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14020 Historic Heritage Assessment for Windsor Bridge Replacement Project

B I O S I S RESEARCH PUBLIC EXHIBITION NOVEMBER 2012 364

Appendix 2: Research Design for Archaeological Test Excavation

14020 Windsor Bridge Replacement Project: Archaeological Research Design FINAL

Natural & Cultural Heritage Consultants 18 – 20 Mandible Street, Alexandria 2015

Research Design to Inform the

Non – Aboriginal Heritage Assessment for Windsor Bridge Replacement Project

BIOSIS R E S E A R C H

Report for Roads and Maritime Services

April 2012


BIOSIS R E S E A R C H

© Biosis Research Pty. Ltd. & Cultural Heritage Resources Limited This document is and shall remain the property of Biosis Research Pty. Ltd. The document may only be used for the purposes for which it was commissioned and in accordance with the Terms of the Engagement for the commission. Unauthorised use of this document in any form whatsoever is prohibited.

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Project no: 14020

Authors: Wendy Thorp (CRM) Reviewer: Pamela Kottaras Mapping: James Shepherd & SKM


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Biosis Research Pty Ltd & Cultural Resources Management Pty Ltd

Contents

1.0 SUMMARY......................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1

1.2 The potential archaeological resource ................................................................... 1

1.3 Impacts ..................................................................................................................... 2

1.4 Archaeological Testing ........................................................................................... 3

1.5 Research questions ................................................................................................. 3

2.0 PROJECT CONTEXT ....................................................................................... 5

2.1 The New Bridge ....................................................................................................... 5

2.2 The Project Boundary ............................................................................................. 5

2.3 The Director General’s Requirements .................................................................. 8

2.4 Heritage Values ........................................................................................................ 8

2.5 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 14

2.6 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 14

2.7 Authorship ............................................................................................................. 15

2.8 Terminology ........................................................................................................... 15

3.0 HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK ....................................................................... 16

3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 16

3.2 Topography ............................................................................................................ 16

3.3 Mulgrave Place 1793 - 1795 .................................................................................. 17

3.4 Green Hills 1795 - 1810 ......................................................................................... 20

3.5 A Macquarie Town ................................................................................................ 29

3.6 Regional Centre 1820S – 1850s ............................................................................ 34

3.7 A Fringe Area 1850s- 1900 .................................................................................... 44

3.8 Final Touches ......................................................................................................... 49

4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROFILE ................................................................... 53

4.1 Previous Archaeological Investigations ............................................................... 53

4.2 Maritime Archaeological Investigations .............................................................. 54

4.3 Ground Penetrating Radar Survey ...................................................................... 56

4.4 Archaeological Profile ........................................................................................... 57


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5.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................. 58

5.1 Design Option ........................................................................................................ 58

5.2 Development Impacts ............................................................................................ 58

5.3 Evaluation .............................................................................................................. 61

6.0 TESTING TO INFORM THE PROJECT EVALUATION ........................... 62

6.1 Premises of Investigation ...................................................................................... 62

6.2 Areas for Investigation & Methodology .............................................................. 62

6.3 Research Questions ............................................................................................... 67

