appendix 1 questionnaire and interview...

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APPENDIX 1

QUESTIONNAIRE AND INTERVIEW FORM

1. INTERVIEW FORM A (SETTLEMENT UNIT)

Researcher(s) of present survey

Date:

Place:

I. Personal Information of the respondent:

1 Main informant:

1 Name, given name, age, male/female

2 adress (street, Zip-Code, Community)

3 position, function in the community

4 profession

5 telephone number

2 Other informants:

1 Name, given name, age male/female

2 adress (street, Zip-Code, Community


4 professions

5 telephone number

A. Main Settlement Unit (Village/ Tara/ Jorong)- (by interview and

direct observation at field

A.1. Location

A.1.1 Identity No :

case Administrative village

Kerala Revenue

village:

Taluk: District :

Minangkabau Nagari Kecamatan: Kabupaten:

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A.1.2. Morphological data of the Administrative Village under study:

1. Name of the village, ….. language:…………….meaning:

2. History of the name of village,

3. Location from the District Head Quarter

4. Latitude and Longitude

5. Soil

6. Climate

7. Distance from the River or Sea

A.1.3. Maps(s)

Please provide a copied section of toposheet on separate sheet

marked according to scaIe

1.3.1. 1:25’000 (should be favoured)

1:50’000

1:250’000

Other scale:

1.3.2. Please encircle researched settlement unit (RSU)

A.1.4. please describe/ Tara or Jorong within Administrative Village:

supplement with map

A. 1.4.1. Administrative territory of the village

1. Describe the is current administrative structure of the village

now?

2. Did the current modern administrative territory of village

represent the cultural unit and or traditional administrative unit?.

If so kindly explain.

3. Extent of the administrative Village

o - supplement with map

A. 1.4.2. What are/is the name(s) of the tara or jorong?

1. Is there any legend or history about was the current territory of

village? (yes/no); if so, please describe.

A. 1.4.3. Explain if the traditional village constituted a portion, the whole, or wider

scope of the traditional tara or jorong, and how were they arranged within

the compound?

A.1.4.4. How many traditional social groups of settlement (caste/ occupational/

class hierarchy) surrounding the tara or jorong in the village? explain.

2. When is the harvesting festivals

3. When is the sowing festivals

235

A.2. Cultural- Social unit of tara and jorong

Case Traditional village

Kerala Kara/Tara

(census village):

Minangkabau Dusun: Jorong/ village:

>>>>>>>>>> use different sheet if the tara observed is more than

one<<<<<<<<<<<

A.2.1. please describe/give details defining properly of the Tara or Jorong:

A. 2.1.1. Name of the tara or jorong:

A. 2.1.2. What is the traditional extent and boundary of the tara or jorong

according to the inhabitants?

A. 2.1.3. Is there any visible or comprehendible reference boundary of tara or

jorong? If so, please describe

A. 2.1.4.. Area

ゴ How wide is the taravad/ Saparuik complex

ゴ mark the present boundary

ゴ mark once the widest boundary

A. 2.1.5 Foci of tara/ jorong Organization (kavu/ palace/ house/ temple/ corporate

office/ assembly hall*) and location

A. 2.1.6. Is there any way to identify membership of the tara/jorong, as per name?

A. 2.1.7. How many are the populations tara/jorong generally?

A. 2.1.8. How many joint family household (saparuik/ taravad) in the tara/jorong

A. 2.1.9. Name the taravad or saparuik within the traditional Administrative

Village?

A.2.2. History of the tara or jorong

A. 2.2.1. How did the name of tara/jorong originate?

A. 2.2.2..Dweller character

‚ Main Occupation of the inhabitants

‚ Was/is it subservient to particular joint family house?

‚ Did they own the land?when did they started owning the land?

‚ Are they migrants?, yes/no, if yes

o initial Ancestral village :

o year of migration to the village :

‚ is there any way to identify themselves against the village’s name

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A. 2.2.3. Is there any accounts/ legend/ story about the origin of the tara or

jorong? (Oral history/ Legend and myth)

(1) of the emergence and/or the arrival of predecessors;

(2) on the migration and journeying of groups and individuals;

(3) about the founding of settlements, or of ancestral shrines

(4) of rightful transmission of ancestral relics

(5) botanic idiom of kinship

A. 2.2.4.

ゴ Is there any specific/major clan (gothram /kollam/ suku) in the

tara/jorong

ゴ Do they have a clan/family symbol

ゴ Composition of community in the village population wise

(caste-base, professional base, or other social class-base).

ゴ Did the tara/jorong traditionally belong to a single owner?

‚ if yes, who was the owner?

‚ if not, with whom did the tara/jorong are shared

‚ Explain the history of ownership

A. 2.2.5 Is there any remain of prehistoric or historic artifact (ever recorded)

in the the tara/jorong?

ゴ Note the oldest historical artifact, built-environment setting

and/or building:

ゴ where was the origin of…..

A. 2.2.6. Does the assembly traditional/ authority of the tara or jorong now still

exist?

A. 2.2.7. If not, what is the remain of the assembly tradition that still exist?

A. 2.2.8. Were there any legend/ history/ artifact signifying important events during

(note if the events noted were recorded or popularly believed):

‚ 1st Cent.AD- 8th Cent.

AD:……………………………………………………….

‚ 7th Cent.AD- 13th Cent. AD

:……………………………………………………

‚ 15th Cent.AD- 19thCent,AD

:……………………………………………………

‚ 19th Cent.AD-20th Cent.AD

:……………………………………………………

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A. 2.3. Community Council

A. 2.3.1. Where is/was the location venue (Village Assembly) of the community

council? (mark its position on the map of the village),e.g:

ゴ District Administration offices,

ゴ Specific Village Assembly Hall, ………………..local

term:………………

ゴ House, if so, whose house?

ゴ The same with religious building,

………………..name:………………

1. Was there any different kind of venue for this assembly council in the

past?

2. Please mark the locations of public building (non-residential/ non-

commercial/ non-formal) on the map of the settlement RSU

A. 2.3.2. Is/was there any traditional community (Kuttam/ Ninik-Mamak) council

in the village? (pick choice)

ゴ Yes

ゴ yes, but no more

ゴ never

a. If, yes:

oDo they associate with particular joint family?

oDo they have a clan/family symbol

oName of the head of community council (Kuttam/ Ninik-Mamak)

oHow many taravad/ rumah gadang governed under the council

oBase of the community council:

ゴ Ethnic/ sub-ethnic/ ancestor/ caste/ class/

b. If, yes, but no more, please add this questions:

1. How many taravad/ rumah gadang were governed under the

community council, in the past

2. Base of the community council:

ゴ Ethnic/ sub-ethnic/ ancestor/ caste/ class/

‚ If not, what is the remain of the assembly tradition that still exist?

A.2.3.6. Describe the venue of assembly and its place once happened or taking

place now

ゴ If never, how do they maintain the society network, connection

A.3. Next bigger organization (by interview at field)

A.3.1 Is/Was there any higher order of organization that govern traditional tara/

jorong organization?(yes yes but no more/never)

238

If yes, what kind of Social Organization was it: (choose: tattakam/

landowning / desham/ nagari/ kingdom/ chieftainship; or others *)

ゴ For each dimension of higher order of organization:

ゴ function of organization

ゴ Specify any elementary units of the organizations, such as

connections with other settlement unit, facility, functions,

festivals, tara events, territory, that is shared with other

tara/ jorong within the organization.

ゴ relative position of the

ゴ Foci of Organization (kavu/ palace/ house/ temple/ corporate

office/ assembly hall*) and location

ゴ Is there any history of the village (specify source of the

history) On the basis of authentic manuscript/ Official

informant/ Oral history/ Legend and myth

A.3.2. Show the relative spatial connection between the Foci of Organization

with the settlement units on the map

A. 4.6. Which of the following you cultivate/grow as the main or secondary

source of income (agricultural income).

ゴ Rice ゴ ragi ゴ pepper ゴ banana /plantain

ゴ jewar ゴ sugarcane ゴ chillies ゴ Groundnut

ゴ cahsewnut ゴ mangoes ゴ arecanut ゴ Tapioca

ゴ caster ゴ sesamun ゴ sweet potatoes ゴ coconut

ゴ coffee ゴ Rubber ゴ tea ゴ others

2. Structure of labor division.

3. when did the migration exponentially increase?

