjarne Povelsen (1726-1768) "Reise igiennem Island", Vol. II, pp. 907-910, So­ree, 1771

158

H.Strem (1726-1797) "Udtag af 12 Aars Meteoro­logiske lagttagelser paa Sendmere i Bergens Stift i Norge", Proc. Royal Acad. Sci., Vol. XI, pp.399-420, Copenhagen, 1777

Anders Hellant (1717-1789) "Magnet-Nalens Decli­nation, observerad pa £lera Stiillen inom Norra Pol-Circelen", Proc. Royal Swedish Acad. Sci., pp.300-305, 1777

Diderich Christian Fester (1732-1811) "Mathema­tiske og Physiske Beta:nkninger over Nordlyset. Ferste Betragtning", Trondhjem, 1781 "Fortsatte Mathematiske og Physiske Beta:nkninger over Nordlyset", Proc. Royal Nor­wegian Acad. Sci., Vol. II, pp.124-182, 1788

Hans Arentz (1731-1793) "Beskrivelse over Sendfjord i det Nordre Bergenhusiske Amt", Norges Topografiske Journal, XXIX, 24, 1785

Christian Ulrich Detlev Eggers (1758-1813) "Physi­kalische und statistische Beschreibung von Island aus authentischen Quellen und nach den neuesten Nachrichten", Copenhagen, 1786

Christian Carl Lous (1724-1804) "Om Missvisnin­gens her i Ciebenhavn befundne Forandring i de sidste forlebne 50 Aar", Proc. Royal Danish Acad. Sci., Vol. III, pp.161-169, 1788

Thomas Bugge (1740-1815) "Om Nordlysets Ind£ly­telse paa Magnetnaalens Declination iagttaget ved Gothaab i Grenland Aar 1786 til 1787 af Mis­siona:ren Herr Andreas Ginge", Proc. Royal Da­nish Acad. Sci., Vol. III, pp.531-549, 1788

Appendix 2: Map of Scandinavia Showing Locations and Areas Mentioned in the Text

159

Appendix 3: Auroral Observatories

Some of the best known Observatories in the Northern Hemisphere

Geographic Geomagnetic

Latitude Longitude Latitude Longitude

Ny-Alesund, Spitzbergen 78°54'N 11 °54'E 75.4 131.3 Thule, Greenland 77°29'N 69°10'W 89.0 358.0 Bjornoya, Spitzbergen 69° 14'N 53°32'W 79.9 32.5 Leirvagen, Iceland 64°11'N 21°42'W 70.2 71.0 Fort Churchill, Canada 58°48'N 94°06'W 68.7 322.8 Tmms0, Norway 69°36'N 18°54'E 67.1 116.8 Kiruna, Sweden 67°50'N 200 25'E 65.3 115.6 College, Alaska 64° 52'N 147°50'W 64.6 256.5 Sodankyla, Finland 67°22'N 26°38'E 63.8 120.0 Murmansk, USSR 68°15'N 33°04'E 63.0 125.8 Dixon Island, USSR 73°33'N 80° 34'E 63.0 161.6 Dombas, Norway 62°04'N 9°0TE 62.3 100.1 Tixi Bay, USSR 71°35'N 129°00'E 60.4 191.4 LovD, Sweden 59°21'N 17°50'E 58.1 105.8 Nurmij~irvi, Finland 600 31'N 24° 39'E 57.9 112.6 Rude Skov, Denmark 55°51'N 12°51'E 55.9 98.5 Magnetic North Pole, ca. 76°N l02°W Magnetic South Pole, ca. 68°S 145°E Geomagnetic North Pole, ca. 78°31'N 700W 90.0

160

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Vegard L (1916) Nordlichtuntersuchungen. Videnskaps Selska­pets. Skrifter, Math Nat Klasse, Kristiania

Vegard L (1955) Kristian Birkeland. Nor Hydro gjennom 50 ar, pp 579-585, Ed. K. Anker Olsen, Oslo

von Urbanitzky AR (1887) Eleklrizilat und Magnelismus im AI­lerthume. pp 110-127, Wiesbaden