4.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 68

Plates Plate 1: The area of Thompson Square in c. 1809 recorded in a watercolour attributed to George William Evans (“The Head of Navigation Hawkesbury River”). By this time the landscape has been modified to varying degrees: compare this image with Plate 4. ............................................................. 17 Plate 2 “A Plan of the first farms of the Hawkesbury River”, where Pitt Town is now (Augustus Alt 1794). Source: Rosen 1995: 14): ............................................................................................................ 19 Plate 3: Baker’s Farm above the Hawkesbury published in 1798 and included in David Collins “Account of the English Colony of NSW” Volume 1: 340 ...................................................................... 21 Plate 4: A watercolour of Windsor, titled “Head of navigation Hawkesbury River” “probably by G W Evans”. Source: ML SB1V/Wind/6. ........................................................................................................ 23 Plate 5: Lithograph, Phillip Slager 1813 showing Thompson Square in “A View of the Town of Windsor in New South Wales”. The estimated line of Old Bridge Street is indicated by the arrow....... 24 Plate 6: Detail of the 1812 (Meehan) survey of Windsor showing the land now encompassed by Thompson’s Square and its environs. The building at the southern end of the precinct labeled No 1 is the Church and School House; No 2 is the granary and store; No 3 is the Government House and No 4 is the Military Barracks. The small building in the centre is Thompson’s house with his garden labeled as Mr Thompson’s premises. Source: Jack 2010. .................................................................................. 30 Plate 7: Part of the Map of the Town of Windsor of 1827 showing the clearly defined open space with most of the earlier buildings gone except Government House and the Macquarie Arms, also shows subdivision for private development (Surveyor Thompson SZ 526) ....................................................... 35 Plate 8: Thompson Square in 1831 showing the newly constructed building on the Government reserve on the eastern side of the square (SRO AO Map 1816) .......................................................................... 36 Plate 9: Detail of Armstrong’s plan of the town in 1842 showing the stables on the eastern side of the Square and the inns and private properties on the western side. Source: Jack 2010 ............................. 39 Plate 10: Detail of a survey c. 1835 showing the punt and the wharf on the river’s edge at the northern end of Thompson Square and a wide cutting on the northern side of the river (AO Map 5968) ............ 41 Plate 11: Detail of an undated parish map showing the distribution of properties on the northern side of the river (SRO Map SZ 417) ............................................................................................................... 42


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Plate 12: Plan showing the “house” on the northern side of the river. The “house” (red arrow), which is believed to have been the “Squatters Arms” mentioned by the Reverend Steele, is on the left side of what is now Freemans Reach Road. Source: Roads and Maritime Service. .......................................... 43 Plate 13: Survey of 1894 showing the reconfigured Thompson Square after the construction of the bridge and the earlier access provided to the Terrace (LPI 1009-3000) ............................................... 45 Plate 14: The highest part of Thompson Square where it joins George Street 1889 showing the size of the planted trees. The school of Arts building is visible in the far left and a “summer house” is standing in the area that the anchor memorial stands now. Source: Hawkesbury Images Local Studies Photographic Collection. ....................................................................................................................... 46 Plate 15: A view from the north side of the river to Thompson Square. The bank on the south side is markedly different to what it is today and the Hawkesbury Motor Boat Club is on the lower part of Thompson Square Reserve. Source: Hawkesbury Images Local Studies Photographic Collection. ...... 46 Plate 16: Part of an undated panorama showing Thompson Square in the later part of the nineteenth century; it shows the residential character that had been established during the second half of the nineteenth century, the open reserves and the cuttings that had been made for the road. The photograph dates to between 1874 and 1897 as the bridge is shown at its original level (ML SPF)..... 47 Plate 17: View across the original low level bridge (1874 – 1897) to the northern side of the river showing the cutting made there for it and also illustrating the scattered occupation and open fields and pastures that characterised this side of the river. Note the scouring of the banks, presumably by floods (ML SPF Windsor NSW Bridges). .......................................................................................................... 48 Plate 18: Thompson Square in 1929 before the final changes were made to the roads (JHHS 2011 No 2: 21) ...................................................................................................................................................... 49 Plate 19: Titled “Aerial view North Richmond Bridge During Floods 1978” but is clearly Windsor with Thompson Square at the top of the photograph and the bridge to the left. Note that the motor boat club is still standing on the lower reserve. Source: Hawkesbury Images Local Studies Photographic Collection. .............................................................................................................................................. 50 Plate 20: An earlier form of the Bridge Street on its approach to the bridge is visible in the landscape. The car park at the end of Old Bridge Street may have cut into the earlier alignment. View to the north-west, the current approach to the bridge is visible in the background. Source: Biosis Research 2011). ................................................................................................................................................................ 54 Plate 21: The location of Ground Penetrating Radar investigation on the lower section of Thompson Square Reserve. Old Bridge Street is top right, Bridge Street, bottom left. This is Figure 61 (005 cm) in Player 2011. ........................................................................................................................................... 56

Figures Figure 1: The Project Area in a regional context .................................................................................... 6 Figure 2: The Project Area ...................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 3: Overlay of current aerial on Meehan’s 1812 plan ................................................................. 33 Figure 4: Overlay of 1827 plan on current aerial photograph .............................................................. 37 Figure 5: Overlay of 1831 plan on current aerial photograph .............................................................. 38 Figure 6: overlay of 1842 plan on current aerial photograph ............................................................... 40 Figure 7: Utilities on south side of the Hawkesbury River ..................................................................... 51


