appendix d toxicological reference values

Human Health Risk Assessment

Technical Data Report

Appendix D: Toxicological Reference Values

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Appendix D Toxicological Reference Values

Human Health Risk Assessment Technical Data Report Appendix D: Toxicological Reference Values

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D.1 Acenaphthene Acenaphthene is a tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that occurs in coal tar. It is used as a dye intermediate, in the manufacture of some plastics, and as an insecticide and fungicide (EPA 1980). Acenaphthene has been detected in cigarette smoke, automobile exhausts, and urban air; in effluents from petrochemical, pesticide, and wood preservative industries (EPA 1980); and in soils, groundwater, and surface waters at hazardous waste sites (ATSDR 1995).

Acenaphthene is irritating to the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Oral exposure of rats to acenaphthene produced peripheral blood changes, mild liver and kidney damage, and pulmonary effects. Subchronic oral exposure to acenaphthene produced increased liver weights, hepatocellular hypertrophy, and increased cholesterol levels in mice. Reproductive effects included decreased ovary weights and decreased ovarian and uterine activity (U.S EPA 1989).

U.S. EPA listed an oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.06 mg/kg-day and has an uncertainty factor of 3000 based on studies involving mice gavaged daily with acenaphthene. The toxicological evaluations of this study included body weight changes, food consumption, mortality, clinical pathological evaluations (including hematology and clinical chemistry), organ weights and histopathological evaluations of target organs (U.S EPA 1989).

The inhalation concentration of 0.106 mg/m3 is derived from the U.S. EPA oral RfD for the toddler receptor.

Health Canada (2007) provides a dermal absorption factor of 0.13.

A summary of the toxicological reference values for acenaphthene from the regulatory agencies is shown in Table D-1.

Table D-1 Toxicological Reference Values for Acenaphthene

Agency

Tolerable Daily Intake

(mg/kg-day)

Tolerable Concentration

(mg/m3) Relative Absorption Factor

(percentage)

Oral Dermal Inhalation Ingestion Dermal Inhalation

RAIS 0.06 1

US EPA IRIS 0.06

Health Canada 0.13

California EPA 1

Calculated Value 0.106

TRV used in this risk assessment

6.0 x 10-2 0.06* 1.06 x 10-1 1 0.13 1

NOTE: * – Route extrapolation from oral


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D.1.1 References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1995. Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.

California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2009. Toxicity Criteria Database. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Available at: http://www.oehha.ca.gov/risk/ChemicalDB/index.asp.

Health Canada. 2007. Federal Contaminated Site Risk Assessment in Canada. Part II: Health Canada Toxicological Reference Values (TRVs). Cat. H46-2/04-368E.

Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1989. Mouse Oral Subchronic Study with Acenaphthene. Study conducted by Hazelton Laboratories, Inc., for the Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC.

D.2 Acenaphthylene Acenaphthylene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with three aromatic rings. As a class, PAHs are widely distributed in the environment from natural sources such as forest fires and volcanoes and from man-made sources including burning of wood in homes, automobile and truck emissions, tobacco smoke, and production of coal tar and coal tar products (ATSDR 1990). Emissions from residential wood combustion have been shown to contain more acenaphthylene than other PAHs (Perwack et al. 1982).

No human data were available to evaluate the toxicity of acenaphthylene.

Effects on the kidneys, liver, blood, reproductive system, and lungs were reported in subchronic oral studies with experimental animals. Daily doses of 0.6 g acenaphthylene for 40 days produced peripheral blood changes and affected the kidney function in rats (Knobloch et al. 1969). Liver degeneration and severe pulmonary effects were seen in mice administered 176 mg/kg every other day for 2 months (Rotenberg and Mashbits 1965). In a 90-day gavage study, administration of 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg/day acenaphthylene to male and female mice produced a dose-related increased mortality in females.

Other effects included decreased red blood cell, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values and decreased platelet and leukocyte counts; increased liver weights and hepatocellular hypertrophy; nephropathy and related kidney lesions; decreased ovary weights, decreased ovarian and uterine activity, and smaller and fewer corpora lutea (U.S. EPA 1989).

Pulmonary effects such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and desquamation of the bronchial and alveolar epithelium were reported in subchronic inhalation studies with rats exposed to concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 18 mg/m3 for 4 months (Reshetyuk et al. 1970; Rotenberg and Mahbits 1965).

Texas CEQ (2009) provided an oral reference value of 0.06 mg/kg-day, but no supporting studies were cited.

The inhalation concentration of 0.106 mg/m3 is derived from the Texas CEQ oral RfD for the toddler receptor.



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A summary of the toxicological reference values for acenaphthylene from the regulatory agencies is shown in Table D-2.

Table D-2 Toxicological Reference Values for Acenaphthylene

Agency


(mg/kg-day)



(percentage)


RAIS 1

Texas CEQ 0.06

Health Canada 0.13

California EPA 1



6.0 x 10-2 0.06* 1.06 x 10-1 1 0.13 1



Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene, Anthracene, Benzo(a)anthracene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(g,i,h)perylene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Chrysene, Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, Indeno(1.2.3-c,d)pyrene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene. Prepared by Clement International Corporation, under Contract No. 205-88-0608. ATSDR/TP-90-20.



Knobloch, K., S. Szedzikowski and A. Slusarcyk-Zablobona. 1969. Acute and subacute toxicity of acenaphthene and acenaphthylene. Med. Pracy 20: 210-222. (Polish, Engl. Summary)

Perwak, J., M. Byrne and S. Coons. 1982. An Exposure and Risk Assessment for Benzo[a]pyrene and Other Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Volume IV.

Reshetyuk, A.L., E.I. Talakina and P.A. En'yakova. 1970. Toxicological evaluation of acenaphthene and acenaphthylene. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 14: 46-47. Cited in U.S. EPA 1988.

Rotenberg, I.S. and F.D. Mashbits. 1965. Toxicological aspects of acenaphthylene. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 9: 53-54. Cited in U.S. EPA 1987.


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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1989. Mouse Oral Subchronic Toxicity Study with Acenaphthylene. Prepared by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc., for the Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC. Study No. 2390-129.

D.3 Anthracene Anthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derived from coal tar and is primarily used as an intermediate in the production of dyes. It has also been used in the production of smoke screens. Anthracene is ubiquitous in the environment as a product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. Although a large body of literature exists on the toxicity and carcinogenicity of a number of PAHs, toxicity data for anthracene are limited.

Targets for anthracene toxicity are the skin, hematopoietic system, lymphoid system, and gastrointestinal tract. Adverse dermatologic effects have been observed in humans and animals in conjunction with exposure to anthracene.

In humans, anthracene may cause dermatitis with symptoms of burning, itching, and edema. Human exposure to anthracene has also been associated with headache, nausea, loss of appetite, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, slow reactions, and weakness (Volkova 1983).

U.S. EPA (2009) provided an RfD of 0.3 mg/kg-day for oral exposure to anthracene and was calculated from a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 1000 mg/kg/day derived from a 90-day gavage study with mice (U.S. EPA 1989).



A summary of the toxicological reference values for anthracene from the regulatory agencies is shown in Table D-3.

Table D-3 Toxicological Reference Values for Anthracene

Agency


(mg/kg-day)



(percentage)

Oral Dermal Inhalation Ingestion Dermal Inhalation RAIS 1

US EPA IRIS 0.3

Health Canada 0.13

California EPA 1



3.0 x 10-1 0.3* 5.32 x 10-1 1 0.13 1



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D.3.1 *References California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2009. Toxicity Criteria Database. Office of

Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Available at: http://www.oehha.ca.gov/risk/ChemicalDB/index.asp.


Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS). 2009. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Risk Assessment Information System. Available at http://risk.lsd.ornl.gov.

Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1989. Subchronic toxicity study in mice with anthracene. HLA Study No. 2399-131, Final Report. Prepared by Hazleton Laboratories America, Inc., Rockville, MD, for the Office of Solid Waste, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

Volkova, N.I. 1983. Anthracene and derivatives. In: Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol. 1. L. Parmeggiani, Ed. International Labour Office, Geneva, pp. 162-163.

D.4 Antimony Antimony is a naturally occurring metal that is used in various manufacturing processes. It exists in valence states of 3 and 5. Exposure to antimony may be via inhalation, oral and dermal routes. Antimony is transported in the blood; its distribution is dependent on its valence state (Felicetti et al. 1974b). Antimony is not metabolized but may bind to macromolecules and react covalently with sulfhydryl and phosphate groups (ATSDR 1990).

The primary target organ for acute oral exposure to antimony appears to be the gastrointestinal tract (irritation, diarrhea, vomiting) and targets for long-term exposure are the blood (hematological disorders) and liver (mild hepatotoxicity) (ATSDR 1990).

A summary of the toxicological reference values for antimony from the regulatory agencies is shown in Table D-4. U.S. EPA listed an oral RfD of 0.0004 mg/kg-day.

California EPA (2009) provided an ingestion and inhalation absorption factor of 1 and Health Canada (2007) provided a dermal absorption factor of 0.1.


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Table D-4 Toxicological Reference Values for Antimony

Agency


(mg/kg-day)



(percentage)


Health Canada 0.1

U.S. EPA IRIS 0.0004

Texas CEQ 0.0005

California EPA 1 0.1 1


4.0 x 10-4 4.0 x 10-4* 5.0 x 10-4 1 1.0 x 10-1 1


D.4.1 References Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2008. Toxicological profile for antimony.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. September, 2008.


Felicetti, S. W., R.G. Thomas and R.O. McClellan. 1974b. Metabolism of two valence states of inhaled antimony in hamsters. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 355:292-300. Cited in ATSDR 1990.



US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2009. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Available at http://www.epa.gov/iris.

D.5 Arsenic Arsenic is difficult to characterize because its chemistry is very complex. It may appear in its trivalent or pentavalent form and within each of those two valence states; it may be bound with many different compounds. As a result, arsenic may have many different effects and toxicological endpoints.

Trivalent (As+3) compounds are generally more toxic than pentavalent (As+5) compounds. Also, the more water soluble forms of arsenic compounds are usually more toxic and more likely to have systemic effects than the less soluble compounds which are more likely to cause chronic pulmonary effects if inhaled.


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Arsine gas (AsH3), one of the most toxic inorganic arsenic compounds, causes acute effects like nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath and hemolytic reactions. It should be noted that laboratory animals are generally less sensitive than humans to the toxic effects of inorganic arsenic. In addition, the critical effects appear to be immunosuppression and hepato-renal dysfunction in rodents whereas in humans, the skin, vascular system, and peripheral nervous system are the primary target organs (Amdur et al. 1991).

For the less water-soluble compounds like arsenic-trisulfide and lead arsenic, absorption is much lower with absorption rates ranging between 20 to 30% (RAIS 2009).

The skin is the most critical organ when it comes to toxic effects. For chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water, skin lesions are common and there are many documented cases of skin cancer related to the consumption of arsenic in the drinking water (Amdur et al. 1991).

Sensory loss of the peripheral nervous system is one the most common effects of acute exposure to arsenic.

Liver injury is more characteristic of chronic exposure which manifests as jaundice and may progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Lung absorption is dependent on particle size and water solubility. Small particles in the range of 0.1 µm to 1 µm are deposited deeper into the lung than larger particles thereby increasing the potential for absorption. For bigger particles (usually 5 µm or more), even if they are not directly absorbed through the lungs with the mucocillary mechanism, 80% of the inhaled arsenic will be absorbed (Lagerkvist et al. 1986).

A summary of the toxicological reference values for arsenic used in the current assessment from the regulatory agencies is shown in Table D-5. U.S. EPA (2009) listed an oral RfD of 0.0003 mg/kg-day based on the prevalence of skin cancer and blackfoot disease in an exposed population study (Tseng 1977).

Health Canada (2007) and RAIS (2009) also provided a dermal relative absorption factor of 0.03.

California EPA (2009) also had a chronic inhalation Reference Exposure Level of 0.03 µg/m³ based on severe reproductive and developmental effects on mice.

Cancer slope factors for the oral and inhalation exposure pathways were available from Health Canada (2007).


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Table D-5 Toxicological Reference Values for Arsenic

Agency


(mg/kg-day)


(mg/m3)

Cancer Slope Factor Relative Absorption Factor (percentage) (1/mg/kg-day) 1/(mg/m3)

Oral Dermal Inhalation Oral Dermal Inhalation Ingestion Dermal Inhalation

RAIS 2.8 1 0.03

Health Canada 1.8 6.4 0.03

US EPA IRIS 0.0003

California EPA 0.00003 1


3.0 x 10-4 0.0003* 3.0 x 10-5 1.8 1.8* 6.4 1 3.0 x 10-2 1

NOTES: * – Route extrapolation from oral

D.5.1 *References Amdur, M.O., J. Doull and C. Klaassen. 1991. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of

Poisons 4th Edition, Editors:, Pergamon Press, New York, NY.



Lagerkvist, B., H. Linderholm and G.F. Nordberg. 1986. Vasospastic tendency and Raynaud's phenomenon in smelter workers exposed to arsenic. Environ. Res. 39:465-74.


Tseng, W.P. 1977. Effects and dose-response relationships of skin cancer and blackfoot disease with arsenic. Environ. Health Perspect. 19: 109-119.

Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2005. Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol for Hazardous Waste Combustion Facilities. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. EPA530-R-05-006, September 2005.

Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2009. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Available at http://www.epa.gov/iris.


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D.6 Barium Barium is relatively abundant in nature and is found in plant and animal tissue. The toxicity of barium was dependant on its solubility. Barium poisoning is uncommon but may result in benign pneumoconiosis following exposure to barium sulphate (barite) dust. The adverse effects were mild and reversible after cessation of exposure. Poisoning from accidental ingestion of barium salts may result in gastroenteritis, muscular paralysis, and cardiac problems.

Subchronic and chronic oral or inhalation exposure primarily affects the cardiovascular system resulting in elevated blood pressure. A lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) of 0.51 mg barium/kg/day based on increased blood pressure was observed in chronic oral rat studies (Perry et al. 1983), whereas human studies identified a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 0.21 mg barium/kg/day (Wones et al. 1990; Brenniman and Levy 1984).

In one study (Wones et al. 1990), human volunteers were exposed to barium concentrations as high as 10 mg/L in drinking water for 10 weeks. No clinically significant effects were observed. An epidemiological study was completed where human populations ingesting 2 to 10 mg/L of barium in their drinking water were compared to a population ingesting 0 to 0.2 mg/L. No significant individual differences were observed.

A summary of the toxicological reference values for barium from the regulatory agencies is shown in Table D-6. RAIS (2007) listed a chronic inhalation exposure value of 0.5 µg/m³ based on a developmental study in rats (Tarasenko et al. 1977). A GI and dermal absorption factor of 0.07 and 0.01, respectively was also provided.

Health Canada (2007) provided an oral reference value of 0.16 µg/kg-day, but no supporting studies were cited.

Table D-6 Toxicological Reference Values for Barium

Agency

Tolerable Daily Intake(mg/kg-day)



(percentage)

oral dermal Inhalation ingestion dermal inhalation

RAIS 0.2 0.0005 0.07 0.01

Health Canada 0.016 0.1

California EPA 1


1.6 x 10-2 0.016* 5.0 x 10-4 7.0 x 10-2 1.0 x 10-1 1



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D.6.1 References Brenniman, G. R. and P.S. Levy. 1984. High barium levels in public drinking water and its association

with elevated blood pressure. In: Advances in Modern Toxicology IX, E. J. Calabrese, Ed. Princeton Scientific Publications, Princeton, NJ. pp. 231-249.

California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2009. Toxicity Criteria Database. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Available at http://www.oehha.ca.gov/risk/ChemicalDB/index.asp.


Perry, H. M., S.J. Kopp, M.W. Erlanger and E.F. Perry. 1983. Cardiovascular effects of chronic barium ingestion. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health, XVII, D. D. Hemphill, ed. Proc. Univ. Missouri's 17th Ann. Conf. on Trace Substances in Environmental Health. University of Missouri Press, Columbia, MO. pp. 155-164.


Tarasenko, M, O. Promin and A. Silayev. 1977. Barium compounds as industrial poisons (an experimental study). J. Hyg. Epidem. Microbiol. Immunol. 21:361-373.


Wones, R.G., B.L. Stadler and L.A. Frohman. 1990. Lack of effect of drinking water barium on cardiovascular risk factor. Environ. Health Perspect. 85:1-13.

D.7 Benzene Benzene is absorbed via ingestion, inhalation, and skin application. Experimental data indicate that animals can absorb up to 95% of oral doses and that humans can absorb up to 80% of inhaled benzene (after 5 minutes of exposure) (Sabourin et al. 1987; Srobova et al. 1950). Humans may absorb benzene vapours through the skin as well as the lungs (Susten 1985).

Numerous studies indicate that the metabolism of benzene is required for its toxicity (Kalf et al. 1987). The liver is the main site for the metabolism of benzene.

Breathing very high levels of benzene can result in death, while high levels can cause drowsiness, dizziness, rapid heart rate, headaches, tremors, confusion, and unconsciousness. Eating or drinking foods containing high levels of benzene can cause vomiting, irritation of the stomach, dizziness, sleepiness, convulsions, rapid heart rate, and death (ATSDR 2007).

The major effect of benzene from long-term exposure is on the blood. Benzene causes harmful effects on the bone marrow and can cause a decrease in red blood cells leading to anemia. It can also cause excessive bleeding and can affect the immune system, increasing the chance for infection (ATSDR 2007).


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Benzene does produce developmental effects (fetal toxicity, but not malformations) in the offspring of treated animals, mostly at maternally toxic doses (Nawrot and Staples 1979; Seidenberg et al. 1986; Keller and Snyder 1988).

Benzene is carcinogenic in humans and animals by inhalation and in animals by the oral route of exposure. Occupational exposure to benzene has been associated mainly with increased incidences of myeloblastic or erythroblastic leukemias and myeloid and lymphoid leukemias among workers (Aksoy 1989).

A summary of the toxicological reference values for benzene used in the current assessment from the regulatory agencies is shown in Table D-7. California EPA (2009) had a chronic inhalation Reference Exposure Level of 0.03 µg/m³ based on severe reproductive and developmental effects on mice.

Cancer slope factors for the oral and inhalation exposure pathways were available from Health Canada (2007). Dermal absorption factor of 0.03 is also provided by Health Canada (2007).

Table D-7 Toxicological Reference Values for Benzene

Agency


(mg/kg-day)


(mg/m3)

Cancer Slope Factor Relative Absorption Factor

(percentage) (1/mg/kg-day) 1/(mg/m3)


RAIS 1

Health Canada 0.226 0.0033 0.03

US EPA IRIS 0.004



4.0 x 10-3 0.004 3.0 x 10-2 2.26 x 10-1 0.226* 3.3 x 10-3 1 3.0 x 10-2 1


D.7.1 References Aksoy, M. 1989. Hematotoxicity and carcinogenicity of benzene. Environ. Health Perspect. 82: 193-197.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2007. Toxicological Profile for Benzene (Update). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health ServiceClayton, G.D. and F.E. Clayton, Eds. 1981. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 2A, 2B, 3rd rev. ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.




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Kalf, G.F., G.B. Post and R. Snyder. 1987. Solvent toxicology: recent advances in the boxicology of benzene, the glycol ethers and carbon tetrachloride. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 27: 399-427.

Keller, K.A. and C.A. Snyder. 1988. Mice exposed in utero to 20 ppm benzene exhibit altered numbers of recognizable hematopoietic cells up to seven weeks after exposure. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 10: 224-232.

Nawrot, P.S. and R.E. Staples. 1979. Embryo-fetal toxicity and teratogenicity of benzene and toluene in the mouse. Teratology 19: 41A.


Sabourin, P.J., B.T. Chen and G. Lucier. 1987. Effects of dose on the absorption and excretion of [14C]Benzene administered orally or by inhalation in rats and mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 87: 325-336.

Seidenberg, J.M., D.G. Anderson and R.A. Becker. 1986. Validation of an in vivo developmental toxicity screen in the mouse. Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen. 6: 361-374.

D.8 Benz[a]anthracene Benz[a]anthracene, along with a number of other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, is produced by the incomplete combustion of organic material. The arrangement of the aromatic rings in the benz[a]anthracene molecule gives it a "bay region" often correlated with carcinogenic properties. In general, the bay-region polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some of their metabolites are known to react with cellular macromolecules, including DNA, which may account for both their toxicity and carcinogenicity (U.S. EPA 1980; 1984)

The toxic effects of benz[a]anthracene and similar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are primarily directed toward tissues that contain proliferating cells. Animal studies indicate that exposure to bay-region polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can damage the hematopoietic system leading to progressive anemia as well as agranulocytosis (Robinson et al. 1975; Cawein and Sydnor 1968).

The primary concern with benz[a]anthracene exposure is its potential carcinogenicity. There is no unequivocal, direct evidence of the carcinogenicity of the compound to humans, however, benz[a]anthracene and other known carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are components of coal tar, soot, coke oven emissions and tobacco smoke. There is adequate evidence of its carcinogenic properties in animals. Oral exposures of mice to benz[a]anthracene have resulted in hepatomas, pulmonary adenomas and forestomach papillomas (Klein 1963; Bock and King 1959; U.S. EPA 1991). The EPA weight-of-evidence classification is: B2, probable human carcinogen, for both oral and inhalation exposure based on adequate animal evidence and no human evidence (U.S. EPA 1991).

A summary of the toxicological reference values for benz(a)anthracene from the regulatory agencies is shown in Table D-8. U.S EPA (2009) provided an oral slope factor of 0.73 (mg/kg/day)-1 for benz[a]anthracene.



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Table D-8 Toxicological Reference Values for Benz[a]anthracene

Agency


(mg/kg-day)


(mg/m3)




RAIS 1

Health Canada 0.13

US EPA IRIS 0.73

California EPA 1

Not referenced 0.000114 0.11


NA NA 1.14 x 10-4 7.3 x 10-1 0.73* 1.1 x 10-1 1 1.3 x 10-1 1

NOTES: * – Route extrapolation from oral NA – Not available

D.8.1 References California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2009. Toxicity Criteria Database. Office of


Cawein, M.J. and K.L. Sydnor. 1968. Suppression of cellular activity in the reticuloendothelial system of the rat by 7.12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Cancer Res. 28: 320.



Robinson, J.R., J.S. Felton, R.C. Levitt, S.S. Thorgiersson and D.W. Nebert. 1975. Relationship between "aromatic hydrocarbon responsiveness" and the survival times in mice treated with various drugs and environmental compounds. Mol. Pharmacol. 11: 850-865.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1980. Water Quality Criteria Document for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Prepared by the Office of Research and Development, Environmental Criteria And Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, DC.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1984. Health Effects Assessment for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC. E.P.A./540/1-86-013.


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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1991. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Health Risk Assessment for Benz[a]anthracene. OnLine. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH.

D.9 Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[a]pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that can be derived from coal tar. Benzo[a]pyrene occurs ubiquitously in products of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and has been identified in ambient air, surface water, drinking water, waste water, and char-broiled foods (IARC 1983).

The metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene is complex and includes the formation of a proposed ultimate carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene 7.8 diol-9.10-epoxide (IARC 1983).

No data are available on the systemic (non-carcinogenic) effects of benzo[a]pyrene in humans. In mice, genetic differences appear to influence the toxicity of benzo[a]pyrene. Dietary administration of benzo[a]pyrene resulted in decreased survival due to hematopoietic effects (bone narrow depression) in a "nonresponsive" strain of mice (i.e., a strain whose cytochrome P-450 mediated enzyme activity is not induced as a consequence of PAH exposure). No adverse effects were noted in "responsive" mice (i.e., a strain capable of inducing increased cytochrome P-450 mediated enzyme activity as a consequence of PAH exposure) (Robinson et al. 1975).

Numerous epidemiologic studies have shown a clear association between exposure to various mixtures of PAHs containing benzo[a]pyrene (e.g., coke oven emissions, roofing tar emissions, and cigarette smoke) and increased risk of lung cancer and other tumors. However, each of the mixtures also contained other potentially carcinogenic PAHs; therefore, it is not possible to evaluate the contribution of benzo[a]pyrene to the carcinogenicity of these mixtures (IARC 1983; EPA 1991). Dietary administration of benzo[a]pyrene has produced papillomas and carcinomas of the forestomach in mice (Neal and Rigdon 1967), and treatment by gavage has produced mammary tumors in rats (McCormick et al. 1981) and pulmonary adenomas in mice (Wattenberg and Leong 1970). Exposure by inhalation and intratracheal instillation has resulted in benign and malignant tumors of the respiratory and upper digestive tracts of hamsters (Ketkar et al. 1978; Thyssen et al. 1981).

Numerous topical application studies have shown that benzo[a]pyrene induces skin tumors in several species, although mice appear to be the most sensitive species. Benzo[a]pyrene is a complete carcinogen and also an initiator of skin tumors (IARC 1973; EPA 1991).

A summary of the toxicological reference values for benzo[a]pyrene from the regulatory agencies is shown in Table D-9. Health Canada (2007) provided an oral slope factor of 2.3 (mg/kg/day)-1 and an inhalation slope factor of 0.031 (mg/kg/day)-1 for benzo[a]pyrene based on studies involving the administration of benzo[a]pyrene in the diet of mice. A dermal absorption factor of 0.084 was also provided by Health Canada (2007).


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Table D-9 Toxicological Reference Values for Benzo[a]pyrene

Agency


(mg/kg-day)


(mg/m3)




RAIS 1


California EPA 1

Michigan DEQ 0.0000005


NA NA 5.0 x 10-7 2.3 2.3* 3.1 x 10-2 1 8.4 x 10-2 1





International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1973. Benzo(a)pyrene. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of the Chemical to Man. Certain Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heterocyclic Compounds, Vol. 3. World Health Organization, Lyon, France, pp. 91-136.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1983. Benzo[a]pyrene. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds. Part 1. Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data, Vol. 32. World Health Organization, Lyon, France, pp. 33-224.

Ketkar, M., G. Reznik, P. Schneider and U. Mohr. 1978. Investigations on the carcinogenic burden by air pollution in man. Intratracheal instillation studies with benzo[a]pyrene in bovine albumin in Syrian hamsters. Cancer Lett. 4: 235-239.

Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). 2004. Remediation Redevelopment Division Operational Memoranda RRD - 1, Part 201Generic Cleanup Criteria/Part 213 Risk Based Cleanup Levels. Available at: http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0.1607.7-135-3311_4109_9846_30022-101581--.00.html.

McCormick, D.L., F.J. Burns and R.E. Albert. 1981. Inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene-induced mammary carcinogenesis by retinyl acetate. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66: 559-564.


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Neal, J. and R.H. Rigdon. 1967. Gastric tumors in mice fed benzo[a]pyrene: A quantitative study. Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. 25: 553-557. (Cited in U.S. EPA 1994)


Robinson, J.R., J.S. Felton and R.C. Levitt. 1975. Relationship between "aromatic hydrocarbon responsiveness" and the survival times in mice treated with various drugs and environmental compounds. Mol. Pharmacol. 11: 850-865. (Cited in ATSDR 1990; IARC 1983)

Thyssen, J., J. Althoff, G. Kimmerle and U. Mohr. 1981. Inhalation studies with benzo[a]pyrene in Syrian golden hamsters. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66: 575-577.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1991. Drinking Water Criteria for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Prepared by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment, Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH, for the Office of Water, Washington, DC. ECAO-CIN-D010.

Wattenberg, L.W. and J.L. Leong. 1970. Inhibition of the carcinogenic action of benzo[a]pyrene by flavones. Cancer Res. 30: 1922-1925.

D.10 Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[b]fluoranthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with one five-membered ring and four six-membered rings. Benzo[b]fluoranthene is found in fossil fuels and occurs ubiquitously in products of incomplete combustion. It has been detected in mainstream cigarette smoke; urban air; gasoline engine exhaust; emissions from burning coal and from oil-fired heating; broiled and smoked food; oils and margarine (IARC 1983).

Benzo[b]fluoranthene was tested for carcinogenicity in dermal application, lung implantation, and injection studies. Dermal applications of benzo[b]fluoranthene for life produced a high incidence of skin papillomas and carcinomas in mice (Wynder and Hoffmann 1959). Sarcomas and carcinomas of the lungs and thorax were seen in rats receiving single lung implants of benzo[b]fluoranthene (Deutsch-Wenzel et al. 1983). Newborn mice receiving benzo[b]fluoranthene via injection developed liver and lung tumors (LaVoie et al. 1987).

A summary of the toxicological reference values for benzo[b]fluoranthene from the regulatory agencies is shown in Table D-10. U.S. EPA (2009) provided an oral slope factor of 0.73 (mg/kg/day)-1 and an inhalation slope factor of 0.308 (mg/kg/day)-1 for benzo[a]pyrene based on studies involving the administration of benzo[a]pyrene in the diet of mice.



2010 Page D-19

Table D-10 Toxicological Reference Values for Benzo[b]fluoranthene

Agency

Tolerable Daily Intake (mg/kg-day)


(mg/m3)




RAIS 1

Health Canada 0.13

US EPA IRIS 0.73 0.308

California EPA 1

Not Referenced 0.00005


NA NA 5.0 x 10-5 7.3 x 10-1 0.73* 3.08 x 10-1 1 1.3 x 10-1 1



Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Available at http://www.oehha.ca.gov/risk/ChemicalDB/index.asp.

Deutsch-Wenzel, R.P., H. Brune and G. Grimmer. 1983. "Experimental studies in rat lungs on the carcinogenicity and dose-response relationships of eight frequently occurring environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 71: 539-544.


International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1983. "Benzo[b]fluoranthene." In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Part 1, Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data, Vol. 32. Lyon, France, pp. 33-91, 147-153.

LaVoie, E.J., J. Braley and J.E. Rice. 1987. "Tumorigenic activity for non-alternant polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in newborn mice." Cancer Lett. 34: 15-20.


Wynder, E.L. and D. Hoffmann. 1959. "The carcinogenicity of benzofluoranthenes."


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D.11 Benzo[e]pyrene Benzo[e]pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with one five-membered ring and four six-membered rings. Benzo[e]pyrene is found in fossil fuels and occurs ubiquitously in products of incomplete combustion. It has been detected in mainstream cigarette smoke; urban air; gasoline engine exhaust; emissions from burning coal and from oil-fired heating; broiled and smoked food; oils and margarine (IARC 1983).

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that benzo[e]pyrene is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. No data are available in humans and inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in animals exists.

A summary of the toxicological reference values for benzo[e]pyrene from the regulatory agencies is shown in Table D-11.

Texas CEQ (2009) provided an oral RfD value of 0.03 mg/kg-day, but there are no reference studies cited. The inhalation concentration of 0.053 mg/m3 is derived from the Texas CEQ oral RfD for the toddler receptor.


Table D-11 Toxicological Reference Values for Benzo[e]pyrene

Agency


(mg/kg-day)



(percentage)


RAIS 1

Texas CEQ 0.03 0.13

California EPA 1



3.0 x 10-2 0.03* 5.32 x 10-2 1 1.3 x 10-1 1




International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1983. "Benzo[b]fluoranthene." In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Part 1, Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data, Vol 32. Lyon, France, pp. 33-91, 147-153.


2010 Page D-21

D.12 Benzo[g,h,i]perylene Benzo[g,h,i]perylene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with six aromatic rings. It occurs naturally in crude oils and is present ubiquitously in products of incomplete combustion and in coal tar (EPA 1987).