Werlauff EC (1836) Bidrag til den Nordiske Ravhandels Histo­rie. Det Kongl Dan Videnskabers Selskabs A vhandlinger, Vol5;Kjobenhavn

Wijkstrom A (1759) Om Nordsken. Calmar Wilcke JC (1777) Ron om Magnet-Nalens arliga och dagliga an­

dringar i Stockholm. Kongl Sven Vetenskaps Akad Handlin­gar, pp 273-300

Qvigstad J (1927) Lappiske Evenlyr og Sagn. Inst for Sammen­lignende Kulturforskning, Aschehoug (Nygaard), Oslo

Angstrom AJ (1968) Recherches sur Ie spectre Solaire, 4°, Upsala

163

Name Index Page numbers in italics indicate portraits of authors

ad Dimasqi 37 Alexander the Great 35 Alfven, H. 136, 156 Anaxagoras 34, 38, 66 Anaximedes 34 Andersen, H.C. 25 Andersen, J.O. 124 Arentz, H. 104, 158 Aristotle 35, 36, 39, 43, 44 Arnelius, S. 45, 55, 56, 60,

157 Arrhenius, S. 85, 86

Bald(e)r, Norse god 13, 19, 20

Balke, P. 52 Barhow, H. 64 Barhow, L. 64-66, 68-70,

72, 157 Beelzebub 6 Bergman, T.O. 70,73,91,

108, 158 Bevalet 137 Beyer, A.P. 39,40, 157 Berger, S. 45 Biot, J.S. 77 Birkeland, B.J. 106 Birkeland, K.O.B. 87, 94,

98,99, 100, 102, 106, 107, 125, 127, 139, 140, 156

Bj0fgo, T. 26, 27 Boye, E. 139 Brahe, T. 38,39, 157 Braun, G.c. 17-19 Bravais 137 Brendel, M. 138, 139 Bruheim, J.M. 27 Brajn 14 Bugge, S. 16 Bugge, T. 158

Caspari, T. 29, 30 Celsius, A. 2, 60, 61, 62, 70,

75,91, 157 Christian VII, Danish King

73 Colbj0fnsdaughter, A. 54 Cramer 91

Darrad, alternate name for Odin, Norse god 14

Dass, P. 41,42 David 57 Decartes, R. 55, 56, 58

de la Rive 80 de Mairan 56,63-65,69,72,

73, 84-86, 91 Devik, D. 140 Devik, K. 98 Devik, O. 100, 140 Dydril, T. 9

Eather, R.H. 17, 18 Edlund, E. 79,80, 84 Egede, H. 157 Eggers, C.U.D. 74,75, 158 Einbu, S. 103 Ekeberg, c.G. 157 Eskeland, L. 26, 27 Ezekiel, prophet 34

Father Pilgrim 73 Fearnley, C.F. 92 Fester, D.C. 71,72, 158 Fleml0se, P.J. 39, 157 Folkestad, K. 122, 150 Frederick, Danish King 38 Freuchen, P. E. 86 Freya, Norse godess 18 Friis, P.C. 40,41,42,44,157 Fritz, H. 16, 39, 82, 83, 89,

90, 92 Fray, Norse god 10, 14, 15,

19 Fuller 93 Fiivne 20

Galilei, G. 37, 129 Gasendi, P. 37,61,91 Gauss, C.F. 75 Geirskogul, valkyrje 13 Gemma 35 Gerda, snow Queen 25 Goundul, valkyrje 13 Gunnarson, E. 157 Gunnerus, J.E. 71, 72 Oustav Adolf, Swedish king

7 Guth, valkyrje 13 Gyme, giant in Norse

mythology 14, 15 Gymesdatter, G. 14, 15, 18,

19

Halley, E. 55,60,69,75, 155 Hamsun, K. 29 Hannibal 60

Hansteen, C. 70, 75, 76, 77, 79, 106, 108

Haraldsson, O. (St. Olav) 14 Harang, L. 93, 112, 113, 141,

142, 143, 156 Hardie, E.M. 8 Hatempka 6 Haukenres, T. III Heitman, J. 57-60, 66, 72,