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Figure 8: Utilities on the north side of the Hawkesbury River ............................................................... 52 Figure 9: Proposed location test trenches & geotechnical investigation (south bank) .......................... 59 Figure 10: Proposed location test trenches & geotechnical investigation (north bank) ........................ 60


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1.0 SUMMARY 1.1 Introduction

This report is concerned with the proposed development of a new bridge over the Hawkesbury River with landings at Thompson Square, Windsor, on the southern side of the river and Wilberforce on the northern side. The Project is being assessed under Part 5.1 of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979. Director General’s Requirements have been published and require that test excavation is undertaken to inform a comprehensive assessment.

This report deals with non-Aboriginal (‘European’) archaeological heritage. Separate reports are being prepared to determine a methodology for Aboriginal archaeological investigation and the assessment of the maritime archaeological resource.

This report is a research design that establishes the parameters of test excavations and their anticipated outcomes for the European archaeological resource. The present analysis has been developed using primary and secondary historical research that is still ongoing and that will be used for the comprehensive assessment. It also has made reference to other sources of information including previous archaeological investigations and geophysical evidence.

1.2 The potential archaeological resource

It can be concluded from the research undertaken to date and other evidence that Thompson Square and its immediate environs is one of substantial archaeological sensitivity encompassing sites of potential state significance: these include sites of buildings and works that date to the first year of settlement in 1795. However, identifying specific locations for these sites is difficult in most cases and impossible in many others.

Of the thirty-two identified sites or groups of items only the following can be identified with any degree of certainty to fall within or close to the project area. All are within Thompson Square and the southern bank of the river:

• First wharf built 1795

• Original tracks from the George Street ridge to the river

• Log granary built 1796-1800

• Government stables c. 1810

• Second wharf built 1814

• Brick sewers built 1815

• Land-forming 1814 onwards; evident in the present landscape and from filling visible along the river’s edge

• Temporary bridge 1896


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• Punt landing on northern side of river

On the northern bank of the river the archival evidence indicates that the settlement here was dispersed over a wide area with much of the landscape devoted to pastures or crop fields. The evidence for this area is less specific but it has still been concluded that it is likely to be one of less archaeological sensitivity and significance even though settlement here also commenced in the mid-1790s. Only one potential archaeological site has been identified to date, that of an early nineteenth century inn.

With respect to the river bed, a search of the Australian National Shipwrecks Database was undertaken and while there are no known shipwrecks it is anticipated that there could be an assemblage of artefacts accumulated through either deliberate disposal or casual losses. Flooding may not have substantially disturbed this resource but disturbance from dredging may have. A separate maritime archaeological evaluation will discuss the occurrence and significance of the potential archaeological resource within the river.

1.3 Impacts

Two principal types of impacts have been identified:

° Impacts caused by the construction of the new bridge, demolition of the old bridge and associated activities; and

° Impacts derived from pre-construction investigations including geo-technical and geo-archaeological boreholes to inform both the concept design and the Aboriginal archaeological research.

The new bridge approach on the southern side of the river would largely follow the route of Old Bridge Street before it diverts to cross the lower reserve and then to the bridge deck. The new road occupies a footprint of approximately 110 m from George Street to the north with a width of approximately 15 m. The depths of excavation to remove road surface, fills and other deposits to reach a sound foundation will vary from 0.5 m to 1.5 m.

On the northern side of the river the impacts are associated with the construction of a new roundabout, approximately 50 m in diameter and four road works. Excavation here can reach depths of between 1-2 m.

In addition to these works a number of geotechnical bores are planned; three on Old Bridge Street in Thompson Square, three on the northern side of the river and eight within the river. The bores will be drilled to depths that exceed any likely archaeological profile but will have a maximum diameter of 100 mm.

The Aboriginal test excavation methodology incorporates the use of geo-archaeological boreholes measuring 30 – 50 mm in diameter. Approximately 10 geo-archaeological boreholes are to be made within the project area, with the majority proposed for the southern approach and 2 within the lawn farm on the northern bank (KNC 2011 draft: 14, 15). The


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purpose of the geo-archaeological boreholes is to establish a soil or stratigraphic sequence across a wider area that will be subjected to Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal test excavations.