4. Category of main economy

1. Sedentary (Stable settlement with coordinated field)

2. Shifting agriculture (nomadic elements: periodically new fields are

prepared)

3. breeders and herdsmen

4. elements of hunters and collective cultures

5. Degree of modern influence )%)

6. Village looks technologically

conservative

moderate

advanced

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7. Other material culture:

basekt

Pottery

agrarian tools

mortar

others

A.6.. Festival Calendar

ゴ A.6.6.1. Name the most important festival and list them according to

months (according to months: K = Kerala. M=Minangkabau, W =

Western) only for those that relates to House-hold and settlement

tara/jorong.

Please ask for the yearly festivals celebrated within the settlement

(tara/jorong.). It is best to ask an elderly person who is competent in

ritual matters.

ゴ A.6.6.3. Please ask for the yearly festivals celebrated. It is best to ask an

elderly person who is competent in ritual matters. Please supply the

following information:

o name of festival and time when it will be held (for present and

following rear).

o Date of the observation of rite/ festival (this report; day/ month/

year):

o Does the rites de passage involve location outside the joint family

compound? if so, describe where and what the location is

Name2) Scope Type1) Location

4)

Significance/m

eaning

(description)

rites de

passage6)

Period

Month

(1-12)3)

Network

(location

ouside the

compound5)

tattakam/

landowning /

desham/ nagari/

kingdom/

chieftainship; or

other

*>>> Please use separate sheet with code …..if there is more information

How does it relate to temple outside the compound and main temple?

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Notes:

1) Type of religious functions:

With regards to village and house Á

1. oldest house/ building of community or its courtyard

2. group of old houses/buildings in the community or their

courtyard

3. to the settlement as a whole.

i. more in terms of territory,

ii. more socially (important groups or associations, all

the people), other

4. to the fields

5. to the gardens

6. to the domesticated animals kept

7. to hunting

8. to river-places (drinking water for animals, man,

washing place and other purposes

9. to local craftsmanship

10. to commercial groups

11. to other elements of the environment

2. With regards to the the main village temple

Festivals related to important families and houses Festival Name/

Time/ Related permanent sacred place/ related temporary sacred

place/Content/ Performed by/ contains fibro constructive symbols

(yes/ no)

a related to entrance

b sanctuary inside

c other sacred places related to houses

2) Name of Rite/ Festival (Name, give local designation. Hindi and English

translation)

3) Usual date(s) of rite (give last year, present year. next year)

How many times performed annually? And when (dates)

4) Related Sacred place / temple (Name/Location); point on the map outside

or insie the settlement (tara/jorong)

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5) is there any relation to activities in the main religious building/space/

artefact of the outside the compound? if so, which temple?

6) Describe the activities of the related rituals

2. OBSERVATION FORM A (SETTLEMENT UNIT)


Date:

Place:

II. Personal Information of the Observer:

1 Name

2 Address

3 Telephone

Dates of Work for this report (from to):

1. a in the field

2. b at office

Informants


2 Address (street, Zip-Code, Community)


4 profession

5 telephone number

A. Main Settlement Unit (Village/ Tara/ Jorong)- (by interview and direct

observation at field

A.1. Location

A.1.1 Identity No :

Case Administrative village

Kerala Revenue

village:

Taluk: District :

Minangkabau Nagari Kecamatan: Kabupaten:

A.1.2. Morphological data of the Administrative Village under study:

8. Name of the village, ….. language:…………….meaning:

9. History of the name of village,

10. Location from the District Head Quarter

11. Latitude and Longitude

242

12. Soil

13. Climate

14. Distance from the River or Sea

A.1.3. Maps(s)

Please provide a copied section of toposheet on separate sheet

marked according to scaIe

1.3.1. 1:25’000 (should be favoured)

1:50’000

1:250’000

Other scale:

1.3..2. Please encircle researched settlement unit (RSU)

A.1.4. please describe/ Tara or Jorong within Administrative Village:

supplement with map

A. 1.4.1. Administrative territory of the village

4. Describe the is current administrative structure of the village

now?

5. Did the current modern administrative territory of village

represent the cultural unit and or traditional administrative unit?.

If so kindly explain.

6. Extent of the administrative Village

o - supplement with map

A. 1.4.2. What are/is the name(s) of the tara or jorong?

4. Is there any legend or history about was the current territory of

village? (yes/no); if so, please describe.

A. 1.4.3. Explain if the traditional village constituted a portion, the whole, or wider

scope of the traditional tara or jorong, and how were they arranged within

the compound?

A. 1.4.4. How many traditional social groups of settlement (caste/ occupational/

class hierarchy) surrounding the tara or jorong in the village? explain.

5. When is the harvesting festivals

6. When is the sowing festivals

A.4. Spatial Orientation in the tara or jorong

A.4.1. Spatial and Formal Definition

Note some remarkable boundaries territory of the tara / jorong

Notes: For each questions provide descriptive notes about:

ゴ cardinal orientation

243

ゴ natural remark (sun, mountain, river)

ゴ draw schematic map

A.4.2. Traditional territorial foci

a. What is/was the focus/center of tara or jorong (palace/ house/ temple/

corporate office/ assembly hall*)

b. What is the most important referent building or built environment of the

thara/jorong

c. Location of Important referral building or natural feature (ex. Mosque,

temple, sacred groove)

d. Where was the construction of villages started?

A. 4.3. What from the following points are the physically/ visually remarkable

feature of the settlement? Please describe

(Please provide local term of the object and its name if available)

1. River

2. Residential building

3. Religious building, specify …….(e.g. mosque, temple)

4. granary”

5. communal structure

6. open central plaza

7. Mountain

8. others…………………………….

A. 4.4 Do the people acknowledge any conceptual orientation about their

settlement as follow, Yes/no, if yes explain for how it is applied in

settlementNAnalysis)

1. Centre

2. navel - center,

3. upstream - downstream

4. Mountain – Sea

5. Sunrise - sunset

6. Head -Tail

7. Mountain - paddy field

8. east - west

9. facing north

10. front’ - ‘rear’

11. birth – death

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12. early – later

13. basic referral typology (semantic)

14. Others…………………………….

A. 4.5. Formal typology of Houses arrangement within settlement (choose):

ゴ concentric

ゴ linear (along river. street)

ゴ square with slightly dispersed houses

ゴ houses arrangement are widely organic, diffused and dispersed

‚ specify approximate distance:…………………………

ゴ other formal characteristics

‚ specify:…………………………

A.5. Spatial- Social element of tara and jorong organization

Give an enlarged schematic map (>sketch-map<) of the settlement

showing relative positions of the architectural functions on a separate sheet, with

following elements

a) main road(s) and paths

b) houses

c) woods and hills or mountains

d) rivers, streams, if any

e) lakes+ ponds, fountains if any

f) rice-fields, gardens

A. 5.1.

ゴ What is the elementary units of the tara or jorong?

ゴ How many joint-family household (tharavad/ saparuik)

ゴ How many houses units (veedu/ruma gadang) under joint-

family household?

A.5.2. Education/ Training Facility

o Describe if it/they is/are situated inside the joint family

compound (taravad/saparuik) or village (tara/jorong)?

o the local term and meaning:

o the form of training activities:

Self-defense

Religions

eventual activities

245

Others

o the form of building or environment setting:

o Location and orientation:

o Approximate period of construction

o Symbolic aspects

o Functional aspects

A. 5.3. Public Facility



o the form of Public activity and building or environment setting:

granary

male-shelter

dining hall

bathing/ ponds



o Approximate period of construction

o Symbolic aspects

o Functional aspects

A.5.4. Market


o Symbolic and Functional Significance

o History/legend

o the form of market:

temporary/ weakly market (if so, on what day/ days it is

held)

permanent


near religious buildings

bathing/ ponds

A. 5.5. Others Facility especially any facility that is not mentioned

earlier




246

o the form of activities and building or environment setting:

cemetery

village granary

cow-shed

coffee shop

others:………


A. 5.6. Water Source

„ What is the source of water (Ponds, springwater and river)

„ Since when (recently or since earliest time?

„ Is there any rituals that celebrate the water source

„ Is there specific institution or management for water usage?

A.6. Sacred and ancestral landscape

ゴ Describe if it/they is/are belonging to the joint family compound

(taravad/saparuik) or village (tara/jorong)?

