appendix i - shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15828/18/18_appendix.pdf ·...

APPENDIX I

xviii

APPENDIX II

Scheduled Castes and their Population in Kerala

Sl. No. Code Name of SCs Population

Percentage to total SC

population

Total Male Female Total Male Female

1 000 All Scheduled Castes 3123941 1525114 1598827

2 001 Adi Andhra 4311 2184 2127 0.14 0.14 0.13

3 002 Adi Dravida 3063 1699 1364 0.10 0.11 0.09

4 003 Adi Karnataka 1640 810 830 0.05 0.05 0.05

5 004 Ajila 146 72 74 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 005 Arunthathiyar 2256 1137 1119 0.07 0.07 0.07

7 006 Ayyanavar 11823 5722 6101 0.38 0.38 0.38

8 007 Baira 900 472 428 0.03 0.03 0.03

9 008 Bakuda 5568 2774 2794 0.18 0.18 0.17

10 009 Bandi 32 18 14 0.00 0.00 0.00

11 010 Bathada 8 2 6 0.00 0.00 0.00

12 011 Bellara 56 41 15 0.00 0.00 0.00

13 012 Bharatar 2804 1412 1392 0.09 0.09 0.09

14 013 Boyan 5311 2682 2629 0.17 0.18 0.16

15 014 Chakkiliyan 40125 20199 19926 1.28 1.32 1.25

16 015 Chamar, Muchi 326 195 131 0.01 0.01 0.01

17 016 Chandala 45 25 20 0.00 0.00 0.00

18 017 Cheruman 316518 154540 161978 10.13 10.13 10.13

19 018 Domban 630 350 280 0.02 0.02 0.02

20 019 Gavara 975 492 483 0.03 0.03 0.03

21 020 Godagali 21 9 12 0.00 0.00 0.00

22 021 Godda 202 108 94 0.01 0.01 0.01

23 022 Gosangi 60 36 24 0.00 0.00 0.00

24 023 Hasla 2 1 1 0.00 0.00 0.00

25 024 Holeya 1250 627 623 0.04 0.04 0.04

26 025 Kadaiyan 3137 1505 1632 0.10 0.10 0.10

27 026 Kakkalan 6513 3217 3296 0.21 0.21 0.21

28 027 Kalladi 37336 18249 19087 1.20 1.20 1.19

29 028 Kanakkan, Padanna 227857 111634 116223 7.29 7.32 7.27

30 029 Karimpalan 13629 6767 6862 0.44 0.44 0.43

31 030 Kavara 13872 6821 7051 0.44 0.45 0.44

32 031 Koosa 274 137 137 0.01 0.01 0.01

33 032 Kootan, Koodan 4878 2383 2495 0.16 0.16 0.16

34 033 Kudumban 3620 1747 1873 0.12 0.11 0.12

35 034 Kuravan, Sidhanar 273617 131511 142106 8.76 8.62 8.89

Appendices xix

36 035 Maila 358 179 179 0.01 0.01 0.01

37 036 Malayan 9383 4602 4781 0.30 0.30 0.30

38 037 Mannan 90962 44237 46725 2.91 2.90 2.92

39 038 Mavilan 29590 14546 15044 0.95 0.95 0.94

40 039 Moger 25580 12892 12688 0.82 0.85 0.79

41 040 Mundala 281 127 154 0.01 0.01 0.01

42 041 Nalakeyava 266 140 126 0.01 0.01 0.01

43 042 Nalkadaya 1483 765 718 0.05 0.05 0.04

44 043 Nayadi 3322 1621 1701 0.11 0.11 0.11

45 044 Padannan 4519 2234 2285 0.14 0.15 0.14

46 045 Pallan 51773 26051 25722 1.66 1.71 1.61

47 046 Palluvan 5758 2790 2968 0.18 0.18 0.19

48 047 Pambada 54 25 29 0.00 0.00 0.00

49 048 Panan 51464 24881 26583 1.65 1.63 1.66

50 049 Panchama 117 53 64 0.00 0.00 0.00

51 050 Paraiyan, Parayan,

Sambavar 232411 114518 117893 7.44 7.51 7.37

52 051 Paravan 50188 24252 25936 1.61 1.59 1.62

53 052 Pathiyan 10227 4978 5249 0.33 0.33 0.33

54 053 Perumannan 25554 12343 13211 0.82 0.81 0.83

55 054 Pulayan, Cheramar 1041540 508199 533341 33.34 33.32 33.36

56 055 Pulaya Vettuvan 1378 654 724 0.04 0.04 0.05

57 056 Puthirai Vannan 211 102 109 0.01 0.01 0.01

58 057 Raneyar 13 7 6 0.00 0.00 0.00

59 058 Samagara 129 70 59 0.00 0.00 0.00

60 059 Samban 2666 1302 1364 0.09 0.09 0.09

61 060 Semman 1868 919 949 0.06 0.06 0.06

62 061 Thandan 191711 92732 98979 6.14 6.08 6.19

63 062 Thoti 276 141 135 0.01 0.01 0.01

64 063 Vallon 476 229 247 0.02 0.02 0.02

65 064 Valluvan 18518 8936 9582 0.59 0.59 0.60

66 065 Vannan 40070 19286 20784 1.28 1.26 1.30

67 066 Velan 74789 36494 38295 2.39 2.39 2.40

68 067 Vetan 26007 12444 13563 0.83 0.82 0.85

69 068 Vettuvan 143294 70336 72958 4.59 4.61 4.56

70 069 Generic Castes etc. 4900 2451 2449 0.16 0.16 0.15 Source: Census of India 2001