104, 105, 157 Hell, M. 73, 74 Hellant, A. 158 Henriksen, K. 120 Hild, valkyrje 13 Hiorter,O.P. 62,70,75,156,

157 Holberg, L. 58 Hollander, M. 13-23 Hooke, R. 55 Holtsmark, A. 12, 18 Horrebow 91 Hunding-Slayer, Helge 16

ingeborg, Queen 25 Ithenhiela 6

Jacobsen, R. 28 Jeremiah, prophet 34 Jessen-Schardeb011, E.J. 69,

72,75,89, 158 Joel, prophet 8 Johansen, J. 33

Kalm, P. 62, 157 Kawai, N. 22 Kepler, J. 38 King, J. 107 Koth, H. 16 Kraft, W.O. 91 Krogness, D. 140, 143 Krogness,O.A. 100, 139,

140 Krupp, A. 101 K0hler, H. 140

Lanzerotti, L. 116 Leem, K. 2 Lemstram, K.S. 78, 79, 80,

92, 125 Link, F. 35 Longfellow, W. 17 Loomis, E. 82, 83, 89, 108,

112, 128, 129 Lottin 137

Louis Philippe, French King 137

Lous, c.c. 158 Luther, M. 8

Magnus, O. 38,54, 157 Magnusson, F. 13, 18, 19 Mairan see de Mairan Majer, J.C. 90,91 Mallet, F. 70, 158 Mc Lennon, 1. 135 Metuselah 82 Michael, archangel 6 Modgunn, valkyrje 17 Moe, J. 26 Mohn, H. 137 Mo1tke, H.V.G. 28, 117 Munch, O. 9 Munch, P.A. 15 Muncke, G.W. 89 Munthe, G. 14, 52 Moller, P. 58,60, 157

Naainas 6 Naba-Cha 6 Nanahboozko 5, 6 Nansen, F. 31, 32 Negri, F. 33, 42 Newton, I. 55, 57 Nordenskiold, A.E. 79. 86

Odin, Norse god 10, 19 Olafsen, E. 158 Olaus, Georgius 38 Olsen, M. 15 d'Orderius Vitatis 7

Paul, prophet 8 Paulsen, A. 27,83, 84, 86,

107 Pedersen, M. (Alban) 38, 57 Peinier 91 Petrie, W. 18 Plinius 36 Pontoppidan, E. 65, 66, 67,

72, 75, 157 Potter 91 Povelsen, B. 158

Ramus, J. 54, 55, 58, 59, 72, 157

Ramus, J.F. (J.F.R.) 36,43, 59, 60, 67, 68, 157

Ramus, M. 59

165

Reitherus, e. 42, 157 Rive see de la Rive Rode, F. 105, III Rubenson, R. 39,83, 128,

129 R0mer, O. 43,44, 157

Sande, J. 29 Schardeb01l see Jessen Schwabe, H. 128 Sch0ning, G. 67,68, 158 Seneca 36 Shum, G.M. 125 Simonsen, P. 40 Skirne, Fmy's Servant 15 Skuld, valkyrje 13

166

Smith, R.C. 33 Spidberg,J.C. 55,56,75,157 Steen, A. 137 Stoffregen, W. 29, 30, 142 Stmm, H. 158 Sturiasson, S. 14 SWrmer, e.F.M. 87, 88, 89-

94, 100-102, 106, 110, 112, 125

Sura tan-Tura 6 Sverderup, H.U. 28 Sorensen, 0 88

Tacitus 17, 108 Tegner, E. 14, 17, 25 Tiberius 7

Tor, Norse god 6, 10, 17 Thorfreus, T. 42,43,44, 157 Trap, V. 28 Triewald, see von Triewald Tromholt, S. 21,33,38,81,