ゴ Describe the network pattern of religious building, with those inside and

outside the pattern

If Kerala

A.6.1.1. Please mark the sanctuaries, temple or religious building on the map

of the village that culturally relates to tara, and while marking please observe

o Symbolic and Functional network of the temple

o virtual connection with

main temple within tara

other temple beyond territory of tara or belonging to

other tara but is visited by the people of the observed

tara

main temple within taravad

A.6.2.2 Main village sanctuary

1. How many main village temple within the administrative modern

village

2. For each of the temple, identify:

ゴ Name the main village or settlement ancestral, sanctuaries,

temple or religious building, and mark it on the map of the

settlement (SU)

ゴ name of deity venerated

ゴ Any history or legends?

247

ゴ Did they root on family worship,

ゴ if so, which family?

ゴ Does the temple have cultural links to other temples? If so in

what way?

ゴ History of the sanctuary, and how has it defined the territory of

village?

ゴ make a small sketchy plan and Photographs giving position of the

object.

A.6.3.3 Ancestral sanctuary

1. Please mark the Ancestral sanctuaries, on the map of the settlement

(SU)

2. In what form of object, building or environmental setting is the

ancestral sanctuaries?

A.6.4.Festivals

3. How many festivals every year? name and things to celebrate?

4. How many temples nearby involved in the festivals?

5. was the temple once an ancestral worship

6. History of the events

7. rites de passage

[OR]

If Minangkabau

A.6.1.b. Sanctuaries

Please mark the ancestral, mosques or religious building on the map of the

settlement (SU)and do as follow:

ゴ what kind of sanctuary?

ゴ give its location on map with arrow

ゴ Any history or legends?

ゴ rites de passage

A.6.2.b Main village Mosque

1. Please mark the main village or settlement Mosque on the map of the

settlement (SU), how many and how disperse?

2. date and name of main festival

3. History of the mosque

4. make a small sketchy plan giving position and Photographs of the

objects

248

A.6.3.b Ancestral sanctuary

a. Please mark the Ancestral sanctuaries, on the map of the settlement

(SU)

b. History of the sanctuary

c. make a small sketchy plan and Photographs giving position of the

objects

3. INTERVIEW FORM B (HOUSE COMPOUND)


II. Personal Information of the respondent:

1 Name: Age, Sex: male/female

2.. Address

3. Academic Qualification:

4. Profession

5. Source of Income

B. House-Hold Compound (HHC) Taravad/ Rumah Gadang (by interview and

observation at field)

B1. Territory

B.1.1. Identity No :

Case Traditional village Administrative village

Kerala House : Kara/Tara

(census village):

Revenue

village:

Taluk: District :

Minangkabau Rumah : Dusun: Jorong/

village:

Nagari Kecamatan: Kabupaten:

B.2. History of the Joint family

Note, :

249

ゴ that source can be based on any accounts/ legend/ story about the

village,

ゴ It can be Oral history/ Legend and myth)

B.2.1

1. Name of the joint family house :

2. did the family migrate from previous different village, or originally

came from the same place?

if migrate, from which place?

1. is there any legend/story/history about the origin of the taravad/

rumah gadang building?

Is it bought and reconstructed? Original? or newly

constructed?

Are there written sources about ancient house or family?)

1. How many family stay in the compound currently?

(1) How many family living inside the compound? Describe

their distribution in house compound (using map)

(2) Mark numbers and locations of buildings that is

functioned as residential building. And described the original or

previous function

2. Please describe Sequential order of construction if the building

complex

B.2.2. How long do local elders think their ancestors lived at this place’?

a) How many generations are remembered?

b) Describe the family tree at least three generations!

c) Are there particular events in the house past, which are remembered?

d) Are there legends or verbal traditions describing the high age of the house

and its relations to the history of the settlement?

B.2.3. Any historical recorded or popularly believed events of the family/

landholding/ building during (if so, please specify in which range and

describe):

‚ 1st Cent.AD- 8th Cent. AD :………………………………

‚ 7th Cent.AD- 13th Cent. AD :…………………………………

‚ 15th Cent.AD- 19thCent,AD (Pre-Colonial periode) :…………

‚ 19th Cent.AD-20th Cent.AD (Colonial periode): :………………

250

B.3. Cultural- Political -Social unit

B.3.1. Main families

B.3.1.1. Is the founder house of the settlement still known?

If so, explain

1. What is the adimakavu/ origin of the main family?

2. How many inhabitants once biggest in the compound? when

B.3.1.2 Ancestor of houses and families

1. if so, Are the ancient families (or houses) considered to have high

political influence in the settlement?

ゴ Of what nature is this political influence?

2. Are they represented in certain associations or corporations (related to

cult, festivals, communal economy etc.) in the settlement?

3. Has its present representing a special role in the village community?

(priest, village head, chief of certain rites)

B.3.1.2 where is the family spot-core-of origin with whom it demonstrate navel/

axis mundi

B. 3.2. Marriage Custom:

ゴ After marriage did the groom traditionally stay in wife’s taravad or not

o if yes, did he particular place to stay in tara/jorong? Where

o if not, how long he had to walk to his wife house

ゴ Characteristic of marriageable member with regards of kinship origin

ゴ Does marriage appear among taravad from the same tahra?

B.3.3. Social organization

B.3.3.1. History of community affiliation (clan/ lineage/ others…..)

B.3.3.2. History and extent of landowning (historically or currently)

Name of the head of the House-hold

(1) Did he stay in the compound (yes/ no),

if no, where (specify) :

(2) Where did/does he stay traditionally and/or at present?:

B.3.3.3. Name of the owner of House-hold

(1) Did he stay in the compound (yes/ no),

if no, where (specify) :

(3) Where did/does he stay traditionally and/or present?:

B.3.3.4. Are there property belonging to the Family household and houses the

outside the tara/jorong

‚ If so, was there any care taker?

251

‚ If yes, do they appear as individual community?

o Territory and Location

Name Traditional village Administrative village

Kerala Kudi/

Taravad :

Kara/Tara

(census village):

Revenue

village:

Taluk: District :

Minangkabau Jorong/ /

Dusun :

Koto: Nagari: Jorong/

village:

Kecamatan: Kabupaten:

o Which order of organization? (village, confederation of

hamlet, kingdom or household)

B.3.3.5. Family household and houses referring to other ancestral house in the

host-joint-family outside the tara/jorong

B.3.3.6. How do they maintain family connection

B.3.4. Calendar of Religious Functions and Festivals: Chronologically

Chronologically according to months (according to months: K = Kerala.

M=Minangkabau, W = Western)

ゴ Please ask for the yearly festivals celebrated. It is best to ask an elderly

person who is competent in ritual matters. Please supply the following

information:

o Date of the observation of rite/ festival (this report; day/ month/

year):

o name of functions and time when it will be held (for present and

following rear).

o Does the rites de passage involve location outside the joint family

compound? if so, describe where and what the location is; what

is the status of the family (migrate in or migrate out?)

Scope Typ

e1)

Na

me

2)

Loca

tion

4)

Significance/meanin

g (description) rites

de passage6)

Period

Month (1-

12)3)

Network

(location

outside the

compound 5)

7)

tattakam/

landowning /

desham/

nagari/

kingdom/

chieftainship;

or other

252

1) Type of religious functions: With regards to the festivals related to the

individual life cycle of certain persons in house? Festival Namd Time/ Content/

Performed by/ contains fibroconstmctive symbols (yes/ no)

a birth

b Marriage

C Death

d Other

2) Name of Rite/ Festival (Name, give local designation. Hindi and English

translation)

3) Usual date(s) of rite (give last year, present year. next year)

How many times performed annually? And when (dates)

4) Related Sacred place / temple (Name/Location)

5) is there any relation to activities in the main religious building/space/

artefact of the outside the compound? if so, which temple?

6) Describe the activities of the related rituals

7) The venerated dieties

B.5. Short Glossary

Please give a short glossary of the most important terms you have found in your

survey. Please give first the local word, then Hindi and English equivalent. And

explain the meaning according to the explanations received by local people.

B.2.2.3 Is there any specific terminology related to the meaning of connection

and association among houses? (yes/no)

If so, how are they called (individually and collectively: all categories)?

