APPENDIX 1

THE FAMILY CONNECTIONS OF

JOAN DE VALENCE

Reconstructing the lineages of these three groups can demonstrate

how very intertwined they were, both politically and socially.

The children of William and Isabella Marshal married—or were mar-

ried to—an interconnected and somewhat closed group of magnates and

barons who were prominent either throughout the kingdom or in the

specific localities of Marshal inf luence. The marriage strategies of the

ultimate heirs to the Marshal estates mimicked those of their parents,

even as the generations became more attenuated. William and Joan de

Valence both reinforced these marriage patterns and introduced new

ones, in particular by creating linkages with prominent barons in the

North with ties to the Scottish throne.

Wal

ter

d. 1

245

m.

Mar

gare

t de

Que

ncy

wid

. Joh

n de

Lac

y

Will

iam

d. 1

231

m.

1) A

lice

de B

ethu

ne2)

Ele

anor

Pla

ntag

enet

Ric

hard

d. 1

234

m.

Ger

vais

e de

Din

an

Gilb

ert

d. 1

241

m.

Mar

jorie

of S

cotla

nd

Ans

elm

d. 1

245

m.

Mau

d de

Boh

un

Isab

ella

de

Cla

red.

122

0W

illia

m M

arsh

ald.

121

9M

Mau

dd.

124

8m

.1)

Hug

h B

igod

2) W

illia

m d

e W

aren

ne

Isab

elle

d. 1

240

m.

1) G

ilber

t de

Cla

re2)

Ric

hard

of C

ornw

all

Sib

yld.

ant

e-12

45m

.W

illia

m F

erre

rs

Eva

d.12

46m

.W

illia

m d

e B

raos

e

Joan

d.12

34m

.W

arin

de

Mun

chen

sy

Chart

A1.1

T

he

lineag

e of W

illi

am M

arsh

al a

nd I

sabel

la d

e C

lare

Mau

d M

arsh

alan

dH

ugh

Big

od

Mau

d M

arsh

alan

dW

illia

m d

e W

aren

ne

Isab

elle

Mar

shal

and

Gilb

ert d

e C

lare

Isab

elle

Mar

shal

and

Ric

hard

of C

ornw

all

Joan

Mar

shal

and

War

in d

e M

unch

ensy

Sib

yl M

arsh

alan

dW

illia

m F

erre

rs

Eva

Mar

shal

and

Will

iam

de

Bra

ose

John

[dsp

]

Joan

m. W

illia

m d

e V

alen

ce

Agn

es m

. Will

iam

de

Ves

cy

Isab

el m

. 1)

Ral

ph B

asse

t; 2)

Reg

inal

d M

ohun

Sib

yl m

. Fra

nco

de B

ohun

Mau

d m

. 1)

Sim

on d

e K

yme;

2)

Hug

h le

For

z; 3

) E

mer

y de

Roc

hech

ouar

d

Ele

anor

[dsp

] m. 1

) Jo

hn d

e V

aux;

2)

Rog

er d

e Q

uenc

y; 3

) R

oger

de

Leyb

urn

Joan

m. 1

) Jo

hn d

e M

ohun

; 2)

Rob

ert A

guill

on

Aga

tha

m. H

ugh

de M

ortim

er

Mau

d m

. Rog

er d

e M

ortim

er

Eve

m. W

illia

m d

e C

antil

upe

Ele

anor

m. H

umph

rey

de B

ohun

Isab

el [d

sp] m

. Daf

ydd

ap L

lew

elly

nJo

hn m

. Alic

e de

Lus

igna

n

Isab

el [d

sp] m

. Hug

h d’

Aub

igny

Rog

er [d

sp] m

. Isa

bella

of S

cotla

nd

Ral

ph [d

sp]

Hug

h m

. Joa

n de

Stu

tevi

lle (

wid

. Hug

h W

ake)

Isab

el m

. 1)

Gilb

ert d

e La

cy; 2

) Jo

hn fi

tzG

eoffr

ey

Agn

es [d

sp]

Am

icia

m. B

aldw

in d

e R

edve

rs

Ric

hard

m. 1

) M

arga

ret d

e B

urgh

; 2)

Mau

d de

Lac

y

Isab

el m

. Rob

ert B

ruce

Will

iam

[dsp

]

Gilb

ert [

dsp]

John

[dsp

]

Isab

el [d

sp]

Hen

ry o

f Alm

ain

[dsp

] m. C

onst

ance

of B

éarn

Nic

hola

s [d

sp]

Chart

A1.2

T

he

lineag

es

of th

e M

arsh

al h

eir

s

Joan de MunchensyandWilliam de Valence

Agnes m. 1) Maurice FitzGerald; 2) Hugh Balliol;3) John d’Avesnes

John [dsp]

William the Younger [dsp]

Margaret [dsp]

Isabelle m. John de Hastings

Aymer [dsp] m. 1) Beatrice de Nesle; 2) Marie de St Pol

Joan m. John “the Red” Comyn

John [dsp]

Robert [dsp]

Elizabeth m. John Talbot

William [dsp]

John m. Juliana de Leybourne

Edumund [dsp]

Elizabeth m. Roger de Grey

John [dsp]

Baldwin [dsp]

Felicite [dsp]

Chart A1.3 The family of William de Valence and Joan de Munchensy

APPENDIX 2

JOAN DE VALENCE’S PROPERTY

The chancery records of what property Joan de Valence inherited

from her brother, John de Munchensy, and what she held in dower,

maritagium , and/or jointure are fragmentary at best and are also affected

by the degree to which the calendared versions of the property distribu-

tions ref lect the original entries. The confusion as to which properties

William de Valence held independently of his wife’s inheritance further

complicates the process of reconstruction.

The following list of properties is derived from a number of different

sources: from the patent and close rolls of the royal chancery; from both

William and Joan’s Inquisitions Post Mortem ; from lists referenced in the

justiciary rolls of Ireland; from litigation records, deeds, and petitions

of the central courts, the justiciary of Ireland, the exchequer, and the

county courts; and from accounts and receipts made during Joan’s wid-

owhood. I have assumed that any litigation in which Joan appeared as a

co-litigant, either with her husband or with any of the Marshal co-heirs,

involved land she maintained an interest in, usually through inheritance.

As Joan’s dower assignment was not made through the royal chancery,

but rather as a private agreement with her son Aymer, it is not possible to

determine conclusively what properties she held, but her itinerary in the

two years following William’s death and the receipts from 1300 and 1302

provide information on properties she did not inherit, but which were

likely either dower or jointure properties. In addition, it has been possible

to determine which lands she likely received in maritagium , which she

would have controlled outright after William’s death.

The maps included after the list of properties pinpoint the location of

all of Joan’s holdings and provide an illustration of two itineraries from

her account rolls: the first beginning with her places of residence before

William’s death and her moves immediately following William’s death

to her settling at Goodrich; and the second recounting her travel from

A P P E N D I X 2160

Goodrich to London to celebrate the anniversary of William’s death and

her return to Goodrich.

List of Properties Inherited by Joan de Valence

Wales

County, town, honor, and Castle of Pembroke with pleas and ●

perquisites

“Rents in outlying vills of Karreu, Stakepol, Kylvegy, Costeyniston, ●

Gilcop, Gonedon, Opeton, Seynt Syrone, Maynerbir, Mynewere,

and Esse” 1

Castlemartin (on the coast near Stakepool) ●

St. Florence (near Tenby) ●

Coyttht’ ●2

Town and Castle of Tenby, Pembrokeshire, with acreage and bur- ●

gesses (held by Margaret de Lacy Marshal in dower until 1266)

Commote of Oysterlow, Carmarthenshire ●

England

Goodrich Castle, Herefordshire ●

Awre, Gloucestershire (tenure uncertain, but shared with other ●

Marshal heirs; maintained a bailiff on site)

Sutton Valence, Kent (held by Eleanor de Montfort in dower until ●

1275)

Brabourne, Kent (held by Eleanor de Montfort in dower until ●

1275)

Kemsing, Kent (held by Eleanor de Montfort in dower until 1275) ●

Inkberrow, Worcestershire (held by Margaret Lacy Marshal in ●

dower until 1266; possibly partially held by Eleanor de Montfort

in dower)

Newburgh, Worcestershire (possibly appurtenant to Inkberrow) ●

Half of the manors of Stanstead and Chelebridge, Essex (granted to ●

Waltham Abbey for annual rent)

Maidencote, Berkshire (co-held with the Ferrers heiresses, ulti- ●

mately by the Beauchamps of Hatch)

Shrivenham, Berkshire (now Oxfordshire); (half of the manor ●

granted in maritagium by William Marshal to Joan Marshal on occa-

sion of her marriage to Warin de Munchensy; inherited directly by

Joan de Valence after Warin’s death in 1255; other half of the manor

had been granted to William the Younger after death of count of

Perche and formed part of Eleanor’s dower/jointure with reversion

to William’s heirs)

A P P E N D I X 2 161

Ireland 3

County, town, honor, and Castle of Wexford ●

Ferrycarrig Castle, co. Wexford ●

Town and Castle of Ferns, co. Wexford ●

Manor of Odagh, co. Kilkenny ●

Manor and Castle of Rossclare, co. Wexford (with the barony of ●

Forth and shared jurisdiction in Old and New Ross)

Manor of Bannow, co. Wexford ●

Portion of the Vill of Taghmon, co. Wexford (but part of the liberty ●

of Kildare assigned to the Ferrers-Marshal heirs 4 )

Properties Held in Joint Tenure with Survivorship to Joan and Her Heirs

Fernham, Berkshire ●

Benham (Valence), Berkshire (controlled half and other half con- ●

trolled by Longespee earls of Salisbury in a grant made simultane-

ously with grants made to William Marshal Jr. )

Properties Possibly Held in Joint Tenure (Asterix Indicates Either

Jointure or Dower)

*Newton Valence, Hampshire ●

Horewood, Buckinghamshire (now divided between Great and ●

Little Horwood)

Acle, Norfolk ●

West Hanney, Berkshire (now part of Wantage, Oxfordshire) ●

Notteswyk, Berkshire (possibly hers outright—appurtenant to ●

Shrivenham?)

Burgthone, Berkshire (possibly hers outright—appurtenant to ●

Shrivenham?)

Suthryworthe, Berkshire (possibly hers outright—appurtenant to ●

Shrivenham?) 5

Likely Properties Held in Dower by Joan

(Asterix Indicates Either Dower or Jointure)

Moreton Valence, Gloucestershire (sold to William de Valence by ●

William de Pontlarge, who held of the Bohun earls of Hereford—

therefore not held in chief, although occasionally listed as such;

although Joan officially was endowed with one-third, she seems to

have used it as one of her normal residences 6 )

Swindon, Wiltshire (granted to William de Valence c. 1252) ●

A P P E N D I X 2162

Bampton, Oxfordshire (granted to William de Valence 1248) ●

*Newton Valence, Hampshire (granted to William de Valence c. 1250) ●

Collingbourne Valence, Wiltshire (granted to William de Valence ●

c. 1253)

Maps 7

Map A2.1 Properties in England and Wales controlled by Joan de Valence 8

Note: Locations are approximate.

Map A2.2 Properties in Ireland controlled by Joan de Valence. 9

Note: Locations are approximate.

Map A2.3 Itinerary of Joan de Valence, September 1295–May 1296. 10

Note: Locations are approximate.

Map A2.4 Itinerary of Joan de Valence, May–October 1296. 11

Note: Locations are approximate.

Map A2.5 Itinerary of Joan de Valence, October–November 1296. 12

Note: Locations are approximate.

Map A2.6 Itinerary of Joan de Valence, May–September 1297. 13

Note: Locations are approximate.

APPENDIX 3

LITIGATION OF JOAN DE VALENCE

IN WIDOWHOOD

Joan de Valence was only moderately litigious in her 11-year wid-

owhood, but she was persistent. Many of the suits she pursued had

their origins in disputes from years past: Haverfordwest, Painswick, and

Oysterlow remained points of conf lict. Joan initiated few land-based

suits beyond those begun while William de Valence was still alive, but

she did pursue tenants and estate officials for failure to render service, for

debt, and for detinue ( Table A3.1 ).

Debt Trespass

1 3 6 1 1 6 5

Joan as Defendant

2 1 4 1

Joan as Co-Executor–Plaintiff

1 1

Joan as Co-Executor–Defendant

1 1

Advowson / Darrein

Presentment

Detinue / Unjust

Detention

Morte d'Ancestor

Rendering of Accounts

Right / Jurisdiction

Voucher to Warranty

Joan as Plaintiff / Demandant

Table A3.1 Litigation of Joan de Valence in widowhood

NOTES

Introduction: Writing Medieval Women’s Biographies

1 . These approaches to Joan de Valence can be seen in the works of Huw

Ridgeway, who has been the only modern-day historian to discuss

William de Valence in any detail and who is also the author of William’s

biography in the new edition of the ODNB , and of J. R. S. Phillips, whose

biography of Aymer de Valence signif icantly minimizes the presence of

Joan in her son’s life. Huw Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” ODNB ,

ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 2004), 56: 45–49; J. R. S. Phillips, Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke

1307–1324: Baronial Politics in the Reign of Edward II (Oxford: Clarendon

Press, 1972).

2 . Indeed, the first version of William’s biography in the original ODNB ,

written by T. F. Tout, was little more than gossip and diatribe. T.

F. Tout, “William de Valence,” ODNB (Oxford, 1885–1900), 61:

373–377, at Wikisource, http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/William_de_

Valence_%28DNB00%29 . Although Huw Ridgeway’s revision for the

new edition is more matter-of-fact, it still contains some surprising exam-

ples of irrational animus directed at both William and Joan.

3 . For example, Simon—like William—was French and an interloper in

England. He claimed the earldom of Leicester through a matrilineal inher-

itance and eloped illicitly with Eleanor, sister of Henry III. Although Earl

Simon was older than William, he has been identified with the “young

baronage” in contrast to the “old generation”—including the much

younger William de Valence—who supported the king.

4 . C. M. Woolgar, The Great Household in Late Medieval England (New Haven:

Yale University Press, 1999); Kate Mertes, The English Noble Household,

1250–1600: Good Governance and Politic Rule (Oxford: Basil Blackwell,

1988). Joan de Valence’s household in 1296–97 forms a substantial compo-

nent to the Woolgar book, considerably less so for Mertes.

5 . Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, 1066–1500 , tr. and ed. Jennifer

Ward (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), 180.

6 . Joan actually inherited from her brother John de Munchensy who had

died before the division of the estates. She, therefore, is usually referred to

N O T E S172

in documents simply as one of the coheirs of Earl Walter le Marshal. See

chapter 1 .

7 . My case study, “Joan de Valence: A Lady of Substance,” appears in

the collection Writing Medieval Women’s Lives , ed. Charlotte Newman

Goldy and Amy Livingstone (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012),

193–208.

8 . Margaret Wade Labarge chose Eleanor de Montfort as a lifelong topic

of study in several books and numerous shorter works. The most sig-

nif icant of these in this context is A Baronial Household of the Thirteenth

Century (London: Eyre and Spottiswood, 1965), reprinted most recently

as Mistresses, Maids, and Men: Baronial Life in the Thirteenth Century

(London: Phoenix, 2003). Louise Wilkinson has recently published a

new biography of Eleanor de Montfort: Eleanor De Montfort, A Rebel

Countess in Medieval England (London: Continuum, 2012). Complete

biographies of medieval noblewomen are somewhat rare, although many

f igure into composite portraits. One recent work, however, is Francis

Underhill, For Her Good Estate: The Life of Elizabeth de Burgh (New

York: St. Martin’s, 1999). Jennifer Ward has also published a selec-

tion of Elizabeth de Burgh’s extensive household and account records:

Elizabeth de Burgh, Lady of Clare (195–1360): Household and Other Records ,

ed. Jennifer Ward, Suffolk Records Society 57 (Woodbridge: Boydell

Press, 2014).

9 . See, for example, the articles in Theodore Evergates, ed., Aristocratic Women in

Medieval France (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999); Susan

M. Johns, Noblewomen, Aristocracy and Power in the Twelfth-Century Anglo-

Norman Realm (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003); Susan M.

Johns, Gender, Nation and Conquest in the High Middle Ages: Nest of Deheubarth

(Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 2013); Amy Livingstone, Out

of Love for My Kin: Aristocratic Family Life in the Lands of the Loire, 1000–1200

(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010); Heather J. Tanner, Families, Friends

and Allies: Boulogne and Politics in Northern France and England, c. 879– 1160

(Leiden: Brill, 2004); Theresa Earenfight, The King’s Other Body: Mar í a of

Castile and the Crown of Aragon (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania

Press, 2010); Theresa Earenfight, Queenship in Medieval Europe (New York:

Palgrave Macmillan, 2013); Elena Woodacre, Queenship in the Mediterranean:

Negotiating the Role of the Queen in the Medieval and Early Modern Eras (New

York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013); Miriam Shadis, Berenguela of Castile

(1180–1246) and Political Women in the High Middle Ages (New York: Palgrave

Macmillan, 2009). Although most Continental studies are focusing on royal

women rather than aristocratic women, the kinds of political, social, and

cultural alliances made are similar. For work specifically about nonroyal (or

almost-royal) women, see, for example, Fredric L. Cheyette, Ermengard of

Narbonne and the World of the Troubadours (Ithaca: Cornell University Press,

2001), and Kimberly A. LoPrete, Adela of Blois: Countess and Lord (c. 1067–

1137) (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2007).

N O T E S 173

1 Growing Up as a Marshal, Marriage,

and Motherhood (1230–58)

1 . Spellings of this name in English vary considerably because of its origins

in Latin and French, but The National Archives reference this variant most

frequently in its catalogue, so I have chosen to use it. In this I disagree sig-

nificantly with the editors of the ODNB , who have adopted “Munchensi”

as their preferred spelling.

2 . The date of both Walter and Anselm Marshal’s deaths: they were the last

two surviving sons of William and Isabella.

3 . Led by Huw Ridgeway, who has inserted in both of his biographies—of

William de Munchensy and of William de Valence—a number of unsub-

stantiated inferences about Joan as a vengeful sister.

4 . The tale of William Marshal’s life has been told by historians as diverse

as Sidney Painter, William Marshal: Knight-Errant, Baron, and Regent of

England (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1933), and Georges Duby,

William Marshal: The Flower of Chivalry , tr. Richard Howard (New York:

Pantheon Books, 1985). The current specialist on the Marshal is David

Crouch, William Marshal: Knighthood, War and Chivalry, 1147–1219 , 2nd

ed. (London: Longman, 2002). Most of the biographical material for these

historians was derived from a poem, commissioned by the family after the

Marshal’s death, in which more of the scintillating—and unverifiable—

tales appear.

5 . Histoire de Guillaume le Mar é chal , tr. as History of William Marshal , ed. A.

J. Holden, tr. S. Gregory, notes by D. Crouch (London: Anglo-Norman

Text society, 2004), ll. 18519–18524 and reference at bottom. In the poem,

Earl William asks the two of his daughters who are keeping vigil by his

side—Matilda (Maud) Bigod, the eldest, and Joan, the youngest—to sing.

Joan’s approach to the song is “timid” and her father gives her a singing

lesson from his deathbed (ll. 18561–18580).

6 . John had reached his majority by 1245, the year of the deaths of both

Walter and Anselm Marshal. He died in late 1246 or early 1247, before

the final distribution of the Marshal estates. Joan is listed sometimes as his

heir—which seems to have been the official account—but also, especially

in litigation and royal writs, as simply one of the direct co-heirs of Walter

Marshal, so it is likely that John had not yet performed homage and fealty

for his lands. Joan, on the other hand, was still unmarried and of equivocal

legal status in 1247. Although she had certainly reached the canonical age

of marriage—13—she might only recently have reached the age of major-

ity in 1247. She is mentioned as one of only three co-heirs to be unmarried

in 1247: Joan plus Eleanor and Agatha Ferrers, who were the youngest of

the seven Ferrers sisters to inherit. Eleanor eloped with John de Vaux,

and Agatha was married to Hugh Mortimer of Chelmarsh, the younger

brother of Roger Mortimer, who was married to yet another Marshal heir,

Maud de Braose.

N O T E S174

7 . Chron. Maj. , trans. Giles, II: 441–442. Matthew mistakenly names

Eleanor “Johanna the king’s sister.” See also Louise Wilkinson, Eleanor

de Montfort: A Rebel Countess in Medieval England (London: Continuum,

2012), 11–12.

