appendix 1 wordj

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Appendix 1Regular and irregular verbs

1.1 Regular verbs

If a verb is regular, the past simple and past participle end in -ed. For example:

infinitive clean finish use paint stop carry past simple

cleaned finished used painted stopped carry past participleFor spelling rules, see Appendix 6.

For the past simple I cleaned ! the" finished ! she carried etc.#, see $nit %.

&e use the past participle to ma'e the perfect tenses and all the passive forms.

Perfect tenses have!has!had cleaned#:

I have cleaned the (indo(s. present perfect ) see $nits *)+#

he" (ere still (or'ing. he" hadnt finished. past perfect ) see $nit 1%#

Passive is cleaned ! was cleaned etc.#:e was carried out of the room. (past simple passive)

see $nits /0)//his gate has ust been painted. (present perfect passive)

1.2 Irregular verbs

&hen the past simple and past participle do not end in -ed for example, I saw ! I have

seen#, the verb is irregular .

&ith some irregular verbs, all three forms infinitive, past simple and past participle# are the

same. For example, hit:

2ont hit me. (infinitive)

3omebod" hit me as I came into the room. (past simple)

Ive never hit an"bod" in m" life. (past participle – present perfect)

4eorge (as hit on the head b" a stone. (past participle – passive)

&ith other irregular verbs, the past simple is the same as the past participle but different

from the infinitive#. For example, tell 5 told:

an "ou tell me (hat to do7(infinitive)

3he told me to come bac' the next da". (past simple)

ave "ou told an"bod" about "our ne( ob7 (past participle – present perfect)

I (as told to come bac' the next da". (past participle – passive)

&ith other irregular verbs, all three forms are different. For example, wake 5 woke!woken:

Ill wake "ou up. (infinitive)

I woke up in the middle of the night. (past simple)he bab" has woken up. (past participle – present perfect) I

(as woken up b" a loud noise. (past participle – passive)

1.8 he follo(ing verbs can be regular or irregular:

burn 5 burned or burnt smell 5 smelled or smelt

dream 5 dreamed or dreamt 9dremt; spell 5 spelled or spelt

lean 5 leaned or leant 9lent; spill 5 spilled or spilt

learn 5 learned or learnt spoil 5 spoiled or spoilt ; pronunciation

3o "ou can sa":

I leant out of the (indo(. or I leaned out of the (indo(.

he dinner has been spoiled. or he dinner has been spoilt.

In


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Appendix 1

1.4 >ist of irregular verbs

infinitive past simple past participle

be (as!(ere been

beat beat beaten

become became become

begin began begun

bend bent bent

bet bet bet

bite bit bitten

blow ble( blo(n

break bro'e bro'en

bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast broadcast

build built built

burst burst burst

buy bought bought

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug

do did done

draw dre( dra(n

drink dran' drun'

drive drove driven

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

flee fled fled

fly fle( flo(n

forbid forbade forbidden

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

freee fro?e fro?en

get got got!gotten

give gave given

go (ent gone

grow gre( gro(n

hang hung hung

have had hadhear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep 'ept 'ept

kneel 'nelt 'nelt

know 'ne( 'no(n

lay laid laid

lead led led

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let letlie la" lain

infinitive past simple past participle

light lit lit

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

pay paid paid

put put put

read read 9red; read 9red;

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

run ran run

say said said

see sa( seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

sew se(ed se(n!se(ed

shake shoo' sha'en

shine shone shone

shoot shot shot

show sho(ed sho(n!sho(ed

shrink shran' shrun'

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink san' sun'

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slide slid slid

speak spo'e spo'en

spend spent spent

spit spat spat

split split split

spread spread spread

spring sprang sprung

stand stood stood

steal stole stolen

stick stuc' stuc'

sting stung stung

stink stan' stun'

strike struc' struc'

swear s(ore s(orn

sweep s(ept s(eptswim s(am s(um

swing s(ung s(ung

take too' ta'en

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

tell told told

think thought thought

throw thre( thro(n

understand understood understood

wake (o'e (o'en

wear (ore (orn

weep (ept (ept

win (on (onwrite (rote (ritten


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; pronunciation 29!


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Appendix 0@resent and past tenses

simple continuous

present I do I am doing

present simple 5 $nits 0)/# present continuous 5 $nits 1, 8)/#

Ann often plays tennis. &heres Ann7 3he"s playing tennis.

I work in a ban', but I don"t en#oy it @lease dont disturb me no(. I"m

much. working.

$o "ou like parties7 ello. Are "ou en#oying the part"7

It doesn"t rain so much in summer. It isn"t raining at the moment.

present I have done I have been doing

perfect present perfect simple present perfect continuous

5 $nits *)+, 1B)1/# 5 $nits C)11#

Ann has played tennis man" times. Ann is tired. 3he has been playing

tennis.

I"ve lost m" 'e". %ave "ou seen it Doure out of breath. %ave "ou beenan"(here7 running7

o( long have "ou and 3am known o( long have "ou been learning

each other7 =nglish7

: Is it still raining7 Its still raining. It has been raining

: Eo, it has stopped. all da".