No human or animal data were available to evaluate the toxicity of benzo[g,h,i]perylene. Because of the lack of data, EPA has not derived an oral reference dose (RfD) or inhalation reference concentration (RfC) (EPA 1992).

No oral or inhalation bioassays were available to assess the carcinogenicity of benzo[g,h,i]perylene. Negative results were reported in dermal application studies (Hoffmann and Wynder 1966; Van Duuren and Goldschmidt 1976) and in initiation-promotion assays for skin tumorigenesis in mice (Hoffmann and Wynder 1966; Van Duuren et al. 1970). However, when benzo[g,h,i]perylene was administered simultaneously with benzo[a]pyrene to the skin of mice, an increased incidence of skin tumors was observed compared to the tumor incidence in mice treated with benzo[a]pyrene alone, indicating possible cocarcinogenic activity of benzo[g,h,i]perylene (Van Duuren et al. 1973).

Based on no human data and inadequate data with experimental animals, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified benzo[g,h,i]perylene in weight-of-evidence Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity (EPA 1992).

A summary of the toxicological reference values for benzo[g,h,i]perylene from the regulatory agencies is shown in Table D-12.

Texas CEQ (2009) provided an oral RfD value of 0.03 mg/kg-day for benzo[g,h,i]perylene, but there are no reference studies cited. The inhalation concentration of 0.0532 mg/m3 is derived from the Texas CEQ oral RfD for the toddler receptor.


Table D-12 Toxicological Reference Values for Benzo[g,h,i]perylene

Agency


(mg/kg-day)



(percentage) Oral Dermal Inhalation Ingestion Dermal Inhalation

RAIS 1

Health Canada 0.13

Texas CEQ 0.03

California EPA 1



3.0 x 10-2 0.03* 5.32 x 10-2 1 1.3 x 10-1 1



Page D-22 2010



Hoffmann, D. and E.L. Wynder. 1966. "Contribution to the carcinogenic action of dibenzopyrenes." Z. Krebsforsch. 68: 137-149.


United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1987. Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Benzo(ghi)perylene. Prepared by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, OH. ECAO-CIN-P276.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1992. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH.

Van Duuren, B.L., A. Sivak and B.M. Goldschmidt. 1970. "Initiating activity of aromatic hydrocarbons in two-stage carcinogenesis." J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 44: 1167-1173.

Van Duuren, B.L., C. Katz and B.M. Goldschmidt. 1973. "Brief communication: Cocarcinogenic agents in tobacco carcinogenesis." J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 51: 703-705.

Van Duuren, B.L. and B.M. Goldschmidt. 1976. "Cocarcinogenic and tumor-promoting agents in tobacco carcinogenesis." J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 56: 1237-1242.

D.13 Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with one five-membered and four six-membered rings. Benzo[k]fluoranthene is found in fossil fuels and occurs ubiquitously in products of incomplete combustion (IARC 1983) and in soils, groundwater, and surface waters at hazardous waste sites (ATSDR 1990).

No data were found concerning the acute, subchronic, chronic, developmental, or reproductive toxicity of benzo[k]fluoranthene. Because of a lack of toxicity data, an oral reference dose (RfD) or inhalation reference concentration (RfC) have not been derived (EPA 1994).

No long-term oral or inhalation bioassays were available to assess the carcinogenicity of benzo[k]fluoranthene. Benzo[k]fluoranthene was tested for carcinogenicity in dermal application, injection and lung implantation studies. Dermal applications for life produced only a few skin papillomas in mice (Wynder and Hoffmann 1959), but in initiation-promotion assays, benzo[k]fluoranthene was active as an initiator of skin carcinogenesis (LaVoie et al. 1982; Amin et al. 1985). Injection site sarcomas developed in mice given injections of benzo[k]fluoranthene (Lacassagne et al. 1963) and dose-related increases of epidermoid carcinomas of the lungs were reported in rats receiving single lung implants of benzo[k]fluoranthene (Deutsch-Wenzel et al. 1983).


2010 Page D-23

Based on no human data and sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in animals, EPA has assigned a weight-of-evidence classification of B2, probable human carcinogen, to benzo[k]fluoranthene (EPA 1994).

A summary of the toxicological reference values for benzo[k]fluoranthene from the regulatory agencies is shown in Table D-13.

U.S EPA (2009) provided an oral slope factor of 0.073 (mg/kg/day)-1 and an inhalation slope factor of 0.0308 (mg/kg/day)-1 for benzo[k]fluoroanthene.


Table D-13 Toxicological Reference Values for Benzo[k]fluoranthene

Agency



(mg/m3)




RAIS 1

Health Canada 0.13

US EPA IRIS 0.073 0.0308

California EPA 1



NA NA 7.69 x 10-3 7.3 x 10-2 0.073* 3.08 x 10-2 1 1.3 x 10-1 1


D.13.1 References Amin, S., N. Hussain and G. Balanikas. 1985. "Mutagenicity and tumor initiating activity of methylated

benzo[k]fluoranthenes." Cancer Lett. 26: 343-347.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1990. Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene, Anthracene, Benzo(a)anthracene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(g,i,h)perylene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Chrysene, Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, Indeno(1.2.3-c,d)pyrene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene. Prepared by Clement International Corporation, under Contract No. 205-88-0608. ATSDR/TP-90-20.



Page D-24 2010

Deutsch-Wenzel, R.P., H. Brune and G. Grimmer. 1983. "Experimental studies in rat lungs on the carcinogenicity and dose-response relationships of eight frequently occurring environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 71: 539-544.

Lacassagne, A., N.P. Buu-Hoi and F. Zajdela. 1963. "Activite cancerogene d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques a noyau fluoranthene." Un. Int. Cancer Acta 19: 490-496. (French; cited in IARC 1973)

LaVoie, E.J., S. Amin and S.S. Hecht. 1982. "Tumor-initiating activity for dihydrodiols of benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene and benzo[k]fluoranthene." Carcinogenesis 3: 49-52.


United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1994. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH.

Wynder, E.L. and D. Hoffmann. 1959. "The carcinogenicity of benzofluoranthenes."

D.14 Beryllium The major toxicological endpoint of beryllium exposure is lung and respiratory problems. Even at low doses, it has a sensitizing effect, and so subsequent exposure will induce inflammatory reaction of the whole respiratory tract. Chronic exposure to beryllium leads to the formation of fibrous nodules around beryllium particles that were trapped in the alveolar space. As more and more of those nodules are created, there will be an increase in respiratory dysfunction due to reduction in pulmonary gas-exchange surface. The final stage of beryllium exposure is a disease called berylliosis.

U.S. EPA (2009) provided an inhalation RfC of 0.02 µg/m³ and an oral RfD of 0.002 mg/kg-day based on the development of intestine lesions in dogs with an uncertainty factor of 300.

RAIS (2009) indicate an inhalation RfC of 0.02 µg/m³ based on the occurrence of Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD) in exposed population (Kreiss et al. 1996). GI absorption factor of 0.007 is also provided by RAIS (2009).

Health Canada (2007) provided a dermal absorption factor of 0.1.

The TRVs are presented in Table D-14.


2010 Page D-25

Table D-14 Toxicological Reference Values for Beryllium

Agency


(mg/kg-day)



(percentage)


RAIS 0.00002 0.007

US EPA IRIS 0.002

Health Canada 0.1

Michigan Department of Environmental Quality

0.0015 1

California EPA 1


1.5 x 10-3 0.0015* 2.0 x 10-5 1 0.1 1





Kreiss, K., M.M. Mroz, L.S. Newman, J. Martyny and B. Zhen. 1996. Machining Risk of Beryllium Disease and Sensitization with Median Exposures Below 2 Micrograms per Cubic Meter. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 30: 16-25.



U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2009. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Available at http://www.epa.gov/iris.

D.15 Boron People working in dusty workplaces where borates are mined and processed have reported irritation of the nose, throat, and eyes. The irritation does not persist for long periods after leaving the dusty area (ATSDR 2007).


Page D-26 2010

Acute exposure to large amounts of boron can affect the stomach, intestines, liver, kidney, and brain. Studies in animals indicate that the male reproductive organs, especially the testes, are affected if large amounts of boron are ingested for short or long periods of time (ATSDR 2007).

Health Canada (2007) provided an oral RfD of 0.0175 mg/kg-day based on studies involving dogs exposed to boron in their diet. Dermal absorption factor of 0.1 is also provided by Health Canada (2007).

RAIS (2009) indicate an inhalation RfC of 0.02 mg/m³. GI absorption factor of 1 is also provided by RAIS (2009).


Table D-15 Toxicological Reference Values for Boron

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 0.02 1

US EPA IRIS 0.2


Texas CEQ 0.02

California EPA 1


1.75 x 10-2 1.75 x 10-2* 2.0 x 10-2 1 0.1 1


D.15.1 References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2007. Toxicological Profile for Boron.

Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.






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D.16 Cadmium Cadmium is a naturally occurring metal that is used in various chemical forms in metallurgical and other industrial processes, and in the production of pigments. Environmental exposure can occur via the diet and drinking water (ATSDR 1989).

The principle long-term effects of low-level exposures to cadmium are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema and chronic renal tubular disease. There may also be effects on the cardiovascular and skeletal systems.

Dietary intake of cadmium has been implicated in osteomalacia, osteoporosis and spontaneous fractures, conditions collectively termed "itai-itai" (ouch-ouch) disease.

Health Canada (2007) provided an oral RfD of 0.001 mg/kg-day based on epidemiological studies involving human occupational exposure to cadmium oxide dusts and fumes. Dermal absorption factor of 0.01 is also provided by Health Canada (2007).

U.S. EPA (2009) indicates an inhalation RfC of 1.8 x 10-6 mg/m³.


Table D-16 Toxicological Reference Values for Cadmium

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS

US EPA IRIS 0.0005 0.0000018



0.5

California EPA 1


1.0 x 10-3 1.0 x 10-3* 1.8 x 10-6 0.5 0.01 1






Page D-28 2010




D.17 Chromium Chromium is found in nature in valence state ranging from +2 to +6, but only the trivalent (+3) and hexavalent (+6) forms have a biological impact. The hexavalent form is the one that has the most potent toxic effects and is recognized to be a human carcinogen by IARC (1980, 1987, 1990). It is related to the appearance of respiratory tract cancer among workers of the pigment and chrome ore refining industry because they are exposed to the toxic hexavalent form, and which does not occurs naturally. Hexavalent chromium is also corrosive and might cause ulceration and perforation of mucus tissue. The major acute effect of chromium ingestion is renal tubular necrosis (Amdur et al. 1991).

U.S. EPA (2009) provides an RfD for oral intake of chromium (+3) of 1.5 mg/kg-day based on a NOAEL of 1468 mg/kg-day due to the absence of toxic and carcinogenic effect on rats (Ivankovic and Preussman 1975). A modifying factor of 100 was applied to account for interspecies variance (10) and for interhuman variability (10). An additional uncertainty factor of 10 was included because of the lack of high quality studies. However, Health Canada (2007) lists a lower oral TDI for chromium of 0.001 mg/kg-day, but the basis is not provided. This oral TDI is used as the TRV for this risk assessment.

U.S. EPA (2009) lists an inhalation reference concentration for chromium (+6) particulates of 0.1 µg/m³ based on observed inflammation in the pulmonary tissues.

Table D-17 Toxicological Reference Values for Chromium

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 0.0001 0.005




1.0 x 10-3 1.0 x 10-3* 1.0 x 10-4 5.0 x 10-3 1.0 x 10-1 1



2010 Page D-29

D.17.1 References Amdur, M.O., J. Doull and C. Klaassen. 1991. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of



International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1980. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Some metals and metallic compounds: Volume 23. Lyons, France: World Health Organization.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1987. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans: Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity. Vol. 1 to 42: Supplement 7: An updating of IARC monographs. World Health Organization, Lyons, France.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1990. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Chromium, nickel and welding. Vol. 49. World Health Organization, Lyons, France.

Ivankovic, S. and R. Preussmann. 1975. Absence of toxic and carcinogenic effects after administration of high doses of chromic oxide pigment in subacute and long-term feeding experiments in rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 13:347-351.



D.18 Chrysene Chrysene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant formed primarily by the incomplete combustion of organic compounds. Although present in coal and oil, the presence of chrysene in the environment is the result of anthropogenic activities such as coal combustion and gasification; gasoline exhaust; diesel and aircraft exhaust; and emissions from coke ovens, wood burning stoves, and waste incineration (IARC 1983; ATSDR 1990).

Human or animal systemic, developmental, and reproductive health effects following exposure to chrysene were not identified. Because of the lack of systemic toxicity data, the reference dose (RfD) and the reference concentration (RfC) for chrysene have not been derived (EPA 1994a, b). Target organs have not been described, although chrysene may induce immune suppression similar to certain other PAHs.

U.S. EPA (2009) provides an oral slope factor of 0.0073 (mg/kg/day)-1 and an inhalation slope factor of 0.00308 (mg/kg/day)-1.




Page D-30 2010

Table D-18 Toxicological Reference Values for Chrysene

Agency


(mg/kg-day)


(mg/m3)




RAIS 1

Health Canada 0.13

US EPA IRIS 0.0073 0.00308

California EPA 1



NA NA 1.14 x 10-2 7.3 x 10-3 0.0073* 3.08 x 10-3 1 1.3 x 10-1 1


D.18.1 References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1990. Toxicological Profile for Chrysene.

Prepared by Clement Assoc., Inc. under contract 205-88-0608. U.S. Public Health Service. ATSDR/TP-88/11.


International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1983. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans: Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds, Part I, Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data, Vol. 32, IARC, Lyon, France, pp. 247-261.


U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1994a. Chrysene. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1994b. Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST), Annual FY-94. Prepared by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.


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D.19 Cobalt There are few toxicological problems related to the ingestion of cobalt. Cardiomyopathy has been observed in a heavy beer drinker, probably because of the addition of 1 ppm of cobalt which is used to enhance its foaming qualities (Amdur et al. 1991).

On the other hand, inhalation-related effects are well documented, especially among people who work with Hard-Metal, an alloy of tungsten carbide and cobalt. These effects include respiratory irritation, diminished pulmonary function, wheezing, asthma, pneumonia, and fibrosis and occurred at exposure levels ranging from 0.007 to 0.893 mg cobalt/m³ (ATSDR 2004).

No reproductive or occular effects are known to be associated with cobalt exposure. In a few studies on occupational exposure, some nervous effects, like memory loss and nerve deafness, were observed on workers.

Table D-20 lists the TRVs. The Netherlands RIVM database, provides an oral exposure value of 1.4 µg/m³, based on cardiac effects at 0.04 mg/kg (LOAEL) with a factor of 3 for inter-human uncertainty and an additional factor of 10 for the extrapolation to a NOAEL (Baars et al. 2001).

ATSDR (2004) provides an inhalation value of 0.1 µg/m³ (as a minimum risk level) based on a NOAEL of 0.0053 mg cobalt/m3 for decreased respiratory function in exposed workers, with an uncertainty factor of 10 (Nemery et al. 1992).

The oral intake and chronic inhalation values of 0.0003 mg/kg-day and 0.006 µg/kg-day provided by RAIS (2009) are stated to be provisional, and there are no reference studies cited. GI absorption factor of 1 was also provided by RAIS (2009).

Health Canada (2007) provides a dermal absorption factor of 0.1 which is used in this risk assessment.

Table D-19 Toxicological Reference Values for Cobalt

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 0.0003 0.000006 1 0.001

Health Canada 0.1

ATDSR 0.01 0.0001

RVIM 0.0014

California EPA 1


3.0 x 10-4 0.0003* 6.0 x 10-6 1 1.0 x 10-1 1



Page D-32 2010

D.19.1 References Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2004. Toxicological profile for cobalt. U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. April, 2004.

Amdur, M.O., J. Doull and C. Klaassen. 1991. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons 4th Edition, Editors:, Pergamon Press, New York, NY.

Baars, A.J., R.M.C. Theelen, P.J.C.M. Janssen, J.M. Hesse, M.E. van Apeldoorn, M.C.M. Meijerink, L. Verdam and M.J. Zeilmaker. 2001. Re-evaluation of Human-Toxicological Maximum Permissible Risk Levels. RIVM Report No. 711701025. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment. Bilthoven, The Netherlands.



Nemery, B., P. Casier, D. Roosels, D. Lahaye and M. Demedts. 1992. Survey of cobalt exposure and respiratory health in diamond polishers. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145:610-616.


D.20 Copper Copper occurs naturally in the environment, and also in plants and animals. Low levels of copper are essential for maintaining good health. High levels can cause harmful effects such as irritation of the nose, mouth and eyes, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, and even death.

Ingestion of gram quantities of copper may cause systemic toxicity including hemolysis, hepatic necrosis, gastrointestinal bleeding, oliguria, azotemia, hemoglobinuria, hematuria, proteinuria, hypotension, tachycardia, convulsions, coma, and death (ATSDR 2004).

Short-term occupational exposure to copper dust or fumes can cause eye and respiratory tract irritation, headaches, vertigo, drowsiness, and a condition known as "metal fume fever". This 24-48 hour illness is characterized by an influenza-like syndrome with chills, fever, aching muscles, and dryness in the mouth and throat (ATSDR 2004).

ATDSR (2009) lists an oral intake value of 0.01 mg/kg-day. This value is based on the occurrence of gastrointestinal disturbances in women ingesting 0.0731 mg/kg/day in drinking water for 2 weeks and no adverse effects were observed at a drinking water dose of 0.0272 mg/kg/day (Pizarro et al. 1999).

Health Canada provides an oral intake RFD of 0.09 mg/kg-day which is used in this assessment. This value is based on the ingestion of copper gluconate capsules for duration of twelve weeks. The provided value targets the toddler group as the main receptor. Dermal absorption factor of 0.06 is also provided by Health Canada (2007).


2010 Page D-33

Texas CEQ (2009) provided a chronic inhalation value of 1 µg/m3, but there are no reference studies cited.

Table D-20 Toxicological Reference Values for Copper

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1 0.001


ATDSR 0.01

Texas CEQ 0.001

California EPA 1


9.0 x 10-2 0.09* 1.0 x 10-3 1 6.0 x 10-2 1


D.20.1 References Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2004. Toxicological profile for copper. U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. September, 2004.



Pizarro F, M. Olivares and R. Uauy. 1999. Acute gastrointestinal effects of graded levels of copper in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 107(2):117-121.


Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ). 2009. Risk Reduction Rule, Title 30, Texas Administrative Code Chapter 335, Subchapter S. Available at http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/remediation/rrr.html.


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D.21 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Dibenz[a,h]anthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with five aromatic rings. It occurs as a component of coal tars, shale oils, and soot (IARC 1985) and has been detected in gasoline engine exhaust, coke oven emissions, cigarette smoke, charcoal broiled meats, vegetation near heavily traveled roads, and surface water and soils near hazardous waste sites (ATSDR 1993; IARC 1983). Dibenz[a,h]anthracene is distributed to various tissues, with highest accumulation in the liver and kidneys (Daniel et al. 1967).

No human studies were available to evaluate the toxicity of dibenz[a,h]anthracene. In animals, depressed immune responses were observed in mice following single or multiple subcutaneous injections of dibenz[a,h]anthracene (White et al. 1985). Weekly subcutaneous injections of dibenz[a,h]anthracene produced lymphoid tissue changes, decreased spleen weights, and liver and kidney lesions in mice (Hoch-Ligeti 1941).

The EPA has not derived an oral reference dose (RfD) or inhalation reference concentration (RfC) for dibenz[a,h]anthracene (EPA 1995).

No epidemiologic studies or case reports addressing the carcinogenicity of dibenz[a,h]anthracene in humans were available. In animals, dibenz[a,h]anthracene has produced tumors by different routes of administration, having both local and systemic carcinogenic effects.

Carcinogenic as well as tumor-initiating activity of dibenz[a,h]anthracene has been demonstrated in topical application studies with mice.

Based on no human data and sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in animals, EPA has assigned dibenz[a,h]anthracene a weight-of-evidence classification of B2, probable human carcinogen (EPA 1995).

U.S. EPA (2009) provides an oral slope factor of 7.3 (mg/kg/day)-1 and an inhalation slope factor of 3.08 (mg/kg/day)-1.




2010 Page D-35

Table D-21 Toxicological Reference Values for Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

Agency



(mg/m3)




RAIS 1

Health Canada 0.13


California EPA 1



NA NA 1.14 x 10-5 7.3 7.3* 3.08 1 1.3 x 10-1 1



Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Draft for Public Comment. Update, prepared by Clement International Corporation, under Contract No. 205-88-0608, for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.


Daniel, P.M., O.E. Pratt and M.M.L. Prichard. 1967. Metabolism of labelled carcinogenic hydrocarbons in rats. Nature 215: 1142-1146.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1995. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH.

Hoch-Ligeti, C. 1941. Studies on the changes in the lymphoid tissue of mice treated with carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic hydrocarbons. Cancer Res. 1: 484-488.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1983. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds, Part 1, Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data, Vol. 32. World Health Organization, Lyon, France, pp. 33-224.


Page D-36 2010

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1985. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds, Part 4, Bitumens, Coal-tars and Derived Products, Shale-oils and Soots, Vol. 35. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of the Chemical to Man, World Health Organization, Lyon, France, pp. 88, 91, 164, 225.


D.22 Ethylbenzene Ingestion of ethylbenzene is likely to cause central nervous system (CNS) depression, oro-pharyngeal and gastric discomfort, and vomiting (HSDB 1995); however, specific experimental data are not available. Animal studies indicate that the primary target organs following chronic oral exposures are likely to be the liver and kidney. The oral RfD for chronic exposures is 0.1 mg/kg/day, based on increased weight and histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys of rats (EPA 1996).

Acute exposures to high atmospheric concentrations of ethylbenzene may cause eye and respiratory tract irritation and CNS effects (e.g., coordination disorders, dizziness, vertigo, narcosis, convulsions, pulmonary irritation, and conjunctivitis) (Ivanov 1962). Concentrations of 1000 ppm (434 mg/m3) can be highly irritating to the eyes of humans (Yant et al. 1930); the threshold for eye irritation has been reported to be 200 ppm (87.9 mg/m3) (Grabt 1986).

The inhalation RfC for chronic exposures is 1 mg/m3, based on developmental effects (EPA 1996).

Ethylbenzene is placed by EPA in Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity, based on a lack of data in humans and animals (EPA 1996).


Table D-22 Toxicological Reference Values for Ethylbenzene

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1

Health Canada 0.1 1 0.03

U.S EPA IRIS 0.1 1

California EPA 1


1.0 x 10-1 0.1* 1 1 3.0 x 10-2 1



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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1996. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Ethylbenzene. Online file, updated 5/1/92, retrieved September 14, 1995. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Hazardous Substances Database (HSDB). 1995. Online file, available through the National Library of Medicine's MEDLARS system, National Library of Medicine.

Ivanov, S.V. 1962. Toxicity of ethylbenzene. Tr. Voronezhsk. Gos. Med. Inst. 47:80. (Cited in EPA 1980)


D.23 Fluoride Fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine are chemically related. Fluorine is a naturally-occurring gas with a sharp odor. It combines with metals to make fluorides such as sodium fluoride and calcium fluoride. Sodium fluoride dissolves easily in water, but calcium fluoride does not. Fluorine also combines with hydrogen to make hydrogen fluoride, a colorless gas. Hydrogen fluoride dissolves in water to form hydrofluoric acid (ATSDR 1993).

Fluorine and hydrogen fluoride are used to make certain chemical compounds. Fluorides are often added to drinking water supplies and to a variety of dental products, including toothpaste and mouth rinses (ATSDR 1993).

In adults, exposure to high levels of fluoride can result in denser bones. However, if exposure is high enough, these bones may be more fragile and brittle and there may be a greater risk of breaking the bone. In animals, exposure to extremely high doses of fluoride can result in decreased fertility and sperm and testes damage (ATSDR 1993).

Fluorine and hydrogen fluoride are very irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. At high levels, such as may occur through exposure from an industrial accident, hydrogen fluoride may also damage the heart.

The TRVs are presented in Table D-23. Health Canada (2007) lists an oral intake value of 0.122 mg/kg-day. This value is based results involving dietary intake of fluoride in infants.

Texas CEQ (2009) provided a chronic inhalation value of 0.2 µg/m3, but there are no reference studies cited. Dermal absorption factor of 0.01 is also provided by Texas CEQ (2009).

The GI absorption factor for fluoride listed by RAIS (2009) is 1.


Page D-38 2010

Table D-23 Toxicological Reference Values for Fluoride

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 0.06 1

Health Canada 0.122

Texas CEQ 0.0002 0.01

California EPA 1


1.22 x 10-1 0.122* 2.0 x 10-4 1 1.0 x 10-2 1


D.23.1 References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1993. Toxicological Profile for Fluorides,

Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine (F). Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.




D.24 Fluoranthene Fluoranthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that can be derived from coal tar. Occurring ubiquitously in products of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, fluoranthene has been identified in ambient air, surface, drinking, and waste water, and in char-broiled foods (IARC 1983).

Subchronic oral exposure to fluoranthene at doses of greater than or equal to 250 mg/kg produced nephropathy, increased liver weights, and increased liver enzyme levels in rats (U.S. EPA 1988). A single intraperitoneal injection of fluoranthene to pregnant rats caused an increased rate of embryo resorptions (Irvin and Martin 1987). Fluoranthene was photosensitizing, enhancing erythema elicited by ultraviolet radiation in guinea pig skin (Kochevar et al. 1982) and was irritating to the eyes of rabbits (Grant 1986).


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A Reference Dose (RfD) of 4.00 x 10-2 mg/kg/day for chronic oral exposure to fluoranthene was calculated from a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 125 mg/kg/day and a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) of 250 mg/kg/day (U.S. EPA 1993a,b). The critical effects were nephropathy, increased liver weights, and changes in clinical and hematological parameters.

Bioassays by other exposure routes generally gave negative results. Studies involving topical application to the skin of mice (Horton and Christian 1974; Hoffmann 1972; Wynder and Hoffmann 1959; Suntzeff et al. 1957) and subcutaneous injection in mice provided no evidence of carcinogenicity. However, fluoranthene has been shown to be active as a co-carcinogen when applied with benzo[a]pyrene to mice by skin application (Van Duuren and Goldschmidt 1976) and was active as a complete carcinogen in a short-term lung tumor assay with newborn mice (Busby et al. 1984).


Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays, U.S. EPA (1993a,b) has placed fluoranthene in weight-of-evidence group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.



Table D-24 Toxicological Reference Values for Fluoranthene

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1

Health Canada 0.13

California EPA 1

U.S EPA IRIS 0.04



4.0 x 10-2 0.04* 7.0 x 10-2 1 1.3 x 10-1 1


D.24.1 References Busby, W.F., Jr., M.E. Goldman, P.M. Newberne and G.N. Wogan. 1984. Tumorigenicity of fluoranthene

in a newborn mouse lung adenoma bioassay. Carcinogenesis 5: 1311-1316.



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Grant, W.M. 1986. Toxicology of the Eye, 3rd ed. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, p. 1036.

Hoffmann, D., F. Rathkamp, S. Nesnow and E.L. Wynder. 1972. Fluoranthenes: Quantitative determination in cigarette smoke, formation by pyrolysis, and tumor-initiating activity. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 49: 1165-1175.

Horton, A.W. and G.M. Christian. 1974. Cocarcinogenic versus incomplete carcinogenic activity among aromatic hydrocarbons: Contrast between chrysene and benzo[b]triphenylene. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 49: 1017-1020.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1983. Fluoranthene. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds. Part 1. Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data, Vol. 32. World Health Organization, Lyon, France, pp. 355-364.

Irvin, T.R. and J.E. Martin. 1987. In vitro and in vivo embryotoxicity of fluoranthene, a major prenatal toxic component of diesel soot. Teratology 35: 65A. (Abstract)

Kochevar, I.E., R.B. Armstrong and J. Einbinder. 1982. Coal tar phototoxicity: Active compounds and action spectra. Photochem. Photobiol. 36: 65-69.

Suntzeff, V., A.B. Croninger and E.L. Wynder. 1957. Use of sebaceous-gland test of primary cigarette-tar fractions and of certain noncarcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons. Cancer 10: 250-254.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1988. 13-Week Mouse Oral Subchronic Toxicity tudy. Prepared by Toxicity Research Laboratories, Ltd., Muskegon, MI, for the Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1993a. Health Assessment Summary Tables. Annual FY-93. Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH, for the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1993b. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH.

Van Duuren, B.L. and B.M. Goldschmidt. 1976. Cocarcinogenic and tumor-promoting agents in tobacco carcinogenesis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 56: 1237-1242.

Wynder, E.L. and D. Hoffmann. 1959. A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. VII. The role of higher polycyclic hydrocarbons. Cancer 12: 1079-1086.

D.25 Fluorene Fluorene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that can be derived from coal tar. Occurring ubiquitously in products of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, fluorene has been identified in ambient air, surface, drinking, and waste water, and in char-broiled foods (IARC 1983).


2010 Page D-41

Morris et al (1960) fed female buffalo rats a diet containing 0.05% fluorene in 3% corn oil for approximately 18 months or in propylene glycol for about 6 months (approximately 11 mg/kg/day). Various types of tumors occurred in controls and exposed animals at approximately the same incidences, ranging from 6 to 34%. No statistical analysis was reported.

Studies of fluorene for complete carcinogenic activity, initiating activity or co-carcinogenicity with 3-methylcholanthrene in mouse skin painting assays were not positive or were inconclusive (Kennaway 1924; Riegel et al. 1951; LaVoie et al. 1979, 1981).

No injection site tumors occurred within 18 months in 10 strain A mice after seven subcutaneous injections of 10 mg fluorene in glycol (Shear 1938). No control groups appear to have been utilized in this study.

Wilson et al. (1947) fed two groups of albino rats various concentrations of fluorene in the diet. One set of rats was exposed to several concentrations (number not specified) ranging from 0.062-1.0% fluorene in the diet for 104 days. These rats were maintained on diets with fluorene concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0%; they experienced significant decreases in their rate of growth, but in other aspects they appeared normal. The second set received either 0.125, 0.25 or 0.5% fluorene in the diet for 453 days. One rat exposed to 0.125% fluorene in the diet developed a small benign kidney tubular adenoma.

A Reference Dose (RfD) of 4.00 x 10-2 mg/kg/day for chronic oral exposure to fluorene is provided by U.S. EPA IRIS. The inhalation concentration of 0.07 mg/m3 is derived from the U.S. EPA oral RfD for the toddler receptor.



Table D-25 Toxicological Reference Values for Fluorene

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1

Health Canada 0.13

California EPA 1

U.S EPA IRIS 0.04



4.0 x 10-2 0.04* 7.0 x 10-2 1 1.3 x 10-1 1



Page D-42 2010



International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1983. Fluoranthene. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds. Part 1. Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data, Vol. 32. World Health Organization, Lyon, France, pp. 355-364. Kennaway, E.L. 1924. On cancer-producing tars and tar-fractions. J. Ind. Hyg. 5(12): 462-488.

LaVoie, E.J., E.V. Bedenko, N. Hirota, S.S. Hecht and D. Hoffmann. 1979. A comparison of the mutagenicity, tumor-initiating activity and complete carcinogenicity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, P.W. Jones and P. Leber, Ed. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI. p. 705-721.