8 . Wilkinson does not think about the relative chronology of Eleanor and

Joan’s parallel lives when discussing their relationship.

9 . William was near his age of majority at the time of his father’s death

in 1255. His wardship was granted to his brother-in-law, William de

Valence, but it proved to be a very short guardianship.

10 . GEC 9: 421–424. William’s daughter, Dionysia, was the subject of a sig-

nificant dispute in 1290 over the Munchensy inheritance, discussed in

chapter 3 . She married Hugh de Vere, son and brother of the earl of

Oxford, and died childless in 1313. Her heir was Joan and William de

Valence’s son, Aymer de Valence.

11 . See Linda E. Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval Women: Family, Marriage, and

Politics in England 1225–1350 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003),

especially Chapters 1 and 2 for discussion of these women; and Margaret

Howell, Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth-Century England

(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2001), 53. This issue is also discussed

brief ly by Andrew M. Spencer, Nobility and Kingship in Medieval England:

The Earls and Edward I, 1272–1307 (Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 2014), 22, although he misidentifies John de Lacy as the earl

of Lincoln before his marriage and then confuses the Lacys with the

FitzAlan Earls of Arundel (27).

12 . Joan’s husband, William de Valence, and her cousin, John de Warenne,

were very close friends and allies. That relationship could have begun

with Joan and John’s acquaintance in the royal nursery.

13 . Robert de Blois’s text is available in only one edition: Enseignement des

princes et chastoiement des dames : É d. crit. avec commentaire et glossaire , ed.

John Howard Fox (Paris: Nizet, 1950). How the Goodwife is included

in Edith Rickert, trans. and ed., The Babbee’s Book: Medieval Manners

for the Young (London: Chatto and Windus, 1923). They are both dis-

cussed in Kathleen Ashley and Robert L. A. Clark, eds., Medieval Conduct

(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001).

14 . The most recent edition is in Dorothea Oschinsky, ed. and trans., Walter

of Henley and Other Treatises on Estate Management and Accounting (Oxford:

Clarendon Press, 1971).

15 . In 1332, Edward III replaced French with English in pleading in royal

courts, but it is not clear how frequently he conversed in English

himself.

16 . Although Henry III’s facility might have been minimal at best, his

brother, Richard of Cornwall, according to Matthew Paris, had some

knowledge of English. Chron. Maj. , tr. Giles, III: 209.

17 . John Higgitt, The Murthly Hours: Devotion, Literacy and Luxury in Paris,

England and the Gaelic West (London: The British Library and University

of Toronto Press, 2000). The manuscript was discovered only in 1980.

N O T E S 175

18 . Joan received a portion of the manor of Shrivenham, Berkshire, which

had been her mother’s maritagium . See Appendix 2.

19 . The alliance of young William de Munchensy, Joan’s halfbrother, with

Simon de Montfort in the civil war might have been inf luenced by

this change in status. William occupied a number of Valence castles in

Wales—including Pembroke—during the war. Indeed, the claim made

by Huw Ridgeway that William and Joan’s later suit against William’s

daughter Denise was motivated by revenge could indeed be true—but

not for the reasons Ridgeway claimed (such as that Joan felt cheated out of

the Munchensy and Anesty inheritances; Denise de Anesty was not Joan’s

mother, so she would never have been an heir to those estates in any case).

It is far more likely that they were enacting a long-awaited revenge against

William’s enthusiastic support of the Valences’ enemy, Earl Simon.

20 . Maud, the eldest Marshal daughter, married Hugh Bigod, earl of Norfolk,

and after his death married William de Warenne, earl of Surrey. She

had children with both husbands and survived them both to be the only

direct descendant of William and Isabella Marshal to inherit in 1245. The

Warennes became very close associates of the Valences. Isabelle Marshal

married, first, Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester and Hertford, and

after his death married Richard, earl of Cornwall, Henry III’s younger

full-brother and William de Valence’s halfbrother—a second marriage

for them both. She was the mother of Henry of Almain, Richard of

Cornwall’s heir. Isabelle died in the 1230s and did not live to see her son,

Richard de Clare, inherit.

21 . Eva married William de Braose. She completed negotiations with

Llewelyn ab Iorwerth after the prince of Gwynnedd executed her hus-

band for adultery with his wife, Joan, illegitimate daughter of King John.

Three of her four daughters ultimately inherited: Maud married Roger

Mortimer of Wigmore; Eleanor married Humphrey de Bohun, earl of

Hereford; and Eve married William de Cantilupe. Sibyl married William

Ferrers, earl of Derby, and all seven of her daughters inherited, although

only six had children of their own. See Appendix 1, Table A.1–2 for

information on these daughters’ marriages.

22 . When Isabel de Braose, wife of Dafydd ap Llewelyn, died without heirs,

her sisters inherited her portion. This likely occurred before the final

distribution, because Isabel is not mentioned in any of the distributions,

and Dafydd was not able to claim control of her portion through the law

of curtesy. Eleanor Ferrers de Vaux Quency Leyburn, dowager count-

ess of Winchester, died without progeny, so her portion devolved to her

sisters.

23 . In addition to the biographies of the ODNB , the most thorough study

of the Lusignan family’s activities in England is by Harold S. Snellgrove,

“The Lusignans in England, 1247–1258,” University of New Mexico

Publications in History , no. 2 (1950).

24 . John eventually remarried, again into the royal family, one of Eleanor of

Castile’s Poitevan cousins, Isabella Beaumont.

N O T E S176

25 . Chron. Maj. , trans. Giles, II: 230–231. “[A]nd thus in a great measure the

English nobility fell to the lot of foreigners and unknown persons.”

26 . The barons also were seemingly hostile to what they perceived as the

undue inf luence of Queen Eleanor of Provence on the marriage arrange-

ments of young heirs who were wards of the crown. See Margaret Howell,

Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth-Century England (Oxford: Basil

Blackwell, 1998), 51–52.

27 . For this discussion, see Linda E. Mitchell, “Baronial Dowagers of the

Thirteenth-Century Welsh March” PhD dissertation, Indiana University,

1992, especially Chapter 3 .

28 . For more information on the activities of the Ferrers sisters, see Linda

E. Mitchell, “Agnes and Her Sisters: Squabbling and Cooperation in the

Extended Medieval Family,” Portraits of Medieval Women , 11–28.

29 . The correspondence between them can be found in Anc. Corr. Re: Wales ,

51 (also in Shirley, Letters , I: 368). Discussion of the negotiations and the

subsequent breakdown of the alliance between the house of Gwynnedd

and the Braoses can be found in Mitchell, “Heroism and Duty: Maud

Mortimer of Wigmore’s Contributions to the Royalist Cause,” Portraits of

Medieval Women, 43–55.

30 . See R. R. Davies, Conquest, Coexistence, and Change: Wales, 1063–1415 ,

History of Wales, v. 2 (Oxford: Clarendon Press and University of Wales

Press, 1987), esp. 273–277.

31 . There is, indeed, considerable confusion as to which properties belonged

to William in chief and which belonged to Joan, and therefore to William

“by right of his wife.” Part of the problem lies in the calendar of the

Inquisition Post Mortem for William, which incorrectly lists several proper-

ties as held by William in chief without the correct qualifier suo jure uxoris .

See CIPM 3: 222 and Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 4, 143–144. Other problems lie

in the other chancery calendars, which often leave off Joan’s name when

including correspondence between the chancery and William over prop-

erties he controlled only by right of his wife. William did inherit a num-

ber of significant properties in France from his parents, in the territory

of La Marche; his stake was large enough for King Philip IV to decide to

purchase their rights of inheritance from Joan and William’s son Aymer.

See J. R. S. Phillips, “The Anglo-Norman Nobility,” The English in

Medieval Ireland , ed. James Lydon (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1984),

87–104, esp. 95. See also Ridgeway, “Valence, William de”; Woolgar,

The Great Household ; and G. H. Orpen. Ireland under the Normans 1169–

1333 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2005 [1911]) for different lists of what

Joan inherited. Woolgar and Ridgeway are not accurate.

32 . CChR , 1226–1257, 1: 102.

33 . Apparently, the child that was born and died along with Alicia was

“heard within the four walls” of the birthing chamber, and so the prop-

erty transfer remained with William. These very complicated tenur-

ial arrangements were investigated by researchers for English Heritage:

N O T E S 177

http://www.engl ish-her itage.org.uk/daysout/proper t ies/sutton-

valence-castle/history-and-research/ , accessed November 4, 2014.

34 . All of these properties have been incorrectly assigned to William de

Valence instead of understood to be held by him suo jure uxoris .

35 . Phillips, “The Anglo-Norman Nobility,” emphasizes the connections

between Wales and Ireland after the twelfth-century conquest. See also

Orpen, Ireland under the Normans ; A. J. Otway-Ruthven, A History of

Medieval Ireland (London: Ernest Benn Ltd., 1968); and, brief ly, James

Lydon, “The Expansion and Consolidation of the Colony, 1215–54,” A

New History of Ireland , II: Medieval Ireland 1169–1534, ed. Art Cosgrove

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987 [1993]), 166–169. Lydon refers

several times—and in the index—to the “extinction” of the Marshal fam-

ily, considering the inheritance by multiple heirs to have catastrophically

“weakened” the lordship. His sole reference is Orpen, published in 1911.

36 . This included the manor of Inkberrow, Worcestershire.

37 . References, originating in GEC, to a third marriage are in error:

Margaret enjoyed a long and eventful widowhood. See Mitchell, “Like

Mother, Like Daughter: The Parallel Careers of Margaret de Quency and

Maud de Lacy,” Portraits of Medieval Women, 29–42.

38 . GEC lists the marriage as occurring on August 13, 1247, but provides no

source verification for this date. It is, in fact, the date of the letter close to

the justiciar of Ireland instructing him to release Joan’s lands, inherited

from her brother, to the couple. Clearly, the marriage occurred before

this time, likely before July 30, 1247, when the distribution of the Irish

estates was completed. See Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 1, 432–433 and Cal. Docs

Ireland , Pt. 2, 160–161.

39 . This is a common trope among all historians of William de Valence based

almost entirely on hostile chronicle sources, in particular Matthew Paris’s

Chronica Maiora and William Rishanger’s continuation, and Matthew of

Westminster’s Flores Historiarum .

40 . Flores Hist., II: 339 as referenced by Frank R. Lewis, “William de Valence

(c. 1230–1296),” Pt. I Aberystwyth Studies 13 (1934): 11–35, esp. 18.

41 . CR , Henry III, 1242–1247, 527, 529, 533 and Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 1: 433;

CPR, Henry III, 1232–1247 , 505–506. This also included a preliminary

distribution of Inkberrow (med. Inteberg) that had been made to the late

John de Munchensy and which the king released to William (and Joan)

on 30 July. Inkberrow was held by Margaret Lacy Marshal in dower. See

CR , Henry III, 1242–1247, 7. Goodrich was released 31 July; Pembroke

7 August. See Lewis, “William de Valence,” Pt. 1: 18–19—although he is

incorrect in assuming that William gained the property before his mar-

riage. One of the major problems with the Calendar of Patent Rolls is slop-

piness, especially with respect to female names when connected to male

names, and the absence of Joan’s in the calendar entries likely ref lects an

error in the calendar rather than the appointment of William as castellan

of his wife’s own inheritance.

N O T E S178

42 . CR , Henry III, 1242–1247, 524, 531. CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 4–5, 11,

20, 23, 44, 93, 123, 133, 141, 147, 159, 191, 193, 196.

43 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 11.

44 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 162, 200, 236, 249, 287, 297, 325, 327, 342,

385.

45 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 397, 398, 399, 481, 484, 486.

46 . Ibid., 102–103.

47 . Anc. Corr. Re: Wales , 210–212; CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 275, 518.

48 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 102, 28.

49 . Ibid., 497.

50 . Henry III and his chancery are often not given enough credit for how

complicated this settlement was, especially since Earl Simon de Montfort

and Countess Eleanor almost immediately initiated litigation against the

heirs, claiming that Eleanor had been shortchanged by the original dower

assignment made by Richard, Earl Marshal. See Wilkinson, Eleanor de

Montfort , and Maddicott, Simon de Montfort . Henry and the heirs were

fortunate that Anselm Marshal’s widow, Maud de Bohun (and sister-in-

law of one of the Braose co-heirs), was not granted dower in real property

because Anselm died before he had paid relief for his inheritance.

51 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 112–113, 159.

52 . Ibid., 134–135.

53 . For example, Matthew Paris, Chron. Maj. , and the Flores Hist.

54 . CR, Henry III, 1247–1251, November 1247, April 1248, June 1250.

Concerning the Montfort dower litigation, Michaelmas 1249, see Cal.

Docs Ireland , Pt. 1: 450.

55 . See Huw Ridgeway, “William de Valence and his Familiares , 1247–72,”

Historical Research 65, no. 158 (1992): 239–257, esp. 254–257.

56 . CR, Henry III, 1247–1251, 247.

57 . The Chronica Majora of the St. Albans historian Matthew Paris describes

him as vain and full of bluster. He is particularly scathing about William’s

choice of estate agents, whom he describes as odious. Matthew’s charac-

terization was picked up by most of the historians who succeeded him,

including William Rishanger and “Matthew of Westminster” (author of

the Flores Historiarum ).

58 . The Clares were in a more or less continuous battle with the Bohuns and

the Bigods, ones that took on the characteristics of a private war by the

1270s. Other conf licts were common. See chapter 3 .

59 . Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” ODNB , 56: 45.

60 . The issue of the profits and jurisdiction of Haverford was never com-

pletely resolved, with even the next generation of Valences and Bohuns

involved in it. This will be discussed at greater length in subsequent

chapters.

61 . This has been discussed by Margaret Wade Labarge several times, as

well as by Louise Wilkinson. The most efficient reference to Eleanor’s

marriage portion and dower is in J. R. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 50–51. Eleanor’s

N O T E S 179

possession of the manors of Sutton, Brabourne, and Kemsing in Kent was

a source of conf lict between the Montforts and the Valences, as they also

comprised Joan’s inheritance in Kent. See chapters 3 and 4 .

62 . This is discussed in Wilkinson, Eleanor de Montfort .

63 . The dispersals are recorded in the Liberate Rolls. CLR 4: 318, 372–373,

401; 5: 77, 89.

64 . The Remembrancer Rolls record much of this information and it is also

excerpted in the Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland . See, for exam-

ple, Margaret Lacy Marshal’s records of debt in Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 2,

113 and E 159/47 m. 21d. This conf lict is also discussed in Margaret

Wade Labarge, A Baronial Household of the Thirteenth Century (New York:

Barnes and Noble, 1965), 14, 401; and Wilkinson, Eleanor de Montfort .

65 . This indeed occurred in the reign of Henry III, between Earl Gilbert

de Clare and his mother, Maud de Lacy de Clare, whom he sued for

admeasurement . KB 26/177 mm. 2, 3, 13; CPR , Henry III, 1266–1272,

49. For a full discussion, see Michael Altschul, A Baronial Family in

Medieval England: The Clares, 1217–1314 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins

University Press, 1965), 96–101; see also Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval

Women , 36–37. According to a letter written to Henry by his sister-in-

law, Queen Marguerite of France, Henry was suspiciously overfond of

the dynamic widow. Lettres de Rois, Reines et Autres Personnages des Courts

de France et d’Angleterre , ed. M. Chamollion-Figeac (Paris: Imprimie

Royale, 1839), 1: 42–43, esp. 34. Transcribed and translated in “Epistolae:

Medieval Women’s Latin Letters,” http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/

letter/516.html .

66 . The term “Cathar,” which has typically been used to describe the hereti-

cal group living in southern France and the Pyrenees region, has been

debunked and the more accurate term “Good Men/Good Women” or

“ Perfecti ” is now considered more accurate.

67 . Quite a few historians have discussed these issues, beginning with Maurice

Powicke, The Thirteenth Century, 1216–1307 (Oxford: Clarendon Press,

1953). Most narratives, however, are based in large part on anti-Henri-

cian sources, such as Matthew Paris, and viewed in hindsight. Howell,

Eleanor of Provence , 130–135, proposes a different perspective.

68 . See, for example, Ridgeway, “William de Valence and his Familiares ,

1247–72” and “Valence, William de,” ODNB .

69 . Ibid.

70 . Isabella Ferrers was a widow, having married one of Richard Marshal’s

retainers, Gilbert Bassett. Reginald was a widower and all of his children

were the product of his first marriage. After John de Mohun’s death,

Joan remarried one of the royal household knights associated with the

Valences, Robert Aguillon.

71 . February 1252–May 1253: Cal. Docs Ireland, Pt 2: 5, 15, 21, 22, 29; CR ,

Henry III, 1251–1253, 308; CPR , Henry III, 1247–1258, 175; the final

concord is extant: CP 25/1/283/13 #285.

72 . CP 25/1/283/13 #289; Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt 2: 29.

N O T E S180

73 . This legal argument is not uncommon: minors and wives were both

denied legal “personhood” and so could not technically approve settle-

ments made while in that state. This permitted them, once reaching the

age of majority or widowhood, respectively, to be able to sue for redress.

The problem with this suit, however, is that the signing of a chyrograph

superseded the claim of being unable to “gainsay” on account of age

or marital status. Even if forced, chyrographs were technically valid.

See Bracton on the Laws and Customs of England , vol. 4, ed. George E.

Woodbine, trans. Samuel E. Thorne (Cambridge: The Belknap Press,

1968–77), 30–31.

74 . KB 26/159 mm. 3–3d; Excerpta è Rotulis Finium 2: 109; Cal. Docs Ireland ,

Pt 1: 470; E 159/26 m. 12d; Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt 2: 15.

75 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251 lists several grants made; see n. 38; see also

CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 102. The reference to Hertford, which was

a county town, could include a more permanent grant of the manor of

Hertfordingbury, which was not only retained by the Valences but was

acquired later by their daughter, Agnes, who used it as one of her prin-

ciple residences.

76 . CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 112, 124, 276.

77 . Ibid., 174.

78 . See n. 37.

79 . Ridgeway consistently describes William as engaging in illegal hunting,

but numerous grants of permission to “take away” deer in royal forests

abound in the close rolls .

80 . CPR , Henry III, 1247–1258, 175.

81 . Ibid., 245–246, 249, et passim.

82 . CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 254.

83 . Ibid., 259–260.

84 . Ibid., 289.

85 . Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” ODNB , 56: 46 and others. Ridgeway

refers to William de Munchensy as William de Valence’s “kinsman,”

instead of referring to him correctly as Joan’s brother. See also CPR,

Henry III, 1247–1258, 419, 420.

86 . William and Joan petitioned that Denise, William de Munchensy’s daugh-

ter, was illegitimate and therefore not the heir. Discussed in chapter 3 .

87 . CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 411. Many of the English and Anglo-French

baronage—and King Henry as well—took crusade vows to accom-

pany King Louis IX on his first attempt to travel to the Holy Land in

1248–1254.

88 . Jane E. Sayers, Original Papal Documents in England and Wales from the

Accession of Pope Innocent III to the Death of Pope Benedict XI (1198–1304)

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 151, doc. 335. See also

SC7/20/18. King Henry took formal crusade vows in 1250, but his

entourage might have preceded him as Richard of Cornwall did par-

ticipate in King Louis’s f irst crusade in 1249. See Howell, Eleanor of

Provence , 59.

N O T E S 181

89 . The confirmation charter is in Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum (1846),

62: 940–942; Dugdale does not include the Valences’ charter, but the

cartulary of St. Radegunde, Bodleian Rawlinson B336 f. 13 does.

Thanks to David Crouch for this information. It is very possible the

grant was a mortmain gift because Sutton was still held in dower by

Eleanor de Montfort.

90 . Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt 2: 68; CR, Henry III, 1254–56, 159.

91 . Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 2: 71.

92 . CLR 4 (1251–60): 230. This might have been William de Valence the

Younger.

93 . CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 493.

94 . Ibid., 545. Robert de North is referred to as William’s cook, but the

Calendars of Patent Rolls are frequently inaccurate in failing to add wom-

en’s names when male names are also included. It is not clear what the

relationship was between Joan and Mabel.

95 . The Sandfords were also related to the Bassets, long-time Marshal

affines. John de Sanford, brother of Fulk Basset, succeeded him as arch-

bishop of Dublin.

96 . CP 25/1/8/22, nos. 13, 14.

97 . E 159/30 m. 3.