xx

APPENDIX III

Scheduled Castes and their Population in Kottayam District

Sl. No. Name of SCs Population

Total Male Female

0 All Scheduled Castes 150282 73885 76397

1 Adi Andhra 12 6 6

2 Adi Dravida 183 88 95

3 Arunthathiyar 377 190 187

4 Ayyanavar 16 9 7

5 Bakuda 5 5 0

6 Bellara 1 1 0

7 Bharatar 2373 1190 1183

8 Boyan 769 396 373

9 Chakkiliyan 1712 867 845

10 Chamar, Muchi 14 9 5

11 Cheruman 156 75 81

12 Domban 36 19 17

13 Gavara 4 3 1

14 Gosangi 34 22 12

15 Kakkalan 781 381 400

16 Kanakkan, Padanna 45 23 22

17 Karimpalan 4 2 2

18 Kavara 1 0 1

19 Kudumban 293 138 155

20 Kuravan, Sidhanar 402 207 195

21 Maila 4 2 2

22 Mannan 4774 2333 2441

23 Mavilan 1 0 1

24 Nayadi 58 24 34

Appendices xxi

25 Pallan 784 401 383

26 Palluvan 91 42 49

27 Panan 945 463 482

28 Paraiyan, Parayan, Sambavar 22391 10962 11429

29 Paravan 11172 5426 5746

30 Pathiyan 531 256 275

31 Perumannan 28 14 14

32 Pulayan, Cheramar 84620 41664 42956

33 Pulaya Vettuvan 24 10 14

34 Puthirai Vannan 1 1 0

35 Raneyar 4 2 2

36 Samagara 3 2 1

37 Samban 349 178 171

38 Semman 408 207 201

39 Thandan 107 51 56

40 Thoti 4 3 1

41 Vallon 58 28 30

42 Valluvan 15 7 8

43 Vannan 1199 599 600

44 Velan 12835 6259 6576

45 Vetan 1256 628 628

46 Vettuvan 903 443 460

47 Generic Castes etc. 499 249 250

Source: Census of India 2001

xxii

APPENDIX IV Districtwise SC Population in Kerala

State/District

Population Percentage to

total

population Total Male Female

Kerala 3123941 1525114 1598827 9.8

Kasargod 90218 44904 45314 7.5

Kannur 98991 48275 50716 4.1

Wayanad 33364 16738 16626 4.3

Kozhikode 200983 98386 102597 7.0

Malappuram 285442 140535 144907 7.9

Palakkad 432578 210624 221954 16.5

Thrissur 354226 171443 182783 11.9

Ernakulam 263518 129706 133812 8.5

Idukki 159362 79389 79973 14.1

Kottayam 150282 73885 76397 7.7

Alappuzha 199231 96900 102331 9.4

Pathanamthitta 162002 78731 83271 13.1

Kollam 322887 156880 166007 12.5

Thiruvananthapuram 370857 178718 192139 11.5

Source: Census of India 2001

Appendices xxiii

APPENDIX V

Ayyankali's Speech in the Sri Mulam Popular Assembly

and the Dewan's Reply: Minutes of Assembly Proceedings

27 FEBRUARY 1912

Ayyankali (nominated member) first of all thanked the

government for nominating him as a member of the assembly to represent

the pulaya community and also thanked the members of the last session

for having unanimously acceded to the request made by their

representative that a man from the pulaya commmunity itself should be

allowed this time. He said that in accordance with the reply given to the

representation made on their behalf last time as regards the registration of

puduvals to them, many petitions were put in for the registration of certain

puduvals in the Neyyattinkarai, Vilavankode, Trivandrum and

Nedumangad taluks but to no purpose. Many obstacles were thrown in

their way by the inhabitants of the locality, assisted by some of the

subordinate revenue officials. The effect of this was that the puduvals

which were hitherto unknown to the people, but sought and found out by

the pulayas, were obtained by the rich higher classes and the pulayas were

persecuted and driven out from their habitations and even the little they

had before was lost to them now. They had no other alternative but to

appeal to the mercy of the paternal government. The member prayed that

some puduval at least be registered to the members of his community and

that out of the registered waste lands lying useless, some might be given

to them as an experimental measure for their comfort and convenience.

The member pointed out also the hardship they suffered at the hands of

the rich landowners in that they were evicted out of the holdings where

they had been allowed to live and which by their own exertions they had

made habitable and productive. Besides this, he said that some of the

officials of the forest department, with the connivance of some of the rich

xxiv