Local

(Malayalam/

Minangkabau)

Formal

(Hindi/Tamil/

Bahasa

Indonesia)

International

(English)

notes

253

4. OBSERVATION FORM B (HOUSE COMPOUND)


II. Personal Information of the respondent:

1 Name: Age, Sex: male/female

2.. Address

3. Academic Qualification:

4. Profession

5. Source of Income

B. House-Hold Compound (HHC) Taravad/ Rumah Gadang (by interview and

observation at field)

B1. Territory

B.1.1. Identity No :

case Traditional village Administrative village

Kerala House : Kara/Tara

(census village):

Revenue

village:

Taluk: District :

Minangkabau Rumah : Dusun: Jorong/

village:

Nagari Kecamatan: Kabupaten:

B.2. History of the Joint family

Note, :

ゴ that source can be based on any accounts/ legend/ story about the

village,

ゴ It can be Oral history/ Legend and myth)

B.2.1

3. Name of the joint family house :

4. did the family migrate from previous different village, or originally

came from the same place?

if migrate, from which place?

254

2. is there any legend/story/history about the origin of the taravad/

rumah gadang building?

Is it bought and reconstructed? Original? or newly

constructed?

Are there written sources about ancient house or family?)

3. How many family stay in the compound currenlty?

(1) How many family living inside the compound? Describe

their distribution in house copound (using map)

(2) Mark numbers and locations of buildings that is

functioned as residential building. And described the original or

previous function

4. Please describe Sequential order of construction if the building

complex

B.4. Spatial Visual of the Joint family compound

Please give schematic map of the compound)and give short description on typology

of houses and period of construction found in the settlement (RSU). Please give

photographs of each type of buildings described (numbered like the following)

B.4.1. Type of topographical profile of the core-house compound (joint-family

from)

ゴ on flatland

ゴ on hilltop

ゴ in hilly region

ゴ in narrow valley

ゴ in deep valley

ゴ along sea-coast

ゴ along river

ゴ in deep forests

ゴ Other type…………………

B.4.2. Area

ゴ How wide is the taravad/ Saparuik complex

ゴ How wide was the taravad/ Saparuik complex

ゴ mark the present boundary

B.4.3. Building Type inside the compound

B.4.3.1 Draw the map of house compound

255

Notes: For each questions provide notes about:

ゴ cardinal orientation

ゴ Orientation towards natural remark (sun, mountain, river)

ゴ symbolic aspects (especially with regards to: wealth, ancestor,

family, pro-creation)

ゴ size

ゴ scale of accessibility (accessible/ inaccessible for public/

accessible for limited people)

ゴ Approximate period of construction

ゴ Measured drawing

B.4.3.2 Dwellings

o what is the unique aspects about the building?

o Is there any direct access connections from one house to

another house compound?

o Is there any symbol in the building that particular associate

with ancestry of the family?

B.4.3.3 Storage

Where are they situated? does it belong to family or village?

a granaries (form, structure, rat protectors

b straw-heaps

c stables

d other storage

B.4.3.4 Buildings or arrangements related to water (fountain, pond, lake,

river)

B.4.3.5 Fence/ gatehouse

B.4.3.6.Open Space

B.4.3.7. Empty house

B.4.3.8. Other permanent buildings: Kalari, kulapura, kalapura, rumah,

etc

B.4.3.9. Situation surrounding the compound

B.4.3.10.

„ What is the source of water (Ponds, springwater and river)

„ Since when (recently or since earliest time?

„ Is there any rituals that celebrate the water source

256

B.4.1. sketch plan of the house and note the functions and Spatial Organization

inside the Ancestral House

Note: Describe the zoning and Spatial hierarchy within the house and

compound

space of ancestor

prayers room

Orientations and position of female quarter and kitchen

sacred plants

location of granary

bedroom and other room

Proliferation space (point out space/ place/ building inside the

compound where people from different community mingle)

Vegetation in Compound

a. Yes/no, if yes explain for which for spatial context:

B.5. Short Glossary

Please give a short glossary of the most important terms you have found in your

survey. Please give first the local word, then Hindi and English equivalent. And

explain the meaning according to the explanations received by local people.

B.2.2.3 Is there any specific terminology related to the meaning of connection

and association among houses? (yes/no)

If so, how are they called (individually and collectively: all categories)?

Local

(Malayalam/

Minangkabau)

Hindi/

Bahasa

Indonesia

English notes

257

5. OBSERVATION FORM B (HOUSE COMPOUND)


III. Personal Information of the respondent:

1 Name

2 Address

3 Telephone

Dates of Work for this report (from to):

3. a in the field

4. b at office

Informants

1 Main informant:


2 address (street, Zip-Code, Community)


4 profession

5 telephone number

2 Other informants:

1 Name, given name, age male/female

2 adress (street, Zip-Code, Community


4 professions

5 telephone number

C. Building Design and Construction (brief observation at field)

C.1. Building Construction

C.1.1. Describe the Sequence of Building Construction process

Ritual and House Construction

a. Site Selection

b. Erecting Post

c. Celebration of vital force , ancestors , fertility

d. glossary

C.1.2. Describe the Sequence of Settlement developmental process

Ritual and Setlment Construction

a. Site Selection

b. Erecting Post

c. Celebration of vital force , ancestors , fertility

d. glossary

258

C.1.3. Granary Design

1. plan, elevation, section

2. construction

3. Keterkaitan dengan tipologi rumah tinggal

4. Keterkaitan dengan tipologi rumah lain

C.1.4. Simplest structure

C.1.5. .Mostly found structure

C.2. Symbolic System for Construction

C.2.1. Is there any symbolic concept for (if yes, please explain).

e. Sacred construction

f. Duality of end and tip of house

g. Symbol of Pro-creation

C.2.2. Is there any tree as Symbolic concept of ‘vital forces’ in the settlement

and house.

1. taming or domesticating before being used for construction

2. Trunk for construction should be picked up or taken by the kin of the

house

3. Principle of ‘one tree for a a house”.

4. a tree should be grown full before it is pull down.

5. Tree or Botanical metaphor?

C.3. Symbolic orientation about their house as follow,

Yes/no, if yes explain for which for spatial context

1. Center

2. navel - center,

3. upstream - downstream

4. Mountain – Sea

5. Sunrise - sunset

6. Head -Tail

7. Mountain - paddy field

8. east - west

9. facing north

10. front’ - ‘rear’

11. birth - death

12. early - later

259

APPENDIX 2

COMPARATIVE ON TERITORIAL CONTROL OF HABITATION

Territorial Reference

(T)

Space (S) Gate (G)

A Kecamatan Sungai

Tarab

Undulating rice-field. In this level there is no

comprehended spatial integrity Blending with this

arbitrary space, jorong IV, Lumbung bapereng is situated

but without comprehended unity, just scattered houses

Main road Batusangkar-Bukit Tinggi (ga).

B1 Jorong I Balerong

Bunta

Space is well defined by collections of rumah gadang

backing main road. Characterized by landmark grand

mosque near main road.

Gb1: main road; gb1 : pamedanan and path to

mountain

B2 Clusters of Koto

Kampungs in Jorong II

Carano Batirai


backing main road

Gb2b main road;Gb2a connect to the main portion

of Jorong Carano batirai The area is marked by

accumulations of 5 suraus all situated in Gb2a

B3 Lower part of Jorong

III Pandiang Andiko

(lower part)


backing main road

Gb3a and gb3b are gate through main road; gb3c is

path line to older main kampung which is not there

anymore.

B4 Lower part of Jorong

III Pandiang Andiko

(upper part)


backing main road. But here more new buildings appear

Gb4a is main entry from nagari office and market

Gb4 is main road that connect to nagari Kumango

B5 Jorong II Carano

Batirai (upper part)


backing main road

Gb5a: is entry to Dangau called “pantai”, gb5b is

slopes connect to othe Carano Batirai (lurah); gb5c

connect to cluster of Koto kampungs of Jorong

Carano Batirai

C1 Kampung Biaro It was barren places with bushy situations and some

remaining houses. This is the end of places

Gc1 is sloping area entry to the area via jorong III

Pandiang Andiko (lower part0

Nagari Rao-Rao

All clusters are well defined except the wider

territory and jorong IV Lumbung Bapereng

(kecamatan Sungai tarab (A), Kampung Biaro (C1)

. They are:

1. Jorong ! Balering Bunta (B1)

2. Jorong II Carano Batirai - Koto clusters

(B2)

3. Jorong II Carano Batirai –upper part

(B5)

4. Jorong III. Pandiang Andiko -lower part

(B3)

5. Jorong III. Pandiang Andiko –upper

part (B4)

All path lines well knitted all society therefore each

public amenities are public territory of the nagari.