98 . CPR , Henry III, 1247–1258, 594. This is also discussed by Matthew

Paris, CM 5: 643–644. See also Giles, tr. 2: 241–242. Predictably,

Matthew lays the blame for Jacaminus’s murder on the man’s own inso-

lence, spurred by William’s vaingloriousness.

99 . See R. R. Davies, Conquest, Coexistence, and Change , 241–245; and

Mitchell, “Welshness, Englishness, and the Problem of Dowagers and

Heiresses in Wales: The Lestrange Family’s Marital Adventures in

Powys,” Portraits of Medieval Women , 57–77.

100 . CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 576, 586.

101 . Ibid., 550.

102 . The first description is far more common. See R. E. Treharne and I.

J. Sanders, Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform and Rebellion,

1258–1267 (Oxford: Oxford Medieval Texts, 1973); H. G. Richardson

and G. O. Sayles, eds., The Administration of Ireland, 1172–1377 (Dublin:

Irish Manuscripts Commission, 1963), and others. This is one of the

perspectives also espoused by Maddicott, Simon de Montfort , who focuses

more on the notion that the conf lict is within the royal family, rather

than on the Marshals. For the other perspective, see Powicke, The

Thirteenth Century , n. 41.

2 War, Rebellion, and Recovery (1258–85)

1 . See discussion in chapter 1 . Gilbert’s situation is also discussed at length

in Altschul, A Baronial Family in Medieval England ; and Paul R. Davis,

Three Chevrons Red: The Clares, A Marcher Dynasty in Wales, England and

Ireland (Logaston: Logaston Press, 2013), 187–197.

N O T E S182

2 . This was couched in terms of undue “foreign” inf luence on the king, but

also had to do with the competition between Queen Eleanor’s Savoyard

relatives and King Henry’s Lusignan half-siblings.

3 . “Petition of the Barons,” Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform

and Rebellion, 1258–1267 , ed. R. F. Treharne and I. J. Sanders (Oxford:

Clarendon Press, 1973), 80–81. The editors assume, probably rightly,

that this passage refers specifically to the Valence–Munchensy marriage.

This is the first instance when marriage of an heiress to a “foreigner” is

described as a form of disparagement, a term that refers quite specifically

to Magna Carta— chapter 6 —which states that an heir whose marriage is

in the king’s gift cannot be “disparaged,” usually interpreted as meaning

that the heir cannot be married to a person of lower social station.

4 . Chron. Maj. , 4: 628. See also Chron. Maj ., trans. Giles, 1: 230–231.

5 . According to Matthew Paris, Simon declared that he would ensure that

William would lose his head if he did not swear to uphold the Provisions of

Oxford. Chron. Maj , 5: 697–698. Also discussed in Ridgeway, “Valence,

William de,” ODNB and many other historical narratives of the era.

6 . CPR , Henry III, 1247–1258, 640, 664.

7 . Ibid., 641. Ridgeway for some reasons considers this to have been cash

that belonged to Warin de Munchensy and claims that William, “prob-

ably with the connivance of Joan,” essentially stole it. Waltham Abbey

was patronized by Joan’s maternal relations, having been substantially

endowed by Strongbow, not by the Munchensys, who seem to have had

no stake in Waltham at all. Ridgeway provides no specific source for this

allegation. H. W. Ridgeway, “Munchensi, Warin de,” ODNB , http://

www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19529 , accessed November 4, 2014.

8 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 3.

9 . Stipulated when Waltham Abbey’s treasury controlled the cash. See CR ,

Henry III, 1256–1259, 318.

10 . See Chron. Maj. , 5: 721, and CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 3, 4. “Magnates

of the council” is the language of the letter patent. Matthew claimed that

Joan petitioned the king himself.

11 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 9, 12.

12 . CR , Henry III, 1256–1259, December 13, 1258, 351. Matthew Paris says

1 December: Chron. Maj. , 5: 726.

13 . Cum familia, harnesio et pecunia sua .

14 . instanter postulans sibi justitiam exhiberi, ut saltem dos ipsam contingens sibi

concederetur.

15 . Chron. Maj., 5: 726. See also Chron. Maj ., trans. Giles, 2: 311.

16 . Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” 56: 47.

17 . Chron. Maj. , 5: 730–731. See also Chron. Maj ., trans. Giles 2: 314–315.

18 . Compare this story to his repeated—and probably fallacious—assertions

that enemies of the baronial party tried to poison the barons at every

opportunity.

19 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 15.

N O T E S 183

20 . CR , Henry III, 1256–1259, 363, 451.

21 . CR , Henry III, 1256–1259, 404; CR , Henry III, 1259–1261, 2–3.

22 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 22.

23 . See Altschul, A Baronial Family in Medieval England , 92, 102.

24 . Chron. Maj. , 5: 747–748; Chron. Maj ., trans. Giles, 3: 329–330.

25 . CR , Henry III, 1259–1261, 329.

26 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 150.

27 . Ibid., 223.

28 . CR , Henry III, 1259–1261, 420, 428, 435; CR , Henry III, 1261–1264,

33, 74.

29 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 243. Ridgeway suggests he was playing

both sides, but this is not clear from the documents. “Valence, William

de,” 56: 47.

30 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 291. Witnesses: William de Valence, Earl

Roger Bigod ( Joan’s cousin), Earl Humphrey Bohun (father-in-law of

Joan’s cousin, Eleanor de Braose), John de Warenne ( Joan’s cousin and

William’s closest friend and brother-in-law), Hugh Bigod ( Joan’s cousin),

Philip Basset (long-time Marshal affine and former brother-in-law of

one of Joan’s cousins), Robert de Bruys (married to a Marshal affine),

Roger Mortimer (married to Joan’s cousin), Alan de la Zuche (Marshal

affine, future marital connection), and Robert Aguillon (Valence affine

and second husband on one of Joan’s cousins).

31 . CR , Henry III, 1261–1264, 322.

32 . CPR, Henry III, 1258–1266, 322.

33 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 325. Mentioned by John Carmi Parsons,

Eleanor of Castile: Queen and Society in Thirteenth-Century England (New

York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), 264, n. 49. Unfortunately for Eleanor,

she was unable to gain the safety Joan probably secured: Henry’s letter

to her instructed her to leave the relative safety of Windsor and head

to Westminster, where she must have been a virtual prisoner of the

Montfortians.

34 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 328.

35 . Ibid., 337. Joan’s more strategically important properties were kept from

her.

36 . See Appendix 2.

37 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 339.

38 . Ibid., 423–424.

39 . Ibid., 487, 434.

40 . See Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval Women , 50–51.

41 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 460, 466.

42 . Daughter and co-heir of Robert de Quency and Helen fa Llewelyn ab

Iorwerth. Her sister, Hawise widow of Baldwin Wake, was her heir.

CIPM 2: 323.

43 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 503. This Humphrey de Bohun was also

heir to his grandfather, Humphrey, earl of Hereford, who died in 1275.

N O T E S184

It is possible that Joan de Quency and Humphrey the Younger did have

daughters, as mentioned in the patent roll entry, but they must not have

survived their mother. It is clear that the clerk writing the patent roll

entry was confused by the plethora of heiress-wives.

44 . This is clearly evident by the sheer number of errors made by modern

historians trying to determine Joan and William’s estates.

45 . Especially 1258–1259, when William was in exile and the tenure of the

property was in dispute. CR , Henry III, 1256–1259, 339–340, 342, 363,

451; Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt 2: 102.

46 . CP 25/1/8/22/13 and 14. See also VCH, Berkshire , ed., William Page and

Peter Ditchfield (1924), 4: nn. 172, 173.

47 . Such as Edmund Crouchback, who gained the earldom of Leicester along

with Lancaster as a result of the forfeiture of the Montforts.

48 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 588. Simon de Montfort had taken the

opportunity of his control of Sutton to invest a new priest into the living.

49 . Ibid., 460, 562. These might have been the same properties: it is unclear

from the patent roll entries.

50 . See chapter 1 . See also CPR, Henry III, 1266–1272, 193–194, 204–205,

213.

51 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 667.

52 . CPR, Henry III, 1266–1272, 161, 271–272. Rebels subject to the Dictum

of Kenilworth had to pay an indemnity about three times the annual

income of the properties forfeited in order to redeem them.

53 . Ibid., 181.

54 . Henry’s wife was Joan de Cantilupe, one of the Braose-Marshal cous-

ins through her mother, Eve Braose. Although not an heiress herself,

Joan’s older brother, George, inherited both the Braose properties and

the Cantilupe estates, but died without issue. Henry and Joan’s children

became his heirs.

55 . CPR, Henry III, 1266–1272, 214.

56 . Ibid., 323. Robert Aguillon was also an intimate of the Valences and

yet another cousin-by-marriage of Joan, having married Joan Ferrers,

widow of John de Mohun.

57 . CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 114–115.

58 . Papal Letters , 1: 450.

59 . He received seisin of his lands in July 1283. CCR, Edward I, 1279–1288,

212.

60 . CPR , Edward I, 1272–1281, 182. A commission was sent into Bergavenny

to investigate the charges of open warfare between the “King’s men of

Bergavenny” and those of Edmund in the Three Castles—Skenfrith,

White Castle, and Grosmont—in November 1276.

61 . CCR, Edward I , 1279–1288, 116.

62 . Ibid., 84.

63 . Ibid., 366.

64 . It is possible that this trip was planned but never undertaken.

N O T E S 185

65 . Agnes married Maurice FitzGerald in 1266; he died in 1268. She then

wed Hugh de Balliol sometime around 1269, but he died in 1271. After

a period of widowhood, Agnes then married a third time, to John

d’Avesnes, with whom she had three children. He died in 1283. Agnes

died in January 1310. See Cormac Ó Cl é irigh, “The Absentee Landlady

and the Sturdy Robbers,” “ The Fragility of Her Sex”? Medieval Irish Women

in their European Context , ed. C. E. Meek and M. K. Simms (Dublin: Four

Courts Press, 1996), 101–118.

66 . No death dates are listed for Margaret in any of the genealogy texts, such

as GEC, but she is listed as died in 1276 by Westminster Abbey, without

attribution. She is also listed as an infant, which is not correct, as is her

brother, John, who was definitely not an infant at his death in 1277.

John’s death is incorrectly identified as having occurred in 1267 by the

Flores Hist. , 3: 49n.

67 . It is possible that the monuments for the two Valence children are hous-

ing only partial remains, as they are small and the Abbey mistakenly

assumes they are tombs of infants.

68 . GEC, 10: 379–382; see also Annales Cambriae , ed. John Williams ab

Ithel, Rolls Series (1860), 106; The Chronicle of William de Rishanger, of

the Barons’ Wars: The Miracles of Simon de Montfort, ed. James Orchard

Halliwell (London, 1840), 100; Annales Monastici , 5 vols., ed. Henry

Richards Luard (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1864–69), 3: 292.

69 . See discussion later in text.

70 . CR , Henry III, 1268–1272, 334, 358, 366–367, 458.

71 . CPR , Henry III, 1266–1272, 504, 506.

72 . Ibid., 636.

73 . Ibid., 659.

74 . GEC 10: 382 n.a. This is also mentioned in Joan D. Tanner, “The Tombs

of Royal Babies in Westminster Abbey.”

75 . CPR, Edward I, 1272–1281, 194. William Sr. was in preparation for a

campaign in Wales at the time of this request, so it stands to reason that

William the Younger is referred to, rather than his father. In addition,

William the Elder is almost always referred to as “the king’s uncle” in

letters patent.

76 . CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 551. The agreement was enrolled in January

1279 and a second deed enrolled at the same time promising that John

de Vescy would restore Mary’s dowry of 4500 lt should she die before

producing an heir. In fact, Mary either died soon after or just before the

marriage, because John de Vescy, already a widower, married one of

Eleanor of Castile’s cousins, Isabella Beaumont, in 1280.

77 . Annales Cambriae , 106.

78 . Dunstable Annals , in Annales Monastici , 3: 292. Rishanger, 100, as above,

note 68.

79 . Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 4: 320–321. The charter is extant only as an

Inspeximus dated November 1, 1299.

N O T E S186

80 . CR , Henry III, 1256–1259, 287–289. William Marshal had actually

served as guardian of the lands of Offaly during the minority of Maurice

fitzGerald, second lord of Offaly (1194–1257).

81 . The relationship between the Verdons and the Marshal heirs was compli-

cated and multigenerational. They were also related, as halfbrothers, to

the Butlers of Ormond, having derived their family name from Roesia

de Verdon, John de Verdon’s mother, who was Theobald Butler’s sec-

ond wife. See Mark S. Hagger, The Fortunes of a Norman Family: The De

Verduns in England, Ireland, and Wales, 1066–1316 (Dublin: Four Courts

Press, 2001).

82 . Thomas was married to Gerald fitzMaurice fitzGerald’s cousin, Juliana.

83 . Hugh was the older brother of John Balliol, who became king of Scotland.

Therefore, if he had survived, he would have been king—and Agnes de

Valence queen—of Scotland.

84 . CR , Henry III, 1268–1272, 345: Agnes is assigned dower in

Northumberland from the estates of the late Hugh Balliol. Agnes is

referred to as “our dear niece, Agnes de Valence.” Indeed, Agnes never

took her husband’s patronymics as her own and continued to identify

herself as “de Valence” for the rest of her life.

85 . CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 45.

86 . CCR, Edward I, 1279–1288, 284–285. It is not clear whether Gerald ever

married; he died sometime after 1286 and his heir was a cousin, John fitz-

Thomas, who became the first earl of Kildare in the reign of Edward II.

87 . This marriage probably occurred around the same time as Princess

Elizabeth’s marriage to the count of Holland. Indeed, it is likely that

the two weddings coincided in order to guarantee the princess of a close

acquaintance and family member in Hainault.

88 . See chapter 4 . Baldwin died without heirs in 1309.

89 . Aymer’s date of birth is likely between 1273 and 1275, according to

Phillips, Aymer de Valence , 8. However, if Joan was the youngest child,

then it is possible that Aymer was born either just before or while William

was on crusade, which would place his birth at around 1270, and Joan’s

around 1273–1275.

90 . “Guillaume de Valence . . . a sac here compaigne et amie, saluz. Sachez que

nus vus enveoins Sire Robert de Immir a garnier le chastle de Winchester

de blez et de vuires et a demorer oveke vus a garder le avant dit chastle

ensemblement od Sire Martin de Roches et Philip le Clerc. Et vu slur

comandez de par nuz que il ourent en tute choses par un accord et par

un conseil, et vus donoms le poer sure us tuz et de eus tuz, a ordener et

a puruer en tute choses solom ceo que vuz verrez que meuz fra a fere.”

Shirley, Letters Illustrative of the Reign of Henry III , 2: 311.

91 . SC 1/8/108.

92 . CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 191, identifies the distribution of Eleanor de

Montfort’s Marshal dower.

93 . Wife, and widow, of Hugh de Mortimer of Chelmarsh, who was also a

younger brother of Roger de Mortimer of Wigmore.

N O T E S 187

94 . This suit continues from 1274 to 1278, encompassing multiple entries in

Cal Doc Ireland. In 1276, numerous entries regarding an unnamed suit of

partition appear in the Easter term of the King’s Bench: KB 27/21 mm.

23d [bis], 27, 33.

95 . Case was heard in Common Pleas throughout the Hilary term of 1278.

CP 40/23 mm. 2d, 4d [bis], 43. Final Concord made on the octaves of

the Feast of the Purification of the Virgin, 1278: CP 25/1/75/31.

96 . KB 27/21 m. 27.

97 . Ibid., m. 33.

98 . CP 40/18 m. 17. The Bethunes were, in fact, the original tenants in

Sutton. See chapter 1 .

99 . See James Greenstreet, “Holders of Knights’ Fees in Kent, Anno 38

Henry III,” Archaeologia Cantiana 12 (1878): 220, 233, 235.

100 . Principle argument of the suit was enrolled in Hilary 1291 into the

Hilary 1279 roll. CP 40/87 m. 2d. See also CP 40/89 m. 58, JUST

1/375 m. 45d

101 . KB 27/21 m. 28.

102 . This is also discussed brief ly in Spencer, Nobility and Kingship , 188, 199.

Spencer misidentifies the membrane as m. 30.

103 . These involved William’s properties of Hoke and Strete, Hampshire;

Swindon and Seppeworth, Wiltshire; and Bampton, Oxfordshire. Placita

de Quo Warranto temporibus Ed. I. II. & III. In curia receptae scaccarii west.

asservata ., ed. W. Illingworth (London, 1818; reprint TannerRitchie

Publishing), 668, 669, 765, 766, 768, 797, 801.

104 . King Edward sued Earl Roger Bigod and Fulk fitzWarin for warranty of

their liberties in Berkshire; both called the (other) Marshal heirs to war-

ranty. Ibid., 81–82. This will be discussed in more depth in chapter 3 .

105 . CP 40/15 mm. 79, 97d; CP 40/27 m. 63d; CP 40/36 m. 64d. See also

CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 345, 352. Benham, which is one of the

many manors misidentified as belonging only to William, was granted

jointly to the couple; half the manor had already been granted to the

Longespees. See chapter 1 .

106 . SC 1/47/170.

107 . This according to GEC, 8: 534, which is derived from Owen’s Description

of Pembrokeshire , Cymmrodorian Society I, 447 et seq. The reissue of the

text identifies the signatories as Sir Nicholas’s son, William Martin,

and William de Valence, “dated at Kings Clipson in 1290.” George

Owen of Henllys, The Description of Pembrokeshire , ed. Dillwyn Miles,

The Welsh Classics, vol. 6 (Llanduysul: Gomer Press, 1994), 25. This is

discussed in chapter 3 .

108 . Oxford, Magdalen College Stainswyke 75. My particular thanks

to David Crouch for sending me this reference, and to the archivist,

Robin Darwall-Smith, for his assistance in gaining a copy of the deed.

This grant underscores that these properties were, in fact, part of Joan’s

inheritance and not granted separately to William de Valence. The

manors were likely appurtenant to the main estate of Shrivenham.

N O T E S188

109 . This seal appears on several documents in the British Library, Harley

Charters. See chapter 4 .

110 . Brigitte Miriam Bedos-Rezak, When Ego Was Imago: Signs of Identity in

the Middle Ages (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 29.

111 . A virtually identical set of paragraphs appear in the Annals of

Winchester, Worcester, and Waverly. See Annales Monastici , ed. H. R.

Luard (London, 1865–1869), 2: 108–109, 376; 4: 459. The outlines of

the case can be seen in CPR, Henry III, 1266–1272, 438, 451, 472, 482.

According to Andrew Spencer, Edward I eventually forgave the fine;

see Spencer, Nobility and Kingship , 162–163.

112 . Christopher Tyerman suggests that Warenne was disgruntled about the

settlement of the Dictum of Kenilworth and that his simultaneous con-

f lict with Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln, amounted to a virtual private

war. See Christopher Tyerman, England and the Crusades 1095–1588

(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 131.

113 . The Cartulary of Cirencester Abbey Gloucestershire , ed. Mary Devine

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 3: 1073–1074.

114 . CP 25/1/86/32 No. 612. The manors were originally located in

Hertfordshire. See VCH, Hertfordshire (1912), 3: 366–373. “Stanstead

Manor” had been granted to Waltham Abbey by Strongbow, but part

of it was also held by Marshalsy tenure. See W. Winters, Ecclesiastical

Works of the Middle Ages, or Historical Notes of Early Manuscripts Formerly

Belonging to the Ancient Monastic Library of Waltham Holy Cross (Royal

Historical Society, 1877), 39–40.

115 . See chapter 4 : romanticized lore about Joan developed in the country-

side around Goodrich.

116 . Mrs. A. Murray Smith (E. T. Bradley), The Roll-Call of Westminster

Abbey (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1902), 223.

117 . J. D. Tanner, “Tombs of Royal Babies in Westminster Abbey,” Journal

of the British Archaeological Association , Third Series 16 (1953): 31. Tanner

cites BL Harley 544 and Add MS 38133.

118 . This refers to W. R. Lethaby, who had been Surveyor of the Fabric of

the Abbey and who wrote Westminster Abbey & The King’s Craftsmen:

A Study of Mediaeval Building (London: Duckworth & Co, 1906). His

discussion of the tomb slabs appears on 317–319. The information is

repeated in his later work, Westminster Abbey Re-Examined (London:

Duckworth & Co, 1925; reprint 1972).

119 . Actually, according to Lethaby, no portion of the brass remains, merely

the indentation in the stone where the brass would have sat.

120 . Tanner, “Tombs of Royal Babies,” 31–32.