82-84, 106, 109, 112, 128, 129, 133,137, 138, 156

Trygvasson, O. 9

Vegard, L. 30, 94, 95-97, 100, 139, 140, 144, 145, 156

von Triewald, S. 63,64, 157

Wargentin, P. 62, 63, 75, 89, 133, 157

Weidler, J.F. 61

Wergeland, H. 14 Weyprecht, K. 30, 31 Wijkstmm, A. 157 Wilcke, J.e. 70, 71, 158 Wolff, R. 64,69 Wolff, S.O. 25, 26

Y gg, valkyrje 20

Zacchariah, prophet 34

lEgir, jotun in Norse mythology 20

0ehlenschliiger, A. 18, 75 0rsted, H.C. 75, 76, 77 Angstmm, AJ. 77, 78, 95,

125

Subject Index

absorbing layer 115 absorption 126, 147 acceleration processes 133 Alfven speed 131 All Sky Camera 143, 144 Alta, Norway 81-83, 109, 137-140 Amateur Auroral Photography 144 amplifier 145 Angstmm, wavelength unit (10- 10m) Andoya Rocket Range 148-151, 154 antenna 147 Arctic 79, 139 Arctic Circle 24 Arctic Ocean 17, 15 artificial aurora 63, 64, 78, 97-99, 102 Atlantic, cable 114 atmosphere density 125, 126 - electrical conductor 77, 81 - minor constituent 116 - of Earth 132, 133 - temperature 97, 107, 125, 126 - thickness 125 atmospheric composition 94, 125, 126 atmospheric models 93 atom in exited states 125 atomic oxygen (0) 116 aurora, age 67 -, an electrical discharge 77, 79 -, an electrical phenomenon 67, 75, 79 aurora and atmospher of Sun 75 -, cirrus clouds 103 -, cold 76 -, compass needle 62, 70, 99 -, electrical disturbances 112, 113 -, lightning 79 -, magnetic field 75 -, magnetism 63 -, telegraph lines 82, 112, 113 -, weather 59, 70, 74 aurora as dancing maidens I, 19,20 -, disaster 6 -, elastic fluid 76 -, light source 111, 112 - , navigation aid III -, organ pipes 54 -, weather predictor 106, 111 aurora as omen of disaster 6 - plaque 6 - war 6, 19 aurora australis 133 aurora borealis 37, 56, 73, 112, 133 aurora explained by -, ball games 3 -, blood of warriors 5

-, dead spiritis 1-4 -, fish schools 2 -, ghosts 1-4 -, greylag goose 3 -, heat 55 -, hydrocarbon liquid 42 -, icebergs 3 -, luminous gas 77 -, magnetic evaporation 55 -, nitrous gases 57 -, reflection from flames 55 -, reflection from ice particles 53 -, reflection from torches 2 -, reflection from Valkyrjes shields 13 -, reflection of moonlight 54 -, reflection of sunlight 54 -, stillbome children 3 -, subterran heat 54, 55 -, sulphurous vapour 55, 59 -, throng of swans 3 -, whales thrasing waves 2 -, zodiacal light 55 aurora in Edda 10-23 - folklore 1-9, 103-107, III - King's Mirror 10-23 - literature 10-23 - mythology I, 10-23,25 - Norse literature 10-23 - Norse mythology 10-23 - Viking Periode 10-23 auroral arc 125-133 auroral atlas 65 auroral authors in Norway 24-33 auroral brightness (intensity) 87, III auroral categories 69 auroral colours 31-33,56,64,69,77-79,

80, 87, 94-97, 103, 104, 122, 125, 126, 134, 140, 144

auroral conjugacy 89 auroral displays 24 auroral disturbances and - biological influence 116 - navigation 114 - power lines 112, 113 - radio communication 115, 116 - transformer stations 113 auroral emissions 87 auroral expeditions 81,83,98, 106, 117,