Code ‘C’ indicate the earliest or the latest built

compounds.C2 Jorong II Carano

Batirai (lower pat/

Lurah)


backing main road and landmark of market, and nagari

office

Gc2a connect to surai 5 sukus which are main

junctions’ gc2b connect to pandiangAndiko

G2c are market and nagari office and entry from

mainroad

260

Territory Space gate

A Kecamatan Sungayang no comprehended spatial integrity Blending with this

arbitrary space,

Main road

B Confederation nagari

Nagari Tanjung

Sungayang

Well defined Two mounds of nagaris separated by vast

paddy-field bound by one main road and proximity of

rumah gadangs

Gba is Nagari Tanjung, and Gbb is Jorong

I Taratak Indah Nagari Sungayang

C1 Jorong I Taratak Indah Spaces is not well defined, mostly are clustered of new

houses

Gc1b is masjid An-Nur, Gc1a is slopes

area where Surau Kampung Panjang with

its bathing ghats, and cemetery and

fishponds are situated

C2 Jorong II Gelanggang

Tangah


backing main road. The area is believed to be the oldest

part

gG2a is lane to Jorong III and paddyfield;

Gc2c similar with gc1b Gc2b is slopes

area where Surau Batang Ngoyang with its

bathing ghats, and cemetery and

fishponds are situated

C3 Jorong III Balai

Gadang


backing main road,

This is the main centre of nagari

Gc3a are slopes area where remain of

Surau and kecamatan office are situated;

Gd3b Nagari office, assembly hall and

market. This is the centre of Nagari

C4 Nagari Tanjung Space is well defined by collections of rumah gadang

backing main road

Gc4b is equal with Gc3a

D1 Paddyfield of Jorong II

Gelanggang Tangah

Space is not very much defined. It s major characters in

road

Gd1a are slopes area where Surau Talang

with its bathing ghats, and cemetery and

fishponds are situated; Gdb1b is lane to

Nagari and part of Jorong III

D2 Jorong IV Balai di

Ateh


backing main road,

This is the main centre of nagari

Gd2a is slopes area where of Surau Jorong

V and mosque are situated; Gd3b is main

road’ Gd3c ricefield of jorong IV

Nagari Sungayang

All clusters are well defined except the paddyfield

area and most recently established jorong, Jorong

V and I. They are:

Jorong II Gelanggang Tengah IC2)

Jorong III Balai Gadang (C3)

Jorong IV Balai di Ateh (D2)

Code ‘D’ indicate the rearest settlement

D3 Jorong V Si Annau

Indah

Space defined by collections of rumah gadang backing

main road but mostly unmaintained and sparse

Gd3a is slopes area where of Surau Jorong

V and mosque are situated; Gd3a lead to

nagari Sungai Patai

261

Territorial Reference (T) Space (S) Gate (G)

a Alathur Panchayath under a Village

officer

Rice field setting with Gayatri river National Highway 47 Thrichur-Palakkad

Gb : main temple Shree Puthukulangara Bhagavaty

temple

b1 Arbitrary space, no clear territorial

marker and mix of small and big

buidings

The neighbourhood which is dominated

by Muslim and Ezhavas community.

Centered in shopping districts

Sloping area in the south marked by Mariaman

temple gb1c and tree on the junction gb1b

b2 Arbitrary space, no clear territorial


buidings and mix community, no

landmark

Neigborhood of vadukka community

but some branch of Nayar taravads

obtained land here

Gb2b and gb1b is accessible by both and appear

as shopping quarters and a tree landmark in

junction

b3 Sense of community, different small

building types with single hall type

house, centre in the local shrines

Neigborhood of Vadukka community

centered in temples, with small hall as

main orientation.

Gb2a-gb3c are long path among, gb3c is rice

field and the start of mounds marked by a tree and

small shrine

b4 Thripallur, mix community without

clear territorial marker

Mix of Nayar and major number of

vadukka and Muslim community

Gb4a, NH47

Gb4b, Tippu Sultan Bridge

Gb4c, Puloor Shiva temple. This is a major

agraharam landmark

C1 Tara nayar, with territorial marker in

Banyan tree, Velakandam and

Vettaikorumakkan

Nayar neigborhood Gc1a is the starting of Tara Nayar marked by

Puthukulanara Bhagavaty temple of the Vadukka

and major concentration of Vadukka Community,

gc 1b is the end of concentration of Nayar taravads

buildings

Gc1c is Cherutara community

C2 Arbitrary space, no clear territorial


buidings and mix community, no

landmark

Neigborhood of non-Nayar community

but some branch of Nayar taravads

obtained land here ; in between rice

field and Nayar branches house

concentration of non Nayar society near GbC2b

(Cherutara) and GbC2c (other communnity)

centered each in local shrines

Puthiankam Tara-Nayar

The only well defined teritory defined by

typology of buildings, proximity of common

typology buildings, landmark mainly tree and

secondarily pond is :

1. Puthiankam Tara Nayar (C1), with

immediate lower caste community

Cherutara at g2b-gc1b, and vadukka

community at gc1

2. Perumkulam Agraharam (D)

3. Vadukka community (B3)

Space in between might have been formerly

agriculture land.

d Perumkulam Agragaram as caste has

been a social-territorial marker

Brahmin quarters, spatially defined by

big ponds and chain of temples

Gda vast rice field and Cherutara colony and gdb

are end of agraharam and the start of buildings mix

community quarters

262


a Mathur Panchayat Dominated by rice field and agriculture

surrounding

The Kuzhalmanam-Kottayi highway is access to

approach the tara-Nayar (gb3a, gb3b, and gb3c)

b1 Landmark of teritory is Pulayanoor

Temple

Dominated by rice field and Landmark

of territory is Pulayanoor Temple

Dominated by rice-field surrounding ; part of

tara-Nayar by tatakam of Pulayanoor Shiva

temple

b 2 Ezhava community with

Manampully Kavu as landmark

The space is dominated by Ezhava

community characterized by their small

single hall house with cowshed

Boundary is not very clear, gb2b is the starting of

high proximity of the single-hall house; gb2c

characterized by smaller huts of the harijan

community

b 3 There is no clear marker of

territory, but socially these area is

known as tara-Nayar people.

Neighborhood characterized by major

accumulation of taravads and other

community, or buildings of common

scale. In between there are lower caste

houses of community

Approached from rice field (gb1c. gb1d, gb1a)

and other community (gb3a, gb3b, gb3c)

c1 Padinjaretara (east) marked by

proximity of taravad, with

Kurupath taravad as the major

landlord

Traditionally this is called Padinjaretara

characterized by major accumulation of

taravads with more or less geometrical

pattern settlement

Northern boundary is rice field (gb1d.) and

southern boundary is another Tara nayar

community (Gc1d); gc1b is paddy path lines that

limit the area; gc1c are chain of remnant of gates

that prove the taravads must have faced east

directions and there had been path lines that

connect one gate to other. This is most likely

former entry to taravad.

c 2 Padinjaretara (west) proximity of

taravad, with Patattil taravad as the

major landlord

Traditionally this is called Natuttara

characterized by major accumulation of

taravads with more or less geometrical

pattern settlement and landmark of

Kalikavu bhagavaty

Northern boundary is rice field (gb1b, gb1a) and

southern boundary is Muslim and other

community (gc2c); gc2d/gd1b is area that

connect C1 and C2 through a colony of artisan

community, gc2d is access to Viswakama colony

marked by Parvaty temple

Mathur Tara-Nayar

The only well defined teritory defined by

typology of buildings, proximity of houses and

community temple:

Ezhava community (b2)

Padinjaretara (c1 and c3)

c 3 Padinjaretara Neighborhood characterized by major

accumulation of taravads but

suspectedly extension area the

composition is more organic and mixed

with other community

Gc3c and gc1c are continuous path lines, so is

gc3b and gd5a; gd3a are traces of gate that proof

the tara must have faced east directions. Sd5 is

practically buffer area from tara-Nayar to main

road; gc3c is currently man road of padinjaretara,

263

but it is suspected it used to be back road, and

this connect the tara to Harijan community, the

serf community

c4 Natuttara Neighborhood characterized by major

accumulation of taravads but

suspectedly extension area the

composition is more organic and mixed

with other community

Gc4a and gc2c are continuous path lines, so is

gc4b and gd6a; gd4c are traces of gate that proof

the tara must have faced east directions. Sd6 is

practically buffer area from tara-Nayar to main

road Gc4c are chain of remnant of gates that

prove the taravads must have faced east

directions and there had been path lines that

connect one gate to other. This is most likely

former entry to taravad.

d1 Viswakama1 is teritory of Kamalan

families and Panickers. They have

centre in communal temple.