121 . Flores Hist. , 3: 49 n5.

122 . Lethaby, Westminster Abbey , 318. This refers to Richard Sporley, who

was a monk at Westminster in the fifteenth century and whose “History

of the Abbots of Westminster” is in manuscript only: BL, Cotton MS

Claudius A VIII, ff 19–71, 73.

N O T E S 189

123 . “William and Aymer De Valence,” Westminster Abbey website, http://

www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/william-and-aymer-

de-valence , accessed September 4, 2014.

124 . See chapter 4 . Descriptions of Chelles do not mention a chapel dedi-

cated to St. Margaret, but the abbey buildings are ruins and chapels

changed attribution over time.

125 . The identif ication of the eff igy with William de Valence the Younger

was made by Philip J. Lankester, “A Military Effigy in Dorchester

Abbey, Oxon,” Oxoniensia 52 (1987): 145–172; see esp. 155–156. It

has been discussed in brief by Warwick Rodwell, Dorchester Abbey

Oxfordshire: The Archaeology and Architecture of a Cathedral, Monastery and

Parish Church (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2009), 89, 153, 154 (e-book

pagination: 261, 495, 496, 500). According to Lankester, one of the

now missing glass shields put in place around 1300 included the Valence

arms.

126 . This is also discussed brief ly in Woolgar.

127 . Rachel Dressler has made a study of the significance of cross-legged

depictions on tomb sculpture. See Dressler, Of Armor and Men in

Medieval England: The Chivalric Rhetoric of Three English Knights’ Effigies

(Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2004), 16–17, 102–103.

128 . His effigy suggests this.

129 . The error was corrected in Joan’s own IPM , but it persists in almost all

historical accounts of the Valences.

130 . Comparatively little has been written about Goodrich in schol-

arly works. Indeed, the most current research has been conducted

by English Heritage and is contained in their guide to the castle.

See Jeremy Ashbee, Goodrich Castle (English Heritage Guidebooks),

rev. ed. (London: English Heritage, 2005, 2009). See also R. Allen

Brown, English Castles , reprinted as Allen Brown’s English Castles

(Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2004); and C. M. Woolgar, The Great

Household in Late Medieval England (New Haven: Yale University

Press, 1999).

131 . See Ashbee, Goodrich Castle .

132 . Brown, for example.

133 . CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 398; CCR, Edward I, 1279–1288, 26, 171.

William also received gifts of timber in the 1260s.

134 . The famous “Garderobe Tower” is now considered to have been a

ref it of the Talbots in the f ifteenth century, although there seems

to have been a substantial garderobe (albeit a single, not a triple)

in that portion of the curtain wall leading to the so-called “Prison

Tower” (which probably housed guests, not prisoners, as it was quite

luxurious).

135 . The use of a greenish granite in the barbican could have also been an

aesthetic choice, to enhance the rose color and make visual connections

to the earlier Keep, built of the same stone.

N O T E S190

136 . In the Victoria and Albert Museum, possibly in the possession of Aymer

de Valence. “The Valence Casket,” http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/

O126749/the-valence-casket-casket-unknown/ . The jeweled cross was

bequeathed to Westminster Abbey by Marie de St Pol, Aymer’s second

wife. In the grant she identifies it as having been given to Aymer by

“Sir William de Valence” after his return from crusade. The descrip-

tion of her late (indeed, posthumous) father-in-law as “Sir” rather than

“Earl”—a title she used freely following Aymer’s adoption of it—leads

me to wonder whether little Aymer received the cross instead from his

older brother. See http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/

people/william-and-aymer-de-valence and Ridgeway , “Valence,

William de,” ODNB .

137 . Although spectacular, Pembroke was—and is—too isolated for the

kinds of court roles assumed by the Valences. It was far more suited to

the previous generations’ involvement in Ireland as well as West Wales,

as it provided the easiest route to Wexford.

138 . She usually summoned her Pembroke tenants to meet her at Goodrich,

according to her account rolls. See chapter 5 .

139 . CPR, Edward I, 1272–1281, 50, 75.

140 . Ibid., 211 and n. 54.

141 . Ibid., 315; CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 82.

142 . Although there are no garderobes or fireplaces for the rectangular solar

block beside the tower, the spectacular design of the range, with its

graceful and distinctive arches bisecting the rooms on all levels, could

easily have been designed for human activity even on the ground

f loor.

143 . This is substantially the topic of Spencer, Nobility and Kingship in Medieval

England .

144 . This episode is mentioned in numerous chronicles and texts. See, for

example, Michael T. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record: England

1066–1307 , 3rd ed. (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013), 41–45;

Spencer, Nobility and Kingship in Medieval England , passim.

3 Success, Conf lict, Death, and Bereavement (1285–96)

1 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 233, 251, 252, 253, 277, 311, 312; CCR,

Edward I, 1279–1288, 426, 470, 471, 535, 550; CCR , Edward I, 1288–

1296, 29.

2 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 299.

3 . This was a busy time for other Marshal heirs, because of the death of

George de Cantelou, leaving his two sisters as his heirs. Their attempt to

secure seisin of their inheritance ran afoul of Gilbert de Clare and their

litigation appears beginning in 1287. See, for example, KB27/107 mm.

12d, 14d, 36d.

N O T E S 191

4 . John and Maud de Tynhide vs the custodes . Hilary Term, 1285. CP 40/57

m. 56. The case must have been problematized by the apparent death

of Master Geoffrey Haspal in 1287, although this Geoffrey might have

been his son, even though the Inquisition Post Mortem identifies his

brother, Richard, “age fifty or more” as his heir. CIPM , Edward I, 2:

384–385; see also CCR , Edward I, 1279–1288, 460. The Bluets, lords of

Raglan Castle, were close friends and associates of Joan de Valence in her

widowhood.

5 . CP 40/61 m. 58, CP 40/67 m. 37; CP 40/69 m. 42d. The manor had

been purchased from the bishop of Chalons by William Marshal and

William de Longespee, earl of Salisbury, during the minority of Henry

III. William Page and P. H. Ditchfield, eds., “Parishes: Shrivenham,” A

History of the County of Berkshire: Volume 4, British History Online (1924),

531–543, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=62763 ,

accessed March 9, 2014.

6 . Such as in 1286, when Peter de Coudray vouched them to warrant

him for his right to control the view of frankpledge in Moleshowe,

Buckinghamshire. Placita de Quo Warranto , 86.

7 . Placita de Quo Warranto , 241, 253, 255, 272, 273. The other Marshal heirs

were similarly sued and often for far more extensive properties and liber-

ties than the Valences.

8 . See Parsons, Eleanor of Castile , 109, 187.

9 . Roch is now a beautiful—and expensive—hotel-style residence that can

be rented as a short-term let. Only the D-tower barbican has survived,

with substantial rebuilding of even that ( http://www.rochcastle.com ).

10 . As usual, the calendars of the patent and close rolls are not always accu-

rate when identifying women engaged as the silent partners of such

negotiations.

11 . The ancient petitions included the king as one of the negotiators between

the two. SC 8/68/3396 and SC 8/68/3397.

12 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 398; CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 49,

describes a continuation of the original commission, which was still try-

ing to unravel the complexities of the issues at Haverford. A second com-

mission was sent in 1294: CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 114.

13 . KB 27/123 m. 30d; CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 74.

14 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 465. The actual inquisition seems to have

disappeared.

15 . CCR , Edward I, 1288–1296, 188.

16 . Parliament Rolls , 1: 84.

17 . JUST 1/740 mm. 47, 49. Replevin abstracted in CCR, Edward I, 1288–

1296, 241. The actual writ of replevin is C 49/2/18, in which ownership

of Goodrich Castle is explicitly stated as belonging to both William and

Joan, unlike the calendars, which consistently refer only to William.

18 . CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 244, 286.

19 . Placita de Quo Warranto , 686–687.

N O T E S192

20 . KB 27/130 m. 19d. The modern village of Trefenty has been identified

as the caput of the manor and it apparently contained a wooden motte and

bailey castle. The Welsh lords of Dyfyd seem to have held it at times of

the earls of Pembroke. Oysterlow figures in Joan’s litigation as a widow.

21 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 510.

22 . C 49/2/18.

23 . This petition was enrolled in 1290. Chris Given-Wilson et al.,

Parliament Rolls of Medieval England , British History Online,

http://www.british-history.ac.uk.proxy.l ibrary.umkc.edu/source.

aspx?pubid=1241&page=1&sort=1 , accessed October 21, 2014; and Rotuli

Parliamentorum , 1: 16–18. All references that follow to the parliamentary

petition refer to this text.

24 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 292.

25 . Ibid., 334.

26 . SC 1/45/61.

27 . Marriage disputes could be initiated in conjunction with civil cases heard

by the bench; the determination of a valid marriage was then transferred

to the relevant bishop’s court.

28 . This is likely a misinterpretation of the 1279 Statute of Mortmain, but

will form a core argument in the 1353 Statute of Praemunire of King

Edward III and Richard II’s expansion of it in 1392.

29 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 362.

30 . Ibid., 376.

31 . Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” 49. This is a substantial enhancement

of a similar, if more neutral, statement in the original ODNB : C. L. K.,

“Munchensi, William de,” ODNB (1909), 39: 290.

32 . Episcopal Register, Diocese of Worcester, Register of Bishop Godfrey Giffard , ed.

J. W. Willis Bund (Worcester Historical Society, 1899), pt 2: 314.

33 . The Register of the Grey Friars of London describes her tomb, “to the right

under a large slab with a half-image of lady [lies . . . ] Canisio, wife of lord

William de Monte Canisio, who was the mother of Lady Idonea, [ sic ]

wife of Hugh de Veer,” Charles Lethbridge Kingsford, The Grey Friars of

London: Their History with the Register of their Convent and an Appendix of

Documents (Aberdeen: University Press, 1915), 110. Ironically, the Grey

Friars was a very popular burial site for the Marshal heirs, especially in

the fourteenth century.

34 . Reg. Bishop Godfrey Giffard , pt 2: 358–360, 364.

35 . For a discussion of this, see Mitchell, “Agnes and Her Sisters: Squabbling

and Cooperation in the Extended Medieval Family,” Portraits of Medieval

Women , 11–28. Agnes de Valence’s problems with John fitzThomas are

mentioned brief ly below and in Ò Cl è ireigh, “The Absentee Landlady

and the Sturdy Robbers: Agnes de Valence.”

36 . See chapter 2 . Suit introduced in the Court of Common Pleas in Hilary

1277: CP 40/18 m. 17 as William de Fenles, and Robert and Isabel

de Bethune vs Joan and William Valence concerning the manors of

Kemesing and Brabourne as their right. The suit more or less disappeared

N O T E S 193

until it reappeared in JUST 1/375 m. 45d with only William de Fenles as

plaintiff, suing for one-third of the manors and Joan and William refus-

ing to answer without the coparceners.

37 . Placita de Quo Warranto , 359.

38 . CP 40/87 m. 2d.

39 . CP 40/89 m. 58.

40 . JUST 1/375 m. 45d.

41 . See chapter 4 . Sibilla was the daughter of John Tregoz and there is no

apparent relationship between them and the Fenles (or Fiennes) family,

other than the royal connections of the Fiennes and the Grandissons,

who were distantly related to the monarch in the maternal line.

42 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 375, states that William “has always had

license to hunt in the royal forests” despite Ridgeway’s assertion that his

activities were identified as illegal.

43 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 457, 512, 513.

44 . Ibid., 472, 480.

45 . William and Joan de Valence vs Peter Bonde; William, Robert, and

Walter le Kyng; Philip Dopping; Maurice Attestrete; Hugh le Welbe;

Walter le Bercher; and Richard le Caretter: CP 40/101 m. 79; CP 40/102

m. 139; William and Joan de Valence and Maud de Mortimer vs same,

plus William le Pestur: CP 40/93 mm. 81, 96d; CP 40/98 m. 77

46 . CP 40/106 m. 86d; CP 40/107 m. 99d.

47 . SC 8/68/3396. The National Archive’s catalogue notes suggest a date of

1293–96, but indeed it is possible to date the petition to any time after

1288 and before 1295.

48 . SC 8/68/3397.

49 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 330–331.

50 . Parliament Rolls , Roll 10 and notes, http://www.british-history.ac.uk.

proxy.library.umkc.edu/report.aspx?compid=116352&strquery=Roch

e , accessed October 14, 2014. The case adjourned to the Bench on the

quindene of Michaelmas 1295: see KB 27/146 m. 57 (the editors of the

Parliament Rolls state mm. 57–57d but this is incorrect).

51 . The suit seems to have been initiated in the Easter session of the King’s

Bench in 1290. Gilbert de Clare was also sued by Roger Bigod about

Gilbert’s attempt to insert himself in Roger’s holding in Caerleon. Both

suits appear on KB 27/123 m. 1. The dispute with Roger Bigod, how-

ever, quickly seems to have taken on all the characteristics of a private

war, necessitating royal intervention. The inquisition was copied into

the roll for the Hilary term 1292, embedded into multiple membranes

detailing the conf lict. KB 27/130 mm. 14, 14d, 15d, 16d, 17, 18, 19. The

letter patent commanding William de Valence, W. bishop of Ely, John de

Metingham, and Robert de Hertford to hold the inquisition regardless

of what the antagonists do is dated January 18, 1291. CPR, Edward I,

1281–1292, 452.

52 . Reg. Bishop Godfrey Giffard , 2: 277.

53 . Ibid., 2: 305.

N O T E S194

54 . Original Papal Documents in England and Wales from the accession of Pope

Innocent III to the death of Pope Benedict XI (1198–1304) , ed. Jane E. Sayers

(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999), 439.

55 . CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 152.

56 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 448–449.

57 . The use of the title as early as 1290 also reinforces my suggestion that the

gold cross that Marie de St. Pol willed to Westminster Abbey was given

to Aymer by his brother and not his father. If Aymer used the title earl

without being formally invested with the earl’s regalia, then it would

have been odd for his widow to refer to her father-in-law simply as “Sir

William de Valence” rather than as “Earl William.”

58 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 449. This might have also been a political

move on her part to stave off royal interference, because the king sued

Agnes quo warranto in 1293 for liberties she claimed in dower in York

and Northumberland from the Balliol estates. Placita de Quo Warranto ,

215–216, 604.

59 . CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 352. She and Henry also made a fine for

warranty of charter in 1297: Feet of Fines for Essex , 86.

60 . SC 1/36/82. Agnes’s sons both predeceased her.

61 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 125, 128; CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 439.

62 . Valence House, which is now a museum in Dagenham. The only verifi-

able reference to this property is in Agnes’s inquisition post mortem . See also

“Dagenham: Introduction and Manors,” A History of the County of Essex:

Volume 5 (1966), 267–281, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?

compid=42731&strquery=Valence , accessed March 13, 2014, and the site

maintained by the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham: “History

of the Valence House,” http://www.lbbd.gov.uk/MuseumsAndHeritage/

ValenceHouseMuseum/Pages/ValenceHouseHistory.aspx , accessed

March 13, 2014,.

63 . CCR, Edward I, 1279–1288, 188; see also Elizabeth Gemmill, The Nobility

and Ecclesiastical Patronage in Thirteenth-Century England (Woodbridge:

The Boydell Press, 2013), 68.

64 . Woolgar, The Great Household , 97, cites only the Phillips biography. See

chapter 4 .

65 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 126.

66 . Ibid., 135, 143.

67 . Ibid., 163. Commission renewed in January 1296: Ibid., 216. Joan would

eventually hold at least one-third—and possibly all of—Moreton in

dower, but it was a property held of the Bohun earls of Hereford, not in

chief of the king. See Appendix 2.

68 . Ibid., 167. The Burnel family became intimately associated with Joan

in her widowhood. Edward Burnel was a member of her household for

several years.

69 . Ibid., 179. William de Leyburn was one of the Valences’ affines, through

Joan’s Marshal associations. He purchased Geoffrey’s marriage for his

own daughter, Idonea.

N O T E S 195

70 . Mertes, The English Noble Household, 1250–1600 , 82.

71 . Unlike the later rolls, which contain incredibly detailed information,

as can be evidenced by the most recent edition of Elizabeth de Burgh’s

accounts: Elizabeth de Burgh, Lady of Clare (1295–1360): Household and

Other Records , ed. Jennifer Ward (Suffolk Records Society), 57.

72 . The first extant roll is E 101/505/25. Membranes 1 to 9 contain accounts

from Michaelmas 1295 to June 1296 and William’s death. There is one

break in the roll, between October 19 and December 8, 1295. This might

be because William was actually back home during that period and Joan’s

record-keepers might have been preoccupied with his business, as the gap

occurs in membrane 2 without any clear evidence of a missing membrane.

73 . This is likely the manor in Kent that is now part of East Farleigh. It lies

midway between Sutton Valence and Kemsing, both Joan’s properties.

74 . Eventually, Aymer received permission to encastellate the manor house

after William’s death. This might have been one of Joan’s dower proper-

ties; she certainly used it as a frequent way-station between Herefordshire

and Kent..

75 . E 101/505/25 m. 1.

76 . E 101/505/25 m. 2.

77 . This seems to be a long digression for a journey ultimately intended to

end in London and Kent, but Inkford was a medieval town now sub-

sumed by Birmingham.

78 . E 101/505/25 m. 3.

79 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301,128; also CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 439.

80 . CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 460, 503. William’s actions were because

of an order the king sent to all the Marcher lords to “take into the king’s

hand all lands and goods of all alien religious of the power of the king of

France.” CFR , Edward I, 1272–1307 (London, 1911), 1: 366.

81 . Cal. Chancery Warrants, 1244–1326 , 63.

82 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 177, 178, 179.

83 . Ibid., 188.

84 . Ibid.

85 . E 101/505/25 m. 4.

86 . Ibid. This might have been an annual celebration for Joan; see

chapter 4 .

87 . Ibid.

88 . Ibid., mm. 5 and 6. Roger and his brother Ralph seem both to have been

employed in various ways in Joan’s household.

89 . Edward Burnel was probably the son of Philip Burnel and Maud fitzAlan

and was probably being raised in Joan’s household, as he was around

14 years old in 1296, if the information in GEC is accurate. See “The

Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the

Royal Families of Europe,” Person Page 19098, compiled by Darryl

Lundy, http://www.thepeerage.com/p19098.htm#i190980 , accessed

April 5, 2014,. References to shoes are found in membranes 4 and 5—and

indeed throughout the accounts.

N O T E S196

90 . E 101/505/25 m. 5.

91 . Ibid., m. 6. The recorders frequently failed to include guests and noble

visitors who stayed for longer than a day in the daily tally of diners:

Beatrice is never mentioned except when the oil lamps in her chambers

were refilled, she sent letters by messenger, Joan was buying her shoes

and stockings, or her hawks were being trained.

92 . Ibid.

93 . Ibid., m. 7.

94 . Ibid.

95 . Ibid.

96 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 232–233.

97 . It is likely that there is at least one membrane—and probably two—

missing from the roll, as membrane 7 ends on Friday, 16 March, and

membrane 8 picks up on Thursday, 19 April.

98 . E 101/505/25 m. 8.

99 . Ibid., m. 6.

100 . An article from 1862 discusses Joan’s dining habits in comparison to

three contemporaries: the notorious pluralist Bogo de Clare, Elizabeth

countess of Holland, and Eleanor de Montfort. Rev. C. H. Hartshorne,

“Illustrations of Domestic Manners during the Reign of Edward I,” 4

parts, The Journal of the British Archaeological Association 18 (1862): 66–75,

145–152, 213–220, 318–332. In addition, Woolgar makes frequent and

heavy use of Joan’s account rolls in his description of noble domesticity

in The Great Household . I will not refer to the many incidental mentions

of Joan in his work but do reference it about particular issues.

101 . See Francis A. Underhill, For Her Good Estate: The Life of Elizabeth de

Burgh (New York: St. Martin’s, 1999), 69–74; also mentioned by Mark

Bailey, Medieval Suffolk: An Economic and Social History 1200–1500

(Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2007), 18–19.

102 . Mentioned by Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” ODNB , 56: 48

103 . E 101/505/25 m. 9.

104 . The problem among genealogists seems to have stemmed from T. F.

Tout’s ODNB entry, which is notable both for his hostility to his sub-

ject and the degree of inaccuracy found there. Thomas Frederick Tout,

“William de Valence,” ODNB (London, 1900), 61: 373–377.

105 . E 101/505/25 m. 13.

106 . CIPM 3: 220–223.

107 . Luard, ed. Annales Monastici , 3: 400.