LaVoie, E.J., J.L. Tulley-Freiler, V. Bedenko, Z. Girach and D. Hoffmann. 1981. Comparative studies on the tumor initiating activity and metabolism of methylfluorenes and methylbenzofluorenes. In: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Chemical Analysis and Biological Fate, M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis, Ed. Batelle Press, Columbus, OH. p. 417-427.

Morris, H.P., C.A. Velat, B.P. Wagner, M. Dahlgard and F.E. Ray. 1960. Studies of carcinogenicity in the rate of derivatives of aromatic amines related to N-2-fluorenyl acetamide. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 24: 149-180.

Riegel, B., W.B. Watman and W.T. Hill. 1951. Delay of methylcholanthrene skin carcinogensis in mice by 1.2.5.6-dibenzofluorene. Cancer Res. 11: 301-303.

Shear, M.J. 1938. Studies in carcinogenesis. V. Methyl derivatives of 1.2- benzanthracene. Am. J. Cancer. 33(4): 499-537.

Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1987. Health Effects Assessment for Fluorenes. Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC.

Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1989. 13-Week Mouse Oral Subchronic Toxicity Study. Prepared by Toxicity Research Laboratories, Ltd., Muskegon, MI for the Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC.

Wilson, R.H., F. DeEds and A.J. Cox. 1947. The carcinogenic activity of 2- acetominofluorene. IV. Action of related compounds. Cancer Res. 7: 453-458.

D.26 Formaldehyde Formaldehyde, a colorless, pungent-smelling gas, can cause watery eyes, burning sensations in the eyes and throat, nausea, and difficulty in breathing in some humans exposed at elevated levels (above 0.1 parts per million). High concentrations may trigger attacks in people with asthma. There is evidence that some people can develop sensitivity to formaldehyde.


2010 Page D-43

It has also been shown to cause cancer in animals and may cause cancer in humans. Health effects include eye, nose, and throat irritation; wheezing and coughing; fatigue; skin rash; and severe allergic reactions.

U.S. EPA (2009) provides an oral RfD of 0.2 mg/kg-day based on a study involving formaldehyde administered daily in the drinking water to rats.


Table D-26 Toxicological Reference Values for Formaldehyde

Agency




(percentage)


US EPA IRIS 0.2

California EPA 0.003 1 0.1 1


2.0 x 10-1 0.2* 3.0 x 10-3 1 1.0 x 10-1 1





D.27 2.4-Dimethylphenol 2.4-Dimethylphenol was administered daily to male and female albino mice by gavage. The animals (30/sex/group) were dosed for 90 days with 5.0, 50.0, or 250 mg 2.4-dimethylphenol/kg/day. Two control groups, untreated and vehicle (corn oil), of similar size were also established. Effects examined included mortality, clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, opthalmology, hematology and clinical chemistry, organ weights, and gross histopathology.

Although 15 deaths occurred during this study (mostly because of errors in technical procedure), only one was considered as possibly treatment-related: a male in the 5 mg/kg/day-dose group died during the first 30 days of the experiment. No significant differences were found between treated and vehicle control groups in mean body weight, body weight gains, food consumption, or eye examinations at any dosage.

An oral reference dose of 0.02 mg/kg-day for 2.4-dimethylphenol is provided by U.S. EPA IRIS based on toxicological studies involving mice. The inhalation concentration of 0.035 mg/m3 is derived from the U.S. EPA oral RfD for the toddler receptor.


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Table D-27 Toxicological Reference Values for 2.4-Dimethylphenol

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1

US EPA IRIS 0.02

Health Canada 0.03

California EPA 1



2.0 x 10-2 0.02* 3.5 x 10-2 1 3.0 x 10-2 1




Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1987. Fourteen-day gavage study in Albino mice using 2.4- dimethylphenol. Study No. 410-2830, prepared by Dynamac Corporation, Rockville, MD for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC.

Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1989. Ninety-day gavage study in Albino mice using 2.4-dimethylphenol. Study No. 410-2831, prepared by Dynamac Corporation, Rockville, MD, for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC.

D.28 2.4-Dinitrophenol Most of the information on the health effects of dinitrophenols comes from old studies of patients who were prescribed diet pills containing dinitrophenol before it was banned.

Deaths have occurred in people who ingested 3-46 milligrams of dinitrophenols (DNP) per kilogram of body weight per day (3-46 mg/kg/day) for short periods, or 1-4 mg/kg/day for long periods. Also, people who breathed air containing 40 mg dinitrophenols per cubic meter of air (40 mg/m3) for long periods have died.


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The amount of dinitrophenols ingested that causes harmful effects varies among people. Increased basal metabolic rate, increased sweating, a feeling of warmth, weight loss, and increased heart rate, breathing rate, and body temperature have been observed in people who swallowed as little as 1 mg/kg/day or as much as 46 mg/kg/day for short or long periods of time.

Ingesting 2-4 mg/kg/day DNP for short or long periods has caused cataracts in some people, while ingesting 1-4 mg/kg/day for short or long periods has caused skin rashes and decreases in white blood cells.

An oral reference dose of 0.002 mg/kg-day for 2.4-dinitrophenol is provided by U.S. EPA IRIS. The inhalation concentration of 0.035 mg/m3 is derived from the U.S. EPA oral RfD for the toddler receptor.



Table D-28 Toxicological Reference Values for 2.4-Dinitrophenol

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1

US EPA IRIS 0.002

Health Canada 0.0.1

California EPA 1



2.0 x 10-3 0.002* 3.5 x 10-3 1 3.0 x 10-2 1


D.28.1 References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1995. Toxicological Profile for

Dinitrophenols. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.



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D.29 Indeno[1.2.3-cd]pyrene Indeno[1.2.3-cd]pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Indeno[1.2.3-cd]pyrene is found in fossil fuels and occurs ubiquitously in products of incomplete combustion (IARC 1983) and has been identified in soils, groundwater, and surface waters at hazardous waste sites.

No data were found concerning the acute, subchronic, chronic, developmental, or reproductive toxicity of indeno[1.2.3-cd]pyrene. Because of a lack of toxicity data, an oral reference dose (RfD) or inhalation reference concentration (RfC) has not been derived (EPA 1994).

No long-term oral or inhalation bioassays were available to assess the carcinogenicity of indeno [1.2.3-cd] pyrene. Dermal application of solutions of indeno[1.2.3-cd]pyrene in acetone produced skin papillomas and carcinomas in mice (Hoffmann and Wynder 1966).

Based on no human data and sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in animals, the United Stated Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has assigned a weight-of-evidence classification of B2, probable human carcinogen, to indeno[1.2.3-cd]pyrene (EPA 1994).

An oral slope factor of 0.73 (mg/kg-day)-1 and an inhalation slope factor of 0.308 (mg/kg-day)-1 for indeno[1.2.3-cd]pyrene is provided by U.S. EPA IRIS.



Table D-29 Toxicological Reference Values for Indeno[1.2.3-cd]pyrene

Agency


(mg/kg-day)


(mg/m3)




RAIS 1

Health Canada 0.13


California EPA 1



NA NA 1.14 x 10-5 7.3 x 10-1 0.73* 3.08 x 10-1 1 1.3 x 10-1 1



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Hoffmann, D. and E.L. Wynder. 1966. "Beitrag zur carcinogen Wirkung von Dibenzopyrene." Z. Krebsforsch. 68: 137-149.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1983. "Indeno[1.2.3-cd]pyrene." In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Part 1, Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data, Vol 32. IARC, Lyon, France, pp. 373-378.

Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1994. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH.

D.30 Lead The systemic toxic effects of lead in humans have been well-documented in ATSDR (2007). The evidence shows that lead is a multi-targeted toxicant, causing effects in the gastrointestinal tract, hematopoietic system, cardiovascular system, central and peripheral nervous systems, kidneys, immune system, and reproductive system.

At low levels in the body, lead can diminish the production of haemoglobin, which can lead to anaemia. Exposure to lead is known to be associated with impaired neurobehavioral function in children, and population studies as shown that a reduction of 1 to 3 points of IQ can be correlated with a lead blood level of 100 µg/L (Baars et al. 2001).

Lead can cause tubular renal damage (proteinuria, glycosuria) that can be reversible after short-term exposure. Long-term exposure to lead can cause tubular sclerosis and may result in chronic renal failure.

RIVM provided an oral value of 3.57 µg/kg-day based on a weekly value of 25 µg/kg-day, which has been established to avoid lead blood level exceeding 50 µg/L in order to protect children against impaired neurological development (Baars et al. 2001) which is similar to Health Canada (2007) TDI of 0.0036 mg/kg/d, which is used in this risk assessment.

The dermal absorption factor for lead listed by Health Canada (2007) is 0.006.

The chronic inhalation value of 2.0 µg/m³ provided by Michigan DEQ (2004) has no supporting study cited.

The ingestion absorption factor for lead listed by RAIS (2009) is 1.



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Table D-30 Toxicological Reference Values for Lead

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1


California EPA 1


0.002

RIVM 0.00357


3.6 x 10-3 0.0036* 2.0 x 10-3 1 6.0 x 10-3 1


D.30.1 References Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2007. Toxicological profile for lead. U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. August, 2007.

Baars, A.J., R.M.C. Theelen, P.J.C.M. Janssen, J.M. Hesse, M.E. van Apeldoorn, M.C.M. Meijerink, L. Verdam and M.J. Zeilmaker. 2001. Re-evaluation of Human-Toxicological Maximum Permissible Risk Levels. RIVM Report No. 711701025. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment. Bilthoven, The Netherlands.







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D.31 Manganese The central nervous system is the primary target of manganese intoxication. Initial symptoms are headache, insomnia, disorientation, anxiety, lethargy, and memory loss. These symptoms progress with exposure and eventually include motor disturbances, tremors, and difficulty in walking, symptoms similar to those seen with Parkinson disease (RAIS 2009).

Effects on reproduction (e.g., decreased fertility, impotence) have been observed in humans with inhalation exposure and in animals with oral exposure.

Inhalation exposure to manganese dust will cause cough, colds, dyspnea, bronchitis, and reduced lung ventilation parameters.

Health Canada (2007) provides an oral intake value of 0.014 mg/kg-day. This value is based on epidemiological studies on population exposed to manganese in drinking water. With higher doses, adverse effects might appear with symptoms including lethargy, increased muscle tonus, tremor, and mental disturbances.

U.S. EPA (2009) proposed a chronic inhalation value of 0.05 µg/m³ based on a LOAEL of 0.05 mg/m³ with an uncertainty factor of 1000 taken from an occupational exposure study to manganese dioxide (Roels et al. 1992) in which the main toxicological endpoint was impairment of neurobehavioral function.

Table D-31 presents the TRVs.

Table D-31 Toxicological Reference Values for Manganese

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 0.00005 1 0.001

Health Canada 0.1

US EPA IRIS 0.14 0.00005

California EPA 1


1.0 x 10-1 0.1* 5.0 x 10-5 1 1.0 x 10-3 1






Page D-50 2010


Roels, H.A., P. Ghyselen, J.P. Buchet, E. Ceulemans and R.R. Lauwerys. 1992. Assessment of the permissible exposure level to manganese in workers exposed to manganese dioxide dust. Br. J. Ind. Med. 49: 25-34.


D.32 1-Methylnaphthalene 1 Methylnaphthalene is a naphthalene-related compound that is also called alpha methylnaphthalene.

When mice were fed food containing 1 methylnaphthalene for most of their lives (81 weeks), the gas-exchange part of the lungs of some mice became filled with an abnormal material. This type of lung injury is called pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. A few mice also had lung tumors, but the numbers of mice with lung tumors were not enough to conclude that 1-Methylnaphthalene caused the tumors. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis has been seen in some people, but the cause of this uncommon lung disease in humans is unknown.

There is no direct evidence in humans that 1-methylnaphthalene causes cancer. However, cancer from naphthalene exposure has been seen in animal studies. Some female mice that breathed naphthalene vapours daily for a lifetime developed lung tumors. Some male and female rats exposed to naphthalene in a similar manner also developed nose tumors.

U.S. EPA IRIS (2009) provides an oral intake value of 0.004 mg/kg-day. This value is based on studies involving mice population exposed to 1-Methylnaphthalene in their diet. The inhalation concentration of 7.09 x 10-3 mg/m3 is derived from the U.S. EPA oral RfD for the toddler receptor.

GI and dermal absorption factors were provided by RAIS and are used in this risk assessment.



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Table D-32 Toxicological Reference Values for 1-Methylnaphthalene

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1 0.01

US EPA IRIS 0.004

California EPA 1



4.0 x 10-3 0.004* 7.09 x 10-3 1 1.0 x 10-2 1


D.32.1 References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2005. Toxicological profile for

Naphthalene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, and 2-Methylnaphthalene. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.


D.33 2-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene is a naphthalene-related compound that is also called beta methylnaphthalene.

Effects of 2-Methylnaphthalene are similar to 1-Methylnaphthalene. When mice were fed food containing 2-Methylnaphthalene for most of their lives (81 weeks), the gas-exchange part of the lungs of some mice became filled with an abnormal material. This type of lung injury is called pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. A few mice also had lung tumors, but the numbers of mice with lung tumors were not enough to conclude that 2-Methylnaphthalene caused the tumors. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis has been seen in some people, but the cause of this uncommon lung disease in humans is unknown.

There is no direct evidence in humans that 2-methylnaphthalene causes cancer. However, cancer from naphthalene exposure has been seen in animal studies. Some female mice that breathed naphthalene vapours daily for a lifetime developed lung tumors. Some male and female rats exposed to naphthalene in a similar manner also developed nose tumors.

Health Canada (2007) provides an oral intake value of 0.004 mg/kg-day. This value is based on studies involving mice population exposed to 2-Methylnaphthalene in their diet. A dermal absorption factor of 0.13 was also provided by Health Canada (2007) and is used in this risk assessment.



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Table D-33 Toxicological Reference Values for 2-Methylnaphthalene

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1

US EPA IRIS 0.004


California EPA 1


4.0 x 10-3 0.004* 3.7 x 10-2 1 1.3 x 10-1 1


D.33.1 References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2005. Toxicological profile for

Naphthalene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, and 2-Methylnaphthalene. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.



D.34 Mercury Toxicity resulting from subchronic and chronic exposure to mercury and mercury compounds usually involves the kidneys and/or nervous system, the specific target and effect being dependent on the form of mercury (ATSDR 1989). Organic mercury, especially methyl mercury, rapidly enters the central nervous system resulting in behavioral and neuromotor disorders (ATSDR 1989; Goyer 1991).

Effects on brain functioning may result in irritability, shyness, tremors, changes in vision or hearing, and memory problems. Short-term exposure to high levels of metallic mercury vapours may cause effects including lung damage, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increases in blood pressure or heart rate, skin rashes, and eye irritation.

Very young children are more sensitive to mercury than adults. Mercury in the mother's body passes to the fetus and may accumulate there. It can also pass to a nursing infant through breast milk (ATSDR 1999).


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Mercury's harmful effects that may be passed from the mother to the fetus include brain damage, mental retardation, decrease in coordination, blindness, seizures, and inability to speak. Children poisoned by mercury may develop problems of their nervous and digestive systems, and kidney damage (ATSDR 1999).

Health Canada (2007) provides an oral intake value of 0.0003 mg/kg-day. This value is based on epidemiological studies on rat populations exposed to mercury with a LOAEL of 0.226 mg/kg-day. Dermal absorption factor of 0.1 is also provided by Health Canada (2009).

The chronic inhalation value of 0.09 µg/m³ provided by California EPA (2009) has no supporting study cited.

GI absorption factor of 0.0001 is listed by RAIS (2009).


Table D-34 Toxicological Reference Values for Mercury

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 0.0001 0.001


California EPA 0.0003 0.00009 1


3.0 x 10-4 0.0003* 9.0 x 10-5 1.0 x 10-4 1.0 x 10-1 1


D.34.1 *References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1999. Toxicological Profile for Mercury.






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D.35 Molybdenum Water-soluble molybdenum compounds are readily taken up through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract; but insoluble compounds are not. Following absorption, molybdenum is distributed throughout the body with the highest levels generally found in the liver, kidneys, spleen, and bone (Wennig and Kirsch 1988).

There is no information available on the acute or subchronic oral toxicity of molybdenum in humans. In studies conducted in a region of Armenia where levels of molybdenum in the soil are high (77 mg Mo/kg), 18% of the adults examined in one town and 31% of those in another town were found to have elevated concentrations of uric acid in the blood and urine, increased blood xanthine oxidase activity, and gout-like symptoms such as arthralgia, articular deformities, erythema, and edema (Kovalskii et al. 1961).

In animals, acutely toxic oral doses of molybdenum result in severe gastrointestinal irritation with diarrhea, coma and death from cardiac failure.

Excessive intake of molybdenum causes a physiological copper deficiency, and conversely, in cases of inadequate dietary intake of copper, molybdenum toxicity may occur at lower exposure levels.

Table D-35 lists the TRVs and their respective supporting regulatory agencies. The chronic oral Reference Dose (RfD) for molybdenum and molybdenum compounds is 0.023 mg/kg/day, based on studies performed on rats with a LOAEL of 1.6 mg/kg-day.

Table D-35 Toxicological Reference Values for Molybdenum

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1

US EPA IRIS 0.005


Texas CEQ 0.005

California EPA 1


2.3 x 10-2 0.023* 5.0 x 10-3 1 1.0 x 10-2 1






2010 Page D-55

Kovalskii, V.V., G.E. Yarovaya and D.M. Shmavonyan. 1961. Changes in purine metabolism in man and animals in various molybdenum-rich biogeochemical provinces. Z. Obsc. Biol. 22:179.



Wennig, R. and N. Kirsch. 1988. Molybdenum. In: Handbook on Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. H.G. Seiler and H. Sigel, eds. Marcel Deker, Inc., New York. pp. 437-447.

D.36 Naphthalene Naphthalene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of two fused benzene rings.

Acute oral and subchronic inhalation exposure of humans to naphthalene has resulted in neurotoxic effects (confusion, lethargy, listlessness, vertigo), gastrointestinal distress, hepatic effects (jaundice, hepatomegaly, elevated serum enzyme levels), renal effects, and ocular effects (cataracts, optical atrophy). A number of deaths have been reported following intentional ingestion of naphthalene-containing mothballs (ATSDR 1990). Naphthalene is a primary skin irritant and is acutely irritating to the eyes of humans (Sandmeyer 1981).

Increased mortality, clinical signs of toxicity, kidney and thymus lesions, and signs of anemia were observed in rats treated by gavage with 400 mg/kg of naphthalene for 13 weeks (NTP 1980a). No adverse effects occurred at 50 mg/kg. Transient clinical signs of toxicity were seen in mice exposed by gavage to 53 mg/kg for 13 weeks (NTP 1980b). Subchronic oral exposure to 133 mg/kg/day for 90 days produced decreased spleen weights in female mice (Shopp et al. 1984). Reduced numbers of pups/litter were observed when naphthalene was administered orally to pregnant mice (Pflasterer et al. 1985). Negative results in a two-year feeding study with rats receiving 10-20 mg naphthalene/kg/day (Schmahl 1955) and equivocal results in a mouse lung tumor bioassay (Adkins et al. 1986) suggest that naphthalene is not a potential carcinogen.

There is no direct evidence in humans that naphthalene is carcinogenic. However, cancer from naphthalene exposure has been seen in animal studies. Some female mice that breathed naphthalene vapours daily for a lifetime developed lung tumors. Some male and female rats exposed to naphthalene in a similar manner also developed nose tumors.

An oral reference dose of 0.02 mg/kg/day for naphthalene has been derived by Health Canada (2007). The value is based on a NOAEL of 100 mg/kg/day derived from an oral toxicity study with rats. A dermal absorption factor of 0.13 was also provided by Health Canada (2007).

Table D-36 lists the TRVs and their respective supporting regulatory agencies.


Page D-56 2010

Table D-36 Toxicological Reference Values for Naphthalene

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1


California EPA 1


2.0 x 10-2 0.02* 3.0 x 10-3 1 1.3 x 10-1 1


D.36.1 References Adkins, B., E.W. Van Stee, J.E. Simmons and S.L. Eustis. 1986. Oncogenic response of strain A/J mice

to inhaled chemicals. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 17: 311-322.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1990. Toxicological Profile for Naphthalene and 2-Methylnaphthalene. Prepared by Life Systems, Inc., under Subcontract to Clement Associates, Inc., for ATSDR, U.S. Public Health Service under Contract No. 205-88-0608. ATSDR/TP-90-18.



National Toxicology Program (NTP). 1980b. Unpublished Subchronic Toxicity Study: Naphthalene (C52904), B6C3F1 Mice. Prepared by Battelle's Columbus Laboratories under Subcontract No. 76-34-106002. (Cited in U.S. EPA 1986, 1988)

Pflasterer, M.R., W.S. Bradshaw, G.M. Booth and M.W. Carter. 1985. Developmental toxicity of nine selected compounds following prenatal exposure in the mouse: Naphthalene, p-nitrophenol, sodium selenite, dimethyl phthalate, ethylene thiourea and four glycol ether derivatives. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 15: 25-38.


Sandmeyer, E.E. 1981. Aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Clayton, G.D. and F.E. Clayton, Eds., Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 3rd. ed., Vol. 2B. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, pp. 3333-3343.


2010 Page D-57

Shopp, G.M., K.L. White, Jr. and M.P. Holsapple. 1984. Naphthalene toxicity in CD-1 mice: General toxicology and immunotoxicology. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 4: 405-419.

Schmahl, D. 1955. The testing of naphthalene and anthracene as carcinogenic agents in the rat. Z. Krebsforsch. 60: 697-710. (German with English translation)

D.37 Nickel The absorption of nickel is dependent on its physicochemical form, with water soluble forms being more readily absorbed. The metabolism of nickel involves conversion to various chemical forms and binding to various ligands (RAIS 2009).

Although the kidney and lungs are the primary sites of accumulation of nickel, other organs such as the spleen, liver, heart and testes may also accumulate the metal to a lesser extent. Nickel is known to bind to specific proteins and/or amino acids in the blood serum and the placenta. These ligands are important in the transport and distribution of nickel in the body. Nickel distribution may be altered by the formation of lipophilic nickel complexes.

Inhalation exposure to some nickel compounds will cause toxic effects in the respiratory tract and immune system.

Table D-37 lists the TRVs and their respective supporting regulatory agencies. U.S. EPA (2009) reports an oral value for soluble nickel salts of 20 µg/kg-day based on a study on rats with the main toxicological endpoint being decreased body and organ weight.

Health Canada (2007) derived an inhalation value of 0.000018 mg/m3 for nickel metallic dust based on studies involving rabbits with a LOAEL of 0.1 mg/m3.

Table D-37 Toxicological Reference Values for Nickel

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 0.04



California EPA 1


2.0 x 10-2 0.02* 1.8 x 10-5 4.0 x 10-1 2.0 x 10-1 1



Page D-58 2010







D.38 OCDD Dioxins are absorbed primarily through dietary intake of fat, as this is where they accumulate in animals and humans. In humans, the highly chlorinated dioxins are stored in fatty tissues and are neither readily metabolized nor excreted. The estimated elimination half-life for highly chlorinated dioxins (4-8 chlorine atoms) in humans ranges from 7.8 to 132 years.

The persistence of a particular dioxin congener in an animal is thought to be a consequence of its structure. It is believed that dioxins with few chlorines, which thus contain hydrogen atoms on adjacent pairs of carbons, can more readily be oxidized by cytochromes P-450. The oxidized dioxins can then be more readily excreted rather than stored for a long time

Dioxins build up primarily in fatty tissues over time (bioaccumulate), so even small exposures may eventually reach dangerous levels. US EPA reported that dioxins are a probable carcinogen, but noted that non-cancer effects (reproduction and sexual development, immune system) may pose an even greater threat to human health.

TCDD, the most toxic of the dibenzodioxins, is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). TCDD has a half-life of approximately 8 years in humans, although at high concentrations, the elimination rate is enhanced by metabolism. The health effects of dioxins are mediated by their action on a cellular receptor, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

While it has been difficult to establish specific health effects in humans due to the lack of controlled dose experiments, studies in animals have shown that dioxin causes a wide variety of toxic effects. Dioxins have been shown to be teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic, and hepatotoxic. Furthermore, alterations in multiple endocrine and growth factor systems have been reported. The most sensitive effects, observed in multiple species, appear to be developmental, including effects on the developing immune, nervous, and reproductive systems.


2010 Page D-59

RAIS has provided an oral cancer slope factor of 39 (mg/kg-day)-1 and an inhalation cancer slope factor of 11.4 (mg/kg-day)-1.

Table D-38 lists the TRVs and their respective supporting regulatory agencies.

Table D-38 Toxicological Reference Values for OCDD

Agency


(mg/kg-day)


(mg/m3)




RAIS 39 11.4 1 0.03

California EPA 1


NA NA NA 39 39* 11.4 1 1.3 x 10-1 1




Geyer, H.J., K.W. Schramm and E.A. Feicht. 2002. "Half-lives of tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats, monkeys, and humans—a critical review". Chemosphere 48 (6): 631–44. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00030-9. PMID 12143938.


Van den Berg, M., L.S. Birnbaum and M. Denison. 2006. "The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds". Toxicol. Sci. 93 (2): 223–41. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfl055. PMID 16829543.

D.39 Phenanthrene Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that can be derived from coal tar. Phenanthrene is ubiquitous in the environment as a product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and wood and has been identified in ambient air, surface and drinking water, and in foods (U.S. EPA 1988; IARC 1983).

Toxicity data for phenanthrene are very limited. No human data were available that addressed the toxicity of phenanthrene. Single intraperitoneal injections of phenanthrene produced slight hepatotoxicity in rats (Yoshikawa et al. 1985). Data regarding the subchronic, chronic, developmental, or reproductive toxicity in experimental animals by any route of exposure could not be located in the available literature.


Page D-60 2010

Data were insufficient to derive an oral reference dose (RfD) or inhalation reference concentration (RfC) for phenanthrene (U.S. EPA 1988). The chemical is not currently listed in IRIS.

Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays, U.S. EPA (1993a, 1987) has placed phenanthrene in weight-of-evidence group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

Table D-39 lists the TRVs and their respective supporting regulatory agencies. Michigan DEQ (2004) reports an oral value for phenanthrene of 7.1 µg/kg-day. An inhalation value of 0.1 µg/kg-day was also provided by Michigan DEQ


Table D-39 Toxicological Reference Values for Phenanthrene

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1

Health Canada 0.13


0.0071 0.0001

California EPA 1


7.1 x 10-3 0.0071* 1.0 x 10-4 1 1.3 x 10-1 1





International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1983. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds. Part 1. Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data, Vol. 32. World Health Organization, Lyon, France, pp. 419-430.



2010 Page D-61


U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1987. Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Phenanthrene. Prepared by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. ECAO-CIN-P226.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1988. Drinking Water Criteria Document for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Prepared by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, for the Office of Drinking Water. ECAO-CIN-D010.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1993a. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH.

Yoshikawa, T., L.P. Ruhr and W. Flory. 1985. Toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 1. Effect of phenanthrene, pyrene and their ozonized products on blood chemistry in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 79: 218-226.

D.40 Phenol Most of the phenol that you may inhale or ingest will enter the bloodstream; less will enter if there is contact with the skin.

Short-term exposure to phenol in the air can cause respiratory irritation, headaches, and burning eyes. People who had skin exposure to high amounts of phenol had skin burns, liver damage, dark urine, irregular heartbeat, and in some cases, death resulted. Ingestion of high concentrations of phenol has resulted in internal burns and death.

In animals, breathing air with high levels of phenol resulted in irritation of the lungs. Repeated exposures induced muscle tremors and loss of coordination. Exposure to high concentrations of phenol in the air for several weeks caused paralysis and severe injury to the heart, liver, kidneys, and lungs, and in some cases, death. Some animals that drank water with very high concentrations of phenol suffered muscle tremors and loss of coordination.

Phenol can have beneficial effects when used medically as an antiseptic or anesthetic.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the EPA have determined that phenol is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.

Table D-40 lists the TRVs and their respective supporting regulatory agencies for phenol. Health Canada (2007) reports an oral value for phenol of 0.06 mg/kg-day based on a NOEL of 12 mg/kg/day derived from an oral toxicity study with rats. Dermal absorption factor of 0.13 was also provided by Health Canada (2007). The inhalation concentration of 0.106 mg/m3 is derived from Health Canada’s oral RfD for the toddler receptor.


Page D-62 2010

Table D-40 Toxicological Reference Values for Phenol

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1


California EPA 1



6.0 x 10-2 0.06* 1.06 x 10-1 1 1.3 x 10-1 1


D.40.1 References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2008. Toxicological Profile for Phenol.





D.41 Pyrene Pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that can be derived from coal tar. Pyrene is ubiquitous in the environment as a product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and has been identified in surface and drinking water, numerous foods, and in ambient air (U.S. EPA 1988, 1987; IARC 1983).

Although a large body of literature exists on the toxicity and carcinogenicity of PAHs, toxicity data for pyrene are limited. No human data were available that addressed the toxicity of pyrene.

Oral exposure to pyrene produced nephropathy, decreased kidney weights, increased liver weights, and slight hematological changes in mice and produced fatty livers in rats (White and White 1939). A single intraperitoneal injection of pyrene produced swelling and congestion of the liver (Yoshikawa et al. 1985). No data were available concerning the toxic effects of inhalation exposure to pyrene or other reproductive effects by any route of exposure.


2010 Page D-63

A Reference Dose (RfD) of 3 x 10-2 mg/kg/day for chronic oral exposure (U.S. EPA 1993b) to pyrene was calculated from a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 75 mg/kg/day in a 13-week gavage study with mice (TRL 1989). Data were insufficient to derive an inhalation Reference Concentration (RfC) for pyrene (U.S. EPA 1993a,b).

Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays, U.S. EPA (1993a,b) has placed pyrene in weight-of-evidence group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

Table D-41 lists the TRVs and their respective supporting regulatory agencies for pyrene. Health Canada (2007) reports an oral value for pyrene of 0.03 mg/kg-day based on a NOEL of 75 mg/kg/day derived from an oral toxicity study with mice. Dermal absorption factor of 0.13 was also provided by Health Canada (2007). The inhalation concentration of 0.532 mg/m3 is derived from Health Canada’s oral RfD for the toddler receptor.

Table D-41 Toxicological Reference Values for Pyrene

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1


US EPA IRIS 0.03

California EPA 1



3.0 x 10-2 0.03* 5.32 x 10-1 1 1.3 x 10-1 1





International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1983. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds. Part 1. Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data, Vol. 32. World Health Organization, Lyon, France, pp. 431-445.



Page D-64 2010

Toxicity Research Laboratories (TRL). 1989. 13-Week Mouse Oral Subchronic Toxicity Study. TRL Study No. 042-012. Toxicity Research Laboratories, Ltd., Muskegon, MI.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1987. Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Pyrene. Prepared by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. ECAO-CIN-P277.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1988. Drinking Water Criteria Document for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Prepared by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, for the Office of Drinking Water. ECAO-CIN-D010.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1993a. Health Assessment Summary Tables. Annual FY-93. Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH, for the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1993b. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH.