137, 139 auroral experiments 62, 64, 75, 78-80,

98, 101 auroral forms 1,24,32,33,38,45-51,65,

66, 69, 71, 75, 76, 87-94, 125, 133, 145 -, arc 125, 133

-, c10udlike 84 -, corona 38, 71, 88 -, diffuse spots 89 -, diffuse surfaces 92 -, draperies 88, 92 -, homogenous arc 88, 89, 92 -, homogenous band 88,89,92 -, pulsations 145 -, rays 88, 92 -, solar illuminated 93 auroral instruments 137-153 auroral intensity 87, 136 auroral latitude 112-114 auroral light polarization 77 auroral location 20, 21,40,41,44, 55, 63,

64, 69, 74, 75, 89, 90, 93 auroral lower boarder 95 auroral motion 5, 26, 27, 33, 35, 53, 65,

66,69, 71, 75, 89, 109 auroral music 30 auroral names 1-9,12,37,42,56,61,73,

89, 104, 112, 113, 133 -, alugsukat 3 -, aurora australis 2, 133 -, aurora borealis 37,56,73, 112, 133 -, blodlyse (bloodlight) 5 -, chasmata 35, 36, 39, 53 -, dancing maidens I, 19,20 -, Fir chlis 4 -, fox fire 3 -, jumping goats 42 -, lumine boreale 61 -, Merry Dancers I -, nordurljos 12 -, northern light used instead of aurora -, polar light 89, 112 -, Polka I -, revontulet 3 -, runtis-jammij 5 -, southern light 2 -, Suratan Tura 6 -, vindbrag 104 -, vindlys (windlight) 104 auroral observations 72 auroral observatories 137-142 Auroral Observatory, Tromso 79, 96,

141-143 auroraloccurence 20,21,40,41,44,45,

55, 63, 69, 72, 74, 75, 79, 89, 90, 130 auroral occurence frequency 63,81-86,

89, 127, 128, 130 -, periodic 81 -, secular 83 -, statistical 82

167

auroral omens 6-9, 38 auroral oval 22, 23, 62, 69, 82, 83, 89,

133-136 auroral paintings 52 auroral particles 101,102,129,130,133-

136 auroral photographs 45-51,91, 120-

122, 135, 137, 138, 140, 141, 144, 152, 153

auroral photometer 145 auroral photon 145 auroral position 69, 89 auroral ring 81, 82, 85 auroral records -, Arabian 37 -, Biblical 34 -, Chinese 34, 129 -, Greek 34--36 -, Syrian 37 auroral sketches 8, 13, 20-28, 36, 38, 40,

43, 52, 59, 65 auroral sound I, 4, 17,40, 66, 70, 107-

110 auroral spectograph 95, 96, 144, 145 auroral spectrum 77, 125 auroral speed 89 auroral substance 76, 84 auroral TV-camera 144 auroral theories 36,37,42,53-61,65,67,

69,71-76,78-81,84--86,95-99,102,131 -, aestheric theory 67 -, electrical theory 79, 80, 84 -, fluorescence theory 84 -, induction theory 79, 80, 84 -, speculative 36, 37, 42, 53-61 -, scientific 60,61,65,69,71-76,79,81,

84--86,95-99, 102, 131 auroral treatises 36, 38, 40-42, 53-61,

64,66-70,72-74,76,82-84,101, 103, 106,107,111,112,139,156,158

auroral vapours 36, 38 auroral zone 20,81,82,89,90,102,114--

115,130,135,155

Baldr's Dream (Norse mythology) 19 Baltic Sea (Ice Sea) 4, 37 Barrulunden (Norse mythology) 15 Bear Island, Norway 114, 146, 148 Bergen, Norway 7,39,40,57-59,66,67,

152 Bible 8 Bifrost (Norse mythology) 12, 18 biological influence of auroral

disturbance 116 Birkeland-Eyde method 100 Birkeland current 99, 132 Birkeland's Firearm 101 Bjornoya (Bear Island), Norway 146,

148 blue light 64 boreale aurora (auroral name) 37 Bossekop, Norway 26, 137-140 brightness unit 87