men of the locality, forced them to go out of their habitations in the

forests, bringing in the plea of forest reserves and at the same permitting

others to take possession of those places . . . He prayed that grievances

such as these should be remedied.

In his reply to Ayyankali, the dewan said: “His Highness‟s

government are doing what they can to help the pulayas. Out of 779

petitions for the registration of puduvals preferred on behalf of the pulayas

so many as 769 related to poramboke lands which could not be assigned.

There were more than 500 acres of waste lands in the Vilappil Pakuthi

available for registry. If the Pulayas would like to go over there, the

Peishkar may be approached”.

11 MARCH 1932

Mr Ayyankali (nominated) said that the pulayas were still

experiencing difficulties in getting lands registered. The pulayas generally

did not like to shift their abodes. The member therefore prayed that the

lands occupied by them, not more than 8 cents in extent in each case, be

acquired and assigned to the occupants and that the compensation paid be

recovered from the assignees in four or five instalments.

His next prayer was for the assignment, on concessional terms, of

an extent of 100 cents of land in the Trivandrum town for the construction

of a building for the common use of the pulayas.

Another request of the member was that the survey charges for the

lands assigned on concessional terms should be remitted.

Lastly, a certain percentage of the swampy areas within reserved

forests might be set apart for pulayas and assigned to them on

concessional terms.

Appendices xxv

The dewan's reply: “Mr Ayyankali, you want land in Trivandrum.

You may apply through the proper channel in the ordinary way and

government will see what they can do.”

18 MARCH 1932

Ayyankali thanked the government for the several concessions

already granted to his community in the matter of education and in regard

to entertainment in public service. He then spoke about the necessity of

granting further concessions to his community.

The member wanted the students of the pulaya community to be

granted concessions in the matter of school fees and examination fees.

The community was still backward in education. There was not a single

graduate in the community. At least five students in the community should

be given scholarship every year to enable them to prosecute their studies

in the colleges. There were a few pulaya students who had to discontinue

their studies for financial reasons, though qualified for the college

course...

Another request of the member was that qualified members of the

community should be given preference in the matter of entertainment in

public service for a period of 15 years and they should also be exempted

from the rules regarding age limit. Members of the community who had

studied up to classes VI and VII in vernacular schools should be appointed

as peons in all departments of the state service.

The member said that scholarship should be awarded to pulaya

students studying in classes VI and above in vernacular schools and from

II and above in English schools. Pulaya students admitted for survey

training should be exempted from the payment of fees. A special grant

should be sanctioned for the weaving school conducted by the community.

xxvi

Boys and girls of the community undergoing training in weaving and

other handicrafts should be awarded scholarships.

The dewan in his reply said: “The question of granting further

concessions in the matter of fees and scholarships will be considered but

probably will have to wait until the financial conditions improve”.

“The appointment of members of your community as peons and in

other posts is being tried wherever possible. Applications from the

members of your community, as well as others, will always be

considered.”

Source : K.Saradamoni, Emergence of a Slave Caste: Pulayas of Kerala,

People‟s Publishing House, New Delhi, 1980, pp.159-161.