White, J. and A. White. 1939. Inhibition of growth of the rat by oral administration of methylcholanthrene, benzpyrene, or pyrene and the effects of various dietary supplements. J. Biol. Chem. 131: 149-161. (Cited in U.S. EPA 1990)

Yoshikawa, T., L.P. Ruhr and W. Flory. 1985. Toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 1. Effect of phenanthrene, pyrene and their ozonized products on blood chemistry in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 79: 218-226.

D.42 Selenium Selenium is a trace mineral that is essential to good health but required only in small amounts. The toxic potential for selenium and selenium compounds is related to their chemical form and to solubilitiy. Selenium occurs in nature and biological systems as selenate, selenite, elemental selenium and selenide (Amdur et al. 1991).

According to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, the Estimated Daily Allowance (EDA) of selenium is 45 µg/day and the Recommended Daily Allowance is 55 µg/day. The Upper Tolerable Intake Level (UL) is 400 µg/day (Otten et al. 2006). Exceeding the daily nutritional limit of 400 µg/day can lead to selenois. Symptoms of selenosis include a garlic odour on the breath, gastrointestinal disorders, hair loss, sloughing of nails, fatigue, irritability and neurological damage. Extreme cases of selenosis can result in cirrhosis of the liver, pulmonary edema, and death.

Table D-42 lists the TRVs along with the sponsoring regulatory agency. U.S. EPA (2009) lists an oral reference dose for selenium of 5 µg/kg-day. The oral reference dose was based on a clinical study that observed the development of selenosis (Yang et al. 1989).


2010 Page D-65

Health Canada (2007) lists a specific oral reference dose of 6.2 µg/kg-day for the toddler receptor. This value is based on human epidemiological study and is used in this risk assessment. Health Canada (2007) also derived a dermal absorption factor for selenium, but no supporting studies are mentioned.

Texas CEQ (2009) lists an inhalation reference concentration of 0.0002 mg/m3 but no basis for the derivation was provided.

Table D-42 Toxicological Reference Values for Selenium

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1


US EPA IRIS 0.005

Texas CEQ 0.0002



6.2 x 10-3 0.0062* 2.0 x 10-4 1 1.0 x 10-3 1


D.42.1 References Amdur, M.O., J. Doull and C. Klaassen. 1991. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of




Otten, J.J., J.P. Hellwig and L.D. Meyers. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences.




Page D-66 2010

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2005. Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol for Hazardous Waste Combustion Facilities. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. EPA530-R-05-006, September 2005.

Yang, G., S. Yin, R. Zhou, L. Gu, B. Yan, Y. Liu and Y. Liu. 1989. Studies of safe maximal daily dietary Se-intake in a seleniferous area in China. II. Relation between Se- intake and the manifestation of clinical signs and certain biochemical alterations in blood and urine. J. Trace Elem. Electrolytes Health Dis. 3: 123-130.

D.43 Tin Metallic tin is not very toxic due to its poor gastrointestinal absorption. Human and animal studies show that ingestion of large amounts of inorganic tin compounds can cause stomachache, anemia, and liver and kidney problems (ATSDR 2005).

Breathing or swallowing, or skin contact with some organotins, such as trimethyltin and triethyltin compounds, can interfere with the way the brain and nervous system work (ATSDR 2005).

Some organotin compounds, such as dibutyltins and tributyltins, have been shown to affect the immune system in animals. Studies in animals also have shown that some organotins, such as dibutyltins, tributyltins, and triphenyltins can affect the reproductive system. In neither case have these effects been examined in people (ATSDR 2005).

Inorganic or organic tin compounds placed on the skin or in the eyes can produce skin and eye irritation.

Texas CEQ (2009) lists an inhalation reference concentration of 0.02 mg/m3 but no basis for the derivation was provided.

Table D-43 lists the TRVs.

Table D-43 Toxicological Reference Values for Tin

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 0.6 1

Texas CEQ 0.6 0.02



6.0 x 10-1 0.6* 2.0 x 10-2 1 1.0 x 10-1 1



2010 Page D-67

D.43.1 References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2005. Toxicological Profile for Tin and

Compounds (Update). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.



Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ). 2009. Risk Reduction Rule, Title 30, Texas Administrative Code Chapter 335, Subchapter S. Available at: http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/remediation/rrr.html.

D.44 1.2.4-Trichlorobenzene 1.2.4-Trichlorobenzene is an organic compound used as a solvent.

In the study reported by Carlson and Tardiff (1976) male rats were dosed orally with TCB at 0, 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg/day. The investigators evaluated the effect upon weight gain, liver weight, hemoglobin, hematocrit and indicators of xenobiotic metabolism. The dose of 10 mg/kg/day induced some enzymatic changes but did not affect liver-to-body weight ratios or blood parameters. For many of the enzymes tested change was dose-related. At 40 mg/kg/day, liver-to-body weight ratios were increased.

Based on no human data and inadequate data from animal bioassays, U.S. EPA has placed 1.2.4-trichlorobenzene in weight-of-evidence group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

Table D-44 lists the TRVs and their respective supporting regulatory agencies for 1.2.4-trichlorobenzene. Health Canada (2007) reports an oral value for 1.2.4-trichlorobenzene of 0.0016 mg/kg-day based on a NOEL of 7.8 mg/kg/day derived from an oral toxicity study with rats. Dermal absorption factor of 0.03 is also provided by Health Canada (2007).


Page D-68 2010

Table D-44 Toxicological Reference Values for 1.2.4-Trichlorobenzene

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1

Health Canada 0.0016 0.007 0.03

US EPA IRIS

California EPA 1


1.6 x 10-3 0.0016* 5.32 x 10-1 1 3.0 x 10-2 1




Carlson, G.P. and R.G. Tardiff. 1976. Effect of chlorinated benzenes on the metabolism of foreign organic compounds. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 36: 383-394.




U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2009. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Available at http://www.epa.gov/iris.

D.45 1.1.1-Trichloroethane Inhalation of high levels of 1.1.1-trichloroethane for a short time, may result in people becoming dizzy and lightheaded and possibly losing their coordination. These effects rapidly disappear after breathing contaminated air is stopped. If much higher levels are breathed in, a person may become unconscious, their blood pressure may decrease, and their heart may stop beating.

Whether breathing low levels of 1.1.1-trichloroethane for a long time causes harmful effects is not known. Studies in animals show that breathing air that contains very high levels of 1.1.1-trichloroethane damages the breathing passages and causes mild effects in the liver, in addition to affecting the nervous system.


2010 Page D-69

There are no studies in humans that determine whether eating food or drinking water contaminated with 1.1.1-trichloroethane could harm health.

Placing large amounts of 1.1.1-trichloroethane in the stomachs of animals has caused effects on the nervous system, mild liver damage, unconsciousness, and even death. If skin contacts 1.1.1-trichloroethane, there might be some feeling of irritation. Studies in animals suggest that repeated exposure of the skin might affect the liver and that very large amounts may cause death. These effects occurred only when evaporation was prevented.

Available information does not indicate that 1.1.1-trichloroethane causes cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the EPA have determined that 1.1.1-trichloroethane is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans.

Table D-45 lists the TRVs and their respective supporting regulatory agencies for 1.1.1-trichloroethane.

U.S. EPA IRIS (2009) reports an oral value for 1.1.1-trichloroethane of 2 mg/kg-day based on animal studies.

Dermal absorption factor of 0.03 is provided by Health Canada (2007).

Table D-45 Toxicological Reference Values for 1.1.1-Trichloroethane

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1

Health Canada 0.03

US EPA IRIS 2 5

California EPA 1


2 2* 5 1 3.0 x 10-2 1


D.45.1 References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2006. Toxicological Profile for

1.1.1-Trichloroethane. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.




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D.46 1.3.5-Trimethylbenzene Exposure to 1.3.5-trimethylbenzene can occur through inhalation, ingestion, and eye or skin contact.

1.3.5-trimethylbenzene is a skin irritant and also affects the lungs and central nervous system in experimental animals. Instillation of 1.3.5-trimethylbenzene into the lungs causes chemical pneumonitis at the site of contact. High concentrations of 1.3.5-trimethylbenzene vapours cause central nervous system depression. During a 24-hour exposure to acute concentrations of 1.3.5-trimethylbenzene, 4 of 16 rats died due to respiratory arrest. Rats exposed to lower concentrations of 1.3.5-trimethylbenzene for four months had reduced body weight gain, central nervous system depression, and increasing lymphopenia and neutrophilia.

Workers exposed to a solvent containing 80 percent 1.3.5-trimethylbenzene complained of nervousness, tension, anxiety, and asthmatic bronchitis; in addition, the peripheral blood showed a tendency to hypochromic anemia and prolonged coagubility of blood. The peripheral blood effects were attributed to benzene contamination of the solvent.

No signs or symptoms of acute exposure to 1.3.5-trimethylbenzene have been reported in humans. Chronic exposure to 1.3.5-trimethylbenzene has caused nervousness, tension, anxiety, asthmatic bronchitis and blood changes in humans.

Available information does not indicate that 1.3.5-trimethylbenzene causes cancer. The EPA have determined that 1.3.5-trimethylbenzene is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans.

Table D-46 lists the TRVs and their respective supporting regulatory agencies for 1.3.5-trimethylbenzene.

Texas CEQ (2009) reports an oral value for 1.3.5-trimethylbenzene of 0.05 mg/kg-day but no basis for the derivation was provided.

A GI absorption factor of 1 and a dermal absorption factor of 0.1 is provided by Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (2004).


2010 Page D-71

Table D-46 Toxicological Reference Values for 1.3.5-Trimethylbenzene

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS


1 0.1

Texas CEQ 0.05 0.006

California EPA 1


5.0 x 10-2 0.05* 5 1 3.0 x 10-2 1


D.46.1 References American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 1991. Documentation of the

threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 1994. 1994-1995 Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.



Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 1994. Computerized information system. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ). 2009. Risk Reduction Rule, Title 30, Texas Administrative Code Chapter 335, Subchapter S. Available at: http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/remediation/rrr.html.


Page D-72 2010

D.47 Toluene Toluene may affect the nervous system. Low to moderate levels can cause tiredness, confusion, weakness, drunken-type actions, memory loss, nausea, loss of appetite, and hearing and color vision loss. These symptoms usually disappear when exposure is stopped.

Inhaling high levels of toluene in a short time can make you feel light-headed, dizzy, or sleepy. It can also cause unconsciousness, and even death. High levels of toluene may affect your kidneys.

Studies in humans and animals generally indicate that toluene does not cause cancer.

The EPA has determined that the carcinogenicity of toluene cannot be classified.

Health Canada (2007) has developed an oral TDI of 0.22 mg/kg-day for toluene based on toxicity studies involving rats and mice fed the chemical in their diet. Dermal absorption factor of 0.03 is also provided by Health Canada (2007).

The California EPA (2009) has a chronic inhalation value of 0.3 mg/m³, but no supporting studies are cited.

Table D-47 lists the TRVs and their respective supporting regulatory agencies for toluene.

Table D-47 Toxicological Reference Values for Toluene

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1


US EPA IRIS



2.2 x 10-1 0.22* 3.0 x 10-1 1 3.0 x 10-2 1


D.47.1 References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2000. Toxicological Profile for Toluene.

Update. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.




2010 Page D-73


D.48 Vanadium The toxicity of vanadium is dependent upon its solubility and oxidation state with the pentavalent form, i.e., V2O5 being five times more toxic than the trivalent form, i.e., V2O3 (RAIS 2009; Roschin 1967). In animals, acutely toxic oral doses cause vasoconstriction, diffuse desquamative enteritis, congestion and fatty degeneration of the liver, congestion and focal hemorrhages in the lungs and adrenal cortex (Gosselin et al. 1984). Minimal effects seen after subchronic oral exposures to animals include diarrhea, altered renal function, and decreases in erythrocyte counts, hemogloblin, and hematocrit (Domingo et al. 1985; Zaporowska and Wasilewski 1990). In humans, intestinal cramps and diarrhea may occur following subchronic oral exposures. These studies indicate that for subchronic and chronic oral exposures the primary targets are the digestive system, kidneys, and blood.

U.S. EPA (2009) has developed an oral TDI of 0.009 mg/kg-day for vanadium pentoxide based on decreased concentrations of cystine in the hair of rats fed the chemical in their diet.

Texas CEQ (2009) has a chronic inhalation value of 0.05 µg/m³, but no supporting studies are cited.

Table D-48 Toxicological Reference Values for Vanadium

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 0.026

Health Canada 0.1

US EPA IRIS 0.009

Texas CEQ 0.00005

California EPA 1


9.0 x 10-3 0.009* 5.0 x 10-5 2.6 x 10-2 1.0 x 10-1 1






Page D-74 2010



D.49 Xylene No health effects have been noted at the background levels that people are exposed to on a daily basis.

High levels of exposure for short or long periods can cause headaches, lack of muscle coordination, dizziness, confusion, and changes in one’s sense of balance. Exposure of people to high levels of xylene for short periods can also cause irritation of the skin, eyes, nose, and throat; difficulty in breathing; problems with the lungs; delayed reaction time; memory difficulties; stomach discomfort; and possibly changes in the liver and kidneys. It can cause unconsciousness and even death at very high levels.

Both the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the EPA have found that there is insufficient information to determine whether or not xylene is carcinogenic.

An oral reference dose (RfD) of 1.5 mg/kg/day for mixed xylenes was calculated from a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 150 mg/kg/day derived from a chronic gavage study with rats (Health Canada 2009). The critical effects were hyperactivity, decreased body weight, and enlarged livers and kidneys.

Health Canada (2009) provides an inhalation value of 0.18 mg/m³ based on exposure studies with rats. Dermal absorption factor of 0.03 is also provided by Health Canada (2007).

Table D-49 lists the TRVs and their respective supporting regulatory agencies for xylene.

Table D-49 Toxicological Reference Values for Xylene

Agency




(percentage)


RAIS 1


US EPA IRIS

California EPA 1


1.5 1.5* 1.8 x 10-1 1 3.0 x 10-2 1



2010 Page D-75

D.49.1 References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2007. Toxicological Profile for Xylenes

(Update). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.




D.50 Zinc Zinc is an essential nutrient in the human diet. The recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for zinc are 11 mg/day for adult males and 8 mg/day for adult females (Otten et al. 2006). In humans, acutely toxic oral doses of zinc cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps and in some cases gastric bleeding (Elinder 1986; Moore 1978; ATSDR 1989).

The toxicological reference values used in this risk assessment are presented in Table D-50. Health Canada (2007) has developed an oral reference dose of 0.5 mg/kg-day based on changes in clinical chemistry in the blood of human volunteers that were exposed to higher concentrations of zinc in the diet. This value is used in this risk assessment.

RIVM has a chronic inhalation value of 12 µg/m³, but no supporting studies are cited (Baars et al. 2001).

Table D-50 Toxicological Reference Values for Zinc

Agency




(percentage)



US EPA IRIS 0.3

RIVM 0.012

California EPA 1 1


5.0 x 10-1 0.5* 1.2 x 10-2 1 2.0 x 10-2 1



Page D-76 2010

D.50.1 References Baars, A.J., R.M.C. Theelen, P.J.C.M. Janssen, J.M. Hesse, M.E. van Apeldoorn, M.C.M. Meijerink,

L. Verdam and M.J. Zeilmaker. 2001. Re-evaluation of Human-Toxicological Maximum Permissible Risk Levels. RIVM Report No. 711701025. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment. Bilthoven, The Netherlands.



Otten, J.J., J.P. Hellwig and L.D. Meyers. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences.






Appendix E: Human Health Risk Estimates

2010 Page E-1

Appendix E Human Health Risk Estimates

The definitions of Base Case and Application Case used in this appendix can be found in the Marine

Ecological Risk Assessment for Kitimat Terminal Operations TDR.




2010 Page E-3

Table E-1 Acute HQ Values for Short-Term CAC Concentrations at Receptor Locations in the Vicinity of the Proposed Marine Terminal Operations – Application Case

Receptor Location

CO NO2 NOx PM2.5 PM10 SO2 H2S

1-h 24-h 1-h 24-h 1-h 24-h 24-h 1-h 24-h 1-h 24-h 1-h 24-h

Roy Wilcox Elementary School

0.0021 0.000039 0.27 0.010 0.28 0.0071 0.0047 0.027 0.0033 0.31 0.043 0.0020 0.00048

Mount Elizabeth Secondary School

0.00057 0.000065 0.24 0.014 0.21 0.012 0.0077 0.019 0.0054 0.22 0.070 0.0020 0.00050

Stepping Stones Pre School

0.00050 0.000062 0.23 0.013 0.19 0.011 0.0075 0.017 0.0052 0.19 0.068 0.0020 0.00052

Nechako Elementary School

0.00069 0.000070 0.26 0.014 0.25 0.013 0.0083 0.023 0.0059 0.27 0.076 0.0021 0.00052

Kitimat General Hospital

0.00019 0.000027 0.16 0.0081 0.07 0.0048 0.0031 0.006 0.0023 0.072 0.030 0.0022 0.00057

Kitimat City High School

0.00021 0.000031 0.16 0.0088 0.07 0.0055 0.0036 0.007 0.0026 0.081 0.034 0.0025 0.00049

Kildala Elementary School

0.00021 0.000034 0.16 0.0091 0.07 0.0058 0.0038 0.007 0.0028 0.081 0.037 0.0023 0.00051

Kiwanis Senior Citizens Housing

0.00019 0.000030 0.16 0.0085 0.07 0.0052 0.0034 0.006 0.0025 0.073 0.033 0.0022 0.00057

Alcan Kitimat Works 0.00042 0.000051 0.21 0.012 0.15 0.0092 0.0059 0.014 0.0043 0.16 0.055 0.011 0.0022

Eurocan Kitimat Plant

0.00032 0.000037 0.19 0.010 0.11 0.0068 0.0044 0.011 0.0031 0.12 0.041 0.011 0.0018

Haisla Village School 0.00034 0.000057 0.19 0.013 0.12 0.010 0.0065 0.011 0.0048 0.13 0.063 0.0069 0.0015

Haisla Support and Recovery Center

0.00034 0.000057 0.19 0.012 0.12 0.010 0.0064 0.011 0.0048 0.13 0.062 0.0069 0.0014

Kitimat LNG 0.00052 0.00016 0.23 0.023 0.19 0.029 0.019 0.018 0.013 0.20 0.17 0.014 0.011




Page E-4 2010

Table E-2 Acute HQ Values for Short-Term HAPs Concentrations at Receptor Locations in the Vicinity of the Proposed Marine Terminal Operations – Application Case

Receptor Location

Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes

1-h 24-h 1-h 24-h 1-h 24-h 1-h 24-h

Roy Wilcox Elementary School 0.00070 0.000089 0.000011 0.0000015 1.3 x 10-10

1.7 x 10-8

0.0000042 5.3 x 10-7

Mount Elizabeth Secondary School 0.00070 0.000095 0.000011 0.0000017 1.3 x 10-7

1.8 x 10-8

0.0000042 5.6 x 10-7

Stepping Stones Pre School 0.00071 0.00010 0.000011 0.0000017 1.4 x 10-7

1.9 x 10-8

0.0000042 5.8 x 10-7

Nechako Elementary School 0.00075 0.00010 0.000012 0.0000017 1.4 x 10-7

1.9 x 10-8

0.0000044 5.9 x 10-7

Kitimat General Hospital 0.00079 0.00011 0.000012 0.0000017 1.5 x 10-7

2.1 x 10-8

0.0000047 6.4 x 10-7

Kitimat City High School 0.00091 0.00010 0.000014 0.0000016 1.7 x 10-7

1.9 x 10-8

0.0000054 6.0 x 10-7

Kildala Elementary School 0.00079 0.000093 0.000012 0.0000015 1.5 x 10-7

1.8 x 10-8

0.0000047 5.6 x 10-7

Kiwanis Senior Citizens Housing 0.00077 0.00011 0.000012 0.0000017 1.5 x 10-7

2.1 x 10-8

0.0000046 6.4 x 10-7

Alcan Kitimat Works 0.0050 0.00048 0.000076 0.0000074 9.1 x 10-7

8.9 x 10-8

0.000029 2.8 x 10-6

Eurocan Kitimat Plant 0.0038 0.00033 0.000058 0.0000051 7.3 x 10-7

6.4 x 10-8

0.000023 2.0 x 10-6

Haisla Village School 0.0023 0.00030 0.000036 0.0000046 4.4 x 10-7

5.6 x 10-8

0.000014 1.8 x 10-6

Haisla Support and Recovery Center

0.0023 0.00028 0.000035 0.0000044 4.3 x 10-7

5.3 x 10-8

0.000014 1.7 x 10-6

Kitimat LNG 0.0042 0.0017 0.000065 0.000026 8.3 x 10-7

3.3 x 10-7

0.000025 0.000010




2010 Page E-5

Table E-3 Chronic HQ Values for Short-Term CAC Concentrations at Receptor Locations in the Vicinity of the Proposed Marine Terminal Operations – Application Case

Receptor Location SO2 NOx NO2 CO PM10 PM2.5 H2S TRS

Roy Wilcox Elementary 0.018 0.0030 0.0018 0.0000076 0.0013 0.00017 0.00028 0.00033

Mount Elizabeth Secondary 0.018 0.0028 0.0018 0.0000073 0.0012 0.00016 0.00025 0.00031

One Step Ahead Enriched Learning Day Care Centre (Stepping Stones)

0.018 0.0028 0.0018 0.0000073 0.0012 0.00017 0.00027 0.00032

Nechako Elementary 0.019 0.0030 0.0020 0.0000076 0.0013 0.00017 0.00027 0.00032

Kitimat General Hospital 0.014 0.0025 0.0016 0.0000060 0.0010 0.00014 0.00030 0.00036

Kitimat City High 0.012 0.0023 0.0015 0.0000056 0.00099 0.00013 0.00035 0.00042

Kildala Elementary 0.014 0.0025 0.0016 0.0000062 0.0011 0.00014 0.00033 0.00039

Kitimat Kiwanis Senior Citizens Housing Society

0.014 0.0025 0.0016 0.0000060 0.0011 0.00014 0.00032 0.00037

Haisla Village School 0.013 0.0017 0.0011 0.0000040 0.00073 0.00010 0.00042 0.00050

Haisla Support & Recovery Centre 0.014 0.0018 0.0011 0.0000042 0.00075 0.00010 0.00040 0.00048

Alcan Site Center 0.011 0.0028 0.0018 0.0000064 0.0011 0.00015 0.00097 0.0012

Eurocan Site Center 0.0080 0.0020 0.0013 0.0000047 0.00085 0.00011 0.00078 0.00093

Kitimat LNG Site Center 0.034 0.0053 0.0035 0.0000095 0.0020 0.00025 0.0083 0.010

WaterLot K1 Center 0.047 0.0067 0.0043 0.000016 0.0029 0.00038 0.00072 0.00086

WaterLot K2 Center 0.0068 0.00085 0.00055 0.0000018 0.00036 0.000045 0.00070 0.00084

WaterLot T Center 0.0036 0.0025 0.0016 0.0000062 0.0011 0.00015 0.00065 0.00078

WaterLot CB Center 0.0020 0.00077 0.0005 0.0000018 0.00032 0.000042 0.00033 0.00039

WaterLot EP Center 0.012 0.0025 0.0016 0.0000055 0.0010 0.00013 0.0011 0.0013

WaterLot CO Center 0.020 0.0032 0.0020 0.0000073 0.0013 0.00017 0.0012 0.0014

WaterLot AP Center 0.0015 0.00045 0.00028 0.0000010 0.00019 0.000025 0.00022 0.00025

WaterLot KA Center 0.0008 0.00015 0.000093 0.00000033 0.000060 0.000008 0.00010 0.00013

WaterLot NS Center 0.013 0.0022 0.0014 0.0000051 0.00089 0.00012 0.00068 0.00081




Page E-6 2010

Table E-4 Changes in Mortality and Hospital Admissions Risks Due to Exposures to Particulate Matter Above the Canada Wide Standards and Background (per 1.000.000)

Receptor Location

PM10 PM2.5 PM2.5 (Background)

Mortality Mortality RHA CHA Mortality RHA CHA

Roy Wilcox Elementary 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mount Elizabeth Secondary 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

One Step Ahead Enriched Learning Day Care Centre (Stepping Stones)

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nechako Elementary 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Kitimat General Hospital 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Kitimat City High 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Kildala Elementary 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Kitimat Kiwanis Senior Citizens Housing Society

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Haisla Village School 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Haisla Support & Recovery Centre 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Alcan Site Center 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Eurocan Site Center 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Kitimat LNG Site Center 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

WaterLot K1 Center 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

WaterLot K2 Center 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

WaterLot T Center 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

WaterLot CB Center 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0




2010 Page E-7

Table E-4 Changes in Mortality and Hospital Admissions Risks Due to Exposures to Particulate Matter Above the Canada Wide Standards and Background (per 1.000.000) (cont’d)

Receptor Location

PM10 PM2.5 PM2.5 (Background)

Mortality Mortality RHA CHA Mortality RHA CHA

WaterLot EP Center 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

WaterLot CO Center 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

WaterLot AP Center 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

WaterLot KA Center 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

WaterLot NS Center 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

NOTES:

RHA – respiratory hospital admissions

CHA – cardiac hospital admissions




2010 Page E-9

Table E-5 Hazard Quotients for Noncarcinogenic Exposures near the Marine Terminal – Base Case

Chemical Receptor Location

Hazard Quotient (unitless)

Total HQ

Soil Air Seaweed Plants Berries Fish Fish (Whole) Shellfish Mollusks Wild Game

Ingestion Dermal Inhalation Inhalation Ingestion Ingestion Inhalation Ingestion Ingestion Ingestion Ingestion Ingestion

Acen

ap

then

e

Roy Wilcox Elementary School 2.8 x 10-5

4.8 x 10-6

2.5 x 10-9

ND 2.5 x 10-9

8.8 x 10-9

7.6 x 10-7

1.2 x 10-7

1.2 x 10-7

1.3 x 10-5

1.2 x 10-7

8.6 x 10-7

4.8 x 10-5








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School

Haisla Support and Recovery

Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Acen

ap

thyle

ne


1.6 x 10-6

4.5 x 10-10

ND 2.1 x 10-8

4.3 x 10-8

6.4 x 10-6

1.0 x 10-6

1.0 x 10-6

2.5 x 10-6

1.0 x 10-6

7.3 x 10-6

3.5 x 10-5








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-11

Table E-5 Hazard Quotients for Noncarcinogenic Exposures near the Marine Terminal – Base Case (cont’d)



Total HQ



nth

racen

e


8.4 x 10-7

6.7 x 10-10

ND 5.1 x 10-10

1.0 x 10-9

1.5 x 10-7

2.4 x 10-8

2.4 x 10-8

9.6 x 10-8

4.7 x 10-8

1.7 x 10-7

8.9 x 10-6








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

An

tim

on

y


5.2 x 10-5

7.6 x 10-8

ND 8.8 x 10-7

7.6 x 10-7

7.6 x 10-6

1.8 x 10-5

3.6 x 10-5

3.1 x 10-5

1.8 x 10-5

1.3 x 10-4

9.0 x 10-4








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-13




Total HQ



Ars

en

ic


4.2 x 10-4

2.5 x 10-5

ND 3.4 x 10-4

4.1 x 10-6

4.1 x 10-5

1.7 x 10-2

2.1 x 10-3

2.0 x 10-2

3.1 x 10-3

7.0 x 10-4

5.0 x 10-2








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Bari

um


1.2 x 10-3

1.4 x 10-4

ND 3.9 x 10-7

5.8 x 10-6

8.4 x 10-6

1.9 x 10-7

3.8 x 10-6

7.6 x 10-6

1.1 x 10-6

5.6 x 10-5

2.4 x 10-3








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-15




Total HQ



Ben

zen

e


6.3 x 10-7

6.3 x 10-10

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 2.5 x 10-5








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Ben

zo

(e)p

yre

ne


4.6 x 10-5

3.2 x 10-8

ND ND 2.5 x 10-8

1.3 x 10-6

ND ND ND ND 1.5 x 10-6

3.8 x 10-4








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-17




Total HQ



Ben

zo

(g,h

,i)-

Pery

len

e


1.0 x 10-4

8.3 x 10-8

ND 2.1 x 10-8

4.3 x 10-8

6.4 x 10-6

1.0 x 10-6

1.0 x 10-6

1.0 x 10-6

1.0 x 10-6

7.3 x 10-6

1.0 x 10-3








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Bery

lliu

m


1.0 x 10-4

1.4 x 10-5

ND 1.0 x 10-6

2.0 x 10-7

2.0 x 10-6

4.8 x 10-5

9.6 x 10-5

8.4 x 10-5

4.8 x 10-5

3.4 x 10-5

1.6 x 10-3








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-19




Total HQ



Bo

ron


1.2 x 10-6

3.8 x 10-8

ND ND 1.5 x 10-5

8.0 x 10-5


3.9 x 10-4








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Cad

miu

m


1.4 x 10-5

1.8 x 10-7

ND 1.9 x 10-5

1.4 x 10-6

6.4 x 10-7

3.5 x 10-5

4.4 x 10-5

4.5 x 10-4

8.4 x 10-4

1.1 x 10-4

2.3 x 10-3








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-21




Total HQ



Ch

rom

ium


6.5 x 10-3

1.2 x 10-4

ND 7.0 x 10-8

3.9 x 10-8

3.9 x 10-7

8.0 x 10-6

2.1 x 10-5

2.5 x 10-5

4.0 x 10-6

6.7 x 10-6

7.7 x 10-3








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Ch

rom

ium

VI

Roy Wilcox Elementary School ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-23