,he house is dirt". I haven"t cleaned it I haven"t been feeling (ell recentl".

for (ee's. @erhaps I should go to the doctor.

past I did

past simple 5 $nits %)6, 18)1/#

Ann played tennis "esterda"

afternoon.

I lost m" 'e" a fe( da"s ago.

here (as a film on last night, but

(e didn"t watch it.

&hat did "ou do (hen "ou finished

(or' "esterda"7

I was doing

past continuous 5 $nit 6#

I sa( Ann at the sports centre

"esterda". 3he was playing tennis.

I dropped m" 'e" (hen I was

trying to open the door.

he television (as on, but (e

weren"t watching it.

&hat were "ou doing at this

time "esterda"7

past I had done I had been doing perfect past perfect 5 $nit 1%# past perfect continuous 5 $nit 16#

It (asnt her first game of tennis. 3he Ann (as tired "esterda" evening

had played man" times before. because she had been playing tennis

he" couldnt get into the house in the afternoon.

because the" had lost the 'e".

,he house (as dirt" because I hadn"t Games decided to go to the doctor

cleaned it for (ee's. because he hadn"t been feeling (ell.

For the passive, see $nits /0)//.


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Appendix 8he future

!.1 List of future forms:

I"m leaving tomorro(. present continuous 5 $nit 1C A#

H" train leaves at C.8B. present simple 5 $nit 1Condon again, come and see us. not &hen "ou (ill be#

If (e don"t hurry, (ell be late.

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Appendix /Hodal verbs can!could!will!would etc.#

his appendix is a summar" of modal verbs. For more information, see $nits 01)/1.

4.1 ompare can!could etc. for actions:

can I can go out tonight. K there is nothing to stop me#

I can"t go out tonight.could I could go out tonight, but Im not ver" 'een.

I couldn"t go out last night. K I (asnt able#

can or )an

may *ay I go out tonight7 K do "ou allo( me7#

will!won"t I thin' I"ll go out tonight.

I promise I won"t go out.

would I would go out tonight, but I have too much to do.

I promised I wouldn"t go out.

shall +hall I go out tonight7 do "ou thin' it is a good idea7#

should or should

ought to I ought to go out tonight. K it (ould be a good thing to do#must I must go out tonight. K it is necessar"#

I mustn"t go out tonight. K it is necessar" that I do not go out#

needn"t I needn"t go out tonight. K it is not necessar"#

ompare could have L ! would have L etc. :

could

would

should or

ought to

needn"t

I could have gone out last night, but I decided to sta" at home. I

would have gone out last night, but I had too much to do.

I

should

have gone out last night. Im sorr" I didnt.ought toI needn"t have gone out last night. K I (ent out, but it (as notnecessar"#

4.2 &e use will!would!may etc. to sa" (hether something is possible, impossible,

probable, certain etc. ompare:

will &hat time will she be here7 3he"ll be here soon.

would 3he would be here no(, but shes been dela"ed.

should or should

ought to 3he ought to be here soon. K I expect she (ill be here soon#may or may

might or 3he might be here no(. Im not sure. K its possible that she is here#

could could

must 3he must be here. I sa( her come in.can"t 3he can"t possibl" be here. I 'no( for certain that shes a(a" on holida".

6ompare would have L ! should have L etc. :

will 3he will have arrived b" no(. K before no(#

would 3he would have arrived earlier, but she (as dela"ed.

should or should

ought to I (onder (here she is. 3he ought to have arrived b" no(.may or may

might or 3he might have arrived. Im not sure. K its possible that she has arrived#

could could

must 3he must have arrived b" no(. K Im sure ) there is no other possibilit"#can"t 3he can"t possibl" have arrived "et. Its much too earl". K its impossible#


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29,


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Appendix %3hort forms I"m ! you"ve ! didn"t etc.#

(.1 In spo'en =nglish (e usuall" sa" I"m ! you"ve ! didn"t etc. short forms or

contractions# rather than I am ! you have ! did not etc. &e also use these short forms

in informal (riting for example, a letter or message to a friend#.

&hen (e (rite short forms, (e use an apostrophe # for the missing letters#:

Im K I am "ouve K "ou have didnt K did not

(.2 >ist of short forms:

"m K am I"m

"s K is or has he"s she"s it"s

"re K are "ou"re (e"re the""re

"ve K have I"ve "ou"ve (e"ve the""ve

"ll K (ill I"ll he"ll she"ll "ou"ll (e"ll the""ll

"d K (ould or had I"d he"d she"d "ou"d (e"d the""d

"s can be is or has:

3he"s ill. K 3he is ill.#

3he"s gone a(a". K 3he has gone# but let"s K let us:

>et"s go no(. K >et us go#

"d can be would or had:

I"d see a doctor if I (ere "ou. K I would see#

I"d never seen her before. K I had never seen#

&e use some of these short forms especiall" "s# after Muestion (ords who!what etc.#

and after that!there!here:

