appendix a list of commercial or field tested tools and ...978-1-4613-1065-5/1.pdf · appendix a...
TRANSCRIPT
Appendix A
List of Commercial or Fieldtested Tools and Systems
This appendix lists commercial or field-tested tools and systems in the following order: PC tools, PC expert systems, AI workstation tools, and AI workstation expert systems.
265
~
PC
To
ols
O
'l
Tool
s ar
e lis
ted
in L
ISP
, P
rolo
g, a
nd S
hells
. (S
ee F
igur
e A
-1 f
or a
com
pari
son
of s
amp
le P
C t
ools
.)
Na
me
of
To
ol
Ap
plic
ab
le P
C
De
velo
pe
r T
ele
ph
on
e
No
te
LIS
P
BY
SC
O L
ISP
IB
M A
T
Levi
en I
nst
ru m
en
t (7
03
) 3
69
-33
45
C
LiS
P
IBM
W
est
com
p
(71
4)
98
2-1
73
8
Cro
me
nco
LIS
P
Z-8
0
Cro
me
nco
(4
15
) 9
64
-74
00
E
xpe
rt L
IS P
M
acin
tosh
/IB
M
Exp
erTe
l1 ig
en
ce
(80
5)
96
9-7
87
4
Go
lde
n C
om
mo
n L
ISP
IB
M S
P
Gol
d H
ill C
om
pu
ters
(6
17
) 4
92
-20
71
IQ
LlS
P
IBM
In
teg
ral
Qu
alit
y (2
06
) 5
27
-29
18
L
lSP
/80
IB
M
So
ftw
are
To
olw
ork
s (8
18
) 9
86
-48
85
L
lSP
/88
IB
M
No
rell
Dat
a S
yste
ms
(21
3)
74
8-5
97
8
Mu
LiS
P
all
So
ft W
are
ho
use
(2
06
) 4
55
-80
80
U
O-L
iPS
IB
M
No
rth
we
st C
om
pu
ter
Alg
ori
thm
s (2
13
) 4
26
-18
93
W
alt
z LI
SP
al
l P
roC
od
e
(80
0)
LlP
-40
00
X
LiS
P
all
N.Y
. A
ma
teu
r C
om
pu
ter
Clu
b
(60
3)
92
4-9
82
0
Pro
log
A
rity
Pro
log
IB
M
Ari
ty
(61
7)
37
1-1
24
3
IF/P
rolo
g
IBM
I n
terf
ace
Co
mp
ute
r 0
89
/98
44
44
W
. G
erm
an
y LP
A M
icro
-Pro
log
IB
M
Lo
gic
Pro
gra
mm
ing
Ass
c.
01
87
40
35
0
UK
M
PR
OLO
G
all
Lo
gic
wa
re
(71
4)
47
6-3
63
4
Mic
ro-P
rolo
g
IBM
P
rog
ram
min
g L
og
ic S
yste
ms
(20
3)
87
7-7
98
8
PC
-Pro
log
IB
M
Su
lnfo
log
ics
AB
S
tock
ho
lm.
Sw
ed
en
P
RO
LOG
1 &
2
IBM
E
xper
t S
yste
ms
Int'I
(2
15
) 3
37
-23
00
P
RO
LOG
V
IBM
C
ha
lce
do
dy
So
ftw
are
(6
19
) 4
83
-85
13
Pro
log
-86
IB
M
Sol
utio
n S
yste
ms
(80
0)
82
1-2
49
2
Tu
rbo
Pro
log
IB
M
Bor
land
In
tern
ati
on
al
(80
5)
96
4-7
72
4
(40
8)
43
8-8
40
0
She
lls
AD
S
IBM
A
ion
(41
5)
32
8-9
59
5
AD
VIS
OR
al
l U
ltim
ate
Me
dia
(4
15
) 9
24
-36
44
A
PE
S
IBM
Lo
gic
Pro
gra
mm
ing
Ass
ocia
tes
01
-87
4-0
35
0
UK
E
S/P
AD
VIS
OR
IB
M P
C
Exp
ert
Sys
tem
s In
tern
atio
na
l (2
15
) 3
37
-23
00
E
X-T
RA
N 7
IB
M
Inte
llige
nt T
erm
ina
ls
04
15
52
13
53
S
cotla
nd.
Ind
uct
ion
E
xper
t C
ho
ice
P
C-D
OS
D
ecis
ion
Su
pp
ort
Sof
twar
e. I
nc.
(70
3)
44
2-7
90
0
and
MS
-DO
S
EX
PE
RT
4 IB
M
Els
evie
r-B
ioso
ft
02
-23
-31
-59
61
U
K
Exp
ert-
Eas
e IB
M
Hum
an E
dge
So
ftw
are
Cor
p.
(41
5)
43
1-9
56
2
Ind
uct
ion
E
XS
YS
IB
M P
C E
XS
YS
. In
c.
(50
5)
83
6-6
67
6
1 st
Cla
ss
IBM
PC
M
ou
nta
in V
iew
Pre
ss
Infe
renc
e M
an
ag
er
IBM
In
telli
gent
Te
rmin
als
0
41
-55
2-1
35
3
Infe
renc
e In
sig
ht
I &
II
IBM
Le
vel
Five
Res
earc
h. I
nc.
(30
5)
72
9-9
04
6
Link
ed t
o d
Bas
e K
DS
IB
M P
C
KD
S C
orp.
(3
12
) 2
51
-26
21
K
ES
IB
M
Sof
twar
e A
&E
(7
03
) 2
76
-79
10
M
.1
IBM
PC
Tek
now
ledg
e. I
nc.
(41
5)
32
7-6
60
0
MO
-LR
O
IBM
PC
and
Co
nce
ptio
n e
t R
ealis
atio
n 1
-77
6-3
4-3
7
Fra
nce
com
pa
tible
s In
dust
riel
les
de L
og
icie
l M
P-L
RO
IB
M
Co
nce
ptio
n e
t R
ealis
atio
n 1
-77
6-3
4-3
7
Fra
nce
N
Indu
stri
elle
s de
Lo
gic
iel
0>
-...J
N
O'l
(Xl
Nam
e o
f T
oo
l
Mic
ro E
xper
t N
EX
PE
RT
OP
S5
Per
sona
l C
on
sult
an
t R
evea
l R
uleM
aste
r S
avoi
r TE
SS
T
hink
!