Total HQ



Co

balt


6.7 x 10-6

1.2 x 10-3

ND 5.1 x 10-8

3.6 x 10-8

5.1 x 10-8

2.4 x 10-7

4.8 x 10-7

3.0 x 10-6

9.8 x 10-7

2.4 x 10-6

2.0 x 10-3








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Co

pp

er


8.7 x 10-5

2.4 x 10-5

ND 4.8 x 10-7

7.7 x 10-7

7.9 x 10-6

1.3 x 10-5

1.2 x 10-5

3.6 x 10-4

1.0 x 10-5

3.7 x 10-4

2.6 x 10-3








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-25




Total HQ



Eth

ylb

en

zen

e


2.1 x 10-9

3.8 x 10-12









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Alip

hati

c F

1

C6-C

8


8.3 x 10-8

2.1 x 10-11









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-27




Total HQ



Alip

hati

c F

1

C>

8-C

10


6.3 x 10-6

5.7 x 10-10









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Alip

hati

c F

2

C>

10-C

12


2.6 x 10-5

2.4 x 10-9









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-29




Total HQ



Alip

hati

c F

2

C>

12-C

16


8.3 x 10-6

7.6 x 10-10









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Alip

hati

c F

3

C>

16-C

21


4.2 x 10-7

2.1 x 10-10









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-31




Total HQ



Alip

hati

c F

3

C>

21-C

34


6.5 x 10-6

3.3 x 10-9









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Aro

mati

c F

1

C>

8-C

10


5.2 x 10-7

9.5 x 10-11









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-33




Total HQ



Aro

mati

c F

2

C>

10-C

12


1.2 x 10-4

2.2 x 10-8









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Aro

mati

c F

2

C>

12-C

16


5.4 x 10-4

9.9 x 10-8









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-35




Total HQ



Aro

mati

c F

3

C>

16-C

21


2.3 x 10-3

1.2 x 10-6









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Aro

mati

c F

3

C>

21-C

34


2.0 x 10-2

1.0 x 10-5









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-37




Total HQ



Flu

ora

nth

en

e


6.8 x 10-6

5.4 x 10-9

ND 3.8 x 10-9

9.1 x 10-8

1.1 x 10-6

1.8 x 10-7

1.8 x 10-7

1.8 x 10-7

1.8 x 10-7

1.3 x 10-6

7.1 x 10-5








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Flu

ore

ne


2.4 x 10-6

1.9 x 10-9

ND 3.8 x 10-9

7.6 x 10-9

1.1 x 10-6

1.8 x 10-7

1.8 x 10-7

4.9 x 10-7

1.8 x 10-7

1.3 x 10-6

2.7 x 10-5








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-39




Total HQ



Flu

ori

de









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Fo

rmald

eh

yd

e









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-41




Total HQ



Lead


7.4 x 10-6

4.8 x 10-6

ND 3.7 x 10-8

9.3 x 10-8

1.3 x 10-7

1.2 x 10-6

4.8 x 10-6

2.4 x 10-6

2.8 x 10-6

1.4 x 10-5

2.0 x 10-3








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Man

gan

ese


2.8 x 10-3

1.3 x 10-2

ND 1.5 x 10-6

4.2 x 10-4

2.3 x 10-4

2.0 x 10-6

2.3 x 10-5

2.9 x 10-5

9.5 x 10-6

1.5 x 10-3

5.1 x 10-2








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-43




Total HQ



Merc

ury


3.2 x 10-4

2.0 x 10-6

ND 1.1 x 10-11

5.1 x 10-11

5.1 x 10-10

3.5 x 10-7

9.2 x 10-9

9.7 x 10-9

3.3 x 10-9

8.6 x 10-9

3.2 x 10-4








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Mo

lyb

den

um


1.6 x 10-6

1.3 x 10-7

ND 9.1 x 10-8

3.4 x 10-7

4.5 x 10-6

3.1 x 10-7

6.4 x 10-6

2.4 x 10-5

5.3 x 10-6

3.7 x 10-5

2.6 x 10-4








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-45




Total HQ



Nap

hth

ale

ne


4.3 x 10-6

1.1 x 10-7

ND 7.6 x 10-9

2.7 x 10-8

2.3 x 10-6

3.6 x 10-7

3.6 x 10-7

3.6 x 10-7

3.6 x 10-7

2.6 x 10-6

4.2 x 10-5








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Nic

ke

l


2.3 x 10-3

2.4 x 10-3

ND 3.3 x 10-7

1.0 x 10-6

2.4 x 10-6

2.0 x 10-6

1.0 x 10-5

1.4 x 10-5

2.7 x 10-6

1.3 x 10-5

7.4 x 10-3








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-47




Total HQ



Ph

en

an

thre

ne


3.4 x 10-4

2.4 x 10-5

ND 2.1 x 10-8

2.3 x 10-7

6.4 x 10-6

1.0 x 10-6

1.0 x 10-6

5.5 x 10-5

1.0 x 10-6

7.3 x 10-6

2.6 x 10-3








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Pyre

ne


1.0 x 10-4

7.9 x 10-8

ND 5.1 x 10-9

8.6 x 10-8

1.5 x 10-6

1.3 x 10-6

1.9 x 10-6

1.2 x 10-5

9.6 x 10-7

1.7 x 10-6

1.0 x 10-3








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-49




Total HQ



Sele

niu

m


3.4 x 10-6

1.9 x 10-6

ND 4.9 x 10-7

4.9 x 10-7

4.9 x 10-6

8.1 x 10-5

9.3 x 10-5

3.2 x 10-4

9.2 x 10-5

8.3 x 10-5

1.1 x 10-3








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Tin


3.5 x 10-7

1.9 x 10-8

ND 1.3 x 10-9

5.1 x 10-10

5.1 x 10-9

6.0 x 10-8

1.2 x 10-7

1.0 x 10-7

6.0 x 10-8

8.6 x 10-8

4.8 x 10-6








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-51




Total HQ



To

luen

e


5.2 x 10-8

6.3 x 10-11









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Van

ad

ium


2.4 x 10-2

8.9 x 10-4

ND 6.8 x 10-8

1.3 x 10-7

3.0 x 10-7

7.2 x 10-7

1.4 x 10-6

3.2 x 10-6

3.7 x 10-6

5.2 x 10-6

2.8 x 10-2








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-53




Total HQ



xyle

ne

s


5.2 x 10-9

3.7 x 10-10

ND 1.7 x 10-10

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 5.6 x 10-7








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Zin

c


8.3 x 10-5

8.6 x 10-8

ND 3.9 x 10-7

1.2 x 10-6

6.0 x 10-6

3.7 x 10-5

1.6 x 10-4

2.9 x 10-4

9.1 x 10-5

6.9 x 10-4

2.3 x 10-3








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-55

Table E-6 Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risks for Carcinogenic Exposures near the Marine Terminal – Base Case


ILCR (unitless)

Total ILCR



Ars

en

ic


9.8 x 10-8

3.6 x 10-9

ND 9.6 x 10-8

1.2 x 10-9

1.8 x 10-8

3.7 x 10-6

4.6 x 10-7

4.3 x 10-6

6.8 x 10-7

2.1 x 10-7

9.7 x 10-6








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Ben

zen

e


1.4 x 10-11

3.2 x 10-14









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-57

Table E-6 Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risks for Carcinogenic Exposures near the Marine Terminal – Base Case (cont’d)


ILCR (unitless)

Total ILCR



Ben

zo

(a)a

nth

racen

e


3.3 x 10-7

2.6 x 10-11

ND 2.9 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-10

1.3 x 10-8

1.1 x 10-9

1.1 x 10-9

1.1 x 10-9

1.1 x 10-9

1.0 x 10-8

5.0 x 10-7








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Ben

zo

(a)p

yre

ne


3.6 x 10-6

8.3 x 10-10

ND 5.8 x 10-10

7.8 x 10-9

2.7 x 10-7

2.1 x 10-8

2.1 x 10-8

2.1 x 10-8

2.1 x 10-8

2.1 x 10-7

7.5 x 10-6








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-59



ILCR (unitless)

Total ILCR



Ben

zo

(b)f

luo

ran

then

e


7.9 x 10-7

6.4 x 10-11

ND 5.8 x 10-11

5.8 x 10-10

2.7 x 10-8

2.1 x 10-9

2.1 x 10-9

2.1 x 10-9

2.1 x 10-9

2.1 x 10-8

1.6 x 10-6








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Ben

zo

(e)p

yre

ne


2.2 x 10-6

6.1 x 10-16

ND ND 1.6 x 10-9

1.3 x 10-7


4.2 x 10-6








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-61



ILCR (unitless)

Total ILCR



Ben

zo

(k)f

luo

ran

then

e


1.3 x 10-6

2.3 x 10-10

ND 9.5 x 10-11

7.6 x 10-10

4.4 x 10-8

3.5 x 10-9

3.5 x 10-9

3.5 x 10-9

3.5 x 10-9

3.4 x 10-8

2.6 x 10-6








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Bery

lliu

m

Roy Wilcox Elementary School ND ND 1.1 x 10-16









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-63



ILCR (unitless)

Total ILCR



Ch

rom

ium




Stepping `Stones Pre School






Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Ch

rom

ium

VI









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-65



ILCR (unitless)

Total ILCR



Ch

rys

en

e


1.3 x 10-8

1.1 x 10-11

ND 5.8 x 10-13

7.0 x 10-12

2.7 x 10-10

2.1 x 10-11

2.1 x 10-11

1.0 x 10-10

2.1 x 10-11

2.1 x 10-10

2.6 x 10-8








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Dib

en

zo

(a,h

)an

thra

cen

e


7.5 x 10-7

6.7 x 10-11

ND 5.8 x 10-10

9.0 x 10-9

2.7 x 10-7

2.1 x 10-8

2.1 x 10-8

2.1 x 10-8

2.1 x 10-8

2.1 x 10-7

2.0 x 10-6








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-67



ILCR (unitless)

Total ILCR



Ind

en

o(1

,2,3

-cd

)py

ren

e


2.3 x 10-7

1.9 x 10-11

ND 5.8 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-10

2.7 x 10-8

2.1 x 10-9

2.1 x 10-9

3.7 x 10-9

2.1 x 10-9

2.1 x 10-8

4.9 x 10-7








Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

OC

DD









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-69



ILCR (unitless)

Total ILCR



To

tal P

AH

s


5.6 x 10-6

1.3 x 10-9

ND 7.6 x 10-10

9.1 x 10-9

3.5 x 10-7

2.8 x 10-8

2.8 x 10-8

3.0 x 10-8

2.8 x 10-8

2.7 x 10-7


1.1 x 10-5







Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-71

Table E-7 Hazard Quotients for Noncarcinogenic Exposures near the Marine Terminal – Application Case



Total HQ



Acen

ap

hth

en

e


3.8 x 10-14

1.9 x 10-17

2.0 x 10-10

1.7 x 10-15

3.0 x 10-16

4.5 x 10-16

ND 1.5 x 10-15

1.3 x 10-16

2.1 x 10-16

5.1 x 10-16

2.0 x 10-10

Mount Elizabeth Secondary School 2.3 x 10-13

3.9 x 10-14

2.0 x 10-17

2.1 x 10-10

3.0 x 10-16

4.6 x 10-16

5.2 x 10-16

2.1 x 10-10

Stepping Stones Pre School 2.3 x 10-13

3.9 x 10-14

2.0 x 10-17

2.1 x 10-10

3.0 x 10-16

4.6 x 10-16

5.2 x 10-16

2.1 x 10-10

Nechako Elementary School 2.3 x 10-13

4.0 x 10-14

2.1 x 10-17

2.2 x 10-10

3.2 x 10-16

4.9 x 10-16

5.5 x 10-16

2.2 x 10-10

Kitimat General Hospital 1.9 x 10-13

3.2 x 10-14

1.6 x 10-17

1.7 x 10-10

2.5 x 10-16

3.8 x 10-16

4.2 x 10-16

1.7 x 10-10

Kitimat City High School 1.5 x 10-13

2.6 x 10-14

1.4 x 10-17

1.4 x 10-10

2.1 x 10-16

3.2 x 10-16

3.5 x 10-16

1.4 x 10-10

Kildala Elementary School 1.7 x 10-13

2.9 x 10-14

1.5 x 10-17

1.6 x 10-10

2.3 x 10-16

3.6 x 10-16

4.0 x 10-16

1.6 x 10-10

Kiwanis Senior Citizens Housing 1.8 x 10-13

3.1 x 10-14

1.6 x 10-17

1.7 x 10-10

2.4 x 10-16

3.7 x 10-16

4.1 x 10-16

1.7 x 10-10

Alcan Kitimat Works 1.4 x 10-13

2.4 x 10-14

1.2 x 10-17

1.3 x 10-10

1.8 x 10-16

2.8 x 10-16

3.1 x 10-16

1.3 x 10-10

Eurocan Kitimat Plant 1.1 x 10-13

1.8 x 10-14

9.3 x 10-18

9.5 x 10-11

1.4 x 10-16

2.1 x 10-16

2.3 x 10-16

9.5 x 10-11

Haisla School 1.6 x 10-13

2.8 x 10-14

1.4 x 10-17

1.5 x 10-10

1.5 x 10-15

2.2 x 10-16

3.4 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-15

9.6 x 10-17

1.9 x 10-16

3.8 x 10-16

1.5 x 10-10

Haisla Support and Recovery 1.7 x 10-13

2.9 x 10-14

1.5 x 10-17

1.6 x 10-10

2.3 x 10-16

3.5 x 10-16

3.9 x 10-16

1.6 x 10-10

Kitimat Terminal ND ND ND 1.4 x 10-8

1.2 x 10-15

ND ND 8.6 x 10-16

7.4 x 10-17

1.5 x 10-16

ND 1.4 x 10-8

Kitimat LNG 4.3 x 10-13

7.4 x 10-14

3.8 x 10-17

4.0 x 10-10

9.6 x 10-16

6.1 x 10-16

9.1 x 10-16

6.0 x 10-16

5.0 x 10-17

1.2 x 10-16

1.0 x 10-15

4.0 x 10-10

Acen

ap

hty

len

e


5.4 x 10-15

1.5 x 10-18

7.4 x 10-12

2.2 x 10-16

5.5 x 10-17

1.2 x 10-16

ND 1.9 x 10-16

1.6 x 10-17

2.6 x 10-17

1.1 x 10-16

7.5 x 10-12


5.5 x 10-15

1.6 x 10-18

7.5 x 10-12

6.0 x 10-17

1.2 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-16

7.6 x 10-12


5.6 x 10-15

1.6 x 10-18

7.6 x 10-12

6.0 x 10-17

1.2 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-16

7.6 x 10-12


5.9 x 10-15

1.7 x 10-18

8.0 x 10-12

6.4 x 10-17

1.2 x 10-16

1.2 x 10-16

8.1 x 10-12


4.5 x 10-15

1.3 x 10-18

6.2 x 10-12

4.7 x 10-17

9.4 x 10-17

9.4 x 10-17

6.2 x 10-12


3.8 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-18

5.2 x 10-12

4.0 x 10-17

8.1 x 10-17

8.0 x 10-17

5.2 x 10-12


4.3 x 10-15

1.2 x 10-18

5.9 x 10-12

4.7 x 10-17

9.0 x 10-17

8.7 x 10-17

5.9 x 10-12


4.5 x 10-15

1.3 x 10-18

6.1 x 10-12

4.7 x 10-17

9.4 x 10-17

9.4 x 10-17

6.2 x 10-12


3.4 x 10-15

9.6 x 10-19

4.6 x 10-12

3.6 x 10-17

7.3 x 10-17

6.8 x 10-17

4.6 x 10-12


2.5 x 10-15

7.2 x 10-19

3.5 x 10-12

2.7 x 10-17

5.1 x 10-17

5.2 x 10-17

3.5 x 10-12


4.1 x 10-15

1.2 x 10-18

5.6 x 10-12

1.9 x 10-16

4.3 x 10-17

8.5 x 10-17

1.4 x 10-16

1.2 x 10-17

2.4 x 10-17

8.0 x 10-17

5.6 x 10-12


4.2 x 10-15

1.2 x 10-18

5.7 x 10-12

4.3 x 10-17

9.0 x 10-17

8.7 x 10-17

5.8 x 10-12


1.6 x 10-16

ND ND 1.1 x 10-16

9.5 x 10-18

1.9 x 10-17

ND 5.3 x 10-10


1.1 x 10-14

3.0 x 10-18

1.5 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-16

1.2 x 10-16

2.2 x 10-16

7.7 x 10-17

6.5 x 10-18

1.5 x 10-17

2.2 x 10-16

1.5 x 10-11




2010 Page E-73

Table E-7 Hazard Quotients for Noncarcinogenic Exposures near the Marine Terminal – Application Case (cont’d)