Appendices xxvii

APPENDIX VI

DALIT ORGANISATIONS IN KERALA

Sl.No. Name of organisation Abbreviation Headquarters

I. Caste-Based Organizations

A. Pulayan/Cheramar Category

1. Kerala Pulayar Maha Sabha KPMS Thiruvananthapuram

2. Kerala Pulayan Maha Sabha KPMS Ernakulam

3 All Kerala Pulayar Maha Sabha AKPMS Kollam

4. Kerala State Pulayar Maha Sabha KSPMS Chengannur

5. Akhila Kerala Cheramar Hindu Maha

Sabha

AKCHMS Changanacherry

6. Kerala Cheramar Sangham KCS Thiruvananthapuram

7. Hindu Cheramar Maha Sabha HCMS Kottayam

8. Kerala Cheramar Service Society KCSS Mavelikkara

B. Kuravan/Sidhanar Category

9. Sidhanar Service Society SSS Kottarakkara

10. Kerala Sidhnar Service Society KSSS Kollam

11. Sidhanar Maha Sabha SMS Pathanamthitta

12. Akhila Kerala Kuravar Maha Sabha AKKMS Kottarakkara

13. Kerala Kurava Samudayaudharana

Sangham

KKSS Kasargod

C. Parayan/Sambavar Category

14. Kerala Sambavar Society KSS Ernakulam

15. Sambava Maha Sabha SMS Chengannur

16. Akhila Kerala Hindu Sambavar Maha

Sabha

AKHSMS Chengannur

17. Kerala Hindu Sambava Maha Sabha KHSMS Thiruvalla

18. Hindu Sambava Maha Sabha HSMS Mundakkayam

D. Other Caste Organisations

19. Kerala Thandan Maha Sabha KTMS Kollam

20. Kerala Thandan Service Society KTSS Kollam

21. Thandan Service Society TSS Ranny

22. Thiruvithamkur Ayyanavar Mahajana

Sangham

TAMS Neyyattinkara

23. Kerala Ayyanavar Service Society KASS Thiruvananthapuram

xxviii

24. Kerala Chakkiliyan Maha Sabha KCMS Kollam

25. Akhila Kerala Chakkiliyar Sangham AKCS Ernakulam

26. Kerala Panan Maha Sabha KPMS Neyyattinkara

27. Akhila Kerala Panar Samajam AKPS Kollam

28 Kerala Kakkalan Maha Sabha KKMS Changanacherry

29. Kerala Velan Mahajana Sabha KVMS Alappuzha

30. Bharatiya Velan Society BVS Alappuzha

31. Velan Maha Sabha VMS Cherthala

32. Kerala Velan Maha Sabha KVMS Cherthala

33. Bharatiya Velan Service Society BVSS Cherthala

34. Kerala Padanna Maha Sabha KPMS Mavelikkara

35. Bharatan Maha Sabha BMS Alappuzha

36. Bharatar Maha Sabha BMS Thiruvananthapuram

37. Akhila Kerala Mannan Maha Sabha AKMMS Calicut

38. All Kerala Mannan Maha Sabha AKMMS Calicut

39. Akhila Kerala Paravar Maha Sabha AKPMS Idukki

40 All Kerala Vannar Maha Sabha AKVMS Changanacherry

41. Akhila Kerala Vannar Sangham AKVS Ambalappuzha

42. All Kerala Varnava Society AKVS Changanacherry

43. All Kerala Vannan Maha Sabha AKVMS Mannar

44. Kerala Perumannan Maha Sabha KPMS Idukki

45. Vettuvar Mahajana Sabha VMS Kasargod

46. Kerala Vettuva Maha Sabha KVMS Kasargod

47. Akhila Kerala Mavilan Samajam AKMS Kasargod

48. Bharatiya Vettuva Maha Sabha BVMS Kannur

49. Kerala Valluvan Maha Sabha KVMS Palakkad

50. Akhila Bharatiya Pathiyan Mahajana

Sabha

ABPMS Idukki

51. Vettuva Punarudhana Sabha VPS Perumbavoor

II. General Dalit organisations

52. Kerala Dalit Panthers KDP Chengannur

53. Indian Dalit Federation IDF Peermade

54. Dalit Aikya Samithy DAS Idukki

55. Kerala Dalit Federation KDF Kollam

Appendices xxix

56. Ambedkar Study Circle ASC Alappuzha

57. Dalit Liberation Front DLF Thrissur

58. Ambedkar Mission AM Thiruvananthapuram

59. Ambedkar Mission, Kerala AM (K) Mavelikkara

60. National Dalit Liberation Front NDLF Kottayam

61. Desiya Dalit Federation DDF Kottayam

62. Dalit Service Society DSS Kochi

63. Dalit Ekopana Samithy DES Ernakulam

64. Kerala Dalit Vichara Ranga KDVR Kasargod

65. All India Dalit Federation AIDF Kasargod

66. Dalit Avakasa Samrakshana Samithy DASS Thrissur

67. Dalit Samskarika Vedi DSV Sooranad

68. Dalit-Adivasi Ekopana Samithy DAES Kuttanad

69 Ambedkar Vichara Vedi AVV Kannur