108 . Flores Hist., trans. Yonge, 2: 520.

109 . Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” 48. In fact, the only reference to his

being at Bayonne—although the source claims he was killed there—is

in The Itinerary of John Leland in or about the Years 1535–1543 , ed. Lucy

Toulmin Smith (London: George Bell, 1909), 4: 126.

110 . Woolgar, Great Household , 107. He does not supply his source.

111 . William de Valence’s will is not extant. It was undoubtedly nuncupative

and likely not written down after the fact.

N O T E S 197

112 . CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 512.

113 . Ibid., 490.

114 . The inquisitions as listed in the calendars are also incomplete because

the properties in Kent are not listed at all, and even if they were identi-

fied as part of Joan’s inheritance, they would have been. The confusion

over what Joan held in chief and what she gained as dower appears in

every historical text written about William or her—including, unfor-

tunately, my earlier work, as I relied on other historians for some of this

information, mistrusting the conclusions I had drawn. See CIPM 3:

220–223; Cal. Docs Ireland, pt 4: 143–144.

115 . This will be discussed in chapter 4 .

116 . The complete list appears in litigation beginning in 1297: CP 40/116 m.

83d.

117 . E 40/5930. The debtors were likely William’s cousin, Henry of Lancaster

(and future earl of Lancaster following the death of his brother Thomas)

and his new wife, Maud (aka Mahaut) de Chaworth.

118 . SC 1/48/109.

119 . RC/7/3 p. 332; RC/7/4, pp. 41, 165–166.

120 . She performed homage sometime before December 29, 1296: CCR,

Edward I, 1296–1302, 9.

121 . Ibid., 2.

122 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 225, 308. See also Cal. Docs Ireland , pt 4:

85, 130.

123 . It is in this entry in the close rolls that the description of properties

William had acquired independently of Joan’s inheritance are listed,

although here, too, there are problems with the list as some of the estates

are ones Joan seems to control more permanently than just as dower:

the manors of Moreton and Watdon, Gloucestershire; Sopworth,

Collingbourn, and Swindon, Wiltshire; Cherdeste and Policote,

Buckinghamshire; Compton, Dorset; two advowsons—one of the

church of Compton, Dorset, and that of Wridlington, Suffolk; and “all

lands and rents acquired in the manors of Brabourne, Kent; Sutton,

Kent; Inteberg and Bereford, Wiltshire; and Goodrich Castle,” as well

as £ 14 5s 8d per annum of land and rent in Pembrokeshire. It is likely

that William purchased these additions to Joan’s inheritance from the

other heirs or bought out tenants and feofees. CCR, Edward I, 1296–

1302, 3. Other lands, which Aymer inherited outright, formed the bulk

of the original promise made by Henry III to William of lands worth

£ 500 per year; see CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 289. In addition, the

king commanded the escheators to determine, as early as 10 September,

whether Joan had “been contented for her dower” in William’s lands.

CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 490.

124 . E 101/505/25 m. 9.

125 . Ibid., m. 10.

126 . Mentioned by Woolgar, The Great Household , 107–108.

127 . E 101/505/25 m. 10.

N O T E S198

128 . See also Woolgar, The Great Household , 107.

129 . E 101/505/25 m. 10

130 . Ibid., m.11.

131 . And this was because of the death of her son John.

132 . Although all genealogy sources identify only three children of John and

Joan Comyn, a deed from 1300 identifies a fourth, Robert. Therefore,

the Comyn children comprised the following: Joan (b. c. 1290), John IV

(b. c. 1292), Robert (b. c. 1294–96), and Elizabeth (b. 1299). Descriptive

Catalogue of Ancient Deeds 5: 164. Deed A.11556.

133 . Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 224.

134 . The recorders consistently refer to members of Joan’s household by their

positions: Walter Baker, Robert Wardrobe, etc.

135 . E 101/505/25 m.11.

136 . Ibid., m. 12.

137 . Ibid., m. 13.

138 . Ibid. See also Woolgar, The Great Household , 108. He is incorrect, how-

ever, in stating there were no further commemorations, as the donation

to Chelles implies this.

139 . Ibid., m. 14.

140 . Ibid.

141 . SC 1/11/21a.

142 . E 101/505/25 m. 14.

143 . Ibid. Chelles was near Paris, in the Val-de-Marne. It was noted particu-

larly as a foundation dedicated to royal women, having been founded by

the Anglo-Saxon Queen Balthilde, wife of the Merovingian Clovis II.

There was a long tradition of associations between English royal women

and Chelles thereafter, with one of Hild of Whitby’s sisters becoming a

nun there.

144 . Ibid., m. 15.

145 . Ibid.

146 . Ibid., mm. 15–16.

147 . SC 1/48/183. The letter is undated but could have been written only

between 30 July and 5 August because that was the only week when

Beatrice and Aymer were not together with Joan. It is a charmingly

newsy letter.

148 . Ibid., m. 16.

149 . Ibid., m. 17.

150 . An entry in membrane 17 suggests this: Joan sends letters to the

escheators of the king at the chancery of Norton Riding on 13 August

because of lands of Joan that are still under dispute.

151 . Ibid., m. 18.

152 . Ibid., mm. 17–18.

153 . Ibid., m. 18. According to a 2007 article in the Daily Telegraph ,

Inkberrow and its ancient public house, “The Old Bull,” are the inspira-

tion for Ambridge and “The Bull” in the long-running Radio 4 serial,

“The Archers.” See Chris Hastings and Beth Jones, “The Archers now

N O T E S 199

Priced out of Ambridge,” The Telegraph, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/

uknews/1561911/The-Archers-now-priced-out-of-Ambridge.html .

154 . E 101/505/25 m. 18.

155 . Ibid., mm. 19 and 20.

156 . Ibid., m. 20. The meaning of this statement is unclear.

157 . Ibid.

158 . Ibid., m. 21.

159 . Ibid., mm. 21–22.

160 . Ibid., m. 22.

161 . Typical of this assertion is Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (Dean of Westminster),

Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey (London: John Murray, 1869),

140.

162 . This will be discussed in greater detail in the next chapter.

163 . Now separated into two rolls, E 101/505/26 and E 101/505/27.

164 . E 101/505/26 m. 1.

165 . Cecily was the daughter of Maud Ferrers and William de Vivonia (aka

William le Forz), a Poitevan nobleman who was heir to the Malet fam-

ily of Somerset on his maternal side. She was definitely active in 1296,

being embroiled in a suit with the abbot of Athelney. See Two Cartularies

of the Benedictine Abbeys of Muchelney and Athelney in the County of Somerset ,

ed. Rev. E. H. Bates, Somerset Record Society 14 (1899): 192.

166 . This is probably the Giles de Barenton identified in Palgrave, The

Parliamentary Writs and Writs of Military Summons , to be a clerk holding a

lay fee worth £ 20 per annum in Northamptonshire and, therefore, sum-

moned for military service in 1297. Francis Palgrave, ed., Parliamentary

Writs and Writs of Military Summons (London: 1834), 1: 445.

167 . E 101/505/26 m. 2.

168 . Ibid., mm. 2–3.

169 . Probably: it is midway between Buckingham and Arleseye, and

although the stop is not mentioned, she did have a day between the

stop at Buckingham and the one at Arleseye on 27 October, the Vigil

of the Apostles Simon and Jude. Other stops at abbeys, unless they were

digressions from her usual route, are not mentioned in the roll, but there

are references to carts borrowed from abbeys that needed to be returned

to them.

170 . Ibid., mm. 3–4.

171 . Ibid., m. 4.

172 . William de Munchensy of Edwardstone was convicted of conspiracy

to commit murder, and his sojourn to the Holy Land was the pen-

ance imposed on him, which suggests that he—although a widower—

might have been in minor orders. See Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet

Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families , 2nd ed (Salt Lake

City: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2011), 1: 335–336.

173 . Both aptly named, as Cissor means tailor, and Master G. Capelionis

might have been a maker of caps. E 101/505/26 m. 4.

174 . Ibid., m. 5.

N O T E S200

175 . This place cannot be identified. The only reference available is to a

“Hervi de Denkesword/Donkesworde” in the Red Book of the Exchequer .

He apparently held one-third of a knight’s fee in 1194–97. Red Book of

the Exchequer , ed. Hubert Hall (London, 1896), 1: 94, 107. However,

halfway between Exning and Hitchin lies Fowlmere, where Joan had

stayed on her journey to Suffolk. It could be that Donkesworde was part

of that manor.

176 . E 101/505/26 mm. 5–6.

177 . Ibid., m. 7.

178 . Ibid., mm. 7–8.

179 . Ibid., m. 8. The only Thomas de Braybeuf identified from the thirteenth

century was the lord of Claxby and Normanby-le-Wold, Lincolnshire.

His tomb still exists in the Claxby parish church, which he also founded

and patronized. See The Roll and Register of Bishop Oliver Sutton , Lincoln

Record Society, 39 (1948), 1: 64, 190.

180 . E 101/505/26 mm. 8, 9, 10, 11 and following.

181 . Ibid., m. 8. Ambresbury is in Essex, the putative site of the last stand of

Queen Boudicca of the Iceni; Compton is in Berkshire. The peacock

might have been procured for one of the holiday meals to come.

182 . Possibly one of Joan’s tenants, as he was a landholder in Somerset and

also the heir to the Walerand estates elsewhere. See CIPM , Edward II

(London, 1908), 5: 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 359.

183 . E 101/505/26 mm. 9 and 10.

184 . In the middle of the membrane, a marginal note states “Here begins

Richard Clerk.”

185 . Although considerably more elaborate than Joan’s daily fare, this still

could not compete with Elizabeth de Burgh’s Christmas feast.

186 . Ibid., m. 11.

187 . In the margin of membrane 12: “ incipit R. Bluet .”

4 Widow, Lord, and Countess (1297–1307)

1 . SC 8/77/3817. This is the petition in which he also asks for Marlborough

Castle as a residence for his wife, Beatrice.

2 . Paul Binski, Westminster Abbey and the Plantagenets: Kingship and the

Representation of Power, 1200–1400 (New Haven: Yale University Press,

1995), 113.

3 . George Gilbert Scott, Gleanings from Westminster Abbey (Oxford and

London: John Henry and James Parker, 1863), 62. The description that

follows is drawn from this.

4 . The resemblance is commented on by Binski, but he does not suggest a par-

ticular reason for this. Binski, Westminster Abbey and the Plantagenets , 113.

5 . Ibid., and Scott, Gleanings , 61–62.

6 . Most of the decoration was pilfered centuries ago. By 1812, William

Combe, in The History of the Abbey Church of St. Peter’s Westminster

(London: R. Ackermann, 1812), 116–117, mentions it as being lost.

N O T E S 201

7 . For example, John Preston Neale, The History and Antiquities of Westminster

Abbey and Henry the Seventh’s Chapel (London: Willis and Sotheran, 1856),

56.

8 . The Roll and Register of Bishop Oliver Sutton , 5: 212.

9 . Ibid., 5: 15–16, 18; as mentioned in Elizabeth Gemmill, The Nobility and

Ecclesiastical Patronage in Thirteenth-Century England (Woodbridge: The

Boydell Press, 2013), 18.

10 . William Camden, Reges, regin æ , nobiles, & alij in ecclesia collegiata B. Petri

Westmonasterij sepulti, vsque ad annum reparat æ salutis (London, 1600),

http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/william-and-

aymer-de-valence .

11 . Binski, Westminster Abbey and the Plantagenets , 113.

12 . The Victoria and Albert Museum, “The Valence Casket,” http://collec-

tions.vam.ac.uk/item/O126749/the-valence-casket-casket-unknown/ .

13 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 225; Cal. Docs Ireland , 4: 85, 130.

14 . E 101/505/26 m. 12.

15 . Ibid.

16 . CCR, Edward I, 1296–1302, 126.

17 . E 101/505/26 mm. 13–14.

18 . Alexander Bykenore (aka Bicknor) is mentioned numerous times in the

documents of the Corporation of Gloucester. See Calendar of the Records

of the Corporation of Gloucester , ed. W. H. Stevenson (Gloucester: John

Bellows, 1893). The lady of Raglan is likely Ralph Bluet’s mother or

sister-in-law. Sir John Bluet, who had been a ward of the Marshal heirs

following his father’s death, was the lord of Raglan in 1297, but his wife’s

(or, perhaps, mother’s) name is unclear. This could be the “Werella Bluet”

who sued the Marshal coheirs for dower in 1287. See chapter 3 .

19 . Laura Valentine, Picturesque England: Its Landmarks and Historic Haunts

as Described in Lay and Legend, Song and Story (London and New York:

Fredric Warne and Co, 1891), 440–442. I discuss this as well in my arti-

cle, “Joan de Valence: A Lady of Substance.”

20 . E 101/505/26 m. 15: “incipit Roger’ Coti.”

21 . Ibid., m. 16.

22 . Ibid., m. 17.

23 . Ibid., mm. 17–18.

24 . Ibid., m. 18. It is possible that Gilbert was intermittently resident at

Goodrich at this time, perhaps making the rounds of all the nearby

cousins while his mother and new stepfather made their peace with the

king.

25 . Ibid., m. 19.

26 . Ibid.

27 . These were candles made of tallow, for everyday use. Mentioned by

Heather Swanson, Medieval Artisans: An Urban Class in Late Medieval

England (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 16.

28 . E 101/505/26 m. 20.

29 . Ibid.

N O T E S202

30 . Ibid., m. 21. His father died in September 1296.

31 . There are some tangential Marshal connections: Robert and Hugh’s

grandmother was Hawise de Quency; Robert married Margaret, daugh-

ter of Roger and Maud de Mortimer of Wigmore, and so might have

been offering his homage to Joan because of a marriage settlement on

Margaret. The only formal litigation enrolled between Joan and the de

Veres appears in 1306: a plea of morte d’ancestor. JUST 1/1331 m. 29.

32 . CP 40/116 m. 83d; CP 40/118 m. 8d; CP 40/119 m. 26.

33 . An earthwork and timber castle about midway between Haverfordwest

and Dale, and the caput of Guy de Bryan (Brienne). See John Northall,

“Walwyn’s Castle aka Castell Gwalchmai and Castle Gawayn,” Castles of

Wales Website, 2009, http://www.castlewales.com/walwyns.html .

34 . SC 1/47/92 transcribed in Documents Illustrating the Crisis of 1297–98 in

England and discussed in the “Introduction,” ed. Michael Prestwich,

Camden Fourth Series 24 (London, 1980), 10, 14, 66–67. Also calen-

dared in Anc. Corr. Re: Wales , 212–213. The jurisdiction of Walweyn’s

Castle is also discussed in Phillips, Aymer de Valence , 251–252.

35 . E 101/505/26 m. 20.

36 . SC 8/77/3816; CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 290.

37 . The fact that he never initiated divorce proceedings against Beatrice,

who must have been quite close to him in age and, therefore, more or

less beyond childbearing years at her death in 1320, suggests that they

were not incompatible. Aymer was also to prove himself a considerate

widower, albeit one of short duration: he decorated his late wife’s tomb

and celebrated mass there. Aymer’s more famous second wife, Marie de St

Pol, was about 17 at the time of their marriage in 1321; Aymer was about

50. That union was also childless, although the couple was married for

about three years before Aymer died, probably of a heart attack, in 1324.

His son Henry also preceded him in death, losing his life around 1320.

38 . E 101/505/26 mm. 21 and 22.

39 . Ibid., m. 21.

40 . Ibid.

41 . Ibid., m. 22.

42 . The de Barrys were lords of Manorbier, Pembrokeshire, as well as affines

of the Valences in Wales. Indeed, Joan’s late son-in-law, Maurice fitzGer-

ald, was a de Barry and the family had been associated with the earls of

Pembroke since the time of Strongbow and before and Manorbier was

held as a fief of the earldom.

43 . Ibid. John de Tany became an important member of the household.

44 . See discussion in chapter 3 .

45 . Ibid., m. 23.

46 . Ibid.

47 . Ibid. Anselm Gobyon seems to have been one of Joan’s most impor-

tant servants. He is listed as incurring expenses for travels to London

in a deed dated in 1300. E 40/11552. See Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient

Deeds , 5: 163.

N O T E S 203

48 . E 101/505/26 m. 24.

49 . Ibid.

50 . Ibid.

51 . Spelled Fleyle in the roll: a Cistercian house in Gloucestershire from

which Joan received a great deal of wood from the forest called “Abbot’s

Wood.”

52 . Ibid., m. 25.

53 . William Munchensy sent to bishop of Durham; Joan’s attendant Busser to

Henry Percy; Thomas de Bampton to the king.

54 . Ibid.

55 . Ibid.

56 . Ibid.

57 . Ibid.

58 . There are several women who could be referred to as Lady de Longespee

(aka Lungespeye) for various reasons in 1297, but the two most likely

candidates in this circumstance are Margaret, countess of Salisbury in her

own right and, by marriage to Henry de Lacy, countess of Lincoln (d. c.

1310), or Emmeline de Longespee, the widow of Maurice fitzGerald, the

uncle of Agnes de Valence’s first husband (d. post-1305). The “Countess

of Lincoln” is mentioned specifically in a later entry, so it is perhaps Lady

Emmeline who returned to England after the death of her husband in

1286. Emmeline, in 1305, engaged in a complicated series of financial

transactions with John de Wogan, a Valence intimate. See CCR, Edward

I, 1301–1307, 331–332.

59 . He was a feofee of Joan’s in County Wicklow in Ireland.

60 . This is a unique entry, as Joan had a battalion of able young men around

her almost all the time. It could be that the recorder was commenting on

some aspect of John de Tany’s preparation for knighthood, which would

occur only a few weeks later. Or perhaps it was a comment on young

John de Tany’s proclivities to food and drink: he might have been up all

night carousing.

61 . E 101/505/26 m. 26.

62 . E 40/12131. See also Descriptive Cal Anc Deeds , 5: 247.

63 . E 101/505/26 m. 27. Unusually for Joan’s larder, the meal was very meat-

heavy.

64 . CPR , Edward I, 1292–1301, 289.

65 . Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 242.

66 . E 101/505/26 m. 29.

67 . Ibid., m. 30.

68 . Ibid., m. 31. William de Valence, in 1278, had released his rights to

any lands the abbey of Cirencester held in his manor of Shrivenham,

Berkshire, after releasing them from the need to attend suit of court when

they acquired certain properties from one of his tenants a decade before.

Joan’s relationship with the abbot might subsequently have developed

because of the ongoing interactions between the abbey and the Valences

in that manor. See chapter 3 .

N O T E S204

69 . It lies near the modern-day M5, which parallels the main medieval route

to the important port city of Bristol. Joan also kept her cart horses stabled

there.

70 . E 101/505/27 m. 1.

71 . Ibid.

72 . Ibid.

73 . Ibid., mm. 2 and 3.

74 . CPR , Edward I, 1292–1301, 308. The morte d’ancestor case is Philip son

of William le Brun vs Joan de Valence concerning one messuage, one

acre of wood, and two acres of pasture in Castel Odo. RC/7/5, pp. 281,

327, 370.

75 . E 101/505/27 m. 2.

76 . Ibid., mm. 2–3.

77 . Ibid., m. 4.

78 . Ibid.

79 . Ibid.

80 . The journey from Moreton to Goodrich requires traveling through

Gloucester because of the difficulty of fording the Severn estuary.

81 . Ibid.

82 . Ibid.

83 . Ibid., m. 5. The writs cost a total of 3s.

84 . Ibid. This was Elizabeth (aka Isabelle) Hastings, who would marry Roger

Grey of Ruthin. Mentioned by Woolgar, The Great Household , 100. I

mistakenly identified the baby as the second Hastings boy in my article in

Goldy and Livingstone, Writing Medieval Women’s Lives , but in a rereading

of the roll confirmed the baby as a girl: filia sua .

85 . As discussed earlier in text.

86 . Although Alice’s dual inheritance of the earldom of Lincoln after the

death of her father, Henry de Lacy, would outstrip even Joan’s estates.

87 . CCR , Edward I, 1288–1296, 490.

88 . SC 1/48/36. The NA dates the letter to 1279, but this cannot be correct,

as Imbert Guy the Elder died in 1269. He had been a royalist and seneschal

of the Limousin, associated with William de Valence, who was probably

his liege lord for Brillac, and received lands forfeited from the Montfortian

David de Esseby after Evesham. CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 529. A

younger Imbert Guy, identified as the son of the previous Imbert, was a

member of King Edward I’s household and a royal official in France. As

Joan would not have held land of her own inheritance in France, Imbert

Guy must have been discussing a dispute concerning her dower lands.