Total HQ



An

thra

cen

e


1.3 x 10-15

1.0 x 10-18

2.4 x 10-12

4.5 x 10-13

7.3 x 10-18

5.7 x 10-19

ND 4.2 x 10-13

3.4 x 10-14

5.3 x 10-14

3.3 x 10-17

3.3 x 10-12


1.3 x 10-15

1.0 x 10-18

2.4 x 10-12

7.4 x 10-18

5.7 x 10-19

3.4 x 10-17

3.4 x 10-12


1.3 x 10-15

1.0 x 10-18

2.4 x 10-12

7.4 x 10-18

5.8 x 10-19

3.4 x 10-17

3.4 x 10-12


1.4 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-18

2.6 x 10-12

7.9 x 10-18

6.1 x 10-19

3.6 x 10-17

3.5 x 10-12


1.1 x 10-15

8.4 x 10-19

2.0 x 10-12

6.1 x 10-18

4.6 x 10-19

2.7 x 10-17

2.9 x 10-12


8.9 x 10-16

7.0 x 10-19

1.6 x 10-12

5.1 x 10-18

3.9 x 10-19

2.2 x 10-17

2.6 x 10-12


1.0 x 10-15

8.0 x 10-19

1.9 x 10-12

5.7 x 10-18

4.4 x 10-19

2.6 x 10-17

2.8 x 10-12


1.0 x 10-15

8.3 x 10-19

1.9 x 10-12

6.1 x 10-18

4.6 x 10-19

2.7 x 10-17

2.9 x 10-12


8.0 x 10-16

6.3 x 10-19

1.5 x 10-12

4.6 x 10-18

3.5 x 10-19

2.1 x 10-17

2.4 x 10-12


6.0 x 10-16

4.7 x 10-19

1.1 x 10-12

3.4 x 10-18

2.6 x 10-19

1.5 x 10-17

2.1 x 10-12


9.6 x 10-16

7.6 x 10-19

1.8 x 10-12

5.1 x 10-13

5.5 x 10-18

4.2 x 10-19

3.3 x 10-13

2.7 x 10-14

5.8 x 10-14

2.6 x 10-17

2.7 x 10-12


9.9 x 10-16

7.9 x 10-19

1.8 x 10-12

5.6 x 10-18

4.3 x 10-19

2.6 x 10-17

2.8 x 10-12


4.6 x 10-13

ND ND 2.6 x 10-13

2.1 x 10-14

5.3 x 10-14

ND 1.7 x 10-10


2.5 x 10-15

2.0 x 10-18

4.6 x 10-12

2.9 x 10-13

1.5 x 10-17

1.1 x 10-18

1.7 x 10-13

1.4 x 10-14

3.4 x 10-14

6.5 x 10-17

5.2 x 10-12

An

tim

on

y


8.8 x 10-8

1.3 x 10-10

1.1 x 10-5

1.7 x 10-11

8.0 x 10-10

ND ND 1.4 x 10-10

2.6 x 10-8

4.3 x 10-8

6.8 x 10-10

1.2 x 10-5


8.9 x 10-8

1.3 x 10-10

1.1 x 10-5

8.0 x 10-10

ND 7.0 x 10-10

1.2 x 10-5


8.9 x 10-8

1.3 x 10-10

1.1 x 10-5

8.1 x 10-10

ND 7.0 x 10-10

1.2 x 10-5


9.5 x 10-8

1.4 x 10-10

1.2 x 10-5

8.6 x 10-10

ND 7.3 x 10-10

1.3 x 10-5


7.3 x 10-8

1.1 x 10-10

9.0 x 10-6

6.6 x 10-10

ND 5.7 x 10-10

1.0 x 10-5


6.0 x 10-8

8.8 x 10-11

7.5 x 10-6

5.5 x 10-10

ND 4.8 x 10-10

8.3 x 10-6


6.9 x 10-8

1.0 x 10-10

8.5 x 10-6

6.3 x 10-10

ND 5.4 x 10-10

9.5 x 10-6


7.2 x 10-8

1.0 x 10-10

8.9 x 10-6

6.6 x 10-10

ND 5.7 x 10-10

9.9 x 10-6


5.4 x 10-8

7.9 x 10-11

6.7 x 10-6

5.0 x 10-10

ND 4.3 x 10-10

7.5 x 10-6


4.1 x 10-8

5.9 x 10-11

5.0 x 10-6

3.7 x 10-10

ND 3.2 x 10-10

5.6 x 10-6


6.6 x 10-8

9.6 x 10-11

8.1 x 10-6

1.5 x 10-11

6.0 x 10-10

ND 1.0 x 10-10

2.0 x 10-8

4.0 x 10-8

5.2 x 10-10

9.0 x 10-6


6.8 x 10-8

9.9 x 10-11

8.3 x 10-6

6.1 x 10-10

ND 5.3 x 10-10

9.3 x 10-6


1.3 x 10-11

ND ND 8.3 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-8

3.2 x 10-8

ND 7.7 x 10-4


1.7 x 10-7

2.4 x 10-10

2.1 x 10-5

9.8 x 10-12

1.5 x 10-9

ND 5.8 x 10-11

1.0 x 10-8

2.4 x 10-8

1.3 x 10-9

2.3 x 10-5




2010 Page E-75




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Ars

en

ic


8.8 x 10-9

5.3 x 10-10

4.5 x 10-5

9.5 x 10-12

8.8 x 10-11

ND ND 1.9 x 10-10

3.9 x 10-9

6.7 x 10-9

3.2 x 10-10

4.5 x 10-5


8.8 x 10-9

5.3 x 10-10

4.6 x 10-5

8.9 x 10-11

ND 3.2 x 10-10

4.6 x 10-5


8.8 x 10-9

5.3 x 10-10

4.6 x 10-5

8.9 x 10-11

ND 3.2 x 10-10

4.6 x 10-5


9.6 x 10-9

5.8 x 10-10

4.9 x 10-5

9.3 x 10-11

ND 3.4 x 10-10

4.9 x 10-5


7.5 x 10-9

4.6 x 10-10

3.8 x 10-5

7.1 x 10-11

ND 2.7 x 10-10

3.8 x 10-5


6.3 x 10-9

3.8 x 10-10

3.1 x 10-5

6.2 x 10-11

ND 2.2 x 10-10

3.2 x 10-5


7.1 x 10-9

4.3 x 10-10

3.6 x 10-5

7.1 x 10-11

ND 2.5 x 10-10

3.6 x 10-5


7.1 x 10-9

4.3 x 10-10

3.7 x 10-5

7.1 x 10-11

ND 2.6 x 10-10

3.7 x 10-5


5.4 x 10-9

3.3 x 10-10

2.8 x 10-5

5.3 x 10-11

ND 2.0 x 10-10

2.8 x 10-5


4.1 x 10-9

2.5 x 10-10

2.1 x 10-5

4.1 x 10-11

ND 1.5 x 10-10

2.1 x 10-5


6.7 x 10-9

4.1 x 10-10

3.4 x 10-5

8.7 x 10-12

6.6 x 10-11

ND 1.5 x 10-10

3.0 x 10-9

5.9 x 10-9

2.4 x 10-10

3.4 x 10-5


6.7 x 10-9

4.1 x 10-10

3.5 x 10-5

6.6 x 10-11

ND 2.5 x 10-10

3.5 x 10-5


7.0 x 10-12

ND ND 1.1 x 10-10

2.4 x 10-9

4.7 x 10-9

ND 3.2 x 10-3


1.7 x 10-8

1.0 x 10-9

8.9 x 10-5

5.4 x 10-12

1.7 x 10-10

ND 7.7 x 10-11

1.6 x 10-9

3.7 x 10-9

6.3 x 10-10

8.9 x 10-5

Bari

um


1.1 x 10-9

1.3 x 10-10

1.1 x 10-5

2.7 x 10-14

6.8 x 10-13

ND ND 3.8 x 10-14

1.9 x 10-12

3.1 x 10-12

2.1 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-5


1.1 x 10-9

1.3 x 10-10

1.1 x 10-5

6.9 x 10-13

ND 2.1 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-5


1.1 x 10-9

1.3 x 10-10

1.1 x 10-5

6.9 x 10-13

ND 2.1 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-5


1.1 x 10-9

1.3 x 10-10

1.2 x 10-5

7.3 x 10-13

ND 2.2 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-5


8.9 x 10-10

1.0 x 10-10

8.9 x 10-6

5.7 x 10-13

ND 1.7 x 10-11

8.9 x 10-6


7.6 x 10-10

8.9 x 10-11

7.4 x 10-6

4.8 x 10-13

ND 1.4 x 10-11

7.4 x 10-6


8.3 x 10-10

9.8 x 10-11

8.4 x 10-6

5.3 x 10-13

ND 1.6 x 10-11

8.4 x 10-6


8.9 x 10-10

1.0 x 10-10

8.8 x 10-6

5.7 x 10-13

ND 1.7 x 10-11

8.8 x 10-6


6.5 x 10-10

7.6 x 10-11

6.6 x 10-6

4.3 x 10-13

ND 1.3 x 10-11

6.6 x 10-6


5.0 x 10-10

5.8 x 10-11

5.0 x 10-6

3.2 x 10-13

ND 9.7 x 10-12

5.0 x 10-6


8.1 x 10-10

9.5 x 10-11

8.0 x 10-6

2.5 x 10-14

5.2 x 10-13

ND 3.0 x 10-14

1.5 x 10-12

3.0 x 10-12

1.6 x 10-11

8.0 x 10-6


8.3 x 10-10

9.8 x 10-11

8.2 x 10-6

5.3 x 10-13

ND 1.6 x 10-11

8.2 x 10-6


2.3 x 10-14

ND ND 2.3 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-12

2.6 x 10-12

ND 7.5 x 10-4


2.1 x 10-9

2.5 x 10-10

2.1 x 10-5

1.6 x 10-14

1.3 x 10-12

ND 1.6 x 10-14

8.2 x 10-13

1.9 x 10-12

4.1 x 10-11

2.1 x 10-5




2010 Page E-77




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Ben

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e


5.8 x 10-14

5.8 x 10-17

8.3 x 10-5

2.1 x 10-9

3.3 x 10-14

2.2 x 10-13

ND 2.0 x 10-9

2.6 x 10-12

4.0 x 10-12

9.6 x 10-16

8.3 x 10-5


5.8 x 10-14

5.8 x 10-17

8.7 x 10-5

3.3 x 10-14

2.2 x 10-13

9.9 x 10-16

8.7 x 10-5


6.0 x 10-14

6.1 x 10-17

8.7 x 10-5

3.5 x 10-14

2.2 x 10-13

1.0 x 10-15

8.7 x 10-5


6.3 x 10-14

6.3 x 10-17

9.0 x 10-5

3.5 x 10-14

2.4 x 10-13

1.0 x 10-15

9.0 x 10-5


6.5 x 10-14

6.6 x 10-17

9.7 x 10-5

3.8 x 10-14

2.5 x 10-13

1.1 x 10-15

9.7 x 10-5


6.5 x 10-14

6.6 x 10-17

1.1 x 10-4

3.8 x 10-14

2.8 x 10-13

1.1 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-4


6.5 x 10-14

6.6 x 10-17

1.0 x 10-4

3.8 x 10-14

2.6 x 10-13

1.1 x 10-15

1.0 x 10-4


6.5 x 10-14

6.6 x 10-17

9.7 x 10-5

3.8 x 10-14

2.5 x 10-13

1.1 x 10-15

9.7 x 10-5


1.5 x 10-13

1.5 x 10-16

2.8 x 10-4

8.5 x 10-14

7.3 x 10-13

2.8 x 10-15

2.8 x 10-4


1.1 x 10-13

1.1 x 10-16

2.1 x 10-4

6.1 x 10-14

5.6 x 10-13

2.1 x 10-15

2.1 x 10-4


9.3 x 10-14

9.4 x 10-17

1.5 x 10-4

2.4 x 10-9

5.3 x 10-14

4.0 x 10-13

1.6 x 10-9

2.0 x 10-12

4.6 x 10-12

1.6 x 10-15

1.5 x 10-4


9.3 x 10-14

9.4 x 10-17

1.5 x 10-4

5.3 x 10-14

3.9 x 10-13

1.6 x 10-15

1.5 x 10-4


2.2 x 10-9

ND ND 1.2 x 10-9

1.6 x 10-12

4.0 x 10-12

ND 3.0 x 10-2


5.5 x 10-13

5.6 x 10-16

1.3 x 10-3

1.3 x 10-9

3.2 x 10-13

3.3 x 10-12

8.1 x 10-10

1.1 x 10-12

2.5 x 10-12

1.1 x 10-14

1.3 x 10-3

Ben

zo

(e)p

yre

ne


1.4 x 10-14

9.7 x 10-18

1.8 x 10-11

4.7 x 10-14

4.8 x 10-17

1.4 x 10-13

ND 4.0 x 10-14

1.2 x 10-14

2.0 x 10-14

1.2 x 10-11

3.0 x 10-11


1.4 x 10-14

9.9 x 10-18

1.8 x 10-11

4.8 x 10-17

1.4 x 10-13

1.2 x 10-11

3.1 x 10-11


1.4 x 10-14

9.9 x 10-18

1.9 x 10-11

4.9 x 10-17

1.4 x 10-13

1.2 x 10-11

3.1 x 10-11


1.5 x 10-14

1.0 x 10-17

2.0 x 10-11

5.2 x 10-17

1.5 x 10-13

1.3 x 10-11

3.3 x 10-11


1.1 x 10-14

8.0 x 10-18

1.5 x 10-11

4.0 x 10-17

1.2 x 10-13

9.8 x 10-12

2.5 x 10-11


9.5 x 10-15

6.7 x 10-18

1.3 x 10-11

3.3 x 10-17

9.9 x 10-14

8.3 x 10-12

2.1 x 10-11


1.1 x 10-14

7.7 x 10-18

1.4 x 10-11

3.8 x 10-17

1.2 x 10-13

9.3 x 10-12

2.4 x 10-11


1.1 x 10-14

8.0 x 10-18

1.5 x 10-11

3.9 x 10-17

1.2 x 10-13

9.8 x 10-12

2.5 x 10-11


8.5 x 10-15

6.0 x 10-18

1.1 x 10-11

3.0 x 10-17

8.9 x 10-14

7.3 x 10-12

1.9 x 10-11


6.5 x 10-15

4.6 x 10-18

8.5 x 10-12

2.2 x 10-17

6.7 x 10-14

5.5 x 10-12

1.4 x 10-11


1.0 x 10-14

7.3 x 10-18

1.4 x 10-11

4.1 x 10-14

3.6 x 10-17

1.1 x 10-13

3.1 x 10-14

9.4 x 10-15

1.8 x 10-14

8.9 x 10-12

2.3 x 10-11


1.1 x 10-14

7.4 x 10-18

1.4 x 10-11

3.7 x 10-17

1.1 x 10-13

9.0 x 10-12

2.3 x 10-11


3.4 x 10-14

ND ND 2.4 x 10-14

7.3 x 10-15

1.5 x 10-14

ND 1.3 x 10-9


2.6 x 10-14

1.9 x 10-17

3.6 x 10-11

2.6 x 10-14

9.3 x 10-17

2.8 x 10-13

1.6 x 10-14

4.7 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-14

2.3 x 10-11

5.9 x 10-11




2010 Page E-79




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Ben

zo

(g,h

,i)-

Pery

len

e

Roy Wilcox Elementary School ND ND ND 1.9 x 10-10

6.0 x 10-13

5.1 x 10-17

5.1 x 10-13

ND 5.3 x 10-13

1.4 x 10-13

2.4 x 10-13

4.2 x 10-11

2.4 x 10-10


5.1 x 10-17

5.1 x 10-13

4.2 x 10-11

2.4 x 10-10


5.1 x 10-17

5.1 x 10-13

4.3 x 10-11

2.4 x 10-10


5.5 x 10-17

5.5 x 10-13

4.5 x 10-11

2.6 x 10-10


4.3 x 10-17

4.3 x 10-13

3.5 x 10-11

2.0 x 10-10


3.5 x 10-17

3.6 x 10-13

2.9 x 10-11

1.7 x 10-10


4.1 x 10-17

4.1 x 10-13

3.3 x 10-11

1.9 x 10-10


4.2 x 10-17

4.3 x 10-13

3.4 x 10-11

2.0 x 10-10


3.2 x 10-17

3.2 x 10-13

2.6 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-10


2.4 x 10-17

2.4 x 10-13

2.0 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-10


5.5 x 10-13

3.8 x 10-17

3.9 x 10-13

4.1 x 10-13

1.1 x 10-13

2.0 x 10-13

3.1 x 10-11

1.8 x 10-10


3.9 x 10-17

4.1 x 10-13

3.2 x 10-11

1.8 x 10-10

Kitimat Terminal 1.4 x 10-8

4.3 x 10-13

ND ND 3.0 x 10-13

8.5 x 10-14

1.7 x 10-13

ND 1.4 x 10-8


3.5 x 10-13

1.0 x 10-16

1.0 x 10-12

2.2 x 10-13

5.9 x 10-14

1.4 x 10-13

8.0 x 10-11

4.6 x 10-10

Bery

lliu

m


1.2 x 10-10

1.7 x 10-11

1.4 x 10-6

ND 8.5 x 10-13

ND ND 3.3 x 10-14

1.5 x 10-11

2.7 x 10-11

2.3 x 10-11

1.4 x 10-6


1.3 x 10-10

1.7 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-6

8.7 x 10-13

2.3 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-6


1.3 x 10-10

1.7 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-6

8.7 x 10-13

2.4 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-6


1.3 x 10-10

1.8 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-6

9.3 x 10-13

2.5 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-6


1.0 x 10-10

1.4 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-6

7.3 x 10-13

1.9 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-6


8.6 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-11

9.9 x 10-7

6.0 x 10-13

1.6 x 10-11

1.0 x 10-6


9.7 x 10-11

1.3 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-6

6.9 x 10-13

1.8 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-6


1.0 x 10-10

1.4 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-6

7.1 x 10-13

1.9 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-6


7.8 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-11

8.9 x 10-7

5.4 x 10-13

1.4 x 10-11

8.9 x 10-7


5.8 x 10-11

8.0 x 10-12

6.7 x 10-7

3.9 x 10-13

1.1 x 10-11

6.7 x 10-7


9.2 x 10-11

1.3 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-6

6.4 x 10-13

2.5 x 10-14

1.2 x 10-11

2.3 x 10-11

1.8 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-6


9.5 x 10-11

1.3 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-6

6.6 x 10-13

1.8 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-6


ND 1.9 x 10-14

9.4 x 10-12

1.9 x 10-11

ND 1.0 x 10-4


2.4 x 10-10

3.3 x 10-11

2.8 x 10-6

1.7 x 10-12

1.3 x 10-14

6.4 x 10-12

1.5 x 10-11

4.5 x 10-11

2.8 x 10-6




2010 Page E-81




Total HQ



Bo

ron

Roy Wilcox Elementary School ND ND ND ND 2.1 x 10-15

ND ND ND 1.4 x 10-15

2.2 x 10-13

3.5 x 10-13

ND 5.7 x 10-13








Alcan Kitimat Works



1.2 x 10-15

1.8 x 10-13

3.9 x 10-13

5.7 x 10-13



9.0 x 10-16

1.4 x 10-13

3.6 x 10-13

5.0 x 10-13


5.8 x 10-16

9.0 x 10-14

2.2 x 10-13

3.1 x 10-13

Cad

miu

m


2.6 x 10-10

3.4 x 10-12

2.9 x 10-7

2.3 x 10-12

2.1 x 10-11

ND ND 8.6 x 10-12

1.1 x 10-7

1.9 x 10-7

6.2 x 10-9

6.1 x 10-7


2.7 x 10-10

3.4 x 10-12

2.9 x 10-7

2.1 x 10-11

6.2 x 10-9

6.1 x 10-7


2.7 x 10-10

3.5 x 10-12

2.9 x 10-7

2.1 x 10-11

6.2 x 10-9

6.1 x 10-7


2.9 x 10-10

3.7 x 10-12

3.1 x 10-7

2.3 x 10-11

6.7 x 10-9

6.3 x 10-7


2.2 x 10-10

2.8 x 10-12

2.4 x 10-7

1.7 x 10-11

5.2 x 10-9

5.5 x 10-7


1.8 x 10-10

2.4 x 10-12

2.0 x 10-7

1.5 x 10-11

4.1 x 10-9

5.1 x 10-7


2.1 x 10-10

2.7 x 10-12

2.3 x 10-7

1.7 x 10-11

4.9 x 10-9

5.4 x 10-7


2.2 x 10-10

2.8 x 10-12

2.4 x 10-7

1.7 x 10-11

5.2 x 10-9

5.5 x 10-7


1.6 x 10-10

2.1 x 10-12

1.8 x 10-7

1.3 x 10-11

3.9 x 10-9

4.9 x 10-7


1.3 x 10-10

1.6 x 10-12

1.3 x 10-7

9.8 x 10-12

2.8 x 10-9

4.4 x 10-7


2.0 x 10-10

2.6 x 10-12

2.2 x 10-7

2.0 x 10-12

1.6 x 10-11

6.6 x 10-12

8.6 x 10-8

1.7 x 10-7

4.6 x 10-9

4.9 x 10-7


2.0 x 10-10

2.6 x 10-12

2.2 x 10-7

1.6 x 10-11

4.6 x 10-9

4.9 x 10-7


1.7 x 10-12

ND 5.1 x 10-12

6.5 x 10-8

1.4 x 10-7

ND 2.1 x 10-5


5.4 x 10-10

7.0 x 10-12

5.7 x 10-7

1.3 x 10-12

4.2 x 10-11

3.5 x 10-12

4.5 x 10-8

1.0 x 10-7

1.2 x 10-8

7.6 x 10-7




2010 Page E-83




Total HQ



Ch

rom

ium


5.4 x 10-9

9.9 x 10-11

8.7 x 10-6

2.2 x 10-13

5.4 x 10-13

ND ND 5.2 x 10-13

6.0 x 10-12

9.9 x 10-12

3.5 x 10-11

8.7 x 10-6


5.8 x 10-9

1.1 x 10-10

8.8 x 10-6

5.4 x 10-13

3.5 x 10-11

8.8 x 10-6


5.8 x 10-9

1.1 x 10-10

8.9 x 10-6

5.4 x 10-13

3.5 x 10-11

8.9 x 10-6


6.3 x 10-9

1.1 x 10-10

9.4 x 10-6

5.8 x 10-13

3.8 x 10-11

9.4 x 10-6


4.6 x 10-9

8.4 x 10-11

7.2 x 10-6

4.2 x 10-13

2.9 x 10-11

7.2 x 10-6


3.9 x 10-9

7.1 x 10-11

6.0 x 10-6

3.6 x 10-13

2.4 x 10-11

6.1 x 10-6


4.6 x 10-9

8.4 x 10-11

6.9 x 10-6

4.1 x 10-13

2.7 x 10-11

6.9 x 10-6


4.6 x 10-9

8.4 x 10-11

7.2 x 10-6

4.2 x 10-13

2.9 x 10-11

7.2 x 10-6


3.5 x 10-9

6.4 x 10-11

5.4 x 10-6

3.2 x 10-13

2.1 x 10-11

5.4 x 10-6


2.6 x 10-9

4.8 x 10-11

4.1 x 10-6

2.4 x 10-13

1.6 x 10-11

4.1 x 10-6


4.2 x 10-9

7.6 x 10-11

6.6 x 10-6

2.2 x 10-13

3.9 x 10-13

4.1 x 10-13

4.7 x 10-12

9.7 x 10-12

2.6 x 10-11

6.6 x 10-6


4.2 x 10-9

7.6 x 10-11

6.7 x 10-6

4.0 x 10-13

2.7 x 10-11

6.7 x 10-6


2.0 x 10-13

ND 3.2 x 10-13

3.7 x 10-12

8.6 x 10-12

ND 6.2 x 10-4


1.1 x 10-8

2.1 x 10-10

1.7 x 10-5

1.3 x 10-13

1.0 x 10-12

2.2 x 10-13

2.4 x 10-12

6.0 x 10-12

6.7 x 10-11

1.7 x 10-5

Ch

rom

ium

VI


1.5 x 10-9

3.8 x 10-10

3.2 x 10-5

ND 2.4 x 10-13

ND ND ND ND ND 1.5 x 10-11

3.2 x 10-5


1.5 x 10-9

3.8 x 10-10

3.2 x 10-5

2.4 x 10-13

1.5 x 10-11

3.2 x 10-5


1.5 x 10-9

3.8 x 10-10

3.3 x 10-5

2.4 x 10-13

1.6 x 10-11

3.3 x 10-5


1.6 x 10-9

4.1 x 10-10

3.5 x 10-5

2.6 x 10-13

1.6 x 10-11

3.5 x 10-5


1.2 x 10-9

3.1 x 10-10

2.7 x 10-5

2.0 x 10-13

1.3 x 10-11

2.7 x 10-5


1.1 x 10-9

2.7 x 10-10

2.2 x 10-5

1.7 x 10-13

1.1 x 10-11

2.2 x 10-5


1.2 x 10-9

2.9 x 10-10

2.5 x 10-5

1.8 x 10-13

1.2 x 10-11

2.5 x 10-5


1.2 x 10-9

3.1 x 10-10

2.6 x 10-5

1.9 x 10-13

1.3 x 10-11

2.6 x 10-5


9.4 x 10-10

2.4 x 10-10

2.0 x 10-5

1.5 x 10-13

9.8 x 10-12

2.0 x 10-5


6.8 x 10-10

1.7 x 10-10

1.5 x 10-5

1.1 x 10-13

7.3 x 10-12

1.5 x 10-5


1.1 x 10-9

2.9 x 10-10

2.4 x 10-5

1.8 x 10-13

1.1 x 10-11

2.4 x 10-5


1.2 x 10-9

2.9 x 10-10

2.5 x 10-5

1.8 x 10-13

1.2 x 10-11

2.5 x 10-5


ND ND 2.3 x 10-3


2.9 x 10-9

7.4 x 10-10

6.3 x 10-5

4.7 x 10-13

3.1 x 10-11

6.3 x 10-5




2010 Page E-85




Total HQ



Co

balt


6.7 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-8

1.0 x 10-3

9.6 x 10-12

5.0 x 10-12

ND ND 1.8 x 10-12

2.4 x 10-11

4.1 x 10-11

5.8 x 10-11

1.0 x 10-3


6.7 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-8

1.0 x 10-3

5.0 x 10-12

5.9 x 10-11

1.0 x 10-3


6.8 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-8

1.1 x 10-3

5.0 x 10-12

5.9 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-3


6.9 x 10-11

1.3 x 10-8

1.1 x 10-3

5.4 x 10-12

6.3 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-3


5.6 x 10-11

1.0 x 10-8

8.6 x 10-4

4.1 x 10-12

4.8 x 10-11

8.6 x 10-4


4.7 x 10-11

8.5 x 10-9

7.2 x 10-4

3.4 x 10-12

4.0 x 10-11

7.2 x 10-4


5.3 x 10-11

9.6 x 10-9

8.2 x 10-4

3.9 x 10-12

4.6 x 10-11

8.2 x 10-4


5.5 x 10-11

1.0 x 10-8

8.5 x 10-4

4.1 x 10-12

4.8 x 10-11

8.5 x 10-4


4.2 x 10-11

7.6 x 10-9

6.4 x 10-4

3.1 x 10-12

3.6 x 10-11

6.4 x 10-4


3.1 x 10-11

5.7 x 10-9

4.8 x 10-4

2.3 x 10-12

2.7 x 10-11

4.8 x 10-4


5.0 x 10-11

9.1 x 10-9

7.8 x 10-4

8.6 x 10-12

3.8 x 10-12

1.4 x 10-12

1.9 x 10-11

3.8 x 10-11

4.4 x 10-11

7.8 x 10-4


5.1 x 10-11

9.4 x 10-9

8.0 x 10-4

3.8 x 10-12

4.5 x 10-11

8.0 x 10-4


7.1 x 10-12

ND 1.1 x 10-12

1.5 x 10-11

3.1 x 10-11

ND 7.3 x 10-2


1.3 x 10-10

2.4 x 10-8

2.0 x 10-3

5.6 x 10-12

9.9 x 10-12

7.4 x 10-13

1.0 x 10-11

2.4 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-10

2.0 x 10-3

Co

pp

er


7.8 x 10-11

2.1 x 10-11

1.8 x 10-6

1.0 x 10-12

3.4 x 10-12

ND ND 1.9 x 10-12

3.5 x 10-11

5.6 x 10-11

5.7 x 10-10

1.8 x 10-6


7.8 x 10-11

2.1 x 10-11

1.8 x 10-6

3.5 x 10-12

5.7 x 10-10

1.8 x 10-6


8.1 x 10-11

2.2 x 10-11

1.8 x 10-6

3.5 x 10-12

5.7 x 10-10

1.8 x 10-6


8.3 x 10-11

2.3 x 10-11

2.0 x 10-6

3.7 x 10-12

6.3 x 10-10

2.0 x 10-6


6.4 x 10-11

1.7 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-6

2.9 x 10-12

4.9 x 10-10

1.5 x 10-6


5.6 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-11

1.3 x 10-6

2.4 x 10-12

4.1 x 10-10

1.3 x 10-6


6.1 x 10-11

1.7 x 10-11

1.4 x 10-6

2.7 x 10-12

4.6 x 10-10

1.4 x 10-6


6.4 x 10-11

1.7 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-6

2.8 x 10-12

4.9 x 10-10

1.5 x 10-6


4.7 x 10-11

1.3 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-6

2.1 x 10-12

3.7 x 10-10

1.1 x 10-6


3.6 x 10-11

9.9 x 10-12

8.5 x 10-7

1.6 x 10-12

2.7 x 10-10

8.5 x 10-7


5.8 x 10-11

1.6 x 10-11

1.4 x 10-6

1.0 x 10-12

2.6 x 10-12

1.6 x 10-12

2.7 x 10-11

5.4 x 10-11

4.4 x 10-10

1.4 x 10-6


6.1 x 10-11

1.7 x 10-11

1.4 x 10-6

2.6 x 10-12

4.5 x 10-10

1.4 x 10-6


8.8 x 10-13

ND 1.2 x 10-12

2.1 x 10-11

4.6 x 10-11

ND 1.3 x 10-4


1.5 x 10-10

4.2 x 10-11

3.6 x 10-6

6.1 x 10-13

6.8 x 10-12

8.2 x 10-13

1.4 x 10-11

3.4 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-9

3.6 x 10-6




2010 Page E-87




Total HQ



Eth

ylb

en

zen

e


1.0 x 10-16

1.9 x 10-19

7.0 x 10-8

5.3 x 10-11

4.7 x 10-17

2.4 x 10-15

ND 4.9 x 10-11

1.8 x 10-13

2.8 x 10-13

1.8 x 10-17

7.0 x 10-8


1.1 x 10-16

2.0 x 10-19

7.0 x 10-8

4.7 x 10-17

2.4 x 10-15

1.8 x 10-17

7.0 x 10-8


1.1 x 10-16

2.0 x 10-19

8.0 x 10-8

4.7 x 10-17

2.8 x 10-15

2.0 x 10-17

8.0 x 10-8


1.1 x 10-16

2.1 x 10-19

8.0 x 10-8

5.0 x 10-17

2.8 x 10-15

2.1 x 10-17

8.0 x 10-8


1.2 x 10-16

2.2 x 10-19

9.0 x 10-8

5.3 x 10-17

3.2 x 10-15

2.3 x 10-17

9.0 x 10-8


1.3 x 10-16

2.3 x 10-19

9.0 x 10-8

5.3 x 10-17

3.2 x 10-15

2.3 x 10-17

9.0 x 10-8


1.2 x 10-16

2.2 x 10-19

9.0 x 10-8

5.3 x 10-17

3.2 x 10-15

2.3 x 10-17

9.0 x 10-8


1.2 x 10-16

2.2 x 10-19

9.0 x 10-8

5.3 x 10-17

3.2 x 10-15

2.3 x 10-17

9.0 x 10-8


2.9 x 10-16

5.2 x 10-19

2.3 x 10-7

1.3 x 10-16

7.9 x 10-15

6.0 x 10-17

2.3 x 10-7


2.1 x 10-16

3.9 x 10-19

1.8 x 10-7

9.4 x 10-17

6.2 x 10-15

4.5 x 10-17

1.8 x 10-7


1.8 x 10-16

3.3 x 10-19

1.3 x 10-7

5.9 x 10-11

7.9 x 10-17

4.4 x 10-15

3.9 x 10-11

1.4 x 10-13

3.1 x 10-13

3.3 x 10-17

1.3 x 10-7


1.8 x 10-16

3.2 x 10-19

1.3 x 10-7

7.6 x 10-17

4.4 x 10-15

3.3 x 10-17

1.3 x 10-7


5.6 x 10-11

ND ND 3.1 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-13

2.8 x 10-13

ND 2.2 x 10-5


1.2 x 10-15

2.1 x 10-18

1.1 x 10-6

3.5 x 10-11

5.3 x 10-16

3.8 x 10-14

2.1 x 10-11

7.4 x 10-14

1.8 x 10-13

2.8 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-6

Alip

hati

c F

1

C6-C

8


ND ND ND 2.1 x 10-10

3.5 x 10-12

5.5 x 10-12

ND 4.5 x 10-10








Alcan Kitimat Works



1.7 x 10-10

2.8 x 10-12

6.0 x 10-12

4.3 x 10-10



1.3 x 10-10

2.2 x 10-12

5.8 x 10-12

3.8 x 10-10


8.9 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-12

3.5 x 10-12

2.5 x 10-10




2010 Page E-89




Total HQ



Alip

hati

c F

1

C>

8-C

10


ND ND ND 1.1 x 10-8

1.6 x 10-10

2.6 x 10-10

ND 2.4 x 10-8








Alcan Kitimat Works



8.8 x 10-9

1.3 x 10-10

2.9 x 10-10

2.3 x 10-8



6.9 x 10-9

1.0 x 10-10

2.6 x 10-10

2.0 x 10-8


4.6 x 10-9

6.8 x 10-11

1.6 x 10-10

1.3 x 10-8

Alip

hati

c F

2

C>

10-C

12


ND ND ND 7.6 x 10-8

8.1 x 10-10

1.3 x 10-9

ND 1.6 x 10-7








Alcan Kitimat Works



6.0 x 10-8

6.3 x 10-10

1.4 x 10-9

1.5 x 10-7



4.8 x 10-8

4.9 x 10-10

1.3 x 10-9

1.3 x 10-7


7.6 x 10-8

8.1 x 10-10

1.3 x 10-9

8.4 x 10-8




2010 Page E-91




Total HQ



Alip

hati

c F

2

C>

12-C

16


ND ND ND 3.0 x 10-6

4.9 x 10-9

7.6 x 10-9

ND 6.4 x 10-6








Alcan Kitimat Works



2.3 x 10-6

3.7 x 10-9

8.3 x 10-9

6.0 x 10-6



1.9 x 10-6

3.0 x 10-9

7.6 x 10-9

5.2 x 10-6


1.2 x 10-6

2.0 x 10-9

4.8 x 10-9

3.3 x 10-6

Alip

hati

c F

3

C>

16-C

21









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG




2010 Page E-93




Total HQ



Alip

hati

c F

3

C>

21-C

34









Alcan Kitimat Works


Haisla School


Kitimat Terminal

Kitimat LNG

Aro

mati

c F

1

C>

8-C

10


ND ND ND 1.3 x 10-9

2.2 x 10-11

3.5 x 10-11

ND 2.7 x 10-9








Alcan Kitimat Works



1.0 x 10-9

1.8 x 10-11

4.0 x 10-11

2.7 x 10-9



7.9 x 10-10

1.4 x 10-11

3.6 x 10-11

2.3 x 10-9


5.4 x 10-10

9.4 x 10-12

2.2 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-9




2010 Page E-95




Total HQ



Aro

mati

c F

2

C>

10-C

12


ND ND ND 2.4 x 10-9

1.0 x 10-10

1.6 x 10-10

ND 5.2 x 10-9








Alcan Kitimat Works



1.9 x 10-9

8.3 x 10-11

1.8 x 10-10

5.0 x 10-9



1.5 x 10-9

6.5 x 10-11

1.7 x 10-10

4.4 x 10-9


1.0 x 10-9

4.3 x 10-11

1.0 x 10-10

2.8 x 10-9

Aro

mati

c F

2

C>

12-C

16


ND ND ND 5.0 x 10-9

4.7 x 10-10

7.6 x 10-10

ND 1.2 x 10-8








Alcan Kitimat Works



4.0 x 10-9

4.0 x 10-10

8.3 x 10-10

1.1 x 10-8



3.2 x 10-9

3.0 x 10-10

7.6 x 10-10

1.0 x 10-8


2.2 x 10-9

2.0 x 10-10

4.7 x 10-10

6.5 x 10-9




2010 Page E-97




Total HQ



Aro

mati

c F

3

C>

16-C

21


ND ND ND 2.4 x 10-8

4.2 x 10-9

6.7 x 10-9

ND 6.2 x 10-8








Alcan Kitimat Works



1.9 x 10-8

3.3 x 10-9

7.2 x 10-9

5.9 x 10-8



1.5 x 10-8

2.6 x 10-9

6.7 x 10-9

5.1 x 10-8


1.0 x 10-8

1.8 x 10-9

4.2 x 10-9

3.3 x 10-8

Aro

mati

c F

3

C>

21-C

34


ND ND ND 3.6 x 10-7

4.8 x 10-8

7.7 x 10-8

ND 8.6 x 10-7








Alcan Kitimat Works



2.8 x 10-7

3.9 x 10-8

8.6 x 10-8

8.3 x 10-7



2.2 x 10-7

3.1 x 10-8

8.2 x 10-8

7.3 x 10-7


1.5 x 10-7

2.1 x 10-8

4.8 x 10-8

4.6 x 10-7




2010 Page E-99




Total HQ



Flu

ora

nth

en

e


3.7 x 10-14

2.9 x 10-17

7.0 x 10-11

7.4 x 10-15

1.5 x 10-16

2.3 x 10-16

ND 6.5 x 10-15

1.0 x 10-15

1.7 x 10-15

5.8 x 10-15

7.1 x 10-11


3.7 x 10-14

2.9 x 10-17

7.1 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-16

2.3 x 10-16

5.9 x 10-15

7.2 x 10-11


3.8 x 10-14

3.0 x 10-17

7.2 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-16

2.3 x 10-16

5.9 x 10-15

7.2 x 10-11


3.9 x 10-14

3.1 x 10-17

7.6 x 10-11

1.6 x 10-16

2.5 x 10-16

6.3 x 10-15

7.6 x 10-11


3.1 x 10-14

2.5 x 10-17

5.8 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-16

1.9 x 10-16

4.9 x 10-15

5.9 x 10-11


2.6 x 10-14

2.0 x 10-17

4.9 x 10-11

1.0 x 10-16

1.6 x 10-16

4.1 x 10-15

4.9 x 10-11


2.8 x 10-14

2.2 x 10-17

5.6 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-16

1.8 x 10-16

4.6 x 10-15

5.6 x 10-11


3.0 x 10-14

2.4 x 10-17

5.8 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-16

1.9 x 10-16

4.8 x 10-15

5.8 x 10-11


2.3 x 10-14

1.8 x 10-17

4.4 x 10-11

9.1 x 10-17

1.4 x 10-16

3.6 x 10-15

4.4 x 10-11


1.8 x 10-14

1.4 x 10-17

3.3 x 10-11

6.8 x 10-17

1.1 x 10-16

2.7 x 10-15

3.3 x 10-11


2.7 x 10-14

2.1 x 10-17

5.3 x 10-11

6.5 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-16

1.7 x 10-16

5.0 x 10-15

7.9 x 10-16

1.5 x 10-15

4.4 x 10-15

5.3 x 10-11


2.8 x 10-14

2.2 x 10-17

5.4 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-16

1.7 x 10-16

4.5 x 10-15

5.4 x 10-11


5.4 x 10-15

ND ND 3.6 x 10-15

6.1 x 10-16

1.3 x 10-15

ND 5.0 x 10-9


7.2 x 10-14

5.7 x 10-17

ND 4.2 x 10-15

2.9 x 10-16

4.5 x 10-16