C14-method 21 Cathode rays 84, 85

168

Chasmata (auroral name) 35, 36, 39, 53 Christiania (Oslo), Norway 75, 76, 94 cirrus clouds 103 classification of aurora 88 cold and aurora 76 collision processes 94, 136 colour of aurora 94 comets 38, 39, 60, 139 communication 113-115 compass, magnetic 62, 70, 98, 112, 114,

130 compass needle 62, 70, 99 conductor in the atmosphere 77 conjugate aurora 89 Copenhagen, Denmark 43, 54, 56, 67,

74,91 corona, auroral 38, 71, 88 coronal holes 129 cosmic geophysic 100 cosmic noise absorption 147 cosmos 147 critical angle 115

dancing spirits dancing maidens (auroral name) I, 19,

20 day-break 17 diffuse gases 64 diffuse spots 89 diffuse surfaces 92 discharge apparatus 79, 80 discharges 81 dissociation 126 Doomsday 12 Doppler broadening 96 Doppler displacement 149 Doppler effect 96

Earth's magnetic field 21,112-114,145 Earth's magnetism 55 ecliptic plane 56 Edda -, Norse literature 10-23 -, Older 10-23 -, Poetic 10-23 -, Snorre's 10-23 -, Younger 10-23 ElSCA T (European Incoherent Scatter

Facility) 123, 148-150, 153 elastic fluid, see aurora electric current 112-114 electric field 110, 116 electrical discharge 77, 79 electrical disturbance 112, 113 electrical phenomenon, see aurora electrical theory of aurora 79, 80, 84 electricity 74 electromagnetic gun 101 electromagnetic radiation from Sun 116 electrons 84, 126, 127, 136 electron aurora 134-136 elementary magnetic storm 100 equatorial plane 131 equivalent current system 100 eruptions on the Sun 85 Eskimo folklore 1-3

event studies 100 excitation 94 excited state 125 experiments, see auroral

fairy tales 25 Finnmark, Norway 2,33, 64, 73, 89, III Fir Chlis (auroral name) 4 First International Polar Year 29,30, 81,

92,117,137,156 fish schools 2 fluorescence 8 folklore 1-9 forbideen transition 95 form, see auroral form fox fires (auroral name) 3 free-electrons 115 free horizon 115 frequency forecast service 115 Frost Giant (Norse mythology) 14

Gauss, magnetic unit 130 geographic position, see aurora geological survey 114, ll5 geomagnetic disturbance Ill, 114, 115 geomagnetic storm 113 Geophysical Institute, Troms0 140 Germania 17, 108 Gjallarbroen (Gjallarbridge) (Norse

mythology) 12, 13 Gjoll (Norse mythology) 12 Good Friday 14 Greenland 1,3, 11,20-23,37,40,43,44,

55,68,69,86,90,92,107, Ill, 117, 130, 156

Gregoria Calendar 43 greylag goose 3

Ha 96 Hp 96 Haldde Observatory 138-140 Halley's comet 139 heat theory 55 Heating system 148 height, see auroral height Heimdal, Norse god 18 heliocentric latitude 127 helium (He) 126 high voltage 145 Hild (valkyrje) 13 Hindar Fell (Norse mythology) 20 hole in the Earth 54 homogenous arc, see auroral from homogenous band, see auroral form hydrocarbon liquid 42 hydrogen (H) 95, 126

ice crystals 95 ice particles 53 icebergs 3 Iceland 23, 40, 41, 43, 44, 55, 74, 83 incoherent scattered radio wave 148-150 induction theory 79, 80, 84 interference filter 145 International Geophysical Year (IGY)

134

International Polar Year 142 ion temperature 149 ionization 94 ionized gas 126, 133 ions 126, 127 ionosonde 146, 147 ionosphere 100, 115, 126, 133, 147 ionospheric current 100

Jan Mayen 148 Jokkmokk, Sweden 105 Jotunheim (Norse mythology) jumping goats (auroral name)