TIM
M-P
C
Tex
pert
T
opsi
X
SY
S
Xi
Ap
plic
ab
le P
C
IBM
M
aci
nto
sh
IBM
, A
pp
le
TI P
C a
nd
IBM
PC
IB
M
IBM
IB
M,
HP
IB
M
Co
mm
od
ore
64
, A
pp
le I
I an
d A
tari
80
0
IBM
PC
al
l IB
M
IBM
IB
M
Dev
elop
er
Te
lep
ho
ne
N
ote
McG
raw
-Hili
Boo
k (2
12
) 5
12
-20
00
N
euro
n D
ata
(41
5)
32
1-4
48
8
Art
ellig
ence
, In
c.
(21
4)
43
7-0
36
1
Tex
as I
nst
rum
en
ts
(80
0)
52
7-3
50
0
Tym
shar
e U
.K.
He
iro
n H
ouse
0
48
62
2
67
61
UK
R
adia
n C
orp.
(5
12
) 4
54
-47
97
lS
I 0
73
7-7
13
27
U
K H
elix
Exp
ert
Sys
tem
s 0
1-2
48
-17
34
U
K
UM
E
(80
5)
48
8-2
97
2
Gen
eral
Res
earc
h C
orp.
(7
03
) 8
93
-59
15
In
du
ctio
n
Tex
pert
Sys
tem
s (7
13
) 4
69
-40
68
Li
nked
to
dB
ase
Dyn
am
ic M
aste
r S
yste
ms
(40
4)
56
5-0
77
1
Bas
ed o
n O
PS
5 C
alifo
rnia
In
telli
ge
nce
(4
15
) 3
91
-48
46
E
xper
tech
Hou
se
07
53
-82
13
21
U
K
N
(J) co
Re
qu
ire
me
nt
Ha
rdw
are
M
achi
ne
Mem
ory
Dis
k dr
ive
Har
d di
sk
Oth
er
So
ftw
are
Ca
pa
bilit
ies
Sco
pe
En
gin
e
Kn
ow
led
ge
R
ep
Ho
oks
Em
ph
asis
Pri
ce
s IBM
PC
M
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12
~ 1
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2k
~256k
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IBM
mou
se
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cop
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Gra
phic
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rd
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xper
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P
Text
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tor
mic
ro·P
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L0G
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Tool
La
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ge
Fwd
Cha
in
Bkw
d C
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ules
Fr
ames
In
duct
ion
Cer
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rs
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pplic
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ure
A-1
. C
ompa
rison
of
sam
ple
PC t
ools
KD
S
M.l
Mac
KIT
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xpe
r.
NE
XP
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PS
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nt
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achi
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ory
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ive
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er
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ltw
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pa
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ies
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pe
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gin
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ep
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asis
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ce
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se
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phic
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rd
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rs
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26
' $6
95
, pr
ice
to a
cade
mic
inst
nutio
ns
Fig
ure
A-1
. C
ompa
riso
n of
sam
ple
PC t
ools
(co
ntin
ued)
EX
SY
S
AP
ES
E
xper
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3.
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each
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95
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75
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PC
Exp
ert
Sys
tem
s (m
ostly
for
IB
M p
es e
xcep
t th
ose
that
are
not
ed)
Sys
tem
Na
me
D
evel
oper
A
pp
lica
tio
n A
reas
T
ele
ph
on
e
Not
e
Ca
pita
l In
vest
me
nt
Pal
ladi
an S
oft
wa
re
Ca
pita
l In
vest
me
nt
(61
7)
66
1-7
17
1
Exp
ert
Sys
tem
s C
lou
t M
icro
rim
D
atab
ase
fro
nte
nd
(2
06
) 8
85
-20
00
Li
nked
to
Lo
tus
1-2
-3
Exp
ert
Ch
oic
e
De
cisi
on
Su
pp
ort
Sof
twar
e D
eci
sio
n s
up
po
rt
(80
0)
36
8-2
02
2:
Link
ed t
o L
otu
s 1
-2-3
G
uru
Mic
ro D
ata
Bas
e S
yste
ms
Dat
abas
e m
an
ag
em
en
t (3
17
) 4
63
-25
81
H
AL
GN
P D
eve
lop
me
nt
Sp
rea
dsh
ee
t fr
on
ten
d
(81
8)
Link
ed t
o L
otu
s (Pasad~na. C
Al
1-2
-3
HU
LK I
I B
rain
sto
rm C
om
pu
ter
Rul
e fo
un
de
r 0
1-2
63
-69
26
U
K.
also
Un
ix
So
luti
on
s H
ypn
oti
st
Inte
llig
en
ce P
rodu
cts
Exp
ert
anal
ysis
on
01
67
77
58
3
UK
L
otu
s 1
-2-3
. S
ymp
ho
ny
Jave
lin
Jave
lin S
oft
wa
re
Da
tab
ase
ma
na
ge
me
nt
(61
7)
49
4-1
40
0
Lig
ht y
ear
Lig
ht y
ear
De
cisi
on
ana
lysi
s (4
08
) 9
85
-88
11
M
an
ufa
ctu
rin
g a
nd
P
alla
dian
So
ftw
are
M
an
ufa
ctu
rin
g a
nd
(61
7)
66
1-7
17
1
Lo
gis
tics
Exp
ert
log
isti
cs
Mic
ro-S
ynth
ese
E
cole
Nat
iona
l S
uper
ieur
e O
rga
nic
mo
lecu
le
13
36
25
23
5
Fra
nce:
Ap
ple
II
Ch
imie
de
Par
is
Par
adox
A
nsa
So
ftw
are
D
atab
ase
ma
na
ge
me
nt
(41
5)
59
5-4
46
9
Par
ys
Bus
ines
s In
form
ati
on
P
erso
nnel
ma
na
ge
me
nt
02
74
73
67
66
U
K
Te
chn
iqu
es
Pla
n P
ow
er
Ap
plie
d E
xper
t S
yste
ms
Fin
an
cia
l p
lan
nin
g
(61
7)
49
2-7
32
2
Q&
A
Sym
an
tec
Dat
abas
e (4
08
) 2
52
-57
00
R
EV
EA
L M
cDo
nn
ell
Do
ug
las
Dat
a m
an
ag
em
en
t (4
08
) 4
46
-74
06
I\
.)