89 . Such as her aunt, Maud Bigod de Warenne, did when she was near

death.

90 . The recovery of “distrainted” property required pursuing a writ of “det-

inue” or of “replevin.” In detinue a plaintiff claimed that her/his plough

animals or other chattels had been unfairly distrainted; in replevin, a

plaintiff petitioned for the return of the confiscated goods without chal-

lenging the distraint.

N O T E S 205

91 . As mentioned earlier in text concerning the collection of wool and

hides.

92 . Undated petition SC 8/152 no. 7553; Cal. Anc. Pet. Re: Wales :

251–252.

93 . Cal. Anc. Pet. Re: Wales : 393.

94 . Such as occurred in 1304. RC/7/10 p. 86.

95 . RC/8/1 pp. 339–340. See also Calendar of Justiciary Rolls or Proceedings in

the Court of the Justiciar of Ireland, vol. 2, 1914 (Dublin, 1905), 352. Roger

had nephews who would have inherited everything had he not made an

agreement with the king upon his marriage to Alice de Brienne to place

his estates in fee tail with reversion to the crown should he die without

heirs.

96 . See chapter 3 ; CP 40/119 m. 26.

97 . CP 40/125 mm. 65d, 83; CP 40/126 m. 151d; CP 40/133 m. 113d.

98 . RC/7/6 pp. 45–46, 234–235, 303, 436–437; RC/7/7 pp. 108,

316–317.

99 . RC/7/9 pp. 422, 467–468.

100 . Cal. Justiciary Rolls , 2: 67–68.

101 . John de Beauchamp was the grandson and a coheir of Maud de Ferrers,

a coheir of Sibyl Marshal’s share.

102 . CP 40/130 mm. 330, 337; CP 40/133 m. 168; CP 40/131 m. 140d; CP

40/135 m. 351d.

103 . Indeed, John de Beauchamp of Hatch became an associate of John fitz-

Thomas in the reign of Edward II in order to preserve his hold on the

scraps of Kildare he had inherited.

104 . See brief references to the Beauchamps and Birminghams in Daniel

Lysons, Magna Britannia, Being a Concise Topographical Account of Several

Counties of Great Britain (London: Cadell and Davies, 1813), 1: 283.

105 . CP 40/142 m. 203; CP 40/146 mm. 174d, 185d; CP 40/148 m. 179d;

CP 40/145 m. 336.

106 . SC 1/48/51. Robert de Immer was the attendant sent by William

de Valence to Joan to deliver his letter and assume castle guard over

Winchester Castle. See chapter 2 .

107 . SC 1/63/104. It is a shame that the letter is in such fragmentary condi-

tion because it is one of the more interesting pieces of correspondence

in the collection.

108 . 1300: E 40/11552, /11553, /11554, /11555, /11556, /11557, /11558;

found also in the Descriptive Calendar of Ancient Deeds , 5: 163–164. 1302:

Harley Ch. 57 B.42, 57 B.43, 57 B.44, 57 B.45, 57 B.46, 57 B.47.

109 . E 101/505/29; transcribed in Richardson and Sayles, Administration of

Ireland , 233–236. This includes his complaint that Joan’s provision for

him of £ 40 had gone unpaid.

110 . The unit of weight is a “pepper-quern,” a millstone for grinding spices.

As this might easily be the origin of the English “stone-weight” of 14

pounds, I have estimated based on this assumption.

111 . Identified as “Friars Preaching” and “Friars Minor.”

N O T E S206

112 . The chapel also seems to have been completed at this time, as there is a

specific reference made about it in the letter patent dated September 20,

1302. Harley Ch. 57 B.45.

113 . E 101/505/29 in Richardson and Sayles, Administration of Ireland ,

233–236.

114 . This will be discussed in greater depth later.

115 . For the 1300 gifts: E 40/11556 and Descriptive Catalogue Ancient Deeds , 5:

164. For the 1302 gifts: Harley Ch. 57 B.46; this might be either Robert

or John Comyn IV.

116 . See above, note 109.

117 . RC/7/5, 281, 327, 370.

118 . Orpen, Ireland Under the Normans, 1169–1333 , 322–325.

119 . The suit initiated in 1298–99: Laurence Jacob vs William Seyne of

Ross; RC/7/6 pp. 73, 254.

120 . Nicholas Maunsel vs Simon de Bedeford, RC/7/6 pp. 336–339.

121 . RC/7/7 pp. 283–284.

122 . RC/7/9 p. 507. See also Cal. Justiciary Rolls, 2: 385.

123 . RC/7/10 p. 86.

124 . Maud de Clare, Joan’s cousin by marriage and the aunt of Earl Henry

de Lacy, founded Canonsleigh Abbey and, of course, Joan’s slightly later

contemporaries and relations Elizabeth de Burgh (her cousin through

the Clares) and Marie de St Pol (her posthumous daughter-in-law) were

notable for their donations and foundations.

125 . C 143/37/2. See also Parliament Rolls of Medieval England , “Original

Documents: Edward I Parliaments: Roll 25,” http://www.british-his-

tory.ac.uk/report.aspx? .

126 . This is known as “Monkton Priory,” a Benedictine house founded

as a priory of the Abbey of S é es in Normandy, with St. Albans as its

mother-house, in 1098. See Thomas Tanner, Notitia Monastica (London:

William Bowyer, 1744), 719.

127 . CPR, Edward III, 1330–1334, 67–68. Thanks to David Crouch, who

informed me of this document.

128 . SC 9/11 in Parliament Rolls of Medieval England , http://www.british-

history.ac.uk.proxy.library.umkc.edu/report.aspx?compid=116353&str

query=Braose , accessed November 12, 2014; see also CPR, Edward I,

1301–1307, 90–91, 407.

129 . CPR, Edward I, 1301–1307, 413.

130 . RC/7/7, pp. 283–284, 305–306; RC/7/10, p. 86; RC/8/2, p. 604;

RC/8/1, pp. 339–340; Cal. Justiciary Rolls , 2: 352; CCR, Edward I,

1296–1302, 516–517; Cal. Docs Ireland , 5: 16–17.

131 . For example, Cal. Justiciary Rolls , 2: 385.

132 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 308, 404, 448; CPR, Edward I, 1301–

1307, 242, 382; Cal. Docs Ireland , 4: 274, 276; Cal. Docs Ireland , 5: 14.

Beth Hartland suggests that Joan was not very interested in her Irish

properties, but this is not shown by her litigation there. Hartland, “De

Valence,” Medieval Ireland, An Encyclopedia , ed. Se á n Duffy (New York:

Routledge, 2005), 501.

N O T E S 207

133 . CCR , Edward I, 1302–1307, 368, 381.

134 . See chapter 3 .

135 . Harley Ch. 57 B.47.

136 . Cal. Chancery Warrants 1244–1326 : 156–157.

137 . JUST 1/1331 m. 29.

138 . CP 40/158 m. 61; CP 40/160 m. 33 bis .

139 . CP 40/130 mm. 330, 337.

140 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 301.

141 . Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 249. See also CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 337, in

which the language is couched a little differently.

142 . Cal. Docs Scotland, 2: 280; CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 395.

143 . Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 281.

144 . Alan Young, in Robert the Bruce’s Rivals: The Comyns, 1212–1314 (East

Linton: Tuckwell Press Ltd, 1997), mistakenly claims that Joan Valence

Comyn was still alive in 1306, and Alexander Grant mistakenly uses this

information as a given in his article, “The Death of John Comyn: What

Was Going On?” The Scottish History Review 86, no. 22 (2007): 176–224.

This is impossible, because if Joan were still alive, there would have been

ample information to that effect in the aftermath of John’s murder; for

example, both patent and close roll entries would have appeared to secure

Joan’s dower and the inheritance of the heirs, especially since she was related

to the king. Instead, only the wardship of the heir is mentioned. Moreover,

all of the records relating to Joan de Valence after 1300 suggest that her

daughter had died, as do the records of Aymer de Valence, in which only his

potential coheirs, the children of his two sisters Joan Comyn and Isabelle de

Hastings, are mentioned. One problem is that there are a large number of

women named Joan Comyn in the records, and the most active was Joan le

Latimer, wife and widow of Alexander Comyn earl of Buchan.

145 . Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Deeds , 3: 103. E 40/4766. One of the wit-

nesses, Patrick de Graham, died in 1296. The dating in the catalogue is

quite inaccurate, except when the deed has an actual date inscribed.

146 . Patrick de Graham was a supporter of John Balliol and one of the Scots

barons who had sworn fealty to Edward I. He died, however, fighting

against Edward and in support of Balliol in the Battle of Dunbar in

April 1296.

147 . The absence of William de Valence’s witnessing is easily explained

because of his frequent absences in the 1280s and 1290s overseas.

The inclusion of Earl John de Warenne indeed probably constituted a

replacement of William with his best friend and ally, John, to represent

the Valence family.

148 . Ironically, Robert Bruce was also related to Joan de Valence and her

children, because his grandmother was Isabella de Clare, sister of Earl

Richard de Clare, and one of Joan’s first cousins.

149 . Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 470.

150 . Ibid., 2: 473. See also CPR , Edward I, 1301–1307, 417 and 426. The

Bohuns were, of course, also close cousins to the Valences.

151 . Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 478.

N O T E S208

152 . Ibid., 2: 479.

153 . SC 1/21/34.

154 . SC 1/47/93. Transcription in PRO 31/7: Record Commission

Transcripts, Series I: Sir Francis Palgrave’s Transcripts, vol. 63 (1837), f.

56. Calendared in Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 482.

155 . The royal children still in the nursery were Thomas of Brotherton and

Edmund of Woodstock; Eleanor was born in 1306.

156 . British Library, Cotton Vesp. DXVII, f. 76v. In GEC, 6: 348 n.2.

157 . As discussed above. Valence vs de Vere: JUST 1/1331 m. 29. Dispute

about Wexford liberties: RC/8/1, pp. 339–340; Cal. Justiciary Rolls , 2:

283, 310, 708–709.

158 . CIPM , 5: 21.

159 . Aymer’s duties at court were extensive, especially in the early years of

Edward II’s reign. Agnes was struggling with the incursions of John

fitzThomas, future earl of Kildare into her lands in Ireland and was also

in relative retirement at her estate in Dagenham, and died in 1310.

160 . CPR, Edward II, 1307–1313, 178. The calendar misidentifies Joan as

“John de Valence,” which is a clear error, since Richard appoints the

same attorneys as Aymer, on the same date, and for the same period, in

what is clearly a joint appointment. It is very likely that Aymer was also

an executor of his mother’s estate.

161 . Ibid., 188.

162 . Registrum Henrici Woodlock , Diocese Wintoniensis 1305–1316 , ed. A. W.

Goodman, Canterbury and York Society 44 (1941), 708–709.

163 . Flanesford Priory, a house of Augustinian Canons. It is now a private

estate that houses elegant cottages for short-term rentals ( http://www.

f lanesfordpriory.co.uk ).

164 . A History of the County of Gloucester , Volume 5: Bledisloe Hundred, St.

Briavels Hundred, The Forest of Dean, eds. C. R. J Currie and N.

M. Herbert (1996), 138–150. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.

aspx?compid=23256 , accessed June 8, 2014. See also The Cartulary and

Historical Notes of the Cistercian Abbey of Flaxley, Otherwise Called Dene

Abbey in the County of Gloucester , ed. A. W. Crawley-Boevey (Exeter:

William Pollard and Co, 1887). The cartulary, in the form of a roll, was

in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps, who edited an early edition of

the cartulary (1825). Its current whereabouts are unknown.

165 . Cartulary of Flaxley , Introduction, 48.

166 . Ibid., 131.

Conclusion: The Legacies of Joan de Valence

1 . GEC 11: 714. This was the third iteration of the Herberts as earls of

Pembroke, with a lacuna in between the last fifteenth-century Herbert,

William (d. 1491) and the first Tudor-era Herbert, William’s grandson

(illeg).

N O T E S 209

2 . I discuss this in my article, “Maud Marshal and Margaret Marshal: Two

Viragos Extraordinaire,” in The Ties That Bind: Essays in Medieval British

History in Honor of Barbara Hanawalt , ed. Linda E. Mitchell, Katherine

L. French, and Douglas L. Biggs (Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2011),

121–142.

3 . It is perhaps ironic that Joan de Valence’s friends and colleagues, the Bluets

of Raglan, would ultimately lend their connections to the creation of the

new earldom.

4 . This marriage failed when Elizabeth eloped to Spain with John de

Holand.

5 . The careers of Spanish and Portuguese royal women have been studied

by a number of authors, especially Theresa Earenfight, Elena Woodacre,

and Miriam Shadis. See, for example, Elena Woodacre, The Queens

Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274–1512 (New

York: Palgrave, 2013); Miriam Shadis, Berenguela of Castile and Her Family

(New York: Palgrave, 2009); Shadis, “The First Queens of Portugal

and the Building of the Realm,” Women as Makers of Art and Architecture ,

ed. Therese Martin (Leiden: Brill, 2012); and Theresa Earenfight, The

Queen’s Other Body: Maria of Castile and the Crown of Aragon (Philadelphia:

University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009). I discuss the career of Isabella

Beaumont de Vescy in “Isabella de Vescy and the Lords Ordainer: Marital

Politics and the Crown, 1272–1327,” Portraits of Medieval Women .

Appendix 2

1 . According to the Inquisition Post Mortem , CIPM , 5: 21.

2 . This place name is impossible to determine: clearly the official sent to

make the inquisition could not make head or tail of the Welsh name.

Ibid.

3 . Spelling modernized as per Orpen, Ireland under the Normans . See Cal Docs

Ireland , 2: 160–161.

4 . This is clarified nicely by Vera Power, The Medieval Archaeology of Taghmon

(Amazon Digital Services, 2011).

5 . These three properties, taken from litigation records, cannot be located in

modern-day Berkshire.

6 . “Moreton Valence: Manor and other estates,” A History of the County of

Gloucester: Volume 10: Westbury and Whitstone Hundreds (1972), 208–213,

http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15839 , accessed

November 11, 2014.

7 . All outline maps are reproduced with the kind permission of d-maps.

com.

8 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car

=5595&lang=en .

9 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car

=5179&lang=en .

N O T E S210

10 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car

=5595&lang=en .

11 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car

=5595&lang=en .

12 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car

=5595&lang=en .

13 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car

=5595&lang=en .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Manuscript Sources

Dublin, The National Archives of Ireland. Record Commission of Ireland.

Calendars of Justiciary Rolls. RC /7.

———. Calendars of Memoranda Rolls. RC /8.

Kew, The National Archives of the United Kingdom. Account Rolls. E101/.

——— . Ancient Correspondence of the Chancery and the Exchequer. SC1/.

———. Ancient Petitions. SC8/.

———. Ancient Deeds. Treasury of Receipt. E40/.

———. Final Concords Pedes Finium . CP 25/1.

———. King’s Remembrancer. Parliamentary and Council Proceedings. C49/.

———. Record Commission Transcripts. PRO 31/.

———. Rolls of the King’s Bench. KB 27/.

———. Rolls of the King’s Bench, Henry III. KB 26/.

———. Rolls of King’s Remembrancer. E 159/.

———. Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas. CP 40/

———. Rolls of the Justices Itinerant. JUST 1/.

———. Special Collections. Papal Bulls. SC 7/.

London, The British Library.

———. Cotton Vesp. DXVII.

———. Harley Charters.

———. MS Cotton Claudius A VIII.

Primary Sources

The Administration of Ireland, 1172–1377 . Ed. H. G. Richardson and G. O. Sayles.

Dublin: Irish Manuscripts Commission, 1963.

Annales Cambriae. Ed. John Williams ab Ithel. Rolls Series, 1860.

Annales Monastici . 5 vols. Ed. Henry Richards Luard. London: Longmans, Green

and Co., 1864–69.

Bracton on the Laws and Customs of England . 4 vols. Ed. George E. Woodbine.

Trans. Samuel E. Thorne. Cambridge: The Belknap Press, 1968–77.

Calendar of Ancient Correspondence Concerning Wales . Ed. J. Goronwy Edwards.

Cardiff, 1935.

Calendar of Ancient Petitions Relating to Wales. Ed. William Rees. Cardiff, 1975.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y212

Calendar of Chancery Warrants, 1244–1326. London, 1927.

Calendar of Charter Rolls. London, 1903–27.

Calendar of Close Rolls. Edward I–Edward III. 23 vols. London, 1900–13.

Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland. Ed. H. S. Sweetman. 5 vols. London,

1875–86.

Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland. Ed. Joseph Bain. 4 vols. Edinburgh,

1881–88.

Calendar of Fine Rolls. Edward I–Edward II. 3 vols. London, 1911–12.

Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem. Henry III–Edward III. 14 vols. London,

1904–54.

Calendar of Justiciary Rolls or Proceedings in the Court of the Justiciar of Ireland. 2 vols.

Dublin, 1905–14.

Calendar of Liberate Rolls . Henry III, 1216–72. 6 vols. London, 1916–75.

Calendar of Papal Registers: Papal Letters. 2 vols. London, 1893–95.

Calendar of Patent Rolls . Henry III–Edward III. 31 vols. London, 1891–1916.

Calendar of the Records of the Corporation of Gloucester . Ed. W. H. Stevenson.

Gloucester: John Bellows, 1893.

The Cartulary and Historical Notes of the Cistercian Abbey of Flaxley, Otherwise Called

Dene Abbey in the County of Gloucester . Ed. A. W. Crawley-Boevey. Exeter:

William Pollard and Co, 1887.

The Cartulary of Cirencester Abbey Gloucestershire . Ed. Mary Devine. 3 vols. Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 1977.

The Chronicle of William de Rishanger, of the Barons’ Wars: The Miracles of Simon de

Montfort. Ed. James Orchard Halliwell. London, 1840.

Close Rolls . Henry III. 14 vols. London, 1902–38.

de Blois, Robert . Enseignement des princes et chastoiement des dames : É d. crit. avec

commentaire et glossaire . Ed. John Howard Fox. Paris: Nizet, 1950.

A Descriptive Catalog of Ancient Deeds . 6 vols. London: Hereford Times Limited,

1890–1915.

Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform and Rebellion, 1258–1267 . Ed. R. F.

Treharne and I. J. Sanders. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973.

Elizabeth de Burgh, Lady of Clare (1295–1360): Household and Other Records . Ed.

Jennifer Ward. Suffolk Records Society 57. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press,

2014.

Episcopal Register, Diocese of Worcester, Register of Bishop Godfrey Giffard . Ed. J. W.

Willis Bund. Part 2. Worcester Historical Society, 1899.

Excerpta è Rotulis Finium in Turri Londinensi Asservatis, Henrico Tertio Rege, A.D.

1216–1272. 2 vols. London: Record Commission, 1835–36.

Feet of Fines for Essex, from 1272–1326. Volume II. Edward I. Ed. Ernest F. Kirk.

Colchester: Essex Archaeological Society. Record Series, 1913.

Flores Historiarum. Ed. Henry Richards Luard. Rolls Series, 1890.

Flowers of History . Collected by Matthew of Westminster. Trans. C. D. Yonge.

2 vols. London: Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden, 1853.

Histoire de Guillaume le Mar é chal . Translated as History of William Marshal . Ed. A.

J. Holden. Trans. S. Gregory, notes by D. Crouch. 3 vols. London: Anglo-

Norman Text Society, 2004.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y 213

A History of the County of Gloucester . Volume 5: Bledisloe Hundred, St. Briavels

Hundred, The Forest of Dean. Eds. C. R. J. Currie and N. M. Herbert.

British History Online (1996), 138–150. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/

report.aspx?compid=23256 .

How the Goodwife Taught Her Daughter in The Babbee’s Book: Medieval Manners for

the Young . Trans. and ed. Edith Rickert. London: Chatto and Windus, 1923.

Index Rolls of Parliament comprising the Petitions, Pleas, and Proceedings of Parliament.

Volume 1. London, 1832.

The Itinerary of John Leland in or about the Years 1535–1543 . Part 4. Ed. Lucy

Toulmin Smith. London: George Bell, 1909.

Lettres de Rois, Reines et Autres Personnages des Courts de France et d’Angleterre .

Ed. M. Chamollion-Figeac. Paris: Imprimie Royale, 1839. Transcribed and

translated in “Epistolae: Medieval Women’s Latin Letters,” http://epistolae.

ccnmtl.columbia.edu/letter/516.html .