(ho"s (hat"s (here"s ho("s that"s there"s here"s (ho"ll there"ll (ho"d 'ho"sthat (oman over there7 K (ho is#

'hat"s happened7 K (hat has#

2o "ou thin' there"ll be man" people at the part"7 K there will#

&e also use short forms especiall" "s# after a noun:

-atherine"s going out tonight. K Jatherine is#

*y best friend"s ust got married. K H" best friend has#

Dou cannot use "m ! "s ! "re ! "ve ! "ll ! "d at the end of a sentence because the verb is

stressed in this position#:

Are "ou tired7 Des, I am. not Des, Im.#

2o "ou 'no( (here she is7 not 2o "ou 'no( (here shes7#

(.! Eegative short forms

isn"t K is not# don"t K do not# haven"t K have not#

aren"t K are not# doesn"t K does not# hasn"t K has not#

wasn"t K (as not# didn"t K did not# hadn"t K had not#

weren"t K (ere not#

can"t K cannot# couldn"t " could not# mustn"t K must not#

won"t K (ill not# wouldn"t K (ould not# needn"t K need not#

shan"t K shall not# shouldn"t K should not# daren"t K dare not#

Eegative short forms for is and are can be:

he isn"t ! she isn"t ! it isn"t or

"ou aren"t ! (e aren"t ! the" aren"tor

he"s not ! she"s not ! it"s not

"ou"re not ! (e"re not ! the""re not

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Appendix 63pelling

,.1 Eouns, verbs and adectives can have the follo(ing endings:

noun N -s!-es (plural) boo's ideas matches

verb N -s!-es after he!she!it# (or's eno"s (ashes

verb N -ing (or'ing eno"ing (ashingverb N -ed (or'ed eno"ed (ashed

adective N -er (comparative) cheaper Muic'er brighter

adective N -est (superlative) cheapest Muic'est brightest

adective N -ly (averb) cheaply Muic'ly brightly

&hen (e use these endings, there are sometimes changes in spelling. hese changes

are listed belo(.

,.2 Eouns and verbs N -s!-es

he ending is -es (hen the (ord ends in -s!-ss!-sh!-ch!-x:bus!buses miss!misses (ash!(ashes

match!matches sear ch!searches box!boxes

Eote also:

potato!potatoes tomato!tomatoes

do!does go!goes

,.! &ords ending in -y baby, carr y, easy etc.#

If a (ord ends in a consonant# N y -by!-ry!-sy!-vy etc.#

y changes to ie before the ending -s:

baby!babies stor y!stor ies countr y!countr ies secretar y!secretar ies

hurr y!hurr ies study!studies apply!applies tr y!tr iesy changes to i before the ending -ed:

hurr y!hurr ied study!studied apply!applied tr y!tr ied

y changes to i before the endings -er and -est:

easy!easier !easiest heavy!heavier !heaviest luc'y!luc'ier !luc'iest

y changes to i before the ending -ly:

easy!easily heavy!heavily temporar y!temporar ily

y does not change before -ing:

hurr"ing stud"ing appl"ing tr"ing

y does not change if the (ord ends in a vo!el# N y -ay!-ey!-oy!-uy#:

play!plays!played mon'ey!mon'eys enoy!enoys!enoyed buy!buys An exception is: day!daily

Eote also: pay!paid lay!laid say!said

,.4 erbs ending in -ie die, lie, tie#

If a verb ends in -ie, ie changes to y before the ending

-ing: die!dying lie!lying tie!tying

; a e i o u are vo!el letters.

he other letters b c d f g etc.# are consonant letters.

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Appendix ,

,.( &ords ending in -e hope, dance, (ide etc.#

$erbs

If a verb ends in -e, (e leave out e before the ending -ing:

hope!hoping smile!smiling dance!dancing confuse!confusing

=xceptions are be!being

an verbs ending in -ee: see!seeing agr ee!agreeing

If a verb ends in -e0 (e add -d for the past of regular verbs#:hope!hoped smile!smiled dance!danced confuse!confused

%&ectives an averbs

If an adective ends in -e, (e add -r and -st for the comparative and superlative:

(ide!(ider !(idest late!later !latest large!larger !largest

If an adective ends in -e, (e 'eep e before -ly in the adverb:

polite!politely extreme!extremely absolute!absolutely

If an adective ends in

-le simple!simply

simple, terrible etc.#, the adverb ending is -ply, -bly

etc. : terrible!terribly reasonable!reasonably

,., 2oubling consonants stop!stopping!stopped, wet!wetter !wettest etc.#

3ometimes a (ord ends in vo!el N consonant. For example:

stop plan r ub big (et thin pref er regr et

op ! developing ! developed

A@pen ! happening ! happened reH=Hber ! remember ing ! remember ed

In


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Appendix * American =nglish

here are a fe( grammatical differences bet(een


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Appendix .

$nit ets sit at the front of the cinema#. >ets sit in the front of the movie

theater#.

181 different from or different to: different from or different than:

It (as different from!to (hat Id It (as different from!than (hat Id

expected. expected.

18*A

appendix 1 wordj

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