70 Ambedkar Darsana Vedi ADV Thiruvananthapuram

71 Ambedkar Foundation AF Wayanad

72 Ambedkar Educational Cultural

Society

AECS Aroor

73 Thiruvithamkur Sadhu Jana

Paripalana Sangham

TSJPS Thiruvananthapuram

74 Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangham SJPS Kottayam

75 Ayyankali Samskarika Vedi ASV Sooranad

76 Ayyankali Dharma Paripalana

Sangham

ADPS Kurichy

77 Ayyankali Samskarika Maha Sabha ASMS Pathanamthitta

78 Ayyankali Dharma Seva Sangham ADSS Mavelikkara

79 Samvarana Samrakshana Sena SSS Thiruvananthapuram

80 Samvarana Samrakshana Samithy SSS Idukki

81 SC/ST: Vikasana Samrakshana

Samithy

SC/ST:VSS Ernakulam

82 SC/ST: Ekopana Samithy SC/ST:ES Ernakulam

83 Kerala SC/ST: Samrakshana Samithy K/SC/ST:SS Kadavanthara

84 SC/ST: Association SC/ST:A Mundakayam

85 SC/ST: Raksha Samithy SC/ST:RS Cherthala

86 Adhakrutha Varga Aikya Vedi AVAV Kottayam

87 Bharatiya Pattika Samajam BPS Calicut

xxx

88 Kerala State Harijan Samajam KSHS Ernakulam

89 SC/ST: Samvarana Council SC/ST:SC Ernakulam

90 SC/ST: Vikasana Samithy SC/ST:VS Ernakulam

91 SC/ST: Aikya Vedi SC/ST:AV Thiruvananthapuram

92 All India Pattika Jaathy Federation AIPJF Idukki

93 Dravida Class United Front DCUF Pathanamthitta

94 Aadi Bharatiyar Federation ABF Calicut

95 All India Dalit Women Forum AIDWF Kottayam

96 State Vetan-Kuravan

Samudayodharana Sangham

SVKSS Ernakulam

97 Dalit Unity Centre DUC Thiruvananthapuram

III. Dalit Christian Organisations

98 Backward Class Christian Federation BCCF Alappuzha

99 National Dalit Christian Federation NDCF Kottayam

100 Deseeya Avasa Christava Federation DACF Kottayam

101 Federation of Indian Christian FIC Kottayam

102 All India Christian Council AICC Thiruvananthapuram

103 Council of Dalit Christian CDC Thiruvananthapuram

104 Dalit Catholica Mahajana Sabha DCMS Ernakulam

105 Dalit Christian Federation of India DCFI Ranni

106 Dalit Christian Forum DCF Harippad

107 Kerala Pattika Jaathy Christian

Service Society

KPJCSS Kottayam

108 Dalit Christian Federation of India DCFI Puthupally

109 Sidhanar Christian Maha Sabha SCMS Pathanamthitta

110 Kerala Dalit Christian Federation KDCF Idukki

IV. Dalit Socio-Religious

Organisations

111 Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha PRDS Eraviperoor

112 Bharata Budhamatha Maha Sabha BBMS Kollam

113 Sree Subhananda Dharma Paripalana

Sangham

SSDPS Mavelikkara

V. Dalit Feeder Organisations of

Political Parties

114 Bharatiya Dalit Congress

(Congress(I))

BDC New Delhi/

Thiruvananthapuram

Appendices xxxi

115 Bharatiya Pattika Jaathy Morcha

(BJP)

BPJM New Delhi/

Thiruvananthapuram

116 Kerala Dalit Front

(Kerala Congress (M))

KDF Kottayam

VI. Dalit Political Parties

117 Bahujan Samaj Party BSP New Delhi / Ernakulam

118 Republican Party of India RPI Mumbai/Kottayam

119 Dalit Rashtriya Munnani DRM Idukki

120 Rashtriya Maha Sabha RMS Ernakulam

VII. SC/ST Co-ordination Fronts

121 Pattika Jaathy/Pattika Varga

Samyuktha Samithy

PJ/PV/SS Thiruvananthapuram


Samyuktha Samara Samithy

PJ/PV/SSS Kochi


Samyuktha Vedi

PJ/PV/SV Thiruvananthapuram


Confederation

PJ/PV/C Alappuzha

125 Adisthana Varga Aikya Munnani AVAM Thiruvananthapuram

126 SC/ST: Aikya Munnani SC/ST:AM Alappuzha

127 Adivasi/Dalit Samara Samithy ADSS Calicut

128 Adivasi Vimochana Munnani AVM Calicut

Note : The above list of dalit organizations was prepared based on the data collected regarding

them during the period of this study. As the number of existing organizations is large and

the formation of new organizations continues, the present list is not of a permanent and

exhaustive nature.