Historically they claimed to follow

Kurupath families

The space is characterized by proximity

of communal smaller house compounds

of single hall house

Gd1b are entry to directly rice field; gd2a are

path lines to nayar tara buffered by Parvaty

temple.

d 2 Harijan Community with territorial

landmark Tholani Bhagavaty

characterized by colony of huts made of

bamboo or other simple on-rigid

constructions.

They are secluded but currently well connected

by main road pf padinjaretara

d 3 There is no teritoral landmark,

except social acknowledgement

that they are dominated by Muslim

community




They are more as community filling intermediary

area toward main road (gb3c)

d 4 Commoners and Chembottil Mixed area but there is one taravad,

Chembotil taravad is suspected to be

community filling intermediary area

toward main road

Gd4a and sb1 are interconnection of the colony

and taravad to rice field while gdb4 and gb3b as

gate to main road

d 5 There is no teritoral landmark,

except social acknowledgement

that they are dominated by Muslim

community




They are more as community filling intermediary

area toward main road (gdb5b and gb3a)

Natuttara (c2 and c4)

Viswakama community (d1)

Harijan society (d2)

The rest other clusters has not spatial intergrity

and are suspected to be intermediary community

that filled in the spaces of the already established

tara-Nayar settlement, including the Muslim

community.

d 6 Viswakama2. Unlike Viswakama

1, they are recent and unorganized

and does not have temple


of communal huts colony of single hall

house

Gd6a are main padinjaretara road; gdb6b and

gb3a are main road.

264


a There is no territorial landmark for

Chittur –Thattamangalam except

that

Space cover two areas connected by

Chitturpuzha (chittur river), Chittur and

Thattamangalam . it was a proximity

among paddyfield

Defined by anicode junction in highway Pollachi-Palakkad,

ga is entry to thekkegramma next to river

b1 Tara Nayar (Padinjaretara).

Teritory is defined by major

landmakrs


accumulation of taravads facing one

lane and locations of major landmark ,

Chittur Bhagavaty kavu, Bhagavaty

pond, and banyan tree with naga

worship, and families believed to be

king

Gb1a : Chittur Kavu

Gb1b: junction that connect to kizhaketara

Gb1c: main road

Gb21d: lane to mannadiar tara

b2 Tara Nayar (Kizhaketara). There is

no major landmark but defined by

proximity of big taravads


accumulation of taravads facing one

lane

Gb2a: lane to Aticode, lankeswaram and end of tara Nayar

;Gb2b: end marked by Vettaikrumakan temple; Gb2c:

anicode junction main road; Gb2d: junction that connect to

padinjaretara

b3 North Padinjaretara Neighborhood used to be part of

Padinjaretara but Vadacherry is the

only remaining taravad . This is also

place of new development of taravad.

Gb3a is Chittur kavu junction

b4 Vadakka tara is territorially defined

by proximity, major landmark is

Ganapaty temple and Kamakshi

amma temple

Neigborhood of Muthaliar community

from Kanchipuram with small single

hall bouses and weaving spaces at from

Gb4a is ganapaty temple, tree with naga worship and

public hall; gb4 is marked by Durga kshotram which led to

agraharam (north), padinjaretara (east) and vadakkatara

(south); Gb4c: Kamakshi amma temple facing vast land of

rice field

b5

or

C1

Mannadiar tara characterized by

proximity of single hall house with

territorial landmark Mariamman

Temple

Initially this is serf community of the

Chambath family.

Gc1a/ gb5a initially an entry from paddyfield now back of

the area; Gc1b/ gb5b: initially entry accessible only from

tara-Nayar to them, now accessible for them to tara-Nayar

Chittur Tara-Nayar

All taras are well defined:

Tara Nayar (Padinjaretara) b1 and b3

Tara Nayar (Kizhaketara) b2

Vadakkatara (b4)

Mannadiar tara (b5/ c1)

Lankeswaram (c2)

The character is more urbanlike where

concentration of buildings or settlements are

dominated by families. There is no indication

agricultural activities in the house compound.\Title

Menon of the community also indicates that the

Nayars here has been more associating with royal

realm than griculture.

c2 Lankeswaram was a secluded

Brahmin community with Shiva

temple as their landmark

Space is characyerised by agraharam

compounds and chain of temples

Gates are only in gc2b to Chittur kavu and gc2a tp

Kizkaetara

265

APPENDIX 3

COMPARATIVE ON CONTROL HIERARCHIES IN

HABITATION CONFIGURATION

a, b, c : elements are given and not subject to transforatiomation

Ca, Cb, Cc: configuration are assemble of elements

Ca = 〉 x, y,z; They can be transformed: displaced, eliminate, add, subtract. Etc.

PCa, PCb, PCc: are control unit or configurations which is each under control of an independent

agent (P). P works on base of: convention, convenience, preference, function and any other social

agreement, such as typology

PCa = 〉 PCx, PCy, PCz: assembly hierarchy

Under controlled unit (PCa) there are also sub-control unit 〉 PCx, PCy, PCz

Between PCa and PCx there are

Control is a configuration (C) is controlled by an agent (P) the part/ combination become (PC).

Therefore (PC) is a controlled configuration by an agent (P)

PCd = 〉 PCe1, PCe2, PCe3, PCe4..……..(E.4)

(Assumption, PCe1, PCe2, PCe3, PCe4 are each independent unit where e1, e2 etc is

configuration (C) having control agent (P)

If there is configuration e which is not under an independent agent or directly under care of P, it

becomes only Ce (ex: Ce5).

266

If there is configuration e which is given and not subject to change, it becomes only (e) (ex: e6). The

whole is written as:

PCd = 〉 PCe1, PCe2, PCe3, PCe4, Ce5. e6……..(E.5)

To see PCd = 〉 PCe1, PCe2, PCe3, PCe4, Ce5. e6 as given, all agent has to agree with PCd. This

agreement is made of social agreement.

Dominance

Suppose in PCb = 〉 PCc1, PCc2, PCc3, PCc4, when c2 is displaced and c1 is not displaced, and

when c1 is displaced and c2 is changed, means c1 is dominant over c2

Dependence Hierarchies

c1 ｣ c2..……..(E.7)

PCc1 ｣ PCc2..……..(E.8)

c as settlement unit that make configuration of Cb. Dominance may appear due to caste system.

Assembly hierarchy

A settlement unit (PCc) is a controlled configuration by an agent (P=assembly). PCc is composed of

PCd1, which is a house compound unit with its male-head 1; PCe2, which is a house unit with its

male-head 2; PCe3, which is a house unit with its male-head 3; and PCe4 which is a house unit with

its male-head 4.

PCc = 〉 PCd1, PCd2, PCd3, PCd4..……..(E.6)

(Assumption, PCd1, PCd2, PCd3, PCd4 are each independent configuration for

independent configuration where d1, d2 etc is each a control unit) PCc are member

of 〉 PCd1, PCd2, PCd3, PCd4

In expression E.6 part-whole hierarchies as a control hierarchy. Each agent can assemble its own

configuration PCd1

Notes A. Minangkabau B. Kerala

1. Congregation of settlement

Concept of nagari and deshamwere congregation of settlement

:

Nagari has been half clan-basedand administrative units, whiledesham was only traditionaladministrative. Thereforesocially and practically they arestill scattered settlements, butobserve one administrations.

In Nagari all settlements unitsconceptually has beencontaining equal status. But

Early:

PCb =PCb’: 〉 PCc’

PCb’: 〉 PCc’’

PCb= PCb’: Nagari or control unit ofcongregation of clan, suku withinnagari controlled by assembly ofelders (ninik-mamak), femaleinstitution, Bundo Kanduang andcodex of tambo

PCb’: Configuration of congregation ofsimilar clans, which associate with the

other same suku outside nagaricontrolled by codex tambo and oral

Early:

Cb : "〉 PCc

PCb’ : PCc’1, PCc’2, PCc’2

c1 ¬ c2

Cb: traditional administrativecontrol of amsam and desham,whose control was traditionallyadministrative and had no highcontrol over communities

PCb1’: Control Unit of tattakam ofa Nayar community that has

influence over other taras withindesham level other than itself

267

under desham settlementsconstitutes caste-basedcommunity and there were a lotof communities on which socialclassifications appears, and put

the Nayar as the apexcommunity.