2.6 x 10-15

4.3 x 10-16

9.7 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-14

7.3 x 10-13

Flu

ore

ne


4.6 x 10-15

3.6 x 10-18

6.5 x 10-11

3.9 x 10-12

3.7 x 10-17

7.6 x 10-18

ND 3.6 x 10-12

3.0 x 10-13

4.7 x 10-13

1.9 x 10-16

7.3 x 10-11


4.6 x 10-15

3.6 x 10-18

6.6 x 10-11

3.8 x 10-17

7.6 x 10-18

1.9 x 10-16

7.4 x 10-11


4.6 x 10-15

3.6 x 10-18

6.6 x 10-11

3.8 x 10-17

7.6 x 10-18

1.9 x 10-16

7.4 x 10-11


5.0 x 10-15

4.0 x 10-18

7.0 x 10-11

4.0 x 10-17

8.3 x 10-18

2.1 x 10-16

7.8 x 10-11


3.8 x 10-15

3.0 x 10-18

5.4 x 10-11

3.1 x 10-17

6.3 x 10-18

1.5 x 10-16

6.2 x 10-11


3.3 x 10-15

2.6 x 10-18

4.5 x 10-11

2.6 x 10-17

5.2 x 10-18

1.3 x 10-16

5.3 x 10-11


3.7 x 10-15

2.9 x 10-18

5.1 x 10-11

3.0 x 10-17

6.0 x 10-18

1.4 x 10-16

6.0 x 10-11


3.8 x 10-15

3.0 x 10-18

5.3 x 10-11

3.0 x 10-17

6.2 x 10-18

1.5 x 10-16

6.2 x 10-11


2.8 x 10-15

2.2 x 10-18

4.0 x 10-11

2.3 x 10-17

4.7 x 10-18

1.2 x 10-16

4.8 x 10-11


2.2 x 10-15

1.7 x 10-18

3.0 x 10-11

1.7 x 10-17

3.6 x 10-18

8.8 x 10-17

3.8 x 10-11


3.4 x 10-15

2.7 x 10-18

4.9 x 10-11

4.3 x 10-12

2.8 x 10-17

5.7 x 10-18

2.8 x 10-12

2.4 x 10-13

5.0 x 10-13

1.4 x 10-16

5.7 x 10-11


3.5 x 10-15

2.8 x 10-18

5.0 x 10-11

2.9 x 10-17

5.8 x 10-18

1.4 x 10-16

5.8 x 10-11


4.0 x 10-12

ND ND 2.2 x 10-12

1.9 x 10-13

4.7 x 10-13

ND 4.6 x 10-9


9.1 x 10-15

7.2 x 10-18

1.3 x 10-10

2.5 x 10-12

7.3 x 10-17

1.5 x 10-17

1.5 x 10-12

1.3 x 10-13

3.0 x 10-13

3.7 x 10-16

1.3 x 10-10




2010 Page E-101




Total HQ



Flu

ori

de


ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.9 x 10-4


1.9 x 10-4


2.0 x 10-4


2.1 x 10-4


1.6 x 10-4


1.3 x 10-4


1.5 x 10-4


1.6 x 10-4


1.2 x 10-4


9.0 x 10-5


1.4 x 10-4


1.5 x 10-4


1.4 x 10-2


3.8 x 10-4

Fo

rmald

eh

yd

e


7.6 x 10-13

7.3 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-5

4.8 x 10-16

7.7 x 10-13

3.5 x 10-14

ND 4.1 x 10-16

7.0 x 10-18

1.2 x 10-17

ND 1.1 x 10-5


7.6 x 10-13

7.3 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-5

7.7 x 10-13

3.5 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-5


7.6 x 10-13

7.3 x 10-14

1.2 x 10-5

7.7 x 10-13

3.5 x 10-14

1.2 x 10-5


8.1 x 10-13

7.9 x 10-14

1.2 x 10-5

8.3 x 10-13

3.8 x 10-14

1.2 x 10-5


6.3 x 10-13

6.1 x 10-14

9.4 x 10-6

6.4 x 10-13

2.9 x 10-14

9.4 x 10-6


5.2 x 10-13

5.1 x 10-14

7.9 x 10-6

5.4 x 10-13

2.5 x 10-14

7.9 x 10-6


6.0 x 10-13

5.8 x 10-14

9.0 x 10-6

6.1 x 10-13

2.8 x 10-14

9.0 x 10-6


6.3 x 10-13

6.1 x 10-14

9.3 x 10-6

6.4 x 10-13

2.9 x 10-14

9.3 x 10-6


4.7 x 10-13

4.6 x 10-14

7.0 x 10-6

4.8 x 10-13

2.2 x 10-14

7.0 x 10-6


3.4 x 10-13

3.3 x 10-14

5.3 x 10-6

3.5 x 10-13

1.7 x 10-14

5.3 x 10-6


5.7 x 10-13

5.6 x 10-14

8.5 x 10-6

4.1 x 10-16

5.7 x 10-13

2.7 x 10-14

3.2 x 10-16

5.5 x 10-18

1.0 x 10-17

8.5 x 10-6


5.7 x 10-13

5.6 x 10-14

8.7 x 10-6

6.1 x 10-13

2.7 x 10-14

8.7 x 10-6


3.5 x 10-16

ND ND 2.4 x 10-16

4.1 x 10-18

8.5 x 10-18

8.0 x 10-4


1.5 x 10-12

1.4 x 10-13

2.2 x 10-5

2.6 x 10-16

1.5 x 10-12

7.0 x 10-14

1.7 x 10-16

2.9 x 10-18

6.4 x 10-18

2.2 x 10-5




2010 Page E-103




Total HQ



Lead


1.9 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-11

1.0 x 10-6

9.6 x 10-13

3.2 x 10-12

ND ND 1.3 x 10-12

3.3 x 10-11

5.6 x 10-11

5.6 x 10-10

1.0 x 10-6


1.9 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-6

3.3 x 10-12

5.8 x 10-10

1.1 x 10-6


1.9 x 10-11

1.3 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-6

3.3 x 10-12

5.8 x 10-10

1.1 x 10-6


2.0 x 10-11

1.3 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-6

3.5 x 10-12

6.2 x 10-10

1.1 x 10-6


1.6 x 10-11

1.0 x 10-11

8.6 x 10-7

2.7 x 10-12

4.7 x 10-10

8.7 x 10-7


1.3 x 10-11

8.6 x 10-12

7.2 x 10-7

2.3 x 10-12

3.9 x 10-10

7.2 x 10-7


1.5 x 10-11

9.6 x 10-12

8.2 x 10-7

2.6 x 10-12

4.5 x 10-10

8.2 x 10-7


1.6 x 10-11

1.0 x 10-11

8.5 x 10-7

2.7 x 10-12

4.7 x 10-10

8.6 x 10-7


1.2 x 10-11

7.6 x 10-12

6.4 x 10-7

2.0 x 10-12

3.4 x 10-10

6.5 x 10-7


8.6 x 10-12

5.6 x 10-12

4.8 x 10-7

1.6 x 10-12

2.6 x 10-10

4.9 x 10-7


1.4 x 10-11

9.1 x 10-12

7.8 x 10-7

8.5 x 10-13

2.5 x 10-12

1.0 x 10-12

2.6 x 10-11

4.9 x 10-11

4.3 x 10-10

7.9 x 10-7


1.5 x 10-11

9.6 x 10-12

8.0 x 10-7

2.5 x 10-12

4.3 x 10-10

8.0 x 10-7


6.9 x 10-13

ND 7.8 x 10-13

2.0 x 10-11

4.0 x 10-11

ND 7.3 x 10-5


3.7 x 10-11

2.4 x 10-11

2.0 x 10-6

5.3 x 10-13

6.4 x 10-12

5.3 x 10-13

1.4 x 10-11

3.1 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-9

2.0 x 10-6

Man

gan

ese


2.0 x 10-10

9.1 x 10-10

7.7 x 10-5

2.1 x 10-12

2.5 x 10-12

ND ND 1.2 x 10-11

5.3 x 10-12

8.9 x 10-12

1.6 x 10-11

7.7 x 10-5


2.0 x 10-10

9.3 x 10-10

7.8 x 10-5

2.5 x 10-12

1.6 x 10-11

7.8 x 10-5


2.0 x 10-10

9.3 x 10-10

7.9 x 10-5

2.5 x 10-12

1.6 x 10-11

7.9 x 10-5


2.2 x 10-10

9.9 x 10-10

8.4 x 10-5

2.6 x 10-12

1.8 x 10-11

8.4 x 10-5


1.7 x 10-10

7.6 x 10-10

6.4 x 10-5

2.0 x 10-12

1.3 x 10-11

6.4 x 10-5


1.4 x 10-10

6.3 x 10-10

5.4 x 10-5

1.7 x 10-12

1.1 x 10-11

5.4 x 10-5


1.6 x 10-10

7.2 x 10-10

6.1 x 10-5

1.9 x 10-12

1.3 x 10-11

6.1 x 10-5


1.7 x 10-10

7.6 x 10-10

6.4 x 10-5

2.0 x 10-12

1.3 x 10-11

6.4 x 10-5


1.3 x 10-10

5.7 x 10-10

4.8 x 10-5

1.5 x 10-12

9.8 x 10-12

4.8 x 10-5


9.2 x 10-11

4.2 x 10-10

3.6 x 10-5

1.2 x 10-12

7.7 x 10-12

3.6 x 10-5


1.5 x 10-10

6.8 x 10-10

5.8 x 10-5

2.0 x 10-12

1.8 x 10-12

8.9 x 10-12

4.2 x 10-12

8.3 x 10-12

1.2 x 10-11

5.8 x 10-5


1.5 x 10-10

7.0 x 10-10

6.0 x 10-5

1.9 x 10-12

1.2 x 10-11

6.0 x 10-5


1.7 x 10-12

ND 6.9 x 10-12

3.2 x 10-12

7.1 x 10-12

ND 5.5 x 10-3


3.9 x 10-10

1.8 x 10-9

1.5 x 10-4

1.2 x 10-12

4.8 x 10-12

4.8 x 10-12

2.2 x 10-12

5.2 x 10-12

3.2 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-4




2010 Page E-105




Total HQ



Merc

ury


1.2 x 10-9

7.2 x 10-12

1.3 x 10-6

1.0 x 10-16

2.2 x 10-16

5.7 x 10-15

ND 7.7 x 10-15

1.7 x 10-12

2.9 x 10-12

5.8 x 10-14

1.3 x 10-6


1.2 x 10-9

7.3 x 10-12

1.3 x 10-6

2.2 x 10-16

5.7 x 10-15

5.8 x 10-14

1.3 x 10-6


1.2 x 10-9

7.3 x 10-12

1.3 x 10-6

2.3 x 10-16

5.8 x 10-15

5.8 x 10-14

1.3 x 10-6


1.3 x 10-9

7.8 x 10-12

1.4 x 10-6

2.3 x 10-16

6.1 x 10-15

6.4 x 10-14

1.4 x 10-6


9.9 x 10-10

6.0 x 10-12

1.1 x 10-6

1.8 x 10-16

4.6 x 10-15

4.8 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-6


8.2 x 10-10

5.0 x 10-12

9.0 x 10-7

1.5 x 10-16

3.9 x 10-15

3.9 x 10-14

9.0 x 10-7


9.3 x 10-10

5.7 x 10-12

1.0 x 10-6

1.7 x 10-16

4.4 x 10-15

4.6 x 10-14

1.0 x 10-6


9.7 x 10-10

5.9 x 10-12

1.1 x 10-6

1.8 x 10-16

4.6 x 10-15

4.8 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-6


7.4 x 10-10

4.5 x 10-12

8.0 x 10-7

1.4 x 10-16

3.4 x 10-15

3.6 x 10-14

8.0 x 10-7


5.6 x 10-10

3.4 x 10-12

6.0 x 10-7

1.0 x 10-16

2.6 x 10-15

2.7 x 10-14

6.0 x 10-7


8.9 x 10-10

5.4 x 10-12

9.7 x 10-7

8.9 x 10-17

1.7 x 10-16

4.2 x 10-15

6.2 x 10-15

1.3 x 10-12

2.5 x 10-12

4.3 x 10-14

9.8 x 10-7


9.0 x 10-10

5.5 x 10-12

1.0 x 10-6

1.7 x 10-16

4.3 x 10-15

4.5 x 10-14

1.0 x 10-6


7.4 x 10-17

ND ND 4.7 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-12

2.1 x 10-12

ND 9.2 x 10-5


2.4 x 10-9

1.4 x 10-11

2.5 x 10-6

5.7 x 10-17

4.3 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-14

3.2 x 10-15

7.2 x 10-13

1.6 x 10-12

1.1 x 10-13

2.5 x 10-6

Mo

lyb

den

um


2.4 x 10-11

2.0 x 10-12

ND 2.8 x 10-14

3.0 x 10-12

ND ND 5.3 x 10-13

3.0 x 10-9

4.7 x 10-9

1.7 x 10-10

1.1 x 10-8


2.4 x 10-11

2.0 x 10-12

3.0 x 10-12

1.7 x 10-10

1.1 x 10-8


2.4 x 10-11

2.0 x 10-12

3.0 x 10-12

1.8 x 10-10

1.1 x 10-8


2.5 x 10-11

2.1 x 10-12

3.2 x 10-12

1.9 x 10-10

1.1 x 10-8


1.8 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-12

2.5 x 10-12

1.4 x 10-10

1.0 x 10-8


1.6 x 10-11

1.3 x 10-12

2.1 x 10-12

1.2 x 10-10

9.7 x 10-9


1.8 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-12

2.3 x 10-12

1.4 x 10-10

9.9 x 10-9


1.8 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-12

2.4 x 10-12

1.4 x 10-10

1.0 x 10-8


1.4 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-12

1.8 x 10-12

1.1 x 10-10

9.5 x 10-9


1.1 x 10-11

9.0 x 10-13

1.4 x 10-12

8.1 x 10-11

9.0 x 10-9


1.7 x 10-11

1.4 x 10-12

3.0 x 10-14

2.2 x 10-12

4.2 x 10-13

2.4 x 10-9

5.2 x 10-9

1.3 x 10-10

9.7 x 10-9


1.8 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-12

2.3 x 10-12

1.3 x 10-10

9.8 x 10-9


ND 3.3 x 10-13

1.9 x 10-9

4.8 x 10-9

ND 6.7 x 10-9


4.5 x 10-11

3.8 x 10-12

1.7 x 10-14

5.8 x 10-12

2.2 x 10-13

1.3 x 10-9

3.0 x 10-9

3.4 x 10-10

9.9 x 10-9




2010 Page E-107




Total HQ



Nap

hth

ale

ne


2.3 x 10-12

6.0 x 10-14

1.4 x 10-6

1.8 x 10-11

5.0 x 10-14

5.6 x 10-15

ND 1.7 x 10-11

6.0 x 10-13

9.4 x 10-13

4.1 x 10-14

1.4 x 10-6


2.3 x 10-12

6.1 x 10-14

1.4 x 10-6

5.0 x 10-14

5.6 x 10-15

4.1 x 10-14

1.4 x 10-6


2.3 x 10-12

6.1 x 10-14

1.4 x 10-6

5.0 x 10-14

5.8 x 10-15

4.4 x 10-14

1.4 x 10-6


2.5 x 10-12

6.6 x 10-14

1.5 x 10-6

5.3 x 10-14

6.1 x 10-15

4.6 x 10-14

1.5 x 10-6


1.9 x 10-12

5.1 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-6

4.1 x 10-14

4.7 x 10-15

3.6 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-6


1.6 x 10-12

4.2 x 10-14

9.4 x 10-7

3.5 x 10-14

3.9 x 10-15

2.8 x 10-14

9.4 x 10-7


1.8 x 10-12

4.8 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-6

3.9 x 10-14

4.4 x 10-15

3.3 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-6


1.9 x 10-12

5.0 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-6

4.1 x 10-14

4.5 x 10-15

3.3 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-6


1.4 x 10-12

3.7 x 10-14

8.4 x 10-7

3.0 x 10-14

3.5 x 10-15

2.6 x 10-14

8.4 x 10-7


1.1 x 10-12

2.8 x 10-14

6.3 x 10-7

2.3 x 10-14

2.6 x 10-15

2.0 x 10-14

6.3 x 10-7


1.7 x 10-12

4.5 x 10-14

1.0 x 10-6

2.0 x 10-11

3.8 x 10-14

4.2 x 10-15

1.4 x 10-11

4.7 x 10-13

1.0 x 10-12

3.1 x 10-14

1.0 x 10-6


1.8 x 10-12

4.7 x 10-14

1.0 x 10-6

3.8 x 10-14

4.2 x 10-15

3.3 x 10-14

1.0 x 10-6


1.8 x 10-11

ND ND 1.0 x 10-11

3.7 x 10-13

9.4 x 10-13

ND 9.6 x 10-5


4.4 x 10-12

1.2 x 10-13

2.7 x 10-6

1.2 x 10-11

9.7 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-14

7.1 x 10-12

2.4 x 10-13

5.9 x 10-13

8.2 x 10-14

2.7 x 10-6

Nic

ke

l


5.4 x 10-8

5.5 x 10-8

4.8 x 10-3

8.5 x 10-11

4.3 x 10-11

ND ND 4.6 x 10-10

6.2 x 10-10

9.8 x 10-10

1.0 x 10-8

4.8 x 10-3


5.8 x 10-8

5.9 x 10-8

4.9 x 10-3

4.3 x 10-11

1.0 x 10-8

4.9 x 10-3


5.8 x 10-8

5.9 x 10-8

4.9 x 10-3

4.3 x 10-11

1.0 x 10-8

4.9 x 10-3


6.3 x 10-8

6.3 x 10-8

5.2 x 10-3

4.7 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-8

5.2 x 10-3


4.6 x 10-8

4.6 x 10-8

4.0 x 10-3

3.3 x 10-11

8.2 x 10-9

4.0 x 10-3


3.9 x 10-8

4.0 x 10-8

3.4 x 10-3

2.9 x 10-11

7.2 x 10-9

3.4 x 10-3


4.6 x 10-8

4.6 x 10-8

3.8 x 10-3

3.3 x 10-11

8.2 x 10-9

3.8 x 10-3


4.6 x 10-8

4.6 x 10-8

4.0 x 10-3

3.3 x 10-11

8.2 x 10-9

4.0 x 10-3


3.5 x 10-8

3.5 x 10-8

3.0 x 10-3

2.6 x 10-11

6.2 x 10-9

3.0 x 10-3


2.6 x 10-8

2.7 x 10-8

2.3 x 10-3

2.0 x 10-11

4.7 x 10-9

2.3 x 10-3


4.2 x 10-8

4.2 x 10-8

3.6 x 10-3

8.8 x 10-11

3.2 x 10-11

3.6 x 10-10

4.8 x 10-10

1.0 x 10-9

7.7 x 10-9

3.6 x 10-3


4.2 x 10-8

4.2 x 10-8

3.7 x 10-3

3.2 x 10-11

7.7 x 10-9

3.7 x 10-3


7.9 x 10-11

ND 2.7 x 10-10

3.7 x 10-10

9.1 x 10-10

ND 3.4 x 10-1


1.1 x 10-7

1.1 x 10-7

9.5 x 10-3

5.5 x 10-11

8.3 x 10-11

1.9 x 10-10

2.6 x 10-10

6.0 x 10-10

2.0 x 10-8

9.5 x 10-3




2010 Page E-109




Total HQ



Ph

en

an

thre

ne


2.9 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-15

6.0 x 10-16

ND 2.8 x 10-11

2.2 x 10-12

3.4 x 10-12

1.4 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-7


1.2 x 10-15

6.0 x 10-16

1.4 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-7


1.2 x 10-15

6.0 x 10-16

1.5 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-7


1.3 x 10-15

6.4 x 10-16

1.5 x 10-14

1.2 x 10-7


9.5 x 10-16

4.7 x 10-16

1.2 x 10-14

9.0 x 10-8


8.2 x 10-16

4.0 x 10-16

9.4 x 10-15

7.5 x 10-8


9.0 x 10-16

4.7 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-14

8.6 x 10-8


9.5 x 10-16

4.7 x 10-16

1.2 x 10-14

8.9 x 10-8


7.2 x 10-16

3.6 x 10-16

8.7 x 10-15

6.7 x 10-8


5.4 x 10-16

2.7 x 10-16

6.5 x 10-15

5.1 x 10-8


3.3 x 10-11

8.6 x 10-16

4.3 x 10-16

2.2 x 10-11

1.7 x 10-12

3.9 x 10-12

1.0 x 10-14

8.2 x 10-8


9.0 x 10-16

4.3 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-14

8.3 x 10-8


3.0 x 10-11

ND ND 1.7 x 10-11

1.4 x 10-12

3.6 x 10-12

ND 7.7 x 10-6


1.9 x 10-11

2.3 x 10-15

1.2 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-11

9.3 x 10-13

2.2 x 10-12

2.8 x 10-14

2.1 x 10-7

Pyre

ne


1.8 x 10-13

1.4 x 10-16

8.2 x 10-11

2.1 x 10-11

6.3 x 10-16

3.0 x 10-16

ND 2.0 x 10-11

3.2 x 10-12

4.8 x 10-12

8.9 x 10-15

1.3 x 10-10


2.0 x 10-13

1.6 x 10-16

8.3 x 10-11

6.5 x 10-16

3.1 x 10-16

9.1 x 10-15

1.3 x 10-10


2.0 x 10-13

1.6 x 10-16

8.4 x 10-11

6.5 x 10-16

3.1 x 10-16

9.1 x 10-15

1.3 x 10-10


2.0 x 10-13

1.6 x 10-16

8.9 x 10-11

6.9 x 10-16

3.3 x 10-16

9.6 x 10-15

1.4 x 10-10


1.6 x 10-13

1.2 x 10-16

6.8 x 10-11

5.3 x 10-16

2.5 x 10-16

7.4 x 10-15

1.2 x 10-10


1.3 x 10-13

1.0 x 10-16

5.7 x 10-11

4.4 x 10-16

2.1 x 10-16

6.2 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-10


1.5 x 10-13

1.2 x 10-16

6.5 x 10-11

5.1 x 10-16

2.4 x 10-16

7.0 x 10-15

1.2 x 10-10


1.6 x 10-13

1.2 x 10-16

6.8 x 10-11

5.3 x 10-16

2.5 x 10-16

7.4 x 10-15

1.2 x 10-10


1.2 x 10-13

9.3 x 10-17

5.1 x 10-11

4.0 x 10-16

1.9 x 10-16

5.5 x 10-15

1.0 x 10-10


8.9 x 10-14

7.0 x 10-17

3.8 x 10-11

3.0 x 10-16

1.4 x 10-16

4.1 x 10-15

8.8 x 10-11


1.4 x 10-13

1.1 x 10-16

6.2 x 10-11

2.3 x 10-11

4.8 x 10-16

2.3 x 10-16

1.5 x 10-11

2.5 x 10-12

5.8 x 10-12

6.7 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-10


1.4 x 10-13

1.1 x 10-16

6.3 x 10-11

4.9 x 10-16

2.3 x 10-16

6.9 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-10


2.2 x 10-11

ND ND 1.2 x 10-11

2.0 x 10-12

5.3 x 10-12

ND 5.9 x 10-9


3.8 x 10-13

3.0 x 10-16

1.6 x 10-10

1.4 x 10-11

1.3 x 10-15

6.1 x 10-16

8.2 x 10-12

1.3 x 10-12

3.3 x 10-12

1.7 x 10-14

1.9 x 10-10




2010 Page E-111




Total HQ



Sele

niu

m


7.4 x 10-11

4.2 x 10-11

3.5 x 10-6

2.0 x 10-12

5.9 x 10-12

ND ND 7.0 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-10

2.1 x 10-10

4.6 x 10-9

3.5 x 10-6


7.4 x 10-11

4.2 x 10-11

3.6 x 10-6

6.0 x 10-12

4.6 x 10-9

3.6 x 10-6


7.4 x 10-11

4.2 x 10-11

3.6 x 10-6

6.0 x 10-12

4.7 x 10-9

3.6 x 10-6


8.1 x 10-11

4.6 x 10-11

3.8 x 10-6

6.5 x 10-12

4.9 x 10-9

3.8 x 10-6


6.1 x 10-11

3.5 x 10-11

2.9 x 10-6

5.0 x 10-12

3.8 x 10-9

2.9 x 10-6


5.1 x 10-11

2.9 x 10-11

2.4 x 10-6

4.2 x 10-12

3.2 x 10-9

2.5 x 10-6


5.8 x 10-11

3.3 x 10-11

2.8 x 10-6

4.8 x 10-12

3.6 x 10-9

2.8 x 10-6


6.1 x 10-11

3.4 x 10-11

2.9 x 10-6

5.0 x 10-12

3.7 x 10-9

2.9 x 10-6


4.6 x 10-11

2.6 x 10-11

2.2 x 10-6

3.7 x 10-12

2.8 x 10-9

2.2 x 10-6


3.4 x 10-11

1.9 x 10-11

1.6 x 10-6

2.8 x 10-12

2.2 x 10-9

1.6 x 10-6


5.5 x 10-11

3.1 x 10-11

2.6 x 10-6

1.8 x 10-12

4.5 x 10-12

5.3 x 10-11

9.5 x 10-11

1.8 x 10-10

3.4 x 10-9

2.7 x 10-6


5.6 x 10-11

3.2 x 10-11

2.7 x 10-6

4.6 x 10-12

3.5 x 10-9

2.7 x 10-6


1.4 x 10-12

ND 4.2 x 10-11

7.4 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-10

ND 2.5 x 10-4


1.4 x 10-10

8.0 x 10-11

6.9 x 10-6

1.1 x 10-12

1.2 x 10-11

2.8 x 10-11

5.1 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-10

9.1 x 10-9

6.9 x 10-6

Tin


ND ND ND 7.4 x 10-12

1.6 x 10-12

2.4 x 10-12

ND 1.3 x 10-11








Alcan Kitimat Works



6.0 x 10-12

1.3 x 10-12

2.6 x 10-12

1.2 x 10-11



4.6 x 10-12

9.8 x 10-13

2.6 x 10-12

9.7 x 10-12


3.1 x 10-12

6.7 x 10-13

1.6 x 10-12

6.4 x 10-12




2010 Page E-113




Total HQ



To

luen

e


2.5 x 10-15

3.0 x 10-18

1.8 x 10-6

4.6 x 10-10

1.6 x 10-15

3.5 x 10-14

ND 4.3 x 10-10

1.6 x 10-12

2.5 x 10-12

2.0 x 10-16

1.8 x 10-6


2.5 x 10-15

3.0 x 10-18

1.8 x 10-6

1.6 x 10-15

3.5 x 10-14

2.1 x 10-16

1.8 x 10-6


2.5 x 10-15

3.0 x 10-18

1.9 x 10-6

1.6 x 10-15

3.6 x 10-14

2.1 x 10-16

1.9 x 10-6


2.7 x 10-15

3.3 x 10-18

1.9 x 10-6

1.7 x 10-15

3.8 x 10-14

2.3 x 10-16

1.9 x 10-6


2.9 x 10-15

3.5 x 10-18

2.1 x 10-6

1.8 x 10-15

4.0 x 10-14

2.3 x 10-16

2.1 x 10-6


2.9 x 10-15

3.5 x 10-18

2.2 x 10-6

1.8 x 10-15

4.2 x 10-14

2.5 x 10-16

2.2 x 10-6


2.9 x 10-15

3.5 x 10-18

2.1 x 10-6

1.8 x 10-15

4.1 x 10-14

2.3 x 10-16

2.1 x 10-6


2.9 x 10-15

3.5 x 10-18

2.1 x 10-6

1.8 x 10-15

4.0 x 10-14

2.3 x 10-16

2.1 x 10-6


6.5 x 10-15

7.9 x 10-18

5.7 x 10-6

4.0 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-13

6.0 x 10-16

5.7 x 10-6


4.8 x 10-15

5.8 x 10-18

4.4 x 10-6

2.9 x 10-15

8.4 x 10-14

4.5 x 10-16

4.4 x 10-6


4.0 x 10-15

4.8 x 10-18

3.2 x 10-6

5.1 x 10-10

2.5 x 10-15

6.2 x 10-14

3.4 x 10-10

1.3 x 10-12

2.8 x 10-12

3.5 x 10-16

3.2 x 10-6


4.0 x 10-15

4.8 x 10-18

3.1 x 10-6

2.4 x 10-15

5.9 x 10-14

3.3 x 10-16

3.1 x 10-6


4.7 x 10-10

ND ND 2.6 x 10-10

9.8 x 10-13

2.5 x 10-12

ND 5.9 x 10-4


2.5 x 10-14

3.0 x 10-17

2.6 x 10-5

3.0 x 10-10

1.6 x 10-14

5.0 x 10-13

1.8 x 10-10

6.9 x 10-13

1.6 x 10-12

2.7 x 10-15

2.6 x 10-5

Van

ad

ium


2.1 x 10-6

7.8 x 10-8

6.5 x 10-3

5.5 x 10-11

1.5 x 10-10

ND ND 2.2 x 10-10

2.3 x 10-10

3.6 x 10-10

5.0 x 10-12

6.5 x 10-3


2.1 x 10-6

7.8 x 10-8

6.6 x 10-3

1.5 x 10-10

5.0 x 10-12

6.6 x 10-3


2.2 x 10-6

7.9 x 10-8

6.7 x 10-3

1.5 x 10-10

5.1 x 10-12

6.7 x 10-3


2.3 x 10-6

8.4 x 10-8

7.1 x 10-3

1.6 x 10-10

5.2 x 10-12

7.1 x 10-3


1.8 x 10-6

6.4 x 10-8

5.5 x 10-3

1.2 x 10-10

4.2 x 10-12

5.5 x 10-3


1.5 x 10-6

5.3 x 10-8

4.6 x 10-3

1.0 x 10-10

3.5 x 10-12

4.6 x 10-3


1.7 x 10-6

6.1 x 10-8

5.2 x 10-3

1.2 x 10-10

4.0 x 10-12

5.2 x 10-3


1.8 x 10-6

6.4 x 10-8

5.4 x 10-3

1.2 x 10-10

4.1 x 10-12

5.4 x 10-3


1.3 x 10-6

4.7 x 10-8

4.1 x 10-3

9.1 x 10-11

3.1 x 10-12

4.1 x 10-3


1.0 x 10-6

3.6 x 10-8

3.1 x 10-3

6.9 x 10-11

2.3 x 10-12

3.1 x 10-3


1.6 x 10-6

5.8 x 10-8

4.9 x 10-3

5.5 x 10-11

1.1 x 10-10

1.7 x 10-10

1.7 x 10-10

3.6 x 10-10

3.8 x 10-12

4.9 x 10-3


1.6 x 10-6

5.9 x 10-8

5.1 x 10-3

1.2 x 10-10

3.9 x 10-12

5.1 x 10-3


4.8 x 10-11

ND 1.4 x 10-10

1.4 x 10-10

3.3 x 10-10

ND 4.6 x 10-1


4.2 x 10-6

1.5 x 10-7

1.3 x 10-2

3.3 x 10-11

2.9 x 10-10

9.2 x 10-11

9.4 x 10-11

2.2 x 10-10

9.8 x 10-12

1.3 x 10-2




2010 Page E-115




Total HQ



x y

len

es


4.6 x 10-16

3.3 x 10-17

9.1 x 10-6

ND 1.8 x 10-16

9.9 x 10-15

ND 1.5 x 10-10

5.4 x 10-13

8.6 x 10-13

8.3 x 10-17

9.1 x 10-6


4.8 x 10-16

3.4 x 10-17

9.1 x 10-6

2.0 x 10-16

9.9 x 10-15

8.3 x 10-17

9.1 x 10-6


5.0 x 10-16

3.6 x 10-17

9.3 x 10-6

2.0 x 10-16

1.0 x 10-14

8.5 x 10-17

9.3 x 10-6


5.0 x 10-16

3.6 x 10-17

9.7 x 10-6

2.1 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-14

8.8 x 10-17

9.7 x 10-6


5.4 x 10-16

3.9 x 10-17

1.0 x 10-5

2.1 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-14

9.5 x 10-17

1.0 x 10-5


5.4 x 10-16

3.9 x 10-17

1.1 x 10-5

2.2 x 10-16

1.2 x 10-14

1.0 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-5


5.4 x 10-16

3.9 x 10-17

1.1 x 10-5

2.2 x 10-16

1.2 x 10-14

9.7 x 10-17

1.1 x 10-5


5.4 x 10-16

3.9 x 10-17

1.0 x 10-5

2.1 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-14

9.5 x 10-17

1.0 x 10-5


1.3 x 10-15

9.0 x 10-17

2.9 x 10-5

5.0 x 10-16

3.2 x 10-14

2.6 x 10-16

2.9 x 10-5


9.0 x 10-16

6.4 x 10-17

2.2 x 10-5

3.6 x 10-16

2.5 x 10-14

2.0 x 10-16

2.2 x 10-5


7.7 x 10-16

5.5 x 10-17

1.6 x 10-5

3.1 x 10-16

1.8 x 10-14

1.2 x 10-10

4.2 x 10-13

9.3 x 10-13

1.5 x 10-16

1.6 x 10-5


7.5 x 10-16

5.4 x 10-17

1.6 x 10-5

3.1 x 10-16

1.8 x 10-14

1.4 x 10-16

1.6 x 10-5


ND ND 9.3 x 10-11

3.3 x 10-13

8.6 x 10-13

ND 3.0 x 10-3


4.8 x 10-15

3.4 x 10-16

1.4 x 10-4

2.0 x 10-15

1.5 x 10-13

6.3 x 10-11

2.2 x 10-13

5.3 x 10-13

1.2 x 10-15

1.4 x 10-4

Zin

c


9.6 x 10-10

9.9 x 10-13

8.4 x 10-8

6.1 x 10-12

1.3 x 10-11

ND ND 3.1 x 10-11

3.6 x 10-10

6.0 x 10-10

7.0 x 10-8

1.7 x 10-7


9.8 x 10-10

1.0 x 10-12

8.6 x 10-8

1.4 x 10-11

7.0 x 10-8

1.7 x 10-7


9.8 x 10-10

1.0 x 10-12

8.6 x 10-8

1.4 x 10-11

7.0 x 10-8

1.7 x 10-7


1.0 x 10-9

1.1 x 10-12

9.1 x 10-8

1.5 x 10-11

7.5 x 10-8

1.8 x 10-7


8.1 x 10-10

8.4 x 10-13

7.0 x 10-8

1.1 x 10-11

5.7 x 10-8

1.4 x 10-7


6.7 x 10-10

6.9 x 10-13

5.9 x 10-8

9.2 x 10-12

4.9 x 10-8

1.2 x 10-7


7.7 x 10-10

7.9 x 10-13

6.7 x 10-8

1.1 x 10-11

5.4 x 10-8

1.3 x 10-7


7.9 x 10-10

8.1 x 10-13

7.0 x 10-8

1.1 x 10-11

5.7 x 10-8

1.4 x 10-7


6.0 x 10-10

6.2 x 10-13

5.2 x 10-8

8.3 x 10-12

4.4 x 10-8

1.0 x 10-7


4.6 x 10-10

4.7 x 10-13

3.9 x 10-8

6.2 x 10-12

3.3 x 10-8

8.0 x 10-8


7.3 x 10-10

7.5 x 10-13

6.4 x 10-8

5.3 x 10-12

1.0 x 10-11

2.4 x 10-11

2.7 x 10-10

5.3 x 10-10

5.2 x 10-8

1.3 x 10-7


7.5 x 10-10

7.7 x 10-13

6.5 x 10-8

1.0 x 10-11

5.4 x 10-8

1.3 x 10-7


4.4 x 10-12

ND 1.9 x 10-11

2.2 x 10-10

4.4 x 10-10

ND 6.0 x 10-6


1.9 x 10-9

1.9 x 10-12

1.7 x 10-7

3.3 x 10-12

2.6 x 10-11

1.2 x 10-11

1.4 x 10-10

3.4 x 10-10

1.4 x 10-7

3.3 x 10-7




2010 Page E-117

Table E-8 Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risks for Carcinogenic Exposures near the Marine Terminal – Application Case


ILCR (unitless)

Total ILCR



Ars

en

ic


2.1 x 10-12

7.5 x 10-14

6.4 x 10-9

2.7 x 10-15

2.5 x 10-14

ND ND 4.1 x 10-14

8.6 x 10-13

1.5 x 10-12

9.5 x 10-14

6.4 x 10-9


2.1 x 10-12

7.5 x 10-14

6.5 x 10-9

2.5 x 10-14

9.7 x 10-14

6.5 x 10-9


2.1 x 10-12

7.5 x 10-14

6.5 x 10-9

2.5 x 10-14

9.7 x 10-14

6.5 x 10-9


2.3 x 10-12

8.2 x 10-14

6.9 x 10-9

2.6 x 10-14

1.0 x 10-13

6.9 x 10-9


1.8 x 10-12

6.4 x 10-14

5.3 x 10-9

2.0 x 10-14

8.0 x 10-14

5.3 x 10-9


1.5 x 10-12

5.4 x 10-14

4.4 x 10-9

1.8 x 10-14

6.6 x 10-14

4.4 x 10-9


1.7 x 10-12

6.1 x 10-14

5.0 x 10-9

2.0 x 10-14

7.6 x 10-14

5.1 x 10-9


1.7 x 10-12

6.1 x 10-14

5.3 x 10-9

2.0 x 10-14

7.8 x 10-14

5.3 x 10-9


1.3 x 10-12

4.6 x 10-14

4.0 x 10-9

1.5 x 10-14

5.9 x 10-14

4.0 x 10-9


9.6 x 10-13

3.5 x 10-14

3.0 x 10-9

1.2 x 10-14

4.4 x 10-14

3.0 x 10-9


1.6 x 10-12

5.7 x 10-14

4.8 x 10-9

2.5 x 10-15

1.9 x 10-14

3.2 x 10-14

6.5 x 10-13

1.3 x 10-12

7.2 x 10-14

4.8 x 10-9


1.6 x 10-12

5.7 x 10-14

4.9 x 10-9

1.9 x 10-14

7.4 x 10-14

4.9 x 10-9


2.0 x 10-15

ND 2.5 x 10-14

5.2 x 10-13

1.0 x 10-12

ND 4.5 x 10-7


4.0 x 10-12

1.5 x 10-13

1.3 x 10-8

1.5 x 10-15

4.9 x 10-14

1.7 x 10-14

3.5 x 10-13

8.2 x 10-13

1.9 x 10-13

1.3 x 10-8

Ben

zen

e


1.3 x 10-18

2.9 x 10-21

4.2 x 10-9

5.6 x 10-14

8.6 x 10-19

8.8 x 10-18

ND 4.0 x 10-14

5.3 x 10-17

8.2 x 10-17

2.7 x 10-20

4.2 x 10-9


1.3 x 10-18

2.9 x 10-21

4.4 x 10-9

8.8 x 10-19

9.0 x 10-18

2.7 x 10-20

4.4 x 10-9


1.3 x 10-18

3.1 x 10-21

4.4 x 10-9

9.1 x 10-19

9.0 x 10-18

2.8 x 10-20

4.4 x 10-9


1.4 x 10-18

3.2 x 10-21

4.5 x 10-9

9.2 x 10-19

9.5 x 10-18

2.9 x 10-20

4.5 x 10-9


1.4 x 10-18

3.3 x 10-21

4.9 x 10-9

9.9 x 10-19

1.0 x 10-17

3.2 x 10-20

4.9 x 10-9


1.4 x 10-18

3.3 x 10-21

5.4 x 10-9

9.9 x 10-19

1.1 x 10-17

3.2 x 10-20

5.4 x 10-9


1.4 x 10-18

3.3 x 10-21

5.0 x 10-9

1.0 x 10-18

1.0 x 10-17

3.2 x 10-20

5.0 x 10-9


1.4 x 10-18

3.3 x 10-21

4.9 x 10-9

9.9 x 10-19

1.0 x 10-17

3.2 x 10-20

4.9 x 10-9


3.3 x 10-18

7.6 x 10-21

1.4 x 10-8

2.2 x 10-18

2.9 x 10-17

7.7 x 10-20

1.4 x 10-8


2.3 x 10-18

5.5 x 10-21

1.1 x 10-8

1.6 x 10-18

2.2 x 10-17

5.7 x 10-20

1.1 x 10-8


2.0 x 10-18

4.7 x 10-21

7.7 x 10-9

6.2 x 10-14

1.4 x 10-18

1.6 x 10-17

3.2 x 10-14

4.1 x 10-17

9.3 x 10-17

4.6 x 10-20

7.7 x 10-9


2.0 x 10-18

4.7 x 10-21

7.5 x 10-9

1.4 x 10-18

1.6 x 10-17

4.6 x 10-20

7.5 x 10-9


5.7 x 10-14

ND ND 2.5 x 10-14

3.3 x 10-17

8.2 x 10-17

ND 1.5 x 10-6


1.2 x 10-17

2.8 x 10-20

6.3 x 10-8

3.5 x 10-14

8.3 x 10-18

1.3 x 10-16

1.6 x 10-14

2.2 x 10-17

5.1 x 10-17

3.2 x 10-19

6.3 x 10-8




2010 Page E-119

Table E-8 Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risks for Carcinogenic Exposures near the Marine Terminal – Application Case (cont’d)