Source: The Field Survey

xxxii

APPENDIX VII

QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTERED TO THE DALIT

POPULATION

Personal Details

1. Name of the respondent :

2. Place of Birth :

3. Age :

4. Male/Female :

5. Married/Unmarried :

6. Urban/Rural :

7. Caste :

8. Religion :

9. Educational Qualification : Illiterate Primary education

High school Plus Two

Degree Any other

10. Occupation :

11. Financial position

Extent of landed property of the family :

Monthly Income (from all sources) :

EMPOWERMENT

12. Have you heard the term „empowerment‟?

Yes No

13. If yes, can you define it?

Self-reliance through organisation

Acquiring political power

Utilization of reservation benefits

Development through govt. and NGO‟s support

Integral growth through education

Any other (specify)

14. Do you think that dalits are duly empowered?

Yes No

Appendices xxxiii

15. If no, what are the reasons?

Socio-economic, educational backwardness

Underutilization of reservation benefits

Politically unorganised

Ineffective dalit movements

Dalit political parties are weak

Any other (specify)

16. In your opinion, what are the important steps for dalit empowerment?

Education Avail reservation

Strengthen dalit movements Strengthen dalit political parties

Share political power with dalits Any other (specify)

17. It is said that, dalit empowerment needs a dalit liberation ideology. If so, can you

describe the content of that ideology?

Sympathetic to dalit empowerment Strengthen dalit unity

Share political power with dalits Practical and dynamic

Any other (specify)

18. Do you think that Land Reform Acts have benefited the dalits?

Yes No Any other (specify)

19. It is said that PRIs are helpful for dalit empowerment. How far is this true?

Completely True True to some extent

Not true Do not know

Any other (specify)

20. Do you think that the absence of a vibrant middle class of dalits hinders the

empowerment.

Yes No

Do not know No opinion

Any other (specify)

xxxiv

CASTE SYSTEM AND RELIGION

21. Do you think that the caste system which prevails among dalits hinders their unity?

Yes No

Do not know No opinion

Any other (specify)

22. Do you favour intercaste marriages among dalits?

Favour Do not favour

No opinion Do not know

Any other (specify)

23. Do you feel that intercaste marriages promote dalit unity?

Yes No Do not know No opinion Any other (specify)

24. Are intercaste marriages practical?


25. Do you favour the marriage between dalits and uppercastes?

Favour Do not favour No opinion Any other (specify)

26. Is there any substantial change in the discriminatory attitude of upper castes

towards dalits?


27. Have you been a victim of caste discrimination?


28. Where is caste discrimination most high?

Villages Towns Both villages and towns Any other (specify)

29. Do you observe the customs, rituals and beliefs of the Hindu religion?

Yes No

30. Do you or your family members regularly visit temples?

Yes No Occasionally Any other (specify)

31. Have the religious conversion of dalits brought about any change in their social

condition?


Appendices xxxv

RESERVATION AND EMPOWERMENT

32. Is reservation inevitable for dalit empowerment?

Yes No Do not know Any other (specify)

33. Explain how far reservation has helped dalit empowerment?

Helped socio-economic, educational growth Provided employment

Ensured social justice Shared political power Any other (specify)

34. If reservation has not produced the desired goals, what are its reasons?

Intervention of middle men Ignorance in utilizing reservation

Delay on the part of govt. No proper monitoring by govt.

Rendered dalits indolent Any other (specify)

35. Should reservation be continued for the present beneficiaries as well as for their

future generations?

Yes No

36. If yes, give your reasons

No other immediate remedy Survival will be in danger

Played crucial role in their growth Part of social justice

Any other (specify)

37. Can you prioritize the demands raised by the pro-reservation struggles of dalit

organizations?