In Nagari there have been twomodes of control, territorial andclan. Socially clan organizationhas been stronger butterritorially nagari. Desham was

total territorial. Only presentlywhere caste system is not toomuch prominent, the temple ofNayar cover jurisdiction beyondtara-Nayar and includesettlements which is or used tobe their subservientcommunities. Yet there is social

organization of congregation ofsettlement which is territorialbut also could include othertaras (settlement units) outsidethe desham territory, this iscalled tattakam at desham orinter-desham level.

In Minangkabau chieftainship isretained as wali nagaripolitically (yet once waschanged), while in Kerala it hasbeen transformed many time.The authority of chieftain andwali nagari is supported by theconvention of Tambo

MPCb > KPCb

Conclusively in the level ofconfederation of settlement,nagari has more territorialintegrity and shapes thandesham. It is more sustainablethan desham which eventually

has been transformed intoPanchayath, Hierarchicalranking of social clustering’smore obvious in Kerala morethan Minangkabau due to distantpollutions.

history

PCc’: Control unit of clan (suku) undercontrol of a male-head, Kepala suku,but they are not territorial

PCc’’: Control unit of clan (suku) Kepala

suku, which associate with the othersame suku outside nagari

Earlier organization of nagari has directorganizational access to Kampung, andprovide solid communal preservation toancestral house from individualmodification

PCb’ : "〉 PCd’1,

Now:

PCb : 〉 PCc

PCb’: 〉 PCc’

PCb: Control Unit of congregation ofsettlement, nagari controlled by walinagari, and female institution, Bundo

Kanduang and Tambo AlamMinangkabau

PCb’: Control Unit of congregation ofclan, suku controlled by an assemblyof elders of the corresponding clan,KAN (assembly of clan head) andcodex of tambo

PCc: control unit of jorong with (P)agent, Kepala jorong,

"ÄCc, and ÄCc are of equal status

Cc: configuration of housescompound on a table land or hillockthat constitute a settlement unit,jorong

PCc': Control unit of clan under controlof a clan-male-head, Datuk Pucuakand female institution, Bundo

Kanduang and codex of tambo

controlled by temple communityof the correspondingcommunity.

It would be here alsocodified as PCc1a’ because

of its roots from a taraNayar.

PCc: Control unit of settlement unit,tara

PCc1: Control unit of settlementunit, tara-nayar undercontrolling agent nattukutam

Cc1': Tara Nayar

PCc2: configuration of housescompound that constitute asettlement unit, tara of thelower caste than tara-nayar.They have their own leader(moopan) but under control ofupper caste community.

c1 ¬ c2¬ c3

Cc1 is by assuming that Cc2or Cc3 as tara of other thannayar community

PCc1 ¬ PCc2

The Nayar has power tocontrol the lower caste tara

Now: PCb : 〉 Cc

PCb’: PCc1’, Cc2’, Cc3’

c1 ¬ c2

PCb: traditional administrativecontrol of amsam and latercontrol Unit of panchayath ortown controlled by villageoffice

PCb1’: Control Unit of tattakam ofa nayar community that hasinfluence in desham level other

than itself controlled by templecommunity of the correspondingcommunity

Cc: Configuration of wards, but it isonly administrative sectorsbody, not a political

ÄCc, and ÄCc are of equalstatus

Cc1': Tara or/ and tattakam of theNayar

Cc2': Tara or/ and tattakam of othercommunity

PCc1 ¬ Cc2

The lower caste tara

268

participate in tara Nayaractivities as serf community

2. Settlement unit

Tara and jorong similarly has

been determined by

environment, by the profile

of topography and geometry

of paddy-farming. They had

common controlling agents

in the form of assembly of

elders.

In Minangkabau jorong isproduct of natural unit but

with controlling agents

attached to community

organization of suku, not

territory. But in Kerala Tara

is both territorial and social.

Presently jorong and tara are

controlled territory. Jorong

has administrative officers,

while Tara is more cultural

than adiminstrative.

However it the suku and tara

are similarly community

organization which

determine cohesiveness of

the settlement. Suku is based

clan and tara is based on

caste but derived from clan.

MPCc Œ KPCc

Conclusively, physically tara

and jorong is comparable

organization, but sociallytara and suku is comparable

organization. Tara and

jorong is more naturally

made, rather than socially

constructed.

Early:

PCc : 〉 PCd

PCc’: 〉 PCd’

PCc: Configuration of jorong, that is

determined by topography and a

typical Schematic Grid

PCd: control units of maternal houses

compound, kampung with (P)

agent male-head, Penghulu and

female institution, BundoKanduang

PCc’: control unit of clan or suku

with (P) clan-head, datuak pucuak

PCd’: control unit of maternal sub-

clan, kaum or payung with (P)

agent Penghulu in his capacity of

as sub- clan leader

Now:

PCc : 〉 PCd, PCd, PCd

PCc Configuration of jorong with (P)

kepala jorong

PCd: control unit of maternal sub-

clan, kaum or payung with (P)

agent Penghulu in his capacity ofas sub- clan leader

Early:

PCc1 : 〉 PCd1

PCc1’: 〉PCd1, 〉PCd1’

PCc1: Configuration of tara-

nayar that is determined by

paddy-farming geometry, atypical Schematic Grid and

caste clustering’s led bynattukutam and oorala

PCc1’: Control Unit of tattakamof a nayar community for its

own community

Cc1=Cc’

PCd1: control units of maternal

houses compound, taravad

with (P) agent male-head,

karanavar

Cd1 is by assuming that Cd2

or Cd3 as comparable houses

of other than nayar

community

PCd1’: control units of maternal



karanavar in different places

which associate with the

tara-Nayar, by kinship,

ethnic or adimakavu

Now:

PCc1 : 〉 PCd1, PCd1,

PCd1

PCc1: Configuration of tara

with social managementunder (P) temple community

PCd1: control units of maternal



karanavar

3. House Compound

There are three different

managements in house

which are kinship,

householding and division of

female and male. In Kerala

the three managements arerun by same individuals,

karanavar. In Minangkabau

there are three controlling

Early:

With regards to kinship

PCd : 〉 Ce1, Ce2, Ce3,

e1 ¬ e2¬ e3

PCd : control unit of kampung with

(P) male-head, Penghulu,

assembly of female or theinstitution of bundo kanduang

Early:

With regards to kinship

PCd1 : 〉 Ce1, Ce2, e1

e1 ¬ e2¬ e3

PCd1 : control unit of taravad

with (P) male-head,

karanavar

269

agents, penghulu, buno

kanduang and tungganai.

Currently it the role of

tungganai merge with

penghulu. Or the Penghulu

function appear in kampungthat constitute community of

the actual clan.

The role and position of

female is higher in

Minangkabau. They are

institutionalized under

Bundo Kanduang, which is

not individual but, but an

assembly. They have

position and power in

kampung, suku and nagarilevel. The female is more

concentrated in the inner

kampung and male in

periphery in surau.

The house-holding

managements of kampung

and taravad always involve

subserfient communities

which is in Kampung appear

as warga (non-blood relatedmember of clan) within

kampung and lower caste

for taravad, who would stay

in other tara.

Currently kampung and tara

is much closer to nuclear

family. In Minangkabau

male tend to avoid the role of

penghulu, and made many

kampungs have no penghulu.

In Kerala this role ofkaranavar is gradually

transformed into father.

compound MPCd Ã KPCd

conclusively kampung and

taravad is configurationally

the same, as house for actual

clan organization notified by

prohibition of intermarriage

among member and

reference toward traced

ancestor.

But taravad is more well-

and Tambo Alam Minangkabau

Ce1: saparuik or core lineage, e2:

kaum (member of blood-related

clan), e3: warga (member of non-

blood-related clan).

Saparuik stays in Rumah Gadang.Kaum stay within Kampung, Warga

stau within Kampung or in Dangau

There is rangking system among

sparuik, kaum and warga

With regards to Gender

PCd’ : 〉 Ce1’, Ce2’, Ce3’

e1 ¬ e2¬ e3

PCd’ : control unit of kampung with

(P) male-head, Penghulu, and

assembly of female or the

institution of bundo kanduang

Ce1’: female , Ce2’: male

female stays in inner kampung, male

stay within Surau

With regards to House holding

PCd’’ : 〉 e1’’, Ce2’’, Ce3’’

e1 ¬ e2¬ e3

PCd’’ : control unit of kampung with

(P) managers, tungganai and

assembly of female or the

institution of bundo kanduang

e1’’: rumah gadang and rangkiang,

Ce2’’: other traditional buildings(surau, bathing ghatsi, cemetery),

Ce3’’: auxiliary functions (cowshed

PCb : 〉 Ce1’’

PCb: nagari with assembly of

elders as the controlling

agents.