Su
pe
rfile
AC
LS
So
uth
da
ta
Dat
abas
e m
an
ag
em
en
t 0
17
27
75
64
U
K
-...J
Wiz
do
m X
S
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ftw
are
In
telli
ge
nce
Lab
C
om
me
rcia
l an
d (2
12
) 7
47
-90
66
fi
na
nci
al
N .......
N
AI
Wo
rkst
atio
n T
oo
ls
Too
l's N
ame
De
velo
pe
r IS
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r B
asic
Fu
nct
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T
ele
ph
on
e
No
te
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llig
en
t T
erm
ina
l In
du
ctio
n
04
15
52
13
53
U
K
AR
T
Infe
ren
ce
Rul
e-ba
sed.
hyb
rid
(2
13
) C
om
mo
n L
ISP
G
old
Hill
Co
mp
ute
rs
LIS
P l
an
gu
ag
e
(61
7)
49
2-2
07
1
Als
o a
vaila
ble
in
PC
DU
CK
S
ma
rt S
yste
m T
ech
no
log
y L
og
ic-o
rie
nte
d
(70
3)
44
8-8
56
2
Fla
vors
S
ymb
olic
s O
bje
ct-o
rie
nte
d
(61
7)
GE
N-X
G
ener
al E
lect
ric
Rul
e-ba
sed.
hyb
rid
(5
18
) 3
87
-51
55
H
SR
L C
arn
eg
ie-M
ello
n U
niv
ers
ity
Log
ic-b
ased
(4
12
) IN
-AT
E/K
E
Au
tom
ate
d R
ea
son
ing
F
ault
anal
ysis
In
terL
iSP
X
ero
x P
AR
C
LIS
P l
an
gu
ag
e
(41
5)
32
6-6
20
0
KE
E
Inte
llico
rp
Fra
me-
base
d. h
ybri
d
(41
5)
96
5-5
57
5
KE
S
So
ftw
are
A&
E
Rul
e-ba
sed.
hyb
rid
(7
03
) 2
76
-79
10
A
lso
ava
ilab
le i
n PC
LO
OP
S
Xe
rox
PA
RC
O
bje
ct-b
ase
d
(41
5)
32
6-5
20
0
OP
S5
Dig
ita
l E
qu
ipm
en
t R
ule-
base
d (6
17
) 5
68
-60
75
A
lso
ava
ilab
le i
n PC
P
ICO
N
LIS
P M
ach
ine
s P
roce
ss c
on
tro
l P
LUM
E
Ca
rne
gie
Gro
up
N
atur
al l
an
gu
ag
e i
nte
rfa
ces
(41
2)
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Abacus Programming Corporation 14545 Victory Boulevard, #300 Van Nuys, CA 91411 TEL: 818-785-8000
Advanced Computing Environments 21370 Vai Avenue Cupertino, CA 95014 TEL: (408) 255-9637
Advanced Information and Decision Systems 201 San Antonio Circle, #286 Mountain View, CA 94049 TEL: 415-941-3912
Aegis Medical Systems 3000 Lincoln Drive East Marlton, NJ 08053 TEL: 609-983-0110
AI Decision Systems 8624 Via del Sereno Scottsdale, AZ 85258 TEL: 602-991-0599
Appendix B
List of Major Expert System Companies
and Publishers
Aion Corporation 101 University Avenue, 4th Floor Palo Alto, CA 94301 TEL: 415-328-9595
Aldo Ventures 169 Waverley Street, Suite B Palo Alto, CA 94301 TEL: 415-322-2233
American Business Consultants Corp. 6250 Westpark Houston, TX 77057 TEL: 713-784-9686
Apollo Computer, Inc. 330 Billerica Rd. Chelmsford, MA 01824, MS 37 TEL: 617-256-6600
Applicon (Schlumberger) 32 Second Avenue Concord, MA 01803 TEL: 617-272-7070
275
276 Expert Systems for Software Engineers
Applied Expert Systems (APEX) 5 Cambridge Center Cambridge, MA 02142 TEL: 617-492-7322
ARCO Resources Administration Plano Employee Relations P. O. Box 2819 Dallas, TX 75221
Arity Corporation 358 Baker Avenue Concord, MA 01742 TEL: 617-371-2422
Arthur D. Little 25 Acorn Park Cambridge, MA 02140 TEL: 617-864-5770
Artificial Intelligence Research Group 921 N, La Jolla Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90046 TEL: 213-656-7368
Artificial Intelligence Software S.r.l Casella Postale 198-45100 Rovigo Italy TEL: 0425/27151
AT & T IBell Laboratories Crawford's Corner Road Holmdel, NJ 07733 TEL: 201-949-3000
Automated Reasoning Corporation 290 W. 12th Street, Suite I-D New York, NY 10014 TEL: 212-206-6331
Battelle Columbus Laboratories 505 King Avenue Columbus, OH 43201 TEL: 614-424-7728
BDM Corporation 7915 Jones Branch Drive McLean, VA 22102 TEL: 703-821-5000
BDM International, Inc. 7915 Jones Branch Drive McLean, VA 22102
The BDM Corporation 2227 Drake Avenue Huntsville, AL 35805
The BDM Corporation 1801 Randolph Rd., SE Albuquerque, NM 87106
Becton Dickinson Research Center P. O. Box 12016 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 TEL:
Boeing Computer Services P. O. Box 24346/MS 7A-03 Seattle, WA 98124 TEL: 206-763-5392
Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. 10 Moulton Street Cambridge, MA 02238 TEL: 617-491-1850
Brattle Research Corporation 215 First Street Cambridge, MA 02142 TEL: 617-492-1982
Business/Technology Books P. O. Box 574 Orinda, CA 94563 TEL: 415-839-3370
List of Major Expert System Companies 277
Bynas Division, Uny Co., Ltd. 5F, Dai-Nagoya Bldg., 28-12, 3-Chome Meieki, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, 450 Japan TEL: 052-581-7655
California Intelligence 912 Powell Street, Suite 8 San Francisco, CA 94108 TEL: 415-391-4846
Carnegie Group, Inc. Commerce Court and Station Square Pittsburgh, PA 15219 TEL: 412-642-6900
Center for Machine Intelligence 2001 Commonwealth Blvd. Ann Arbor, MI 48105
Clairvoyant Systems 1921 Rock Street, Suite 17 Mountain View, CA 94043 TEL: 415-364-6380
Cognitive Systems 234 Church Street New Haven, CT 06510 TEL: 203-773-0726
Composition Systems, Inc. 570 Taxter Road Elmsford, NY 10523 TEL: 914-592-3600
Computer Thought Corporation 1721 W. Plano Parkway, Suite 125 Plano, TX 75075 TEL: 214-424-3511
Control Data Corporation Post Office Box 0 Minneapolis, MN 55440 TEL: 612-853-6137
Decision Support Software 1300 Vincent Plain McLean, VA 22101 TEL: 703-442-7900
Digital Equipment Corporation 77 Technology Way Westboro, MA 01580 TEL: 617-366-8911