ILCR (unitless)

Total ILCR



Ben

zo

(a)a

nth

racen

e


6.0 x 10-16

4.9 x 10-20

7.6 x 10-14

1.9 x 10-13

1.8 x 10-17

2.8 x 10-17

ND 1.3 x 10-13

1.6 x 10-14

2.6 x 10-14

7.6 x 10-16

4.4 x 10-13


6.0 x 10-16

4.9 x 10-20

7.7 x 10-14

1.8 x 10-17

2.9 x 10-17

7.7 x 10-16

4.4 x 10-13


6.0 x 10-16

4.9 x 10-20

7.8 x 10-14

1.8 x 10-17

2.9 x 10-17

7.7 x 10-16

4.4 x 10-13


6.4 x 10-16

5.2 x 10-20

8.2 x 10-14

2.0 x 10-17

3.1 x 10-17

8.3 x 10-16

4.4 x 10-13


5.0 x 10-16

4.1 x 10-20

6.3 x 10-14

1.5 x 10-17

2.4 x 10-17

6.4 x 10-16

4.2 x 10-13


4.1 x 10-16

3.4 x 10-20

5.3 x 10-14

1.2 x 10-17

2.0 x 10-17

5.3 x 10-16

4.1 x 10-13


4.7 x 10-16

3.8 x 10-20

6.0 x 10-14

1.4 x 10-17

2.2 x 10-17

6.1 x 10-16

4.2 x 10-13


5.0 x 10-16

4.1 x 10-20

6.3 x 10-14

1.5 x 10-17

2.3 x 10-17

6.3 x 10-16

4.2 x 10-13


3.6 x 10-16

2.9 x 10-20

4.7 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-17

1.8 x 10-17

4.7 x 10-16

4.1 x 10-13


2.8 x 10-16

2.2 x 10-20

3.6 x 10-14

8.3 x 10-18

1.3 x 10-17

3.6 x 10-16

4.0 x 10-13


4.5 x 10-16

3.6 x 10-20

5.7 x 10-14

2.0 x 10-13

1.4 x 10-17

2.1 x 10-17

1.0 x 10-13

1.3 x 10-14

2.8 x 10-14

5.7 x 10-16

4.1 x 10-13


4.7 x 10-16

3.8 x 10-20

5.9 x 10-14

1.4 x 10-17

2.2 x 10-17

5.9 x 10-16

4.1 x 10-13


1.9 x 10-13

ND ND 8.1 x 10-14

1.0 x 10-14

2.6 x 10-14

ND 5.7 x 10-12


1.2 x 10-15

9.5 x 10-20

1.5 x 10-13

1.2 x 10-13

3.6 x 10-17

5.6 x 10-17

5.5 x 10-14

6.8 x 10-15

1.7 x 10-14

1.5 x 10-15

3.5 x 10-13

Ben

zo

(a)p

yre

ne


2.9 x 10-14

6.7 x 10-18

1.3 x 10-11

5.8 x 10-14

3.0 x 10-15

1.4 x 10-14

ND 3.9 x 10-14

2.0 x 10-14

3.3 x 10-14

1.2 x 10-12

1.5 x 10-11


2.9 x 10-14

6.7 x 10-18

1.3 x 10-11

3.2 x 10-15

1.4 x 10-14

1.2 x 10-12

1.5 x 10-11


2.9 x 10-14

6.7 x 10-18

1.4 x 10-11

3.2 x 10-15

1.4 x 10-14

1.3 x 10-12

1.5 x 10-11


3.1 x 10-14

7.1 x 10-18

1.4 x 10-11

3.3 x 10-15

1.5 x 10-14

1.3 x 10-12

1.6 x 10-11


2.4 x 10-14

5.5 x 10-18

1.1 x 10-11

2.6 x 10-15

1.2 x 10-14

1.0 x 10-12

1.2 x 10-11


2.1 x 10-14

4.7 x 10-18

9.2 x 10-12

2.1 x 10-15

9.8 x 10-15

8.6 x 10-13

1.0 x 10-11


2.2 x 10-14

5.1 x 10-18

1.1 x 10-11

2.5 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-14

9.6 x 10-13

1.2 x 10-11


2.4 x 10-14

5.5 x 10-18

1.1 x 10-11

2.6 x 10-15

1.2 x 10-14

1.0 x 10-12

1.2 x 10-11


1.7 x 10-14

3.9 x 10-18

8.2 x 10-12

1.9 x 10-15

8.7 x 10-15

7.5 x 10-13

9.2 x 10-12


1.3 x 10-14

3.1 x 10-18

6.2 x 10-12

1.4 x 10-15

6.6 x 10-15

5.6 x 10-13

7.0 x 10-12


2.2 x 10-14

5.1 x 10-18

1.0 x 10-11

5.1 x 10-14

2.3 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-14

3.0 x 10-14

1.5 x 10-14

2.9 x 10-14

9.2 x 10-13

1.1 x 10-11


2.2 x 10-14

5.1 x 10-18

1.0 x 10-11

2.3 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-14

9.4 x 10-13

1.1 x 10-11


4.3 x 10-14

ND ND 2.3 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-14

2.4 x 10-14

ND 9.4 x 10-10


5.7 x 10-14

1.3 x 10-17

2.6 x 10-11

3.3 x 10-14

6.1 x 10-15

2.7 x 10-14

1.6 x 10-14

8.1 x 10-15

1.8 x 10-14

2.3 x 10-12

2.9 x 10-11




2010 Page E-121



ILCR (unitless)

Total ILCR



Ben

zo

(b)f

luo

ran

then

e


2.1 x 10-16

1.7 x 10-20

2.8 x 10-14

4.6 x 10-16

1.0 x 10-18

3.7 x 10-18

ND 3.1 x 10-16

2.7 x 10-17

4.7 x 10-17

6.5 x 10-17

2.9 x 10-14


2.1 x 10-16

1.7 x 10-20

2.8 x 10-14

1.0 x 10-18

3.7 x 10-18

6.5 x 10-17

3.0 x 10-14


2.1 x 10-16

1.7 x 10-20

2.9 x 10-14

1.0 x 10-18

3.7 x 10-18

6.5 x 10-17

3.0 x 10-14


2.1 x 10-16

1.7 x 10-20

3.0 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-18

3.9 x 10-18

6.9 x 10-17

3.2 x 10-14


1.7 x 10-16

1.3 x 10-20

2.3 x 10-14

8.5 x 10-19

3.0 x 10-18

5.4 x 10-17

2.5 x 10-14


1.4 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-20

2.0 x 10-14

7.1 x 10-19

2.5 x 10-18

4.4 x 10-17

2.1 x 10-14


1.6 x 10-16

1.3 x 10-20

2.2 x 10-14

8.0 x 10-19

2.8 x 10-18

5.0 x 10-17

2.3 x 10-14


1.6 x 10-16

1.3 x 10-20

2.3 x 10-14

8.5 x 10-19

3.0 x 10-18

5.2 x 10-17

2.4 x 10-14


1.2 x 10-16

1.0 x 10-20

1.7 x 10-14

6.4 x 10-19

2.3 x 10-18

4.0 x 10-17

1.9 x 10-14


9.3 x 10-17

7.6 x 10-21

1.3 x 10-14

4.8 x 10-19

1.7 x 10-18

2.9 x 10-17

1.4 x 10-14


1.5 x 10-16

1.2 x 10-20

2.1 x 10-14

4.1 x 10-16

7.7 x 10-19

2.7 x 10-18

2.3 x 10-16

2.1 x 10-17

4.0 x 10-17

4.8 x 10-17

2.2 x 10-14


1.5 x 10-16

1.2 x 10-20

2.2 x 10-14

7.9 x 10-19

2.8 x 10-18

5.0 x 10-17

2.3 x 10-14


3.4 x 10-16

ND ND 1.8 x 10-16

1.6 x 10-17

3.3 x 10-17

ND 2.0 x 10-12


4.0 x 10-16

3.2 x 10-20

5.5 x 10-14

2.6 x 10-16

2.0 x 10-18

7.1 x 10-18

1.2 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-17

2.6 x 10-17

1.3 x 10-16

5.7 x 10-14

Ben

zo

(e)p

yre

ne


6.6 x 10-16

1.8 x 10-25

3.4 x 10-19

3.0 x 10-15

3.1 x 10-18

1.4 x 10-14

ND 2.0 x 10-15

6.0 x 10-16

1.0 x 10-15

8.0 x 10-13

8.3 x 10-13


6.7 x 10-16

1.8 x 10-25

3.5 x 10-19

3.1 x 10-18

1.4 x 10-14

8.2 x 10-13

8.4 x 10-13


6.7 x 10-16

1.8 x 10-25

3.5 x 10-19

3.1 x 10-18

1.4 x 10-14

8.2 x 10-13

8.4 x 10-13


7.1 x 10-16

2.0 x 10-25

3.7 x 10-19

3.3 x 10-18

1.5 x 10-14

8.7 x 10-13

8.9 x 10-13


5.4 x 10-16

1.5 x 10-25

2.8 x 10-19

2.6 x 10-18

1.2 x 10-14

6.7 x 10-13

6.9 x 10-13


4.5 x 10-16

1.3 x 10-25

2.4 x 10-19

2.1 x 10-18

9.8 x 10-15

5.6 x 10-13

5.8 x 10-13


5.2 x 10-16

1.4 x 10-25

2.7 x 10-19

2.4 x 10-18

1.2 x 10-14

6.4 x 10-13

6.6 x 10-13


5.4 x 10-16

1.5 x 10-25

2.8 x 10-19

2.5 x 10-18

1.2 x 10-14

6.7 x 10-13

6.9 x 10-13


4.1 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-25

2.1 x 10-19

1.9 x 10-18

8.8 x 10-15

5.0 x 10-13

5.2 x 10-13


3.1 x 10-16

8.6 x 10-26

1.6 x 10-19

1.4 x 10-18

6.6 x 10-15

3.8 x 10-13

3.9 x 10-13


4.9 x 10-16

1.4 x 10-25

2.6 x 10-19

2.7 x 10-15

2.3 x 10-18

1.1 x 10-14

1.5 x 10-15

4.7 x 10-16

8.7 x 10-16

6.1 x 10-13

6.2 x 10-13


5.0 x 10-16

1.4 x 10-25

2.6 x 10-19

2.4 x 10-18

1.1 x 10-14

6.2 x 10-13

6.3 x 10-13


2.2 x 10-15

ND ND 1.2 x 10-15

3.6 x 10-16

7.2 x 10-16

ND 4.5 x 10-15


1.3 x 10-15

3.5 x 10-25

6.7 x 10-19

1.7 x 10-15

6.0 x 10-18

2.8 x 10-14

8.1 x 10-16

2.3 x 10-16

5.5 x 10-16

1.6 x 10-12

1.6 x 10-12




2010 Page E-123



ILCR (unitless)

Total ILCR



Ben

zo

(k)f

luo

ran

then

e


1.1 x 10-15

1.9 x 10-19

1.0 x 10-13

7.3 x 10-16

3.1 x 10-17

2.1 x 10-16

ND 4.8 x 10-16

4.3 x 10-17

7.0 x 10-17

3.3 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-13


1.1 x 10-15

2.0 x 10-19

1.0 x 10-13

3.1 x 10-17

2.2 x 10-16

3.4 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-13


1.1 x 10-15

2.0 x 10-19

1.0 x 10-13

3.1 x 10-17

2.2 x 10-16

3.4 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-13


1.2 x 10-15

2.1 x 10-19

1.1 x 10-13

3.3 x 10-17

2.3 x 10-16

3.8 x 10-15

1.2 x 10-13


9.3 x 10-16

1.6 x 10-19

8.3 x 10-14

2.6 x 10-17

1.8 x 10-16

2.8 x 10-15

8.9 x 10-14


7.6 x 10-16

1.3 x 10-19

6.9 x 10-14

2.2 x 10-17

1.5 x 10-16

2.3 x 10-15

7.5 x 10-14


8.8 x 10-16

1.5 x 10-19

7.9 x 10-14

2.6 x 10-17

1.7 x 10-16

2.6 x 10-15

8.5 x 10-14


9.1 x 10-16

1.6 x 10-19

8.2 x 10-14

2.6 x 10-17

1.8 x 10-16

2.7 x 10-15

8.8 x 10-14


6.8 x 10-16

1.2 x 10-19

6.2 x 10-14

1.9 x 10-17

1.3 x 10-16

2.1 x 10-15

6.7 x 10-14


5.1 x 10-16

8.9 x 10-20

4.7 x 10-14

1.5 x 10-17

1.0 x 10-16

1.5 x 10-15

5.0 x 10-14


8.5 x 10-16

1.5 x 10-19

7.5 x 10-14

6.3 x 10-16

2.4 x 10-17

1.6 x 10-16

3.6 x 10-16

3.4 x 10-17

6.4 x 10-17

2.5 x 10-15

8.0 x 10-14


8.5 x 10-16

1.5 x 10-19

7.7 x 10-14

2.4 x 10-17

1.7 x 10-16

2.6 x 10-15

8.2 x 10-14


5.2 x 10-16

ND ND 2.8 x 10-16

2.6 x 10-17

5.3 x 10-17

ND 7.1 x 10-12


2.2 x 10-15

3.8 x 10-19

2.0 x 10-13

4.0 x 10-16

6.3 x 10-17

4.1 x 10-16

2.0 x 10-16

1.8 x 10-17

4.1 x 10-17

6.5 x 10-15

2.1 x 10-13

Bery

lliu

m


1.2 x 10-17



1.2 x 10-17

1.2 x 10-17


1.2 x 10-17

1.2 x 10-17


1.2 x 10-17

1.2 x 10-17


9.6 x 10-18

9.6 x 10-18


8.0 x 10-18

8.0 x 10-18


9.1 x 10-18

9.1 x 10-18


9.5 x 10-18

9.5 x 10-18


7.1 x 10-18

7.1 x 10-18


5.4 x 10-18

5.4 x 10-18


8.7 x 10-18

8.7 x 10-18


8.9 x 10-18

8.9 x 10-18

Kitimat Terminal ND 8.2 x 10-16

8.2 x 10-16


2.3 x 10-17

2.3 x 10-17




2010 Page E-125



ILCR (unitless)

Total ILCR



Ch

rom

ium


1.6 x 10-9



1.6 x 10-9

1.6 x 10-9


1.6 x 10-9

1.6 x 10-9


1.7 x 10-9

1.7 x 10-9


1.3 x 10-9

1.3 x 10-9


1.1 x 10-9

1.1 x 10-9


1.3 x 10-9

1.3 x 10-9


1.3 x 10-9

1.3 x 10-9


9.9 x 10-10

9.9 x 10-10


7.4 x 10-10

7.4 x 10-10


1.2 x 10-9

1.2 x 10-9


1.2 x 10-9

1.2 x 10-9


1.1 x 10-7


3.1 x 10-9

3.1 x 10-9

Ch

rom

ium

VI


3.2 x 10-9



3.3 x 10-9

3.3 x 10-9


3.3 x 10-9

3.3 x 10-9


3.5 x 10-9

3.5 x 10-9


2.7 x 10-9

2.7 x 10-9


2.3 x 10-9

2.3 x 10-9


2.6 x 10-9

2.6 x 10-9


2.7 x 10-9

2.7 x 10-9


2.0 x 10-9

2.0 x 10-9


1.5 x 10-9

1.5 x 10-9


2.4 x 10-9

2.4 x 10-9


2.5 x 10-9

2.5 x 10-9


2.3 x 10-7


6.4 x 10-9

6.4 x 10-9




2010 Page E-127



ILCR (unitless)

Total ILCR



Ch

rys

en

e


5.2 x 10-18

4.2 x 10-21

4.5 x 10-15

2.8 x 10-18

1.1 x 10-19

2.0 x 10-20

ND 1.8 x 10-18

2.3 x 10-19

3.9 x 10-19

2.3 x 10-18

4.5 x 10-15


5.3 x 10-18

4.3 x 10-21

4.6 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-19

2.0 x 10-20

2.5 x 10-18

4.6 x 10-15


5.3 x 10-18

4.3 x 10-21

4.6 x 10-15

1.2 x 10-19

2.0 x 10-20

2.5 x 10-18

4.6 x 10-15


5.7 x 10-18

4.6 x 10-21

4.9 x 10-15

1.2 x 10-19

2.0 x 10-20

2.5 x 10-18

4.9 x 10-15


4.3 x 10-18

3.5 x 10-21

3.8 x 10-15

9.4 x 10-20

1.6 x 10-20

2.0 x 10-18

3.8 x 10-15


3.6 x 10-18

2.9 x 10-21

3.1 x 10-15

7.8 x 10-20

1.3 x 10-20

1.7 x 10-18

3.2 x 10-15


4.1 x 10-18

3.4 x 10-21

3.6 x 10-15

8.9 x 10-20

1.5 x 10-20

1.9 x 10-18

3.6 x 10-15


4.3 x 10-18

3.5 x 10-21

3.7 x 10-15

9.3 x 10-20

1.5 x 10-20

2.0 x 10-18

3.7 x 10-15


3.3 x 10-18

2.7 x 10-21

2.8 x 10-15

6.9 x 10-20

1.2 x 10-20

1.5 x 10-18

2.8 x 10-15


2.4 x 10-18

2.0 x 10-21

2.1 x 10-15

5.2 x 10-20

8.7 x 10-21

1.1 x 10-18

2.1 x 10-15


4.0 x 10-18

3.2 x 10-21

3.4 x 10-15

2.4 x 10-18

8.4 x 10-20

1.4 x 10-20

1.4 x 10-18

1.8 x 10-19

3.4 x 10-19

1.8 x 10-18

3.4 x 10-15


4.0 x 10-18

3.2 x 10-21

3.5 x 10-15

8.7 x 10-20

1.4 x 10-20

1.9 x 10-18

3.5 x 10-15


2.0 x 10-18

ND ND 1.1 x 10-18

1.4 x 10-19

2.8 x 10-19

ND 3.2 x 10-13


1.0 x 10-17

8.4 x 10-21

8.9 x 10-15

1.5 x 10-18

2.2 x 10-19

3.7 x 10-20

7.7 x 10-19

9.4 x 10-20

2.2 x 10-19

4.8 x 10-18

8.9 x 10-15

Dib

en

zo

(a,h

)an

thra

cen

e


3.4 x 10-15

3.1 x 10-19

3.5 x 10-13

1.3 x 10-14

2.8 x 10-16

4.5 x 10-14

ND 8.1 x 10-15

2.2 x 10-15

3.7 x 10-15

2.5 x 10-12

2.9 x 10-12


3.4 x 10-15

3.1 x 10-19

3.5 x 10-13

2.8 x 10-16

4.5 x 10-14

2.5 x 10-12

2.9 x 10-12


3.4 x 10-15

3.1 x 10-19

3.5 x 10-13

2.8 x 10-16

4.5 x 10-14

2.5 x 10-12

2.9 x 10-12


3.6 x 10-15

3.2 x 10-19

3.7 x 10-13

2.9 x 10-16

4.8 x 10-14

2.7 x 10-12

3.2 x 10-12


2.8 x 10-15

2.4 x 10-19

2.9 x 10-13

2.3 x 10-16

3.6 x 10-14

2.0 x 10-12

2.4 x 10-12


2.4 x 10-15

2.1 x 10-19

2.4 x 10-13

1.9 x 10-16

3.0 x 10-14

1.7 x 10-12

2.0 x 10-12


2.8 x 10-15

2.4 x 10-19

2.7 x 10-13

2.2 x 10-16

3.4 x 10-14

1.9 x 10-12

2.3 x 10-12


2.8 x 10-15

2.4 x 10-19

2.9 x 10-13

2.2 x 10-16

3.6 x 10-14

2.0 x 10-12

2.4 x 10-12


2.1 x 10-15

1.8 x 10-19

2.1 x 10-13

1.8 x 10-16

2.7 x 10-14

1.5 x 10-12

1.8 x 10-12


1.6 x 10-15

1.4 x 10-19

1.6 x 10-13

1.3 x 10-16

2.0 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-12

1.3 x 10-12


2.6 x 10-15

2.3 x 10-19

2.6 x 10-13

1.1 x 10-14

2.1 x 10-16

3.4 x 10-14

6.4 x 10-15

1.7 x 10-15

3.3 x 10-15

1.8 x 10-12

2.2 x 10-12


2.6 x 10-15

2.3 x 10-19

2.7 x 10-13

2.1 x 10-16

3.4 x 10-14

1.9 x 10-12

2.2 x 10-12


8.9 x 10-15

ND ND 4.7 x 10-15

1.3 x 10-15

2.7 x 10-15

ND 2.5 x 10-11


6.7 x 10-15

6.0 x 10-19

6.8 x 10-13

7.0 x 10-15

5.4 x 10-16

8.5 x 10-14

3.3 x 10-15

8.9 x 10-16

2.1 x 10-15

4.8 x 10-12

5.6 x 10-12




2010 Page E-129



ILCR (unitless)

Total ILCR



Ind

en

o(1

,2,3

-cd

)py

ren

e


3.4 x 10-16

2.8 x 10-20

4.1 x 10-14

2.0 x 10-15

3.7 x 10-17

6.1 x 10-18

ND 1.3 x 10-15

3.1 x 10-16

5.1 x 10-16

3.1 x 10-15

4.9 x 10-14


3.4 x 10-16

2.8 x 10-20

4.1 x 10-14

3.7 x 10-17

6.2 x 10-18

3.1 x 10-15

4.9 x 10-14


3.4 x 10-16

2.8 x 10-20

4.1 x 10-14

3.7 x 10-17

6.2 x 10-18

3.1 x 10-15

4.9 x 10-14


3.6 x 10-16

2.9 x 10-20

4.4 x 10-14

4.0 x 10-17

6.6 x 10-18

3.3 x 10-15

5.2 x 10-14


2.8 x 10-16

2.2 x 10-20

3.4 x 10-14

3.0 x 10-17

5.2 x 10-18

2.7 x 10-15

4.1 x 10-14


2.4 x 10-16

2.0 x 10-20

2.8 x 10-14

2.6 x 10-17

4.3 x 10-18

2.3 x 10-15

3.5 x 10-14


2.6 x 10-16

2.1 x 10-20

3.2 x 10-14

2.9 x 10-17

4.8 x 10-18

2.5 x 10-15

3.9 x 10-14


2.8 x 10-16

2.2 x 10-20

3.3 x 10-14

3.0 x 10-17

5.0 x 10-18

2.7 x 10-15

4.1 x 10-14


2.1 x 10-16

1.7 x 10-20

2.5 x 10-14

2.3 x 10-17

3.7 x 10-18

2.0 x 10-15

3.2 x 10-14


1.6 x 10-16

1.3 x 10-20

1.9 x 10-14

1.7 x 10-17

2.8 x 10-18

1.5 x 10-15

2.5 x 10-14


2.6 x 10-16

2.1 x 10-20

3.1 x 10-14

1.7 x 10-15

2.8 x 10-17

4.6 x 10-18

1.0 x 10-15

2.3 x 10-16

4.7 x 10-16

2.3 x 10-15

3.7 x 10-14


2.6 x 10-16

2.1 x 10-20

3.1 x 10-14

2.8 x 10-17

4.6 x 10-18

2.5 x 10-15

3.8 x 10-14


1.4 x 10-15

ND ND 7.7 x 10-16

1.8 x 10-16

3.7 x 10-16

ND 2.9 x 10-12


6.5 x 10-16

5.3 x 10-20

8.0 x 10-14

1.1 x 10-15

7.2 x 10-17

1.2 x 10-17

5.5 x 10-16

1.2 x 10-16

2.9 x 10-16

6.3 x 10-15

9.0 x 10-14

OC

DD


1.8 x 10-16

3.8 x 10-20

6.1 x 10-15

6.1 x 10-15

2.9 x 10-18

1.2 x 10-18

ND 1.1 x 10-19

5.9 x 10-17

1.0 x 10-16

6.6 x 10-16

1.3 x 10-14


1.8 x 10-16

3.8 x 10-20

6.2 x 10-15

2.9 x 10-18

1.2 x 10-18

6.7 x 10-16

1.4 x 10-14


1.8 x 10-16

3.8 x 10-20

6.2 x 10-15

2.9 x 10-18

1.2 x 10-18

6.7 x 10-16

1.4 x 10-14


2.0 x 10-16

4.1 x 10-20

6.6 x 10-15

3.1 x 10-18

1.3 x 10-18

7.1 x 10-16

1.4 x 10-14


1.5 x 10-16

3.0 x 10-20

5.1 x 10-15

2.4 x 10-18

9.5 x 10-19

5.5 x 10-16

1.2 x 10-14


1.3 x 10-16

2.6 x 10-20

4.2 x 10-15

2.0 x 10-18

8.3 x 10-19

4.6 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-14


1.4 x 10-16

2.9 x 10-20

4.8 x 10-15

2.2 x 10-18

9.4 x 10-19

5.3 x 10-16

1.2 x 10-14


1.5 x 10-16

3.0 x 10-20

5.0 x 10-15

2.4 x 10-18

9.5 x 10-19

5.5 x 10-16

1.2 x 10-14


1.1 x 10-16

2.3 x 10-20

3.8 x 10-15

1.8 x 10-18

7.4 x 10-19

4.1 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-14


8.5 x 10-17

1.7 x 10-20

2.8 x 10-15

1.4 x 10-18

5.6 x 10-19

3.0 x 10-16

9.6 x 10-15


1.3 x 10-16

2.8 x 10-20

4.6 x 10-15

5.4 x 10-15

2.2 x 10-18

9.0 x 10-19

8.4 x 10-20

4.6 x 10-17

8.6 x 10-17

4.9 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-14


1.4 x 10-16

2.9 x 10-20

4.7 x 10-15

2.2 x 10-18

9.2 x 10-19

5.0 x 10-16

1.1 x 10-14


4.5 x 10-15

ND ND 6.6 x 10-20

3.4 x 10-17

7.3 x 10-17

ND 4.4 x 10-13


3.5 x 10-16

7.3 x 10-20

1.2 x 10-14

3.4 x 10-15

5.7 x 10-18

2.4 x 10-18

4.6 x 10-20

2.5 x 10-17

5.5 x 10-17

1.3 x 10-15

1.8 x 10-14




2010 Page E-131



ILCR (unitless)

Total ILCR



To

tal P

AH

s


3.1 x 10-14

7.0 x 10-18

1.6 x 10-11

6.1 x 10-14

3.1 x 10-15

1.4 x 10-14

ND 4.1 x 10-14

2.0 x 10-14

3.3 x 10-14

1.2 x 10-12

3.8 x 10-11


3.1 x 10-14

7.0 x 10-18

1.6 x 10-11

3.2 x 10-15

1.4 x 10-14

1.2 x 10-12

3.9 x 10-11


3.1 x 10-14

7.0 x 10-18

1.6 x 10-11

3.2 x 10-15

1.4 x 10-14

1.3 x 10-12

3.9 x 10-11


3.2 x 10-14

7.4 x 10-18

1.7 x 10-11

3.3 x 10-15

1.5 x 10-14

1.3 x 10-12

4.1 x 10-11


2.5 x 10-14

5.7 x 10-18

1.3 x 10-11

2.6 x 10-15

1.2 x 10-14

1.0 x 10-12

3.2 x 10-11


2.2 x 10-14

4.9 x 10-18

1.1 x 10-11

2.1 x 10-15

9.9 x 10-15

8.6 x 10-13

2.7 x 10-11


2.3 x 10-14

5.3 x 10-18

1.2 x 10-11

2.5 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-14

9.7 x 10-13

3.0 x 10-11


2.5 x 10-14

5.7 x 10-18

1.3 x 10-11

2.6 x 10-15

1.2 x 10-14

1.0 x 10-12

3.2 x 10-11


1.8 x 10-14

4.1 x 10-18

9.6 x 10-12

1.9 x 10-15

8.8 x 10-15

7.6 x 10-13

2.4 x 10-11


1.4 x 10-14

3.2 x 10-18

7.3 x 10-12

1.4 x 10-15

6.7 x 10-15

5.7 x 10-13

1.8 x 10-11


2.3 x 10-14

5.3 x 10-18

1.2 x 10-11

5.4 x 10-14

2.4 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-14

3.1 x 10-14

1.5 x 10-14

3.0 x 10-14

9.2 x 10-13

2.9 x 10-11


2.3 x 10-14

5.3 x 10-18

1.2 x 10-11

2.4 x 10-15

1.1 x 10-14

9.5 x 10-13

3.0 x 10-11


4.5 x 10-14

ND ND 2.4 x 10-14

1.2 x 10-14

2.4 x 10-14

ND 2.6 x 10-9


5.9 x 10-14

1.4 x 10-17

3.1 x 10-11

3.4 x 10-14

6.2 x 10-15

2.7 x 10-14

1.7 x 10-14

8.2 x 10-15

1.9 x 10-14

2.3 x 10-12

7.5 x 10-11

appendix d toxicological reference values

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