On the northern side of the river six large test pits will be excavated for geo-technical purposes measuring up to four metres long, 0.5 m wide and up to three metres deep. It is intended to increase the size of these pits and use them for historical archeological testing purposes.

The program of testing also requires three test pits in Thompson Square.

1.4 Archaeological Testing

A program of testing for European archaeological resources has been recommended that requires three test pits to be excavated in Thompson Square and the archaeological excavation of the six geo-technical pits on the northern side of the river. The premises underlying the work are:

• that any work undertaken will be as small as possible to minimise the damage caused to the resource while still meeting the project objectives. This makes no assumption concerning the likely approval or otherwise of the proposal but is standard best practice for archaeological works

• that the work is not designed to locate specific archaeological sites that have been identified in the analysis; the objective of the work is to determine whether the maximum depths of excavation required for the various parts of the design will impact on an intact archaeological profile or be confined to depths already disturbed for road and other contemporary works

• As a corollary if an intact archaeological profile is revealed within any test pit sufficient work will be undertaken to determine if possible its likely source, association or date

1.5 Research questions

The outcomes or the principal questions intended to be addressed by these test pits in conjunction with information acquired from the bores are as follows:

• Will the depths of excavation required for the several components of the new bridge impact on levels that encompass intact archeological resources?

• Can the archaeological test excavations establish a profile that generally characterises each part of the construction area and, thus, establish what the impacts of the proposed works will be on the integrity and significance of the archeological resource?

• Will the profiles provide sufficient evidence to establish dates or specific associations for archaeological evidence revealed in them?


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• Is it possible to determine whether the impacts of land forming and the provision of infrastructure have combined to effectively remove a substantial and significant archaeological resource?


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2.0 PROJECT CONTEXT 2.1 The New Bridge

The present bridge across the Hawkesbury River at the northern end of Thompson Square was built in 1874, was raised in 1896 and improved in the 1920s. It is now in an insecure state due to deterioration of the fabric, particularly the supporting caissons caused by larger vehicles using it and the increased volume of traffic. Nine options for sites and types of bridges have been evaluated and the Minister for Roads and Ports announced that Option 1, a high level bridge located 35 metres downstream of the existing bridge was the preferred option1.

2.2 The Project Boundary

The project boundary is shown in Figure 2. It consists of the proposed new bridge across the Hawkesbury River at Thompson Square on the southern side of the river and at Wilberforce on the northern side and associated land areas which may be required for construction purposes. The proposed bridge will be located approximately thirty-five metres to the east and downstream of the present bridge.

The areas that will be physically impacted by this work are limited:

• A new road will be built largely over Old Bridge Road on the eastern side of Thompson Square; it will require some excavation from the southern end at its intersection with George Street for an approximate length of 110 metres and a width of approximately fifteen metres

• On the northern side of the river a new roundabout of approximately fifty metres diameter and four road works will require excavation up to depths of 1-2 metres.

• A number of bores are required to be drilled on both sides of the river and within the river bed;

• Six large test pits are required on the northern side of the river.

• Removal of the existing bridge structure and abutments may also result in ground disturbance.

There is the potential for some impacts to be made within the river bed but the design options are yet to be finalised for the bridge.

1 Media Release The Hon Duncan Gay, Minister for Roads and Ports, 4 August 2011

Date: 05 March 2012 Matter: 14020Checked By: PBK Drawn By: JMSLocation: P:\14000s\14020\Mapping\14020_F1_Locality.mxd

Figure 1: Location of the Study Area in aRegional Context 0 75 150 225 300 375

Metres ±

!(

!(

!(

!(

Sydney

Katoomba

Wollongong

Central Coast

Parramatta

Campbelltown

Scale: 1:15,000 at A4

Acknowledgement: Topographic Data© Commonwealth of Australia (c. 2003)Basemap © OpenStreetMap and contributors

Offices also in: Wollongong,Ballarat, Melbourne,Canberra, Wangaratta.