ESL, Inc. 495 Java Drive Sunnyvale, CA 94088-3510 TEL: 408-738-2888
ExperTelligence, Inc. 559 San Ysidro Road Santa Barbara, CA 93108 TEL: 805-969-7871
Expert Systems, Inc. 868 West End Avenue, Suite 3A New York, NY 10025 TEL: 212-662-7206
Expert Systems, Inc. 12607 Aste Houston, TX 77065 TEL: 713-469-4068
Expert Systems International, Ltd. 1150 First Avenue King of Prussia, P A 19406 TEL: 215-337-2300
Expert Technologies, Inc. 2600 Liberty Avenue Pittsburgh, P A 15230 TEL: 412-355-0900
Expert-Knowledge Systems, Inc. 6313 Old Chesterbrook Road McLean, VA 22101 TEL: 703-734-6966
278 Expert Systems for Software Engineers
Exsys, Inc. P. O. Box 75158, Con. Station 14 Albuquerque, NM 87914 TEL: 505-836-6676
Ford Aerospace and Communications Corporation Aeronutronic Division Dept. A703-001 Ford Road Newport Beach, CA 92660
Foundation Technologies 266 Western Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 TEL: 617-868-8215
Fountain Hills Software, Inc. 6900 E. Camelback Road, Suite 1000 Scottsdale, AZ 85251 TEL: 602-945-0261
General Motors Research Laboratories Computer Science Department Warren, Michigan 48090-9057 TEL: 313-575-3101
General Research Corporation 7655 Old Springhouse Road McLean, VA 22102 TEL: 703-893-5915
Gold Hill Computers 163 Harvard Street Cambridge, MA 02139 TEL: 617-492-2071
Gould Electronics 6901 West Sunrise Blvd. Fort Lauderdale, FL 33313-4499 TEL: 303-587-2900
Grumman-CTEC, Inc. 1355 Beverly Road, Suite 200 Dept. 13 McLean, VA 22101 TEL: 703-448-0226
GTE Laboratories Box A3, 40 Sylvan Road Waltham, MA 02254
Hewlett Packard Labs 1501 Page Mill Road Palo Alto, CA 94304 TEL: 415-857-5356
Honeywell, Inc. 1000 Boone Avenue North Golden Valley, MN 55427 TEL: 612-541-6579
Hughes Research Laboratories 3011 Malibu Canyon Road Malibu, CA 90265
leonics 8502 E. Via de Ventura Scottsdale, AZ 85258 TEL: 602-948-2600
IDC 5 Speen Street Framingham, MA 01701 TEL: 617-872-8200
Impak P. O. Box 7148 Alexandria, VA 22307-0148
Inference Corporation 5300 W. Century Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90045 TEL: 213-417-7997
Infographics 17961 Cowan Irvine, CA 92714 TEL: 714-474-1530
List of Major Expert System Companies 279
Information Acess Systems (lAS) 1823 Folsom, Suite 101 Boulder, CO 80302 TEL: 303-442-6224
Intellicorp 708 Laurel Street Menlo Park, CA 94025 TEL: 415-323-8300
Intelliware, Inc. 4676 Admiralty Way, Suite 401 Marina del Rey, CA 90291 TEL: 213-305-9391
Interface Computer Oberfohringer Strass 24a + b 0-8000 M/nchen 81 West Germany TEL: 0 89/98 44 44
Intermetrics, Inc. 733 Concord Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 TEL: 617-661-1840
Ion Technology Services, Inc. 81 Prospect Street Gloucester, MA 01930 TEL: 617-281-5720
JOG Associates, Ltd. 1700 Research Blvd. Rockville, MD 20850 TEL: 301-340-2210
Jeffrey Perrone and Associates 3685 17th Street San Francisco, CA 94114 TEL: 415-431-9562
KDS Corporation 934 Hunter Road Wilmette, IL 60091 TEL: 312-251-2621
Knowledge Quest {search firm} 1210 Park Newport, #106 Newport Beach, CA 92660 TEL: 714-760-2527
LOS Hospital 8th Avenue & C Street Salt Lake City, UT 84143 TEL: 801-321-1100
Level Five Research 4980 South AlA Melbourne Beach, FL 32951 TEL: 305-729-09046
Lincom 18100 Upper Bay Road, Suite 100 Houston, TX 77058 TEL: 713-333-1625
Lisp Machines, Inc. Building 4 6 Technology Dr. Andover, MA 01810 TEL: 617-689-3554
Lithp Systems BV Meervalweg 72 1121 JP Landsmeer The Netherlands
Lockheed Software Technology Center Department 700-20 P. O. Box 17100 Austin, TX 78760
Lucid, Inc. 1090 East Meadow Circle Palo Alto, CA 94303 TEL: 415-424-8855
280 Expert Systems for Software Engineers
MacKintosh Consulting 14395 Saratoga Avenue, Suite 150 Saratoga, CA 95027 TEL: 408-867-9800
Martin Marietta Data Systems 98 Inverness Drive East, Suite 135 (P193) Englewood, CO 80112 TEL: 303-790-3404
McDonnell Douglas-Knowledge Engineering 20705 Valley Green Drive, VG2-B01 Cupertino, CA 95014 TEL: 408-446-6553
MOBS (Micro Database Systems) P.O. Box 248 Lafayette, IN 47902 TEL: 317-463-2581
Medicomp 9524C Lee Highway Fairfax, VA 22031 TEL: 703-591-0914
Merit Technology 17770 Preston Road Dallas, TX 75252 TEL: 214-248-2502
Migent Software, Inc. 8300 North Hayden, Suite 203 Scottsdale, AZ 85258 TEL: 602-483-1515
Miller Microcomputer Services 61 Lakeshore Road Natick, MA 01760 TEL: 617-653-6136
Mitre Corporation Burlington Road Bedford, MA 01730 TEL: 617-271-2000
Molecular Design Limited 2132 Farallon Drive San Leandro, CA 94577 TEL: 415-895-1313
Mountain View Press P.O. Box 4656 Mountain View, CA 94040 TEL: 415-961-4103
MPSI Americas, Inc. 8282 South Memorial Drive Tulsa, OK 74133 TEL: 918-250-9611
Naval Underwater Systems Center Personnel Staffing Division, Al Newport, Rhode Island 02841-5047 TEL: 401-841-3585
Palladian 41 Munroe Street Cambridge, MA 02142 TEL: 617-661-7171
Perceptronics 21111 Erwin Street Woodland Hills, CA 91367 TEL: 818-884-7572
Persoft, Inc. 600 West Cummings Park Woburn, MA 01801 TEL: 617-935-0095
Planning Research Corporation Government Information Systems 1500 Planning Research Drive McLean, VA 22102
List of Major Expert System Companies 281
PPE, Inc. P.O. Box 2027 Gaithersburg, MD 20879 TEL: 301-977-1489