Reservation in private sector Check adverse judicial interventions

Do not extend SC/ST list Protect the interests of reserved castes

Check the threats of globalization Any other (specify)

ROLE OF DALIT MOVEMENTS

38. Are you a member of any dalit organisation?

Yes No

39. If yes, what is the reason for taking membership?

Hereditary family tradition Matter of routine

To strengthen dalit unity To protect dalit interests

Supported personally Any other (specify)

40. If you are a member, can you mention your organization‟s name?

41. How long have you been working in the organization?

xxxvi

42. Are you active in the organization?

Yes No

43. Are you an office bearer?

Yes No

44. If yes, name your post

45. If you are not a member of any organization, give the reasons. Why?

Ignore interests of dalits Uninterested

Organizational multiplicities Do not solve dalit concerns

Any other (specify)

46. In your opinion, which is the most appropriate dalit organization working for the

welfare of dalits?

47. Can you explain the reasons for its excellence?

Vibrant policies and programmes Efficient leadership

Maximum members and branches Spread throughout the state

Permanent functioning Any other (specify)

MOBILIZATION STRATEGIES OF DALIT MOVEMENTS

48. Are dalit organisations actively engaged in mobilizing the dalits?


49. Can you explain the mobilization strategies of dalit organizations?

Strengthen unity among dalits

Organise family and religion based traditions

Conscientization programmes Confront dalit problems

Programmes of political interests Employment opportunities

Any other (specify)

50. Can you mention the limitations in the mobilization programmes of dalit

organizations?

Community remain unorganized Decline in interest for organizations

Unable to unite dalits Conscientization turned mechanical

Politicization is ineffective Any other (specify)

Appendices xxxvii

51. Are educated dalits actively cooperating in the activities of the organization?


52. If no, give your reasons.

Imitate upper castes Underestimate social status

Activity of ordinary dalits Hesitate to mingle with ordinary dalits

Any other (specify)

53. There is a criticism that caste-based organizations often ignore common concerns

of dalit welfare. Give your opinion.

Retain mainly family, religious rituals Uphold the jati identity system

Ignore common dalit concerns Lack of policies and programmes

Any other (specify)

54. Why do general dalit movements often fail in their main objective of fostering

unity among dalits?

Lack of dalit communitarian political support

Socio-economic, educational backwardness

Subcaste system

Absence of an action - plan

Absence of a vibrant organizational setup

Any other (specify)

EMPOWERMENT STRATEGIES OF DALIT MOVEMENTS

55. Are dalit organizations functioning effectively in empowering dalits?


56. If no, give reasons.

Unavailability of talented leaders

Declining interests among people

Lack of effective policies and programmes

Absence of coordination among movements

Any other (specify)

57. Can you describe the empowerment strategies of dalit organizations?

Conscientization programmes Agitations

Programmes to foster dalit unity Dalit political advancement endeavours

Any other (specify)

xxxviii

58. Can you explain the politicization strategies of dalit organizations?

Conscientization programmes Social interventions and agitations

Contest elections Political interests of leaders Mobilize dalits politically

Any other (specify)

59. How far is it true that the multiplicity and disunity of dalit organizations are a

hindrance to dalit empowerment?

Totally true True to some extent Not true

Do not know Any other (specify)

60. What are the obstacles to the co-ordination and unity of dalit organizations?

Competition among leaders for power Political interests of leaders

Subcaste system Ideological differences

Property disputes Any other (specify)

ROLE OF LEADERSHIP OF DALIT MOVEMENTS

61. Is the absence of talented leadership adversely affecting dalit empowerment?


62. Is the allegation that the younger generation is not given leadership roles in

accordance with changing times, true?

True Untrue

63. If true, give your reasons

Leaders continue for long years New leaders are not groomed

Declining interest for organizations Any other (specify)

64. What are the reasons for the allegation that dalit leaders sometimes exploit the dalit

masses?

Stepping stone for political gains Means to gain economic benefits

Ignore the interest of the community Means to establish supremacy

Any other (specify)

65. Is there internal democracy in dalit organizations?


66. If no, give reasons

Leaders remain in office for long years

Programmes, policies are not critically evaluated

New ideas and criticisms are not welcomed

Any other (specify)

Appendices xxxix

ROLE OF POLITICAL PARTIES

67. Are you a member/sympathizer of any political party?

Member Sympathizer None

68. If a member/sympathizer, which is your party?

Congress(I) CPI(M) BJP Any other (specify)

69. Can you explain why you are a member/sympathizer of this particular party.

Family background Party helped to overcome certain concerns in life

Party protects interests of lower castes Any other (specify)