Monasticon Anglicanum. Ed. Sir William Dugdale. 6 vols. London, 1846.

Original Papal Documents in England and Wales from the Accession of Pope Innocent

III to the Death of Pope Benedict XI (1198–1304). Ed. Jane E. Sayers. Oxford,

Clarendon Press, 1999.

Placita de Quo Warranto temporibus Ed. I. II. & III. In curia receptae scaccarii west. asser-

vata . Ed. W. Illingworth. London, 1818. Reprint TannerRitchie Publishing.

Paris, Matthew. Chronica Majora . 7 vols. Ed. Henry R. Luard. Rolls Series.

London, 1872–83.

———. Chronica Majora . 3 vols. Trans. J. A. Giles. London: Henry G. Bohn,

York Street, Covent Garden, 1852–54.

———. English History . 3 vols. Trans. J. A. Giles. London: Henry G. Bohn,

1853.

Parliament Rolls of Medieval England. Eds. Chris Given-Wilson, Paul Brand,

Seymour Phillips, Mark Ormrod, Geoffrey Martin, Anne Curry, and

Rosemary Horrox. British History Online. http://www.british-history.ac.uk.

proxy.library.umkc.edu/source.aspx?pubid=1241&page=1&sort=1 .

The Parliamentary Writs and Writs of Military Summons, Together with the Records

and Muniments Relating to the Suit and Service Due and Performed to the King’s

High Court of Parliament and the Councils of the Realm, or Affording Evidence

of Attendance Given at Parliaments and Councils. Ed. F. Palgrave. Record

Commission, 1827.

Two Cartularies of the Benedictine Abbeys of Muchelney and Athelney in the County of

Somerset . Ed. Rev. E. H. Bates. Volume 14. Somerset Record Society, 1899.

Red Book of the Exchequer . Ed. Hubert Hall. 3 vols. London, 1896.

Registrum Henrici Woodlock , Diocese Wintoniensis, A.D. 1305–1316 . Ed. A. W.

Goodman. Canterbury and York Society 44, 1941.

The Roll and Register of Bishop Oliver Sutton: 1280–1299 . Ed. R. M. T. Hill. 8 vols.

Volume 39. Lincoln Record Society, 1948.

Rotuli Parliamentorum; ut et Petitiones, et Placita in Parliamento. Volume 1. London:

Record Commission, 1783.

Royal and Other Historical Letters Illustrative of the Reign of Henry III. 2 vols. Ed.

Walter Waddington Shirley. Rolls Series 27, 1862–66.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y214

Tanner, Thomas. Notitia Monastica . London: William Bowyer, 1744.

Walter of Henley and Other Treatises on Estate Management and Accounting. Ed. and

trans. Dorothea Oschinsky. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.

Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, 1066–1500 . Trans. and ed. Jennifer

Ward. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995.

Secondary Sources

Altschul, Michael. A Baronial Family in Medieval England: The Clares, 1217–1314.

Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965.

Ashbee, Jeremy. Goodrich Castle. Rev. ed. London: English Heritage, 2005,

2009.

Bailey, Mark. Medieval Suffolk: An Economic and Social History 1200–1500.

Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2007.

Bedos-Rezak, Brigitte Miriam. When Ego Was Imago: Signs of Identity in the

Middle Ages. Leiden: Brill, 2011.

Binski, Paul. Westminster Abbey and the Plantagenets: Kingship and the Representation

of Power, 1200–1400 . New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.

Brown, Allen R. Allen Brown’s English Castles. Woodbridge: Boydell Press,

2004.

Camden, William. Reges, regin æ , nobiles, & alij in ecclesia collegiata B. Petri

Westmonasterij sepulti, vsque ad annum reparat æ salutis . London, 1600.

Clanchy, Michael T. From Memory to Written Record: England 1066–1307 . 3rd ed.

Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.

Cockayne, G. E. The Complete Peerage of England. 13 vols. London, 1910–59.

Combe, William. The History of the Abbey Church of St. Peter’s Westminster .

London: R. Ackermann, 1812.

“Dagenham: Introduction and Manors.” A History of the County of Essex:

Volume 5. Ed. W. R. Powell. British History Online (1966), 267–281. http://

www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42731&strquery=Valence .

Davies, R. R. Conquest, Coexistence, and Change: Wales, 1063–1415 . History of

Wales, Volume 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press and University of Wales Press,

1987.

Davis, Paul R. Three Chevrons Red: The Clares, A Marcher Dynasty in Wales,

England and Ireland. Logaston: Logaston Press, 2013.

Dressler, Rachel Ann. Of Armor and Men in Medieval England: The Chivalric

Rhetoric of Three English Knights’ Effigies. Aldershot, England and Burlington,

Vermont: Ashgate Publishing, 2004.

Gemmill, Elizabeth. The Nobility and Ecclesiastical Patronage in Thirteenth-Century

England. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2013.

Grant, Alexander. “The Death of John Comyn: What Was Going on?” The

Scottish History Review 86, no. 22 (2007): 176–224.

Greenstreet, James. “Holders of Knights’ Fees in Kent, Anno 38 Henry III.”

Archaeologia Cantiana 12 (1878).

Hagger, Mark S. The Fortunes of a Norman Family: The De Verduns in England,

Ireland, and Wales, 1066–1316 . Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y 215

Hartland, Beth. “De Valence.” In Medieval Ireland, An Encyclopedia . Ed. Se á n

Duffy. New York: Routledge, 2005.

Hartshorne, Rev. C. H. “Illustrations of Domestic Manners during the Reign

of Edward I.” 4 parts. The Journal of the British Archaeological Association 18

(1862).

Higgitt, John. The Murthly Hours: Devotion, Literacy and Luxury in Paris, England

and the Gaelic West . London: The British Library and University of Toronto

Press, 2000.

“History of the Valence House.” London Borough of Barking and Dagenham.

http://www.lbbd.gov.uk/MuseumsAndHeritage/ValenceHouseMuseum/

Pages/ValenceHouseHistory.aspx .

Howell, Margaret. Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth-Century England.

Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2001.

K., C. L. “Munchensi, William de.” In Dictionary of National Biography. London,

1909.

Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge. The Grey Friars of London: Their History with the

Register of Their Convent and an Appendix of Documents. Aberdeen: University

Press, 1915.

Lewis, Frank R. “William de Valence (c. 1230–1296).” Pt I. Aberystwyth Studies

13 (1934): 11–35.

Labarge, Margaret Wade. A Baronial Household of the Thirteenth Century. New

York: Barnes and Noble, 1965. Reprinted as Mistresses, Maids, and Men:

Baronial Life in the Thirteenth Century. London: Phoenix, 2003.

Lankester, Philip J. “A Military Effigy in Dorchester Abbey, Oxon.” Oxoniensia

52 (1987).

Lethaby, W. R. Westminster Abbey & The King’s Craftsmen: A Study of Mediaeval

Building. London: Duckworth & Co, 1906.

———. Westminster Abbey Re-Examined. London: Duckworth & Co, 1925.

Reprint 1972.

Lydon, James. “The Expansion and Consolidation of the Colony, 1215–54.” In

A New History of Ireland , II: Medieval Ireland 1169–1534. Ed. Art Cosgrove.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987 (1993).

Lysons, Daniel. Magna Britannia, Being a Concise Topographical Account of Several

Counties of Great Britain. Volume 1. London: Cadell and Davies, 1813.

Maddicott, J. R. Simon de Montfort . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1994.

Medieval Conduct . Eds. Kathleen Ashley and Robert L. A. Clark. Minneapolis:

University of Minnesota Press, 2001.

Mertes, Kate. The English Noble Household, 1250–1600: Good Governance and

Politic Rule. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

Mitchell, Linda E. “Baronial Dowagers of the Thirteenth-Century Welsh

March.” PhD dissertation, Indiana University, 1992.

———. Portraits of Medieval Women: Family, Marriage, and Politics in England:

1225–1350 . New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

———. “Joan de Valence: A Lady of Substance.” In Writing Medieval Women’s

Lives . Ed. Charlotte Newman Goldy and Amy Livingstone. 193–208. New

York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y216

Murray Smith, A. and E. T. Bradley. The Roll-Call of Westminster Abbey . London:

Smith, Elder & Co., 1902.

Neale, John Preston. The History and Antiquities of Westminster Abbey and Henry the

Seventh’s Chapel. London: Willis and Sotheran, 1856.

Northall, John. “Walwyn’s Castle aka Castell Gwalchmai and Castle Gawayn.”

Castles of Wales website. 2009. http://www.castlewales.com/walwyns.html .

Ó Cl é irigh, Cormac. “The Absentee Landlady and the Sturdy Robbers.” In

“The Fragility of Her Sex”? Medieval Irish Women in their European Context . Ed.

C. E. Meek and M. K. Simms. 101–118. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1996.

Orpen, G. H. Ireland under the Normans 1169–1216 . Oxford: Clarendon Press,

1911.

Otway-Ruthven, A. J. A History of Medieval Ireland . London: Ernest Benn, Ltd.,

1968.

“Parishes: Shrivenham.” A History of the County of Berkshire: Volume 4. Eds.

William Page and P. H. Ditchfield. British History Online (1924), 531–543.

http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=62763 .

Parsons, John Carmi. Eleanor of Castile: Queen and Society in Thirteenth-Century

England . New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.

“The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the

Royal Families of Europe.” Person Page 19098. Compiled by Darryl Lundy.

http://www.thepeerage.com/p19098.htm#i190980 .

Phillips, J. R. S. Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, 1307–1324: Baronial Politics in

the Reign of Edward II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.

———. “The Anglo-Norman Nobility.” In The English in Medieval Ireland . Ed.

James Lydon. 87–104. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1984.

Powicke, Maurice. The Thirteenth Century, 1216–1307. Oxford: Clarendon Press,

1953.

Richardson, Douglas. Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families ,

2nd ed. Volume 1. Salt Lake City, Genealogical Publishing Company, 2011.

Ridgeway, H. W. “Munchensi, Warin de.” In Oxford Dictionary of National

Biography . http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19529 . Accessed

November 4, 2014.

———. “William de Valence and his Familiares , 1247–72.” Historical Research 65,

no. 158 (1992): 239–257.

———. “Valence, William de, Earl of Pembroke (d.1296).” In Oxford Dictionary

of National Biography . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, 56: 45–49.

Rodwell, Warwick. Dorchester Abbey Oxfordshire: The Archaeology and

Architecture of a Cathedral, Monastery and Parish Church . Oxford: Oxbow Books,

2009.

Scott, George Gilbert. Gleanings from Westminster Abbey. Oxford and London:

John Henry and James Parker, 1863.

Spencer, Andrew M. Nobility and Kingship in Medieval England: The Earls and

Edward I, 1272–1307 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.

Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn (Dean of Westminster). Historical Memorials of Westminster

Abbey . London: John Murray, 1869.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y 217

Swanson, Heather. Medieval Artisans: An Urban Class in Late Medieval England.

Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989.

Tanner, Joan D. “The Tombs of Royal Babies in Westminster Abbey.” Journal of

the British Archeological Association , Third Series 16 (1953): 26–32.

Tout, Thomas Frederick. “William de Valence.” Dictionary of National Biography.

London, 1900.

Tyerman, Christopher. England and the Crusades 1095–1588. Chicago: University

of Chicago Press, 1988.

Underhill, Francis. For Her Good Estate: The Life of Elizabeth de Burgh. New York:

St. Martin’s, 1999.

“The Valence Casket.” The Victoria and Albert Museum. http://collections.

vam.ac.uk/item/O126749/the-valence-casket-casket-unknown/ .

Valentine, Laura. Picturesque England: Its Landmarks and Historic Haunts as Described

in Lay and Legend, Song and Story. London and New York: Fredric Warne and

Co, 1891.

Victoria County History. Berkshire. Ed. William Page and Peter Ditchfield.

4 vols. 1906–24.

———. Hertfordshire . Ed. William Page. 4 vols. 1902–14.

Wilkinson, Louise J. Eleanor de Montfort : A Rebel Countess in Medieval England .

London: Continuum, 2012.

“William and Aymer De Valence.” Westminster Abbey website. http://www.

westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/william-and-aymer-de-valence .

Accessed September 4, 2014.

Winters, W. Ecclesiastical Works of the Middle Ages, or Historical Notes of Early

Manuscripts Formerly Belonging to the Ancient Monastic Library of Waltham Holy

Cross. Royal Historical Society, 1877.

Young, Alan. Robert the Bruce’s Rivals: The Comyns, 1212–1314. East Linton:

Tuckwell Press Ltd, 1997.

Woolgar, C. M. The Great Household in Late Medieval England. New Haven: Yale

University Press, 1999.

INDEX

account rolls. See household accounts

Aconbury, Priory of, 55, 110, 111, 113,

117, 124, 144, 149

Acre, Joan of, 56, 80, 82, 88, 111–12,

137, 169

see also Plantagenet

advowson, 48, 53, 88, 114, 128, 135

Aguillon, Robert, 24, 47, 157

see also Marshal

Anesty, Nicholas de, 13

daughter: Denise de, widow of

Walter de Langdon, (second)

wife of Warin de Munchensy,

9, 13

see also Munchensy

Angoulême, Isabelle of, queen of

England and wife of Hugh X

Lusignan, 16, 49

see also Lusignan, Plantagenet

Avesnes, John de, lord of Beaumont,

51, 84

Agnes de Valence, wife of (see

Valence)

children: Baldwin, 51, 115, 158;

Felicite, 158; John, 158

Awre (aka Aure), Gloucestershire, 53,

78, 79, 80, 91, 104, 113, 160

Balliol, 28, 50, 51

Hugh, 28, 50, 83, 135, 158

Agnes de Valence, wife of

(see Valence)

John, king of Scotland, 28, 83, 95

Roger, 28

Barons War, 17, 33, 36–43, 45, 46, 50,

53, 59, 64, 66, 69, 145, 152

Bartholomew, parson of Sutton, 92, 114

Barynton, Giles de (aka Master

Egidius), 101, 119, 120, 123

Beatrix of Burgundy, 92, 127

Beauchamp, John, lord of Hatch,

Somerset, 100

Cecily, wife of, daughter of Maud

Ferrers, 100, 160

son: John, 129, 160

see also Marshal

Beaumont, Isabella de, wife of John de

Vescy, 149, 152

see also Vescy

Bek, Anthony, bishop of Durham, 92,

114

Bellac, France, 24, 49

Benham Valence, Berkshire, 22, 55, 108,

119, 161

Bergavenny, lordship of. See Hastings

Berkeley, Lord Thomas de, 89, 97, 98,

100, 101, 102, 104, 112, 113,

119, 120, 122

Bethune

Alice de, (fi rst) wife of William II

Marshal, 20

Robert and Isabel de, 54

Bigod Family, earls of Norfolk, 13, 18,

19, 33, 146, 147, 157

Hugh, earl, 18, 156, 157

Maud Marshal, countess of Norfolk

and Surrey, wife of, 16, 18, 21,

152, 156, 157 (see also Warenne)

I N D E X220

Bigod Family—Continued

Hugh [II], son of Hugh and Maud,

38, 157

Roger, earl, son of Hugh and Maud,

16, 18, 22, 157

Roger, earl, son of Hugh [II], 53, 54,

66, 71, 77, 78, 84, 128, 134, 146

see also Marshal

Bluet, lords of Raglan, 111, 112, 113,

144

Ralph, 101, 105, 110, 112, 122

Roger, 87, 88, 101, 105, 119, 122,

123

William, 71

Werella, wife of, 71

son: John, 71

Bohun, John de, lord of Midhurst,

Sussex, 77, 157

see also Marshal

Bohun Family, earls of Hereford, 19,

25, 32, 43, 45, 64, 71, 79, 156,

157, 161

Humphrey, earl, 22, 32, 37, 50

Eleanor de Braose, wife of, 25,

32, 43

Humphrey, earl, son of Humphrey

and Eleanor, 43, 54, 70, 77, 78,

80, 140, 146

see also Marshal

Brabourne, Kent, 54, 77, 78, 80, 86, 87,

88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 160

Braose, 16, 19, 21, 148, 156, 157

Eva Marshal, wife of William de, 16,

18 (see also Marshal)

daughters: Eleanor wife of

Humphrey de Bohun, 25, 43

(see also Bohun); Eve wife of

William de Cantilupe, 47 (see

also Cantilupe); Maud wife of

Roger de Mortimer, 43, 77, 78,

79, 157 (see also Mortimer of

Wigmore)

William de, lord of Gower, 136

Bruce, lords of Annandale and kings of

Scotland, 83, 157

Robert, king of Scotland, 139, 140,

141

Edward, brother of Robert, 133

Brun. See Lusignan

Burnel

Philip, nephew of Robert, bishop of

Bath and Wells, 85, 87

son: Edward, 87, 100, 103, 104,

113, 117, 123

Robert, bishop of Bath and Wells,

Chancellor of England, 87

Cantilupe, lords of Monmouth, 19, 48,

64, 148, 156, 157

George de, son of William and Eve,

47

William de, 28, 54

Eve de Braose, wife of, 28

Millicent la Zouche, daughter of,

47, 77, 78 (see also Zouche)

see also Marshal

Carreu, 110, 120, 134

Castle Gaweyn (aka Walwyn’s Castle),

Wales, 115

Champagnac, France, 24

Chearsley, Buckinghamshire, 98, 99, 102

Chelebridge, Essex, 59, 160

Chelles, Abbey of, 61, 62, 81, 97

Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, 86, 95

Churcham, Gloucestershire, 102, 123

Clare, Richard fi tzGilbert de, earl of

Pembroke and Striguil, 10, 64, 93

Eofe, daughter of Diarmid Mac

Murchada, wife of, 10, 20

Isabella, wife of William Marshal,

daughter of Richard and Eofe,

2, 9, 10, 11, 19

see also Marshal

Clare Family, earls of Gloucester and

Hertford, 18, 64, 82, 83, 147,

156, 157. See also Marshal

Avelina de, mother of Warin de

Munchensy, 11

Isabella Marshal, wife of Gilbert,

earl, 16

I N D E X 221

Joan of Acre (Plantagenet), wife of

Gilbert “the Red,” earl, 82,

88 (see also Monthermery,

Plantagenet)

son: Gilbert, 111, 112, 113

Maud de Lacy, wife of Richard,

earl (see Lacy Family, earls of

Lincoln)

Richard de, earl, son of Gilbert and

Isabella Marshal, 2, 14, 16, 18,

21, 22, 29, 41

sons of Richard and Maud: Bogo,

90, 100; Gilbert “the Red”, earl,

8, 29, 36, 42, 49, 50, 53, 64, 69,

71, 77, 78, 80, 82, 88, 90, 146;

Thomas, lord of Thomond, 50,

51, 69

Collingbourne, Wiltshire, 42, 92, 97,

130, 162

Comyn, lords of Badenoch, 28, 83, 108,

118, 119, 121, 138, 139, 147,

158

Joan de Valence, wife of John III (the

Red), 69, 83, 93, 95, 105, 116,

117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 125,

132, 135, 138, 139, 141 (see also

Valence)

John II (the Black), 83, 121

John III (the Red), 28, 69, 83, 95,

105, 116, 121, 138, 139, 146

children of John III and Joan de

Valence (Elizabeth, Joan, John

IV, Robert), 124, 132, 138, 139,

140–1

Comyn, lords of Buchan, 139, 149, 150

Cornwall, Richard, earl of, 26, 27, 44,

156. See also Plantagenet

Isabelle Marshal, (fi rst) wife of (see

Marshal)

sons: Edmund, 74; Henry of

Almain, 40–1

Sansha of Provence, (second) wife

of, 26, 27

Council of Oxford, 35, 36, 37, 40

Crouchback, Edmund. See Plantagenet

Crusade of 1270, 28, 31, 35, 46, 48, 51,

52, 56, 58, 63, 65, 81

Dictum of Kenilworth, 46, 76

Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxfordshire,

49, 62–3, 98, 117

dower, 20, 21, 23, 25–6, 27, 28, 29, 30,

35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 45, 46, 50, 51,

53, 54, 63, 65, 70, 71, 72, 82, 91,

92, 107, 114, 121, 126–8, 128,

130, 139, 159, 160, 161

England, kings of

Edward I (1272–1307), 13, 15, 30,

31, 35, 36, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,

50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61,

64, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75,

80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90, 91,

95, 105, 107, 110, 114–15, 115,

116, 121, 122, 125, 128, 135,

136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 140–1,

142, 146, 152

children of Edward I and Eleanor

of Castile (see Plantagenet)