Programming Logic Systems Inc. 31 Crescent Drive Milford, CT 06460 TEL: 203-877-7988
Production Systems TechnQlogies, Inc. 642 Gettysburg Street Pittsburgh, P A 15206 TEL: 412-362-3117
Quintus Computer Systems, Inc. 2345 Yale Street Palo Alto, CA 94306 TEL: 415-494-3612
Radian Corporation P.O. Box 9948 Austin, TX 78766 TEL: 512-454-4797
Reasoning Systems 1801 Page Mill Road Palo Alto, CA 94303 TEL: 415-494-6201
Schlumberger-Doll Research P.O. Box 307/01d Quarry Road Ridgefield, CT 06877 TEL: 203-431-5000
Scientific DataLink 850 Third Avenue New York, NY 10022 TEL: 212-838-7200
Semantic Microsystems 1001 Bridgeway, Suite 543 Sausalito, CA 94965 TEL: 415-332-8094
Servio Logic Development Corp. 2700 Georgia Pacific Building Portland, OR 97204 TEL: 503-227-3777
Shell Development Company Research Recruitment P. O. Box 1380 Houston, TX 77001
SIL 50 Broad Street, 10th Floor New York, NY 10004 TEL: 212-747-9066-7-8
Silogic 6420 Wilshire Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90048 TEL: 213-653-6470
Smart Systems Technology 6870 Elm Street, suite 300 McLean, VA 22101 TEL: 703-448-8562
Softbridge Microsystems Corporation 186 Alewife Brook Parkway Cambridge, MA 02138 TEL: 800-325-6060
Software Architecture & Engineering, Inc. 1500 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 800 Arlington, VA 22209 TEL: 703-276-7910
Soft Warehouse P.O. Box 11174 Honolulu, HI 96828-0174 TEL: 808-734-5801
Southwest Research Institute P. O. Drawer 28510 San Antonio, TX 78284 TEL: 512-684-5111
282 Expert Systems for Software Engineers
Sperry Corporation Systems Management Group Employment Department RB-522 12010 SURrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 22091
SRI International 333 Ravenswood Avenue Menlo Park, CA 94025 TEL: 415-326-6200
Sterling Wentworth Corp. 2319 South Foothill Drive, #150 Salt Lake City, UT 84109 TEL: 801-467-7510
SU Infologics AB Box 7733 S-10395 Stockholm, Sweden
Syn telligence 1000 Hamlin Court Sunnyvale, CA 94088 TEL: 408-745-6666
Systems Control Technology Inc. (SCT) 1801 Page Mill Road, POB 10180 Palo Alto, CA 94303 TEL: 415-494-2233
Systems Designers Software, Inc. 444 Washington Street, Suite 407 Woburn, MA 01801 TEL: 617-935-8009
Systems Research Laboratories, Inc. Computer Systems Division 2800 Indian Ripple Road Dayton, OH 45440-3639 TEL: 513-426-6000
T eknowledge, Inc. 525 University Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94301 TEL: 415-327-6600
Tetrax 9000 Owensmouth Avenue Canoga Park, CA 91304 TEL: 818-709-1981
Tektronix P.O. Box 500 Beaverton, OR 97077 TEL: 1-800-547-1512 1-800-452-1877 (in Oregon)
United Technologies Research Center Silver Lane East Hartford, CT 06108
Verac, Inc. (Applied Computer Science Group) 9605 Scranton Road, Suite 500 San Diego, CA 92121 TEL: 619-457-5550
Westchester Distribution Systems P.O. Box 324 Scarsdale, NY 10538 TEL: 914-723-4352
Westcomp Software Engineering Group 517 N. Mountain Avenue Upland, CA 91786-5016 TEL: 714-982-1738
Publishers Academic Press, Inc. Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, Publishers Orlando, FL 32887 TEL: 1-800-321-5068
Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Reading, MA 01867 TEL: 617-944-3700
List of Major Expert System Companies 283
AIM Publications, Inc. P.O. Box 156 Natick, MA 01760 TEL: 617-653-1622
Artificial Intelligence Publications 3600 W. Bayshore Road, Suite 3 Palo Alto, CA 94303
Business/Technology Books P. O. Box 574 Orinda, CA 94561 TEL: 415-839-3370
Cambridge University Press 32 East 57th Street New York, NY 10022
Computational Intelligence Distribution, R-88 National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Canada KIA OR6
Electronic Trend Publications 10080 N. Wolfe Road Suite 372 Cupertino, CA 95014 TEL: 408-996-7416
Harper & Row 10 East 53rd Street, Suite 3D New York, NY 10022
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 605 Third Avenue New York, NY 10158 TEL: 1-800-526-5368
Kluwer Academic Publishers 190 Old Derby Street Hingham, MA 02043 TEL: 617-749-5262
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers 365 Broadway Hillsdale, NJ 07642
Morgan Kaufman Publishers, Inc. Dept. AI, 95 First Street Los Altos, CA 94022
Pitman Publishing, Inc. 1020 Plan Street Marshfield, MA 02050 TEL: 617-837-1331
The MIT Press 28 Carleton Street Cambridge, MA 02142
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 500 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10017
Westcomp Software Engineering Group 517 N. Mountain Avenue Upland, CA 91786-5016
Appendix C
Glossary
attribute property of an object. bidirectional search inference method combining forward and back
ward chaining. blackboard working memory accessible to independent knowledge
sources and used by them to communicate with one another. blackboard architecture expert system design in which several inde
pendent knowledge sources each examine a common working memory, a "blackboard" (also hearsay architecture).
breadth-first search search strategy in which rules or objects on the same level of the hierarchy are examined before any rules or objects on the next lower level are checked.