Biosis Research Pty. Ltd.18-20 Manidble StreetAlexandriaNSW, 2015

LegendProject Area

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120

Metres

±Date: 05 March 2012, File number: 14020Checked by: PBK, Drawn by: JMSLocation:P:\14000s\14020\Mapping\14020_F2_StudyArea.mxd

Biosis Research Pty. Ltd.18-20 Mandible StreetAlexandriaNEW SOUTH WALES2015Offices also in: Ballarat, Melbourne,Wollongong, Canberra, Wangaratta

Scale: 1:2,500 @ A3

Figure 2: Location of theWindsor and Freeman'sReach Project Areas

Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 56

Acknowledgements: Aerial - (c) SKM 2011

Legend

Project AreaCadastre


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2.3 The Director General’s Requirements

The Part 5.1 Director General’s Requirements for non-Aboriginal heritage require:

Impacts to State and local historic heritage (including archaeology, heritage items and conservation areas), in particular, impacts on the Thompson Square Conservation Area, heritage listed buildings and sites in the Thompson Square conservation area and the Windsor Bridge should be assessed. Where impacts to State or locally significant historic heritage items are identified, the assessment shall:

• outline the proposed mitigation and management measures (including measures to avoid significant impacts and an evaluation of the effectiveness of the mitigation measures) generally consistent with the guidelines in the NSW Heritage Manual (1996),

• be undertaken by a suitably qualified heritage consultant(s) (note: where archaeological excavations are proposed the relevant consultant must meet the NSW Heritage Council’s Excavation Director criteria),

• include a statement of heritage impact for all heritage items (including significance assessment),

• consider impacts from vibration, demolition, archaeological disturbance, altered historical arrangements and access, landscape and vistas, and architectural noise treatment, and

• develop an appropriate archaeological assessment methodology, including research design, to guide physical archaeological test excavations (terrestrial and maritime) and include the results of these excavations;

This report is intended to determine a program of archaeological testing that will be used to inform the comprehensive assessment of European archaeology and the impacts of the proposed bridge construction on that resource and its significance.

2.4 Heritage Values

Thompson Square is listed on the NSW State Heritage Register as an item in its own right and it encompasses buildings, features and green space that have individual significance. Reports have been prepared in relation to Aboriginal heritage, European above-ground structures and features and views and vistas from and to the Square.

The potential archaeological resource relating to early European occupation has been identified as a contributing element of the heritage significance of Thompson Square, which is listed as a heritage item on the State Heritage Register as a conservation area. The listing includes a number of the surrounding buildings as elements of the Thompson Square Conservation Area (Table 1). Two of the elements, namely the Macquarie Arms Hotel and the house and outbuilding at 5 Thompson Square are listed individually as well as elements of the Thompson Square Conservation Area.


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Table 1: Statutory Heritage Listings

Item Number

Item Name Address; Property Description Listing Heritage Significance; Statutory Requirements

Conservation Area

001 Thompson Square Conservation Area including elements listed below:

Thompson Square, Windsor, NSW 2756

SHR (00126) State; Section 60, Heritage Act 1977

Yes

LEP (273) Yes

NT (10510) Yes

RNE (3166) --

002 Thompson Square Reserve

Thompson Square, Windsor, NSW 2756


Yes

LEP (273) Yes

RNE (3167) --

003 The Doctors House

1-3 Thompson Square, Windsor, NSW 2756; Lot B, DP 161643 and Lot 1, DP 196531


Yes

LEP (273) Yes

NT (11446) Yes

RNE (3168) --

004 House and Outbuilding

No. 5 Thompson Square, Windsor, NSW 2756; Lot 1, DP

SHR (00126)

SHR (00005)

State; Section 60, Heritage Act 1977

Yes


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Item Number


Conservation Area

7450356;

Also listed individually on the SHR

LEP (273) Yes

NT (11447) Yes

RNE (3169) --

005 Hawkesbury Museum and Tourist Information Centre

No. 7 Thompson Square, Windsor, NSW 2756; Lot 1, DP 60716


Yes

LEP (273) Yes

NT (11448) Yes

RNE (3170) --

006 House No. 4 Bridge Street, Windsor NSW 2756; Lot 10, DP 666894

SHR (00126) State; Section 60 Heritage, Act 1977

Yes

LEP (273) Yes

NT (11455) Yes

RNE (3166) --

007 House No. 6 Bridge (also identified as No. 8 Bridge Street), Windsor, NSW 2756; Lot 1, DP 995391


Yes

LEP (273) Yes


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Item Number


Conservation Area

(it is the grounds of the property that have heritage value)