Ce1: configuration within

compound whose level of

affairs are under the

sanction of nagari (the

ancestral house, rumah

gadang and granary

Now: : PCd : 〉 Ce, PCe,

PCd : control unit of kampung with

(P) male-head, Penghulu, eldest

female bundo kanduang and

Tambo Alam Minangkabau

Ce1: tavazhi

With regards to Gender

PCd1’ : 〉 Ce1’, Ce2’, e1’

e1 ¬ e2¬ e3

PCd1’ : control unit of taravad

with (P) male-head,

karanavar

Ce1’: female , Ce2’: male

female stays in inner taravad

male stay within pattayapura

(inside or outside the taravad in

the field)

With regards to House

holding

PCd1’’ : 〉 Ce1’’, Ce2’’

e1 ¬ e2¬ e3

PCd1’’ : control unit of taravad

with (P) male-head,

karanavar

Ce1’’: taravad , Ce2: other

functions

female stays in inner taravad

Now: : PCd1 : 〉 PCe1,

PCe2,

PCd1 : control unit of taravad

with (P) male-head,

karanavar or man or father

of the house

PCe1: Control unit of anything

within compound under

each owner including

ancestral house, ancestor

relic and granary

In case of partitioned propertyit becomes:

Cd1’ : 〉 PCe1’, PCe2’,

Cd1’: taravad become

uncontrolled territory, each

nuclear families has its

270

designed and more well-

confined than kampung. The

organization is also more

discrete than kampung.

The labor division took

inside kampung in case ofMinangkabau., In Kerala

taravad is only house for

blood related family which

means it is more in common

with kaum and saparuik.

Ce1: configuration of anything within

compound under male-head,

Penghulu or tungganai and

eldest female bundo kanduang

including ancestral house,

rumah gadang, ancestor relicand granary

own control.

4. Ancestor Buildings

MPCe Ã KPCe

Ancestral\chambers and

granary are both common

prominent features

functionally and spiritually

in Kerala and Minangkabau.

In Minangkabau rangkiangand rumah gadang was

earlier the affair of nagari

other than the people of clan.

Currently it is personal

property of kampung.

Taravad and pattayapura are

landmark of taravad, and

pattayapura has turned into

living space.

Early:

PCe1 : 〉 f1, f1, f1; when f1 ¬

f2

PCe : control unit of building with

(P) male-head, tungganai and

eldest female bundo kanduang.

But still for changes they have

to consult Penghulu (male-head), kepala suku (clan-leader)

or even wali nagari (village

head), and Tambo.

Therefore for PCe, (f) is

untransformed

Now: : PCe : Ä Cf, PCf,

Cf : room, Room (bilik) w

transformed into functions mainly as

bedroom

Early:

PCe1 : 〉 Cf1, f1, f1

PCe : control unit of building

with (P) male-head,

karanavar

Therefore for PCe, (f) is

transformable

Now: : PCe1 : Ä Cf1,

PCf1,

Cf : room, Room (ara) has been

transformed into functions but

mainly as functional bedroom

5. Construction of

Ancestral Buildings

Construction in Kerala isprofessional activities and in

Minangkabau as a social

activities.

The responsibility of

construction is more

communal in Minangkabau

and more individual in

Kerala.

Natural hazard is more in

Minangkabau therefore the

construction is lighter andsimpler than in kerala.

Currently construction

process and desaign is more

professionl.

Early:

PCb ‘ : 〉 Cg’, Cg’, Cg’

PCb’: nagari with ninik mamak andkerapatan adat nagari

Cg’: configuration of constructions

elements engineered by tukang

tuo (senior builders, penghulu

and bundo kanduang)

Now: :PCf ‘ : 〉 Cg’, Cg’, Cg’

PCf configuration of dwelling

activities. with bundo kanduang

and penghulu as (P) as

managers and Tambo Alam

Minangkabau

PCg : control unit of spatial

construction controlled buy the

builder, which is no longer

prerequisitely tukang tuo

Early:

PCf1’ : 〉 Cg1’, Cg1’,

PCf1’: control unit of spatialconstruction with

architect-professional as

(P) during construction;

Cg1’: configuration of

constructions elements

Now: :PCf1 : 〉 Cg1, PCg1,

PCf1 control unit of dwelling

activities with karanavar

(P) on day to day

management.

g: constructions elements

PCg : control unit of spatial

construction controlled by

the dweller

271

Comparative Conclusion

Cd = kampung or kaum

Cd’= kampung or kaum related from outside the

scope of nagari

Cc= Jorong; Cc’= Suku

Cb-= Nagari as congregation of jorong (settlement

unit

Cb’ = nagari as congregation of suku/ clan

Ca= inter-Nagari organization (congregation of

close nagaris, jurai, laras, luhak

Cd1= taravad

Cd2= house-hold of other community

Cd’1= taravad outside territory that associate with

correlated taravad by reference to kavu

(adimakavu) or kinship association

Cc1= tara-nayar

Cc1’= tattakam with sphere that coincides with

tara

Cc1a’= tattakam that include other taras from

different regions within desham

Cc1b’= tattakam that include other taras from

different regions outside desham

Ca= congregation of desham

Cb= sphere of desham

Cb’= inter-tara organization

The basic common organization lies in the network of

houses as shown in relations and clustering’s assembly

of configurations of houses (Cd’s) in various spheres

and levels of habitations. Immediate spatial

organizations are similarly formed by environmental

confinement (Cc) which is jorong and tara. Tara is both

territorial and spatial. Jorong is spatial. The next

organizations are political administrative (Cb), which

are nagari and desham and tattakam. Nagari is

comparable to tattakam because they are cultural.

Nagari is comparable with desham because they are

traditional administrative and political. Cultural

geography (Ca) exist but is more spatially defined in

Minangkabau

Tattakam can be territorial when it coincide with the

sphere of territorial organization such as tara or

desham.

272

APPENDIX 4.

EXAMPLE OF STUDIES ON HOUSE COMPOUND IN KERALA

The following are 5 among 12 cases of taravads studied,.

276

APPENDIX 5.

EXAMPLE OF STUDIES ON HOUSE COMPOUND IN MINANGKABAU

The following are 3 among 8 cases of kampungs or kaums studied,.

279

APPENDIX 6

TABLE OF AREA OF HOUSE COMPOUND

Kerala

Taravad The width of taravad at present The width of taravad in the past

Chambath 56 m x 76 m

the whole desham, 100 acres

approx.

Ambath

(0.12kmx0.07km)+(0.06km

x0.12km) 0.18 km x 0.21km

Yezhuvath Small

142.16km x 113.05km

(200mx300m incl lankeswaram)

Porayath (54.2 m x 62.91m)

the whole block (0.28 km x 0.35

km)/2 kmsq

Thachth 2 acres (0.03 km x 0.06km) see google map

Unikandath 0.25 acres (30.68kmx 92.66 km)

0.25 acres, 15 acres agriculture

and 8 acres plain land sugarcane

Sreekandath 1 acres 27.5mx(63.8+80)/2m 2 acres

Charubala

undetected, because it is alreadN

partitioned 0.13km x 0.05 km

Methil 85 cents No information

Vadakke

Anavanghot No information

Thekke

Anavanghot

approximatelly 120cents (1

acre=25 cents) No information

Kottil

60 cents, 55 cents 9sita devi) 15

cents-khrisna kumari No information

Kurupath gangadaran nair: 2 acres, 6cents No information

Kalikavu

Puthen Vedu 23 cents for the house

24 cents for the house + 27cents

front compound+ 2 acres

agriculture land

Patattil see chengath (proportionate) No information

moothedath 60 cents No information

280

Minangkabau

Nagari Kampung

The width of kampung at

present

Kampung Dalam2448msq

Sungayang Kampung nanPanjang bawah5280 msq

Kampung Piliang Buah Pauh496 msq

Kampung Tabiang bawah2520 msq

Kampung Dalam399 msq

Rao-Rao

Kampung Piliang Rumah nan

Panjang740.6 msq

Kampung Lurah Tengah Bawah

Balai1917.625 msq

Kampung Baru360 msq

appendix 1 questionnaire and interview...

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