C programming language initially associated with the UNIX operating system.
Certainty factor number that measures the certainty or confidence in a fact or rule.
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; an agency in the Department of Defense.
deep knowledge knowledge of basic theories, first principles, axioms, or models, in contrast to surface knowledge.
declarative knowledge facts about objects, events, or situations. delivery system computer system in which a program is delivered to
the end user. demon procedure activated by chaining values in a data base. depth-first search search strategy in which one rule or object on the
highest level is examined and then rules or objects immediately below that one are examined, in contrast to breadth-first search.
domain application area of an expert system. domain expert person with expertise in a particular doma:in.
284
Glossary 285
expert system computer program containing knowledge and reason~ ing capability that imitates human experts in problem-solving in a particular domain.
expert system building tool computer programming language and support package designed for building the expert system.
explanation facility component of an expert system that explains how solutions are reached and justifies the steps used to reach them.
fact statement consisting of an attribute and a specific associated value.
fifth-generation computers next generation of computing machines containing parallel processing, the ability of a computer to process several different programs simultaneously.
forward chaining inference technique where the IF-portion of rules are matched against facts to establish new facts.
frame knowledge representation method that associates an object with a collection of features {e.g., facts, rules, defaults, and active values}. Each feature is stored in a slot.
heuristic rule-of-thumb approach that suggests a procedure to solve a problem; a heuristic approach does not guarantee a solution to a specific problem.
human interface see user interface. induction system example-driven system with a knowledge base
consisting of examples. inference process by which new facts are derived from known facts. inference engine component of an expert system that controls its
operation by selecting the rules to use, executing those rules, and determining when an acceptable solution is reached.
inheritance process by which characteristics of one object are assumed to be characteristics of another in the same class.
inheritance hierarchy when knowledge is represented in a hierarchy like a frame, the characteristics of superordinate objects are inherited by subordinate objects.
knowledge acquisition process of identifying, interviewing, collecting, and refining knowledge.
knowledge base component of an expert system that contains the system's knowledge.
knowledge-based system Another name for expert system. knowledge engineer AI programmer responsible for capturing and
encoding human expert knowledge. knowledge representation technique used to encode and store facts
and relationships in a knowledge base. LISP AI programming language based on list processing.
286 Expert Systems for Software Engineers
LISP Machine single-user computer designed to facilitate the development of AI programs (also Al workstation).
Logical Inferences Per Second (LIPS) method of measuring the speed of computers used for AI applications.
logic-based method programming technique that uses predicate calculus to 'Structure the program.
model-based expert system type of expert system based on a model of the structure and behavior of the physical system it is designed to understand.
modus ponens basic rule of logic that asserts that if one knows that A implies B and also knows for a fact that A is the case, then one can assume B.
monotonic reasoning reasoning technique based on the assumption that once a fact is determined, it cannot be altered during the course of the consultation process.
natural Language interface (NLI) program that allows a user to communicate with a computer in the user's natural language, such as English.
nonmonotonic reasoning reasoning method that allows multiple approaches to reach the same conclusion and the retraction of facts or conclusions given new information.
object physical or conceptual entity that has attributes. A collection of attributes or rules are organized around an object.
object-oriented method programming technique based on the use of objects that communicate with one another by means of messages.
predicate calculus classical logic that uses functions and predicates to describe relations between individual entities. Each elementary unit in predicate calculus is called an "object." Statements about objects are called "predicates."
procedure knowledge information about courses of action. procedure-oriented methods conventional programming techniques
using nested subroutines to organize and control program execution.
production rule rule in the form of an IF-THEN or CONDITIONACTION statement.
Prolog (Programming in Logic) AI programming language popular in Europe and Japan.
prototype expert system development, an initial version of an expert system, usually a system with from 10 to 300 rules, used to demonstrate effectiveness of knowledge representation and inference strategies.
reasoning process of drawing inferences or conclusions, either by human experts or expert systems.
Glossary 287
representation method in which an expert system stores knowledge about a domain.
rule conditional statement of two parts. The first part, comprising of one or more IF clauses, establishes conditions that must be satisfied; the second part, comprising one or more THEN clauses, is to be acted upon.
rule-based method programming technique using IF-THEN rules to perform forward or backward chaining.
search process of examining the set of possible solutions to a problem to find an acceptable solution.
search space set of all possible solutions to a problem that might be evaluated during a search.
semantic network method for representing associations between objects and events.
skeletal system computer program designed for building expert systems; derived by removing all domain-specific knowledge from an existing expert system.
slot component in a frame that contains a specific attribute of an object.
Small talk object-programming language. speech recognition area of AI research that attempts to enable com
puters to recognize words or phrases at human speed. symbolic reasoning problem-solving bases on the application of
strategies and heuristics to manipulate symbols, in contrast to traditional numeric processing.
tool short name for expert-system-building tool, a computer software package that simplifies building expert systems.
tree structure way of representing knowledge as a connected graph where each node can branch into other nodes deeper in the structure.
units frame-like knowledge representation method using slots with values and procedures attached to them.
user Interface component of an expert system that allows communication between the system and its user {also human interface}.
value quantity or quality that can be used to describe an attribute in a frame of knowledge representation.
working memory component of an expert system composed of all attribute-value relationships temporarily established while the consultation is in progress.
Selected Bibliography
Magazines and Journals
Al Expert, San Francisco.
IEEE Expert, published by IEEE Computer Society.
Computer Language, San Francisco.
Al Journal, published by North-Holland.
Al Magazine, an informal quarterly magazine included in membership in the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (Menlo Park, Calif.).
Proceedings of the IlCAI, from the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, a biannual conference held in odd-numbered years.