Kangasniemi, Finland

14 35,42,43

Kautokeino, Norway 4,81,92,109,137, 139

King's mirror 10-23, 36, 37, 40, 41, 43, 51, 54,65, 111, 130, 156

Kiruna Geophysical Institute, Sweden 148-150

Ki0benhavn, see Copenhagen Konnunsuo (Finnish mythology) Kristiania (Oslo), Norway 92 Krogness-St0rmer Camera 143

Lappish folklore 1-9, 105 Lappland 25, 78, 79 Lapps 1-9, 105, III Lidskjalv (Norse mythology) 14 ligthning 79 Little Ice Age 41,42,57, 105 Loga Fell (Norse mythology) 19 Lumine Boreale (auroral name) 61 luminous gas 77 luminous ring 62

M-region 129 magnetic chart 70, 76 magnetic dipole field 113 magnetic disturbances 112-114, 146 magnetic evaporation 55 magnetic field and aurora 75 magnetic field drift 131 magnetic field in burned clay 131 magnetic field in lava 131 magnetic field lines 116 magnetic inclination 70 magnetic ore 114 magnetic polarity 127 magnetic poles 75,76, 133, 134 magnetic storm 112-114, 146 magnetic unit -, Gauss 130 -, Tesla 131 magnetic zenith 76 magnetism 54, 63 magnetometer 112, 145, 146 magnetosphere 113,131-133 magnetospheric tail 133 Maori folklore 2 Maunder minimum 21,41,42, 128, 129 Mercury 72 Merry Dancers (auroral name) metastable transition 125 meteor 20,35,60, 125, 155

Meteora 55 Meteorologia 35 meteoron 67 microwave 116 Middle Ages 60 midnight sun 24-25 Milky Way 12, 25, 26, 127 minor constituents 116 mirroring layer 115 motion, see auroral motion mythology 1-23

navigation aid in aurora 111 navigation and auroral disturbance 114 neutral layer 131 nitratoxygen (NO) 116 nitrogen (N, N z) 95,116,126 nitrogen band 97 nitrous gases 57 Nobel Prize 85, 101 Nordledningen (polar Star) 41 Nordurljos (auroral name) 12 Norse literature 10-23 North Cape 33, 64 North Geomagnetic Pole 21, 22 North Pole 2, 25, 69 North Sea 2 northern light, see aurora Norwegian folklore 1-9, 103-106 Norwegian Meteorlogical Institute 137 Norwegian Polar Expedition 92 Notodden, Norway 101 NTNF 154

Old Testament 34 organ pipes 54 Orion arm 127 oval, see auroral oval Oxygen (0, O2) 95, 126 Ozone (03) 116

parallax 70, 91 particle trajectory 135 particles from the Sun 72. 116 Paul Ebers Calendarium 38 penetration depth 116 periodic occurrence of aurora 81 photocathode 145 photomultiplier (photometer) 145, 146 photons 94, 136 physics of the upper atmosphere 100 Pietavintunturi, Finland 79 planets 56 Pohjanmaa (Finnish mythology) Polar Circle 20 polar cusp 134 polar light, see aurora polarimeter 77 polarization 77 polarized electric field 95, 96 Pole Star 114 polka (auroral name) Polynesian folklore 2 powerline disturbance practical light source pressure wave 109

112, 113, 116 Ill. 112

proton aurora 96, 97 protons 95. 96. 136 psychological explanation of auroral

sound 108 pulsating aurora 89, 92, 145

radar 146 radiation pressure 85 radio antenna 147 radio communication 115, 116 radio frequency 115, 148 radio frequency forecast service 115 radio link station 115 radio receiver 115, 146 radio transmitter 148-150 radioactive isotope 129 radio wave 116, 126 radiowave frequency 148 radiowave power 147 radiowave propagation 115, 116 radiowave technique 146-150 rainbow 18 Ramfjordmoen, Norway 148-150 Rayleigh (R), brightness unit 87 realm of the death I, 29 Recherche expedition 26, 137 red type aurora 83 reflecting layer 147 reflection phenomena 53, 55 Revontulet (auroral name) 3 ring current 113 riometer 146, 147 rocket 97, 100, 151-153 rotation speed of Sun 128 Royal Danish Scientific Society 60, 68,