NT (11451)

RNE (3173)

Yes

--

008 House and Outbuildings

No.10 Bridge Street, Windsor, NSW 2756; Corner part Lot A, DP 381403


Yes

LEP (273) Yes

NT (11452) Yes

RNE (3174) --

009 Former School of Arts building

No. 14 Bridge Street, Windsor, NSW 2756; Part Lot 1, DP 136667


Yes

LEP (273) Yes

NT (11450) Yes

RNE (3172) --

010 Cottage No. 17 Bridge Street, Windsor, NSW 2756; Part Lot 1, DP 555685


Yes

LEP (273) Yes

NT (11453) Yes

RNE (3175) --


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Item Number


Conservation Area

011 AC Stern Building

No. 74 George Street, Windsor, NSW 2756; Lot 11, DP 630209


Yes

LEP (273) Yes

NT (9737 - listed under 64 – 74 George Street)

Yes

RNE (3177) --

012 Macquarie Arms Hotel

99 Bridge Street, Thompson Square, Windsor NSW 2756; Lot 1, DP 864088;

Also listed individually on the SHR

SHR (00126)

SHR (00041)

State; Section 60 Heritage Act 1977

--

LEP (273) Yes

NT (10510) Yes

RNE (3171) --

013 60 George Street

60 George Street, Windsor NSW 2756

SHR (00126) State; Section 60 Heritage Yes

LEP (273) Act 1977 Yes

RNE (3177) --


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Item Number


Conservation Area

014 Shops Nos. 62, 64 – 68 George Street, Windsor, NSW 2756; Lots 1 and 2; DP 555685 and an unnumbered lot



NT (11454) Yes

RNE (3176) --

015 Shops Nos. 70 – 72 George Street, Windsor, NSW 2756; Lot 1, DP 87241



NT (9737 – Listed under 64 – 74 George Street)

Yes

RNE (3177) --

016 Shop No. 82 George Street, Windsor, NSW 2756; Lot 10, DP 630209

SHR (00126)

LEP (273)

State; Section 60 Heritage Act 1977

Yes

Yes


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2.5 Objectives

The scope of work presented in this report is as follows:

• A brief historical context drawn from ongoing research that provides evidence for past activities that may have created a archaeological resource within the project area

• Evidence drawn from past archaeological investigations, surveys and geo-physical testing to qualify the model of archaeological potential

• Review of the present project design and its anticipated ground disturbance impacts with respect to the archaeological model

• Identification of a limited testing program designed to more accurately evaluate the impacts of the presently proposed works on European archaeological resources.

2.6 Methodology

Identifying the scope of archaeological resources that could be contained within the project area is based initially on primary archival research and this is ongoing for the purposes of the comprehensive assessment. This research design has drawn from the research to summarise the principal features that could be found within the project area as a sub-surface resource. The comprehensive research will provide the detailed analysis that supports this summation.

A range of secondary sources has also been consulted with respect to both historical analysis and those that have tested the sub-surface profile through geophysical testing or archaeological investigation. Field survey was undertaken on December 14, 2011 to identify potential archaeological resources within, and in proximity to, the project area.


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2.7 Authorship

This report has been written by Wendy Thorp (Cultural Resources Management) in association with Biosis Research Pty Ltd. Primary research has been undertaken by Anna Nardis, Peter Howard, Peter Woodley, Pamela Kottaras and Louise Doherty. The report has been edited by Pamela Kottaras of Biosis Research and comments made by Denis Gojak and Braith Gilchrist of RMS.

2.8 Terminology

For this project the Hawkesbury River is taken as running from west to east, with Thompson Square occupying the southern end of the project area, and the projected bridge alignment runs from south to north.

Thompson Square historically ran down to the river’s edge and the wharf. In this report it is used in this sense rather than the modern gazetted public space, which stops to the south of the Terrace riverside road. Thompson Square slopes down from south to north so ‘top’ and ‘bottom’ of the square respectively refer to its southern and northern ends.

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