Proceedings of the AAAI, from the Amercian Association for Artificial Intelligence Conference, held every year.
Books and Articles that may be referenced in the text
Aleksander, I. Designing Intelligent Systems: An Introduction. New York: UNIPUB,1984.
A-Razzak, M., T. Hassan, and R. Pettipher. EX-TRAN 7 (Expert Translator): A FORTRAN-based software package for building expert systems in Research and Development of Expert Systems, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Bachant, J., and J. McDermott. "Rl Revisted: Four Years In the Trenches." The Al Magazine 5, No.3 (fall 1984).
Barr, A., and E. A. Feigenbaum, eds. The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, Vols. 1 and 2. Los Altos, Calif.: William Kaufman, 1981.
288
Selected Bibliography 289
Begg, V. Developing Expert CAD Systems, New York: Unipub, 1984.
Bigger C. J., and J. W. Coupland, eds. Expert Systems: A Bibliography. Piscataway, N.J.: Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1983.
Bramer, M. A., ed. Research and Development in Expert Systems. Proceedings of the 4th Technical Conf. of the British Computer SOciety. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Brownston, L., R. Farrel, E. Kant, and N. Martin. Programming Expert Systems in OPS5. An Introduction to Rule-Based Programming, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1985.
Buchanan, B. G., and E. H. Shortliffe, eds. Rule-Based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1984.
Campbell, J. A., ed. Implementations of Prolog. New York: Halsted Press, 1984.
Campbell, A., V. Hollister, R. Duda, and P. Hart. "Recognition of a Hidden Mineral Deposit by An Artificial Intelligence Program." Science 217 (Sept 1982): 927-929.
Carroll, D. c., and Z. S. Zannetos. Toward the realization of intelligent management information systems, Buck Hills Falls, Pa.: MITRE Corp, 1966.
Charniak, E., and D. M. McDermott. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Welsey, 1985.
Clancey, W. J., and E. H. Shortliffe. Readings in Medical Artificial Intelligence: The First Decade. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1984.
Clocksin, W. F., and C. S. Mellish. Programming in Prolog. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1984.
Cohen, P. R., and E. A. Feigenbaum, eds., The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 3. Los Altos, Calif.: William Kaufman, 1982.
Coombs, M. J. Development in Expert Systems. London: Academic Press, 1984.
Danicic, I. LISP Programming. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1983.
Davis, R. "Interactive Transfer of Expertise: Acquisition of New Inference Rules." Artificial Intelligence 12 (1979): 121-157.
Davis, R., H. Austin, I. Carlbom, B. Frawley, P. Prucknik, R. Sneiderman, and J. Gilreath. "The Dipmeter Advisor: Interpretation of Geologic Signals." Proceedings of the 7th IJCAI, 1981, 846-849.
Davis, Randall. "Expert Systems: Where Are We? And Where Do We Go From Here?" The AI Magazine 3, no. 2 (spring 1982).
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Davis, R., and D. B. Lenat. Knowledge-Based Systems in Artificial intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982.
Davis, R., and C. Rich. A Tutorial on Expert Systems, AAAI 1982 Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1982.
Davis, R.; B. Buchanan, and E. Shortliffe, "Production Rules as a Representation in a Knowledge-Based Consultation System." Artificial Intelligence 8, 15-45 (Feb. 1977).
Dreyfus, H. L. What Computers Can't Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence. New York: Harper & Row, 1979.
Elias, A. L. An Ad-hoc Method for Estimating the Unit Cost of Aerospace Software, FTL Memorandum M82-3, 20, July 1982.
Emrich, M. L. Energy Division, Expert Systems Tools and Techniques, prepared by Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC05-840R21400, Aug. 1985.
Ennals, J. R. Beginning Micro-Prolog, 2nd rev. ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1984.
Feigenbaum, E. A., and P. McCorduck. The Fifth Generation, Artificial Intelligence and Japan's Computer Challenge to the world. New York: New American Library, 1984.
Forsyth, R., ed. Expert Systems: Principles and Case Studies. New York: Methuen, 1984.
Gammack, J. G., and R. M. Young. Psychological Techniques for Eliciting Expert Knowledge in Research and Development in Expert Systems. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Gevarter, W. B. Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, Computer Vision, and Natural Language Processing. Park Ridge, N. J.: Noyes Publications, 1984.
Glorioso, R. M., and F. C. C. Osorio. Engineering Intelligence Systems: Concepts, Theory, and Applications. Bedford, Mass.: Digital Press,1980.
Harmon, P, D. King Expert Systems: Artificial Intelligence in Business. New York: Wiley, 1985.
Hayes, J. E., and D. Michie, eds. Intelligent Systems: The Unprecedented Opportunity. New York: Halsted Press, 1983.
Hayes-Roth, F., A. Waterman, and D. B. Lenat, eds. Building Expert Systems. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1983.
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), Workshop on Principles of Knowledge-Based Systems. Silver Springs, Md.: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1984.
Johnson, T. The Commercial Application of Expert System Technology. London: Ovum Ltd., 1985.
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Keen, M., and G. Williams. Expert Systems Shells Come of Age in Research and Development in Expert Systems. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Kelly, D. P. Expert Consulting Systems in Construction Management Engineering, Thesis, Dept. of Civil Engr., Stanford University, 1984.
Malik, "Let the Dataflow in a Machine like Alice." Computing (Nov. 24, 1983): 26.
McCarthy, J., and P. J. Hayes. "Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence." In Machine Intelligence 4, B. Meltzer and D. Michie, eds., University of Edinburgh Press, Edinburgh, Scotland 1969.
McDermott, John. "Rl: The Formative Years." The Al Magazine 2, no. 2 (summer 1981).
McDermott, John, "Rl: A Rule-Based Configurer of Computer Systems." Artificial Intelligence (1982).
Michaelson, R. H. A Knowledge-Based System for Individual Income and Transfer Tax Planning. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1982.
Miller, R. D., ed. The 1984 Inventory of Expert Systems. SEAl Institute, Madison, GA; Technical Insights, Inc., Fort Lee, N.J., 1984.
Negoita, C. V. Expert Systems and Fuzzy Systems. Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings, 1985.
Patil, R., P. Szoiovits, and C. Schwartz. "Causal Representation of Mental Illness in Medical Diagnosis." Proceedings of the IJCAI-79, 1979.