70. If a member, how long have you belonged to the party?

71. As a member, do you hold any post in the party?

Yes No

72. If yes, name your designation.

73. If you are not a member/sympathizer of any party, what are its reasons?

Uninterested No social commitment Corruption and extravagance

Any other (specify)

74. Do you regularly vote in the elections?

Yes No Occasionally Any other (specify)

POLITICAL INTERVENTION OF MAINSTREAM PARTIES IN DALIT SOCIETY

75. Are mainstream political parties striving for dalit empowerment?


76. If the role of mainstream political parties is unfavourable, what are its reasons?

Dalits are only vote banks

Dalit feeder organizations cater to party interests

Dalits are not properly represented in the leadership and policy-making process

Support upper castes Any other (specify)

77. Among the Congress(I), CPI(M) and BJP, which party upholds dalit interests the

most?

Congress(I) CPI(M) BJP Any other (specify)

78. Do you feel that Communist parties are falling back in protecting dalit interests?


79. If yes, give your reasons.

Dalits are only vote banks Party protects upper caste interests

xl

Adequate number of dalits are not recruited into leadership

Any other (specify)

80. Are mainstream political parties giving due recognition to dalit leaders?


81. If no, give reasons.

Caste discrimination Upper caste domination

Lack of talented leaders Absence of support from the community

Any other (specify)

82. Do dalit leaders have a crucial role in decision-making within the party?

Yes No

83. How far is it true that dalit political leaders holding posts in political parties uphold

the interests of the party and not the dalits?

Totally true True to some extent Not true

Do not know Any other (specify)

84. Are dalit MLAs/MPs given important portfolios in the Ministry?

Yes No

85. Do you think that political parties should allow dalit candidates to contest from the

general constituencies?


86. Why are political parties reluctant to field dalits in the general constituencies?

Dalit candidates will be defeated

Talented dalit candidates are rare

No crucial change in caste discrimination

Any other (specify)

ROLE OF DALIT POLITICAL PARTIES

87. What is the significance of political empowerment of dalits?

Key to integral dalit liberation

Remedy for socio-economic, educational backwardness

Essential for communitarian integration

Any other (specify)

88. Are dalit political parties needed for political empowerment of dalits?


Appendices xli

89. Are you aware of the following dalit political parties functioning in Kerala?

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) Republican Party of India (RPI)

Dalit Rashtriya Munnani (DRM) Do not Know

Any other (specify)

90. If you are aware of any of these parties, are you a member/sympathizer of any of

them.

BSP RPI DRM

Not member/sympathizer Any other (specify)

91. If your are a member/sympathizer, what are its reasons?

Mainstream parties do not protect dalit interests

To transform dalits into an organized political power

To solve dalit concerns properly

Any other (specify)

92. If your are not a member/sympathizer, what are its reasons?

Not aware

Particular dalit parties are not needed

Mainstream parties are enough

Dalit parties do not protect dalit interests

Any other (specify)

93. If you are a member of any dalit political party, are you holding any official post?


94. If yes, name your post.

95. Were you a member/sympathizer of any mainstream party before?

Congress(I) CPI(M) BJP

Not member/sympathizer Any other (specify)

POLITICAL MOBILIZATION STRATEGIES OF DALIT POLITICAL PARTIES

96. Are dalit political parties functioning effectively in politically mobilizing dalits?


97. If no, give your reasons.

Incapable of tackling dalit concerns

Lack of coordination No attractive policies and programmes

Opposition of mainstream political parties Any other (specify)

xlii

98. What are the politicization strategies of dalit political parties?

Conscientization programmes Intervene to tackle dalit problems

Lead agitations Electoral contests

Try to transform dalits as a vote bank Any other (specify)

99. Do you think that the disunity among dalit political parties is a hindrance to

political empowerment of dalits?


100. If yes, can you suggest remedies for the disunity?

Strengthen unity among parties Strengthen unity among leaders

Intervene unitedly to tackle common dalit issues Any other (specify)

101. What are the ways in which dalits can be organized into a social and political

power?

Unity beyond caste divisions

Growth in socio-economic, educational fields

Consolidation of the community

Realisation of dalit communitarian politics

Dalits should become an organised vote bank

Any other (specify)

102. Is it true that recently dalits are striving to organize themselves into a political

power?

Yes No

103. If yes, what are its indicators?

Growing dalit solidarity even by deserting mainstream parties

Emerging concept of „dalit-backward-minority alliance‟

Signs of intervening collectively to confront dalit problems

Emerging concept of dalit communitarian politics

Any other (specify)

appendix i - shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15828/18/18_appendix.pdf ·...

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