76 Royal Norwegian Company of Science

72 Royal Norwegian Conci! for Scientific

and Industrial Research (NTNF) 154 Royal Norwegian Scientific Society 68 Royal Swedish Academy of Science and

Letters 63, 64, 70. 71 rubidium atom 146 runtisjammij (auroral name) 5 Russian Lapps 5, 6 Rutja (Finnish mythology) 12

Saga of the Icelanders 13, 43 Saga of the Nordic Kings 13 Salgofnir (Norse mythology) 17 satellite 97, 100, 127 savio 4 scald 20 Scandinavia 54, 107, 114, 115 Scandinavian folklore 1-9 Scotland 14, 114 Scottish folklore 1-4 Second World War 93, 114, 142, 143 secular variations of aurora 83 sensitivity of eye 87 serpent 9 shock front 131-132 shooting stars 155 shutter 145

169

Skolte-Lapps 5, 12 Society for a Geophysical Instiute in

Tromse 140 Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory

148-150 solar acitivity 21,22,74,82-85,113, 116,

127-129, 132, 136 solar atmosphere temperature 127 solar cycle 129 solar eruption 132 solar illuminated aurora 93 solar paritcles 85, 94, 98, 99 solar radiation 126 Solar Wind 85,96,126, 127, 131-136 solar zenith angle 126 sound of aurora 70 soundwaves 109 southern light I Space Activity Division (NTNF) 154 spectral lines 78, 96, 97 spectroscopy 30, 80, 95, 96, 144, 145 spectrum, auroral 77 spectrum, bellshaped 149 spectrum dubblehumped 149 spectrum of scattered wave 149 Sperer minimum 21,38,41, 129 STARE 148 Statistical Occurence of aurora 82 Stavanger, Norway 43 subterranean heat 54, 55 sulphurous vapor 55, 59 sunspot activity 81 sunspot cycle 82, 127-130 sunspot number 116, 127, 128 sunspots 21,82,98, 116, 126-129

170

Swedish Expedition to Spitsbergen 79 Swedish folklore 1-9 Swedish Meteorological Institute 83

Talvik, Norway 105, 138, 139 telegraph cables 116 telegraph lines 82, 112, 113 telemetry antenna 153 television picture 98 temperature measurement 97, 125, .\26,

150 temperature of solar atmosphere 127 terella experiment 98, 99, 101, 127 Tesla, magnetic unit 131 thermistor 145 Thule, Greenland 130, 131 trajectories of auroral particles 101, 102 transatlantic cable 116 transformer stations 113 transmitter 115, 148-150 tree rings 21 Tromse, Norway 41,79, 146, 152 Trondheim, Norway 58, 59, 68, 135 true northern light 64 turbulent layer 131 turbulent region 131 TV -screen 127 TV-system 144 twilight 93

ultraviolet radiation 85, 116 unipolar inductor 80 upper atmosphere 125, 145 Uppsala, Sweden 45, 60-63, 70, 77, 91 Uraniborg, Denmark 38,39

Valdres, Norway 2, 104 Valhalla (Norse mythology) 12, 16, 17 Valkyrje (Norse mythology) 1, 12, 13,

17,20 van Allen belts (Zones) 102, 131 Varde, Norway 73,74 Ven, Denmark 39 Venus 72 verljos (auroral name) 19 Vesterbotten, Sweden 6 Viking period 1, 10-23, 129, 155 vindbrag (auroral name) 104 vindlys (auroral name) 104 volcano 2, 5, 19

wanderer 155 warriors 4-6 wavelength 95 weather 59, 70, 74 weather light 64, 69, 103, 104 weather prediction 106, III weathersign 103-107 wide angle lens 144 windlight (aurora) 104

X-rays 85, 116

Zodiacal light 56, 10 I

lEgir (Norse mythology) 20 0rland, Norway 64, 66 0sel Island 5 Angstram (wavelength unit 10- 10 m)

78, 87, 95, 97