Polit, Stephen. "Rl and Beyond: AI Technology Transfer at DEC." The Al Magazine 5, no. 4 (winter 1985).
Pople, H. "Heuristic Methods for Imposing Structure on Ill-Structured Problems: The Structuring of Medical Diagnostics." In ArlificialIntelligence in Medicine, P. Szolovits, Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1982, 119-190.
Reboh, R. Knowledge Engineering Techniques and Tools for Expert Systems. Linkoping University, Sweden: Software Systems Research Center, 1981.
Rich, E. Artificial Intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983.
Sell, Peter S. Expert Systems-A Practical Introduction. MacMillan Publishers Ltd. (in Great Britain) and Halstead Press, a division of Wiley, (in the U.S.) 1985.
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ACE, 138, 141 ACLS,87 ADVISE,87 AIMDS,86 Alice machine, 71 ANNLODE, 181 ART, 87, 118-120
Backward chaining, 25 Bayesian theory, 30 Belief function, 30 Blackboards, 34 BLUE BOX, 138 Breadth-first search, 32, 33 Briefing requirements, 207 Business application of
expert systems, 188-196
Callisto, 130 Certainty factors, 31 CITE, 181 Clout, 28 Computer criminal laws, 59 CO-OP, 181 Conflicts of expert opinions,
247 Content analysis, 54
DADM,179 DASH 8, 211 Davis, Randall 5., 35 DEC Kll0 computers, 71 Decision tree, 32 Delivery approaches, 259 DELTA 41, 147, 151-155
Index
Dempster-Shafer theory, 30 DENDRAL, 19, 143 Depth-first search, 32 Diagnosis of Multiple
Alarms, 65 Digitalis Advisor, 19 Downside risk, 210 DRILLING ADVISOR, 138 DUCK, 86, 118, 120-121
EL, 136 EMYCIN,73 ES/p,83 Evaluation and validation,
252 EXPERT,73 EXPERT-EASE,73 Expert System
advantage, 38 basic structure, 20 definition, 2 development cycles, 45 growth stage, 19 historical application, 133 languages and tools, 49 legal responsibility, 56 market forecast, 3 product liability, 56 prominent applications,
171 standards, 58 trends, 9 typical task, 136-147 ultimate goal, 16
293
294 Index
Expert System Environment/VM, 66-67
Expert system goal, 244 Expert's/specialist's attitudes
toward expert systems, 202
Feigenbaum, Edward, 7, 14 Forward chaining, 25 Fox, Mark, 10 Frames, 21
GC LISP (Golden Common LISP), 88 GEN-X, 161 Golden Common LISP, 75 GURU, 13
HAL,13 Human-machine interface, 26
natural language interface, 27
I&W, 147 IKE, 118, 121-122 Inference engine, 24
forward chaining, 25 backward chaining, 25
INSIGHT,83 "Intellectualization" of
data base management systems, 185
Intelligent probers, 180 Intelligent representatives,
179-180 Intelligent users, 177-179 INTERLISP,83 Interview, 53-54
KADBASE,179 KAS, 86 KC (Knowledge Craft),
74,87,126 KEE, 12, 118, 122-124 KES, 12, 74 Knowledge acquisition,
53-55 Knowledge base, 20
frame, 21
rules, 21 logic, 24
Knowledge definition/preparation phase, 233
Knowledge engineers, 41-45, 60-62
Knowledge organization, 54 Knowledge validation, 55 Kurzweil AI, 29
Language Craft (LC), 126 Language Workbench, 29 LMI Lambda machines,
68-71 Logic,24 Loops, 87
M.1, 74, 102, 104, 113-115, 129 MACSYMA,19 Management's attitude
toward expert systems, 201 Managing expectations, 251 Managing knowledge
refinement, 246 Martins, Gary, 7, 14 Methods to expedite
knowledge refinement, 249 Micro-PDP-ll, 161 Micro-VAX-1,161 Monotonic reasoning, 33 MRPPS, 179 MRS, 86 MUD,141 muLISP,75 MYCIN, 31, 73, 74
Natural language interfacers, 180-181
Natural language text analysts, 181-182
Necessary conditions of expert system applications, 171
Nonmonotonic reasoning, 33
Object-oriented programming, 230 OPS5, 75, 102, 105-112,
116-119, 129
Paradox, 177 PDP-ll/23, 161 PDS, 147 Performance Cirteria
for evaluating, 253 expert systems, 253 user-friendliness, 253 transferability, 255 correctness, 256 efficiency, 256 usefulness, 256
Personal Consultant, 75, 83, 102, 104-105, 115-116, 129
PICON,87 PLANT/cd,147 Project plan, 218 Project team, 216 PROSPECTOR, 31, 73 Prototype implemen-
tation/refinement phase, 238 PSI (personal sequential inference)
machine, 71 PTRANS, 136 PUFF, 20, 28, 77, 141, 147
R1,150 Rapid prototype, 45
internal strategy, 226 approach, 232
Rapid proto typing, 225 REACTOR, 136 Refining expert systems, 45 REVEAL,177 RNCD,182 ROSIE,73 Rulemaster, 74 Rules, 21
S.l, 87, 118, 125-126 Selection of experts/specialists,
50-53 Selection of project leaders,
219 Selection of knowledge
engineers, 220 Semantic network, 32, 33
Index 295
SICAD,178 Situation and time-ordered
constraint, 34 Smalltalk-80, 82 Smalltalk/V, 82 Software engineers, new
skills needed, 49-56 SPE, 143 SRL+, 87,118,124-125 STEAMER,12 Sufficient conditions
of expert system applications, 173-176
Superfile, 177 Symbolics, 87 Syntel, 68
TEIRESIAS, 19,87 The game of blackjack,
98-99 the basic strategy, 99-102 benchmark expert
system prototypes, 103-112 TIMM, 73,87 TIMM/Tuner, 138 TQMSTUNE, 138
Uncertainty of knowledge, 30 Upside potential, 210
Vacuum of knowledge, 247 VAX-ll/730, 161 Voice recognition and
synthesis, 29
"Water-fall" programming, 47, 48 Working memory, 34
XCALIBUR,28 XCEL,28 XCON, 20, 147-151 Xerox, 87, 88 XPS-E,136 XSITE,165
YES/MVS, 136