Edward II (1307–1327), 59, 133, 135,

142, 147, 149

Eleanor of Castile, wife of Edward

I, 36, 42, 45, 56, 70, 71, 72, 79,

109, 146, 149, 151, 152

Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry

III, 13, 14, 26, 31, 56, 74, 146

Henry III (1216–1272), 1, 2, 9, 10, 12,

14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,

30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44,

45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 54, 55, 59, 60, 69,

71, 81, 82, 109, 127, 146

children of Henry III and Eleanor

of Provence (see Plantagenet)

Isabelle of Angoulême, wife of John

(see Angoulême, Lusignan,

Plantagenet)

John (1199–1216)

children of John and Isabelle

of Angouléme (see Marshal,

Montfort, Plantagenet)

I N D E X222

Evesham, Battle of, 32, 41, 43, 44, 45,

46, 48, 50, 52, 56, 57, 58, 63, 76,

147, 149

Exning, Suff olk, 86, 101, 102, 104

Fernham (aka Farnham), Berkshire, 32,

42, 45, 117, 120, 147, 161

Ferns, Ireland, 22, 28, 161

Ferrers, William earl of Derby, 18

Sibyl Marshal, wife of, 16, 18, 40,

156

daughters (Agnes, Maud, Isabel,

Sibyl, Eleanor, Joan, Agatha), 13,

16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29,

40, 45, 53, 76, 100, 129

see also Bohun of Midhurst, Kyme,

Marshal, Mohun, Mortimer

of Chelmarsh, Rochechouard,

Vescy

Ferrycarrig Castle, Wexford, Ireland, 64,

Fig. 7, 161

fi tzGerald, Maurice, Lord of Off aly, 48,

49, 50, 55, 158

Agnes de Valence, wife of (see

Valence)

fi tzThomas, John, earl of Kildare, 76

Flaxley Abbey (aka Dene Abbey), 119,

143, 144

Fowlmere, Cambridgeshire, 101

Galloway, House of, 83, 139

Geneville, Geoff rey de and Maud de

Lacy, lords of Trim, Ireland

children: Katherine de, Prioress of

Aconbury, 55, 110, 149 (see also

Aconbury); Peter, 51

Giff ard, Godfrey, bishop of Worcester,

75, 80

Giff ard, Lady S., 24

Gloucester, earls of. See Clare

Goodrich Castle, Herefordshire, 20, 22,

29, 30, 33, 35, 41, 63–6, 69, 71,

72, 73, 81, 91, 92, 98, 99, 100,

102, 103, 104, 105, 110, 111,

112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118,

120, 123, 124, 125, 131, 132,

136, 141, 142, 143, 144, 147,

152, 159, 160; Fig. 3, 4, 5

Grandville, Eleanor de, 132

Guy, Imbert, lord of Brillac, 127

Hanford (aka Hantford), Dorsetshire,

86, 89, 99, 117

Hastings, lords of Bergavenny, future

earls of Pembroke, 46–7, 116,

146, 147, 148, 149, 150

Henry de, 46

John de, son of, 47, 48, 50, 77, 78,

83, 110, 113, 117, 118, 124, 146

Isabelle de Valence, wife of John, 47,

48, 50, 83, 86, 94, 96, 123, 124,

133, 141 (see also Valence)

see also Marshal

Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, 19, 25,

32, 43, 44, 46, 53, 54, 70, 71, 72,

79, 80, 169

Hereford, earls of. See Bohun

Hertford, earls of. See Clare

Hertfordingbury, Hertfordshire, 82, 95,

96, 97, 98, 112, 113, 119

household accounts, 2, 3, 4, 15, 25,

56, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 81, 85–91,

92, 94–105, 108, 110–11,

112–14, 115, 116–25, 127, 130,

131, 133, 134, 136, 137, 139,

143, 159

Hugh IX, count of La Marche.

See Lusignan

Hugh X, count of La March.

See Lusignan

inheritance, 12, 15, 16, 17–20, 22, 23,

33, 35, 36, 38, 42, 43, 45, 53, 55,

56, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 87, 91,

93, 96, 107, 114, 126–7, 128,

146, 147, 159

Inkberrow (aka Inteberg),

Worcestershire, 23, 30, 72, 80,

81, 99, 100, 101, 104, 129, 136,

160

I N D E X 223

Inkepenne, Roger de, 86, 92, 94, 95, 96,

97, 98, 99, 101, 104, 113, 114,

119, 120, 123, 136, 144

Kemsing, Kent, 53–4, 77, 78, 160

Kentwell, Suff olk, 22, 108

Kildare, Ireland, 21, 23, 27, 40, 50, 53,

55, 76, 161

Kyme, Maud de, wife of [1] Simon de

Kyme, [2] William le Forz, [3]

Amery de Rochechouard, 77,

78, 100, 157. See also Ferrers,

Marshal, Rochechouard

Lacy Family, earls of Lincoln, 13, 120

Edmund de, earl, and Alice of

Saluzzo, wife, 13

Henry de, earl, son of Edmund and

Alice of Saluzzo, 55, 120

Margaret de Longespee, countess of

Salisbury, wife of Henry, earl,

55, 120, 127

Margaret de Quency, suo jure

countess, wife of [1] John de

Lacy and [2] Walter Marshal,

13, 14, 21, 23, 27, 29, 35, 40, 53,

127, 157, 160 (see also Marshal)

Lacy Family, lords of Ewyas and Meath,

20, 50, 55

Lancaster, Mahaut de. See Plantagenet

Leicester, earls of. See Montfort

Leinster, Ireland, lordship of, 10, 20, 23,

31, 132, 133, 149

Leyburn

Roger de, 24, 157

William de, 85

Lincoln, earls of. See Lacy

Llanthony of Gloucester (Secundo)

Priory, 73, 123–4, 143

Llewelyn ab Iorwerth, prince of

Gwynedd, 19, 32

Llewelyn ap Gruff udd, prince of

Gwynedd, 30, 32, 33

Longespee, Margaret de, countess of

Salisbury. See Lacy

Lusignan Family, counts of La Marche,

16, 28, 32, 37, 41, 149

Hugh X “le Brun,” count, 16, 90

Hugh XI, count, 49

Isabelle of Angoulême, widow of

King John and wife of, 16

children of Hugh XI and Isabelle:

Alice, 17, 29, 157 (see also

Warenne); Aymer de Valence,

bishop-elect of Winchester, 16,

29; Geoff rey, 31, 46; William de

Valence (see Valence)

Mac Murchada, Diarmid, lord (king) of

Leinster, 10, 28

daughter: Eofe, wife of Richard

fi tzGilbert de Clare, countess of

Pembroke, 10, 20 (see also Clare)

Magna Carta, 17, 127, 135

Manorbier, Pembrokeshire, 135

maritagium, 15, 18, 20, 159, 160

marriage, elite customs, 10, 11–12, 13,

16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 28, 29, 31,

35, 44, 47, 49, 50, 51, 75, 83, 84,

145, 146, 147–9, 151, 155

Marshal Family, earls of Pembroke and

lords of Leinster, 2, 9, 11, 32, 33,

127, 142, 156, 157

children of William, earl, and Isabella

de Clare, suo jure countess:

Anselm, 15, 17; Eva (see Braose);

Gilbert, 12, 73; Isabella (see

Clare, Plantagenet); Joan, 9, 11,

12, 15 (see also Munchensy);

Maud, 14, 84 (see also Bigod,

Warenne); Richard, 12; Sibyl

(see Ferrers); Walter, 13, 14, 15,

21, 31 (see also Lacy, Quency,

Margaret de); William II, 4 (see

also Montfort, Plantagenet)

heirs of William and Isabella, 12,

15–21, 47, 66, 71, 142, 146, 154

division of inheritance and estates,

15–21, 22, 23, 36, 64, 91, 129,

160–1

I N D E X224

Marshal Family—Continued

litigation, 23, 25–6, 27–8, 40,

52–5, 70, 71–2, 73, 77, 80, 93,

159

non-litigation interactions, 31, 45,

59, 147, 147–9, 149

Isabella de Clare, suo jure countess

of Pembroke, wife of William,

earl, 9, 10

William, earl, 9, 10, 73

see also Bigod, Bohun, Braose,

Clare, Ferrers, Kyme, Mohun,

Mortimer, Munchensy,

Rochechouard, Valence, Vescy

Mohun, lords of Dunster, Somerset,

27–8, 157

John, son of Reginald (by fi rst wife)

and Joan Ferrers, wife of (see

Ferrers)

sons: John, 78; William, 77, 78

Reginald and Isabel Ferrers, (second)

wife of, 29 (see also Ferrers)

Montfort, Simon de, earl of Leicester, 2,

12, 13, 23, 25, 27, 28, 33, 35, 36,

37, 43, 45, 47, 58, 84

Eleanor Plantagenet Marshal, wife

of, 4, 12, 13, 20, 23, 25–6, 27,

28, 32, 35, 46, 53, 54, 70, 85,

107, 150, 156, 160 (see also

Plantagenet)

Monthermery, Ralph de, earl of

Hertford and Gloucester (suo

jure uxoris) and Joan of Acre,

wife of, 111, 137. See also Clare,

Plantagenet

Montignac, France, 24, 49, 83

Moreton Valence, Gloucestershire, 42,

85, 88, 92, 99, 103, 104, 110,

113, 121, 122, 123, 142, 161

Mortimer, Hugh de, lord of Chelmarsh,

157

Agatha Ferrers, wife of, 53, 77, 78

(see also Ferrers, Marshal)

Mortimer, lords of Wigmore, 19, 33,

147, 148, 157

Roger de, 43, 50, 77

Maud de Braose, wife of, 43, 77,

78, 79 (see also Braose, Marshal)

Munchensy, lords of Swanscombe, 11,

57, 58

Joan de, daughter of Warin and Joan

Marshal (see Valence)

Joan Marshal, (fi rst) wife of Warin,

9, 11, 12, 19, 20, 156 (see also

Marshal)

John de, son of Warin and Joan

Marshal, 9, 12, 14, 15, 157,

159

Warin de, 9, 11, 12, 20, 30, 156

Denise de Anesty, (second) wife

of, 13, 30, 46 (see also Anesty)

William de, son of Warin and Denise

de Anesty, 13, 30, 46, 74–6

daughter: Dionysia, wife of Hugh

de Vere, 74–6, 137 (see also Vere)

Munchensy, William de, of

Edwardstone, Suff olk, 101, 102,

103, 104

Nesle-Clermont, Beatrice de, wife of

Aymer de Valence, 69, 84, 87,

89, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 101, 102,

104, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115,

116, 118, 120, 128, 141, 158. See

also Valence

Newton Valence, Hampshire, 23, 92, 97,

161, 162

Norfolk, earls of. See Bigod

Odagh, Ireland, 28, 161

Off aly, Ireland, lords and lordship of,

48, 50

Old Ross, Ireland, 128, 134, 161

Oysterlow, Wales, commote of, 73, 80,

160, 169

Painswick, manor of, 114, 137,

169

Paris, Matthew, 12, 17, 24, 37, 38, 39,

41, 44, 152

I N D E X 225

Pembroke, county, earldom, lordship of,

9, 10, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 32, 33,

37, 54, 55, 71, 73, 79, 99, 103,

114, 117, 124, 129, 141, 146,

147, 148, 160

Pembroke, earls of. See Clare, Hastings,

Marshal, Valence

Pembroke Castle, 29, 30, 33, 42, 43, 63,

65, 69, 113, Fig. 6

Petition of the Barons, 37

Plantagenet Family

King Edward I and Eleanor of

Castile, children: Edward of

Caernarvon, king (see England,

kings of); Elizabeth, 146; Joan of

Acre, 56, 80, 88, 111, 112, 137

(see also Clare, Monthermery)

King Edward I and Margaret of

France, children of, 146

King Henry III and Eleanor of

Provence, children: Edward [I],

king (see England, kings of);

Edmund Crouchback,

47; Margaret, queen of

Scotland, 31

King John and Isabelle of

Angoulême, children of, 16

children: Eleanor, countess of

Pembroke and Leicester, 20, 25,

53 (see also Marshal, Montfort);

Henry [III], king (see England,

kings of); Richard, earl of

Cornwall (see Cornwall)

Provisions of Oxford, 36

Raglan, Wales, lordship, honor, and

castle, 87, 101, 111, 112, 113,

122, 144. See also Bluet

Rancon, France, 24

Richard of Cornwall. See Cornwall,

Plantagenet

Roch Castle, Wales, 71, 79, 100

Roche

Adam de la (aka Adam de Rupe),

129, 131, 132, 133

Thomas de la, 71, 79, 100, 103, 104,

117

Rochechouard, Emery de, and Maud

Ferrers Kyme, wife of, 77, 78,

157. See also Ferrers, Kyme,

Marshal

Rossclare, Ireland, 22, 161

Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, 19, 64

Sackville, Clarice de, 132

St Albans, Abbey of, 86, 96, 97

St Pol, Marie de, (second) wife of

Aymer de Valence, 4, 158

Saluzzo

Agnes of, wife of John de Vescy, 13,

17, 36

Alice of, wife of Edmund de Lacy,

earl of Lincoln, 13

see also Lacy, Marshal, Vescy

Sanford [aka Saundford], 32

Aymery de, 142

Cecilia de, 12, 24

Robert de, 31

Thomas de, 31

Say, 87, 94

Geoff rey de, 85

William de, 85, 114

Elizabeth de, widow of, 114, 128

Scotland, kingdom of, 11

Great Cause, 65, 135

Guardians of, 138, 140

Scotland, kings of

Alexander III, 31, 135

Balliol, John, 28, 83, 95, 135 (see also

Balliol)

Bruce, Robert (see Bruce)

Shrivenham, Berkshire [now

Oxfordshire], 20, 42, 57, 59, 71,

97, 99, 120, 160, 161

Stakepool, Clarice de, 121

Striguil, lordship of, 10, 18, 19, 53, 103,

117, 128, 148

Strongbow. See Clare

Sturminster Marshal, Somersetshire,

86, 101

I N D E X226

Sturminster Newton, Dorsetshire, 86

Surrey, earls of. See Warenne

Sutton, Oliver, bishop of Lincoln, 108

Sutton, Ralph de, 131, 142

Sutton Valence, Kent, 20, 31, 46, 54, 77,

87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98,

104, 113, 160

Swanscombe, lordship of. See

Munchensy

Swindon, Wiltshire, 24, 62, 92, 97, 99,

119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125,

131, 136, 162

Symeon, Gonnor, 132

Taghmon, Ireland, 53, 161

Talbot, Richard, 143, 147, 148, 158

Tany, John de, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123,

124, 144

Tenby Castle, Pembrokeshire, 40, 160

Valence Casket, 65, 109

Valence Family, earls of Pembroke, lords

of Wexford

Agnes de, wife of [1] Maurice

fi tzGerald, [2] Hugh Balliol, and

[3] John d’Avesnes, daughter of

William and Joan, 29, 48–51,

55, 61, 76, 82–3, 84, 86, 93, 95,

97, 102, 109, 115, 119, 135,

141, 149, 158 (see also Avesnes,

Balliol, fi tzGerald)

Aymer de, earl, son of William and

Joan, 1, 3, 45, 48, 51, 63, 64, 65,

69, 76, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89,

91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,

100, 101, 104, 105, 108, 110,

113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,

120, 121, 122, 124–5, 126, 127,

128, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140,

141, 142, 146, 147, 149, 158

(see also Nesle-Clermont and

St Pol)

children of William and Joan de

Munchensy, 24, 27, 35, 37, 43,

44, 45, 48, 51, 56, 57, 59, 60–2,

67, 81, 82, 83, 107, 109, 125,

131, 141, 142, 146, 149, 152,

153

Isabelle de, wife of John de Hastings,

daughter of William and Joan,

47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 83, 86, 94, 96,

116, 124, 135, 141, 158 (see also

Hastings)

Joan de, wife of John III Comyn,

daughter of William and Joan, 28,

48, 49, 69, 83, 93, 95, 105, 107,

116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123,

125, 132, 135, 138, 139, 140–1,

155, 158 (see also Comyn);

Joan de Munchensy, wife of William,

suo jure lady (countess) of

Pembroke and Wexford, passim

(see also Marshal, Munchensy)

birth, 9, 12

childbirths, 24, 27, 29–30, 35, 42,

48, 51, 57

coheirs (see Marshal)

death and burial, 142–4

dower, jointure, and maritagium,

15, 20, 126–8, 159–63

education, 12–15

estates, lordship, and management,

42, 52, 56–8, 63–6, 92–3, 94–7,

110–26, 131–4

family and children, 48, 50–1,

59–63, 82–4, 115–16, 138–9

household and household

accounts of, 15, 22, 24–5, 28,

29, 37, 38, 42, 45, 47, 52, 56–7,

70, 81, 85–106, 110–26, 130–4

inheritance, land, and land

maintenance, 15, 17–23 (see also

Marshal)

litigation as widow, 114–15,

128–31 (see also Marshal)

marriage, 16–17, 21–4, 33, 35, 37,

44, 58, 94, 146

patronage, 24, 31–2, 55–6, 142–3

political and courtly activity;

relations with royal family, 24,

36, 37–40, 45, 46–7, 52, 55–6,

135–41

I N D E X 227

relations with natal family and

coheirs, 13, 27, 30–1, 44–5,

74–8, 137 (see also Marshal)

religion and the church, 59, 80–1,

134–5

widowhood, 90–144

John de, son of William and Joan,

48–9, 59–62, 109, 110, 115, 141,

146, 158

Margaret, daughter of William and

Joan, 48, 59–62, 81, 96, 97, 109,

110, 115, 141, 158

William de, lord (earl) of Pembroke

and Wexford, 1, 2, 3, 20, et

passim. See also Lusignan

arrival in England, 16

Crusades activity, 26, 28, 52

death and burial, 90–2, 107–10

family background, 16

inheritance, land, and benefi ces,

22, 24, 28, 29

litigation with wife, 25–6, 27–8,

40, 52–5, 71–80

marriage, 16–17, et passim

patronage, 59

personality, 24, 44

political and military activity, 23,

27, 29–30, 32–3, 36–7, 41–2, 43,

46, 70, 80, 84–5, 86–7, 88

William the Younger, son of William

and Joan, 48–9, 62–3, 65, 98,

117, 141, 146, 158

Verdon, John de, lord of, and Margery

de Lacy, suo jure lady of, Meath,

50

Vere

Hugh de, 75, 137, 138, 141

Dionysia de Munchensy, wife

of, 137, 138, 141 (see also

Munchensy)

Robert de, earl of Oxford, 114, 120,

137

Vescy, 157. See also Ferrers, Marshal

Agnes Ferrers, wife of William de,

13, 36, 76, 77

John de, son of William and Agnes,

13, 17, 36, 46, 49, 66, 69,

146, 149 (see also Beaumont,

Saluzzo)

William de, son of William and

Agnes, 76

son: William de Kildare (illeg),

76, 78

wardship, 10, 22, 28, 30, 31, 41, 43, 46,

47, 50, 51, 75, 76, 78

Warenne, earls of Surrey, 13

John de, earl, son of William and

Maud Marshal, 17, 23, 37, 42,

43, 44, 50, 58–9, 67, 69, 87, 92,

114, 149, 157

Alice de Lusignan, wife of (see

Lusignan)

William de, earl, 18, 156, 157

Maud Marshal Bigod, countess of

Norfolk and Surrey, wife of, 16,

18, 149, 152, 156, 157 (see also

Bigod, Marshal)

Westminster Abbey, 49, 51, 59, 60, 61,

62, 63, 65, 91, 95, 100, 108, 109,

118

Wexford, Ireland, 1, 21, 22, 28, 31, 48,

53, 64, 81, 93, 128, 133, 134,

136, 141, 147, 148, 161

widowhood and widows, 4, 5, 9, 10,

12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23,

25, 26, 28, 30, 36, 39, 45, 47, 49,

50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 58, 59, 64, 65,

71, 75, 76, 78, 82, 84, 85, 88, 91,

92, 94, 100, 105, 107, 111, 112,

114, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130,

131, 135, 145, 146, 149, 150,

159, 169

Woodeaton, Oxfordshire, 98

Woodlock, Henry, bishop of

Winchester, 142

Zouche, 47

Alan la, 58–9

Eudo la and Millicent de Cantilupe,

wife of, 47, 77, 78 (see also

Cantilupe, Marshal)