Appendix I

Symbols used in this text and their dimensions (Not included in this list are conventional mathematical symbols and notations for chemie al elements)

A area,L2 (A) concentration or activity of chemical component A a dimensionless number in mass-action law a acceleration, M L t-2 Si chemical activity (B) concentration or activity of chemical component B b dimensionless number in mass-action law C Chezy's coefficient

Cf resistance coefficient, L 1/l t-1

Cs a dimensionless constant (C) concentration or activity of chemical component C,

dimensionless (M M-I) C concentration of solute in pore water, M L -3 C compaction index, dimensionless c dimensionless number in mass-action law c coefficient of diffusion, L2 t-1 c subscript, refening 10 a critical value D a linear dimension, diameter or thickness, L (0) concentration or activity of chemical component D d dimensionless number in mass-action law d a linear dimension, commonly referred 10 depth, L E energy or energy content, M L2 t-2

F force. M L t-2

Fg gravity force, M L t-2

F· inertial force, M Lt-2 1

Fr resistance force, M L t-2

Fv viscous force, M L t-2 Fr Froude number, dimensionless f function of f subscript, refening 10 fluid

207

APPENDIX I

g H K Ksubscript k K.E. L M m m o P P g

Pr

Ps P.E. p

Q Q q q R r R Re Re· Ri

S s s s T t U u Us uf * u

V

208

gravitational acceleration, M L t-2 a linear dimension, commonly referred to height, L transmissibility, L t-1 sca1e factor in model theory

permeability, L2 kinetic energy, M L2 r 2 a linear dimension, L mass, M mole number of component i in solution, M subscript referring to mass in model theory subscript in model theory for original power, M L2 t-3

power of gravity force, M L2 r 3

power of resistance, M L2 r 3

power of grain settling, M L2 r 3

potential energy, M L2 t-2

pressure, M L -1 r 2 heat, ML2 r 2 volume flow rate, L3 t-1

linear flow rate, L t-1

ionic diffusion rate, M L-2 r 1 radius of capillary tube distance from wall of capillary tube gas constant, M L2 r 2 (Kelvinr1 Reynolds number, dimensionless boundary Reynolds number, dimensionless Richardson number, dimensionless entropy, M L2 r 2 (Kelvinr1 distance,L slope, dimensionless subscript, referring 10 solid temperature, Kelvin time, t velocity, L t-1

velocity, L r 1

settling velocity , L r 1

fluid velocity, L t-1

shear velocity, L t-1 volume, L3

w w X x y Z z

a. 5 Tl e P Pf Ps 0-

't

~

~subscript v

work, ML2 r 2 a linear dimension, commonly referred to width, L a linear dimension, L a linear dimension, L a linear dimension, L a dimensionless number of indefInite value a linear dimension, L

coemcient of expansion, dimensionless per mil deviation in isotope value from a standard viscosity, M L-l r 1 an angle, dimensionless density, M L-3 density of fluid, M L-3

density of solid, M L-3

stress, M L-l t-2

shearing stress, M L-l t-2 coemcient of frietion, dimensionless ehemieal potential, L2 t-2

kinematie viscosity

APPENDIX I

209

Appendix 11

Quantitative relations in the physical principles of sedimentology

Stoke's law (settling velocity):

u = ...L (Ps - Pf) g D2

18 1'\

Fluid resistance

Fr =Cf ~ A 2

Reynolds number (criterion of turbulence)

Re = ~ = dimensionless number inertial force 1'\ Vi'!COlLCi force

Chezy's equation (stream-flow velocity)

u=C(([S

Chezy-Kuenen equation (density-flow velocity)

u = C V 6pc·d·s

Shields criterion (shear velocity to initial grain movement)

u* = O.06V (PI - Pr) g·D

( 1.1)

(3.10 )

( 3.13 )

(4.1 )

(4.2 )

(4.6 )

211

APPENDlXil

Heim-Müller equation (rockfall acceleration)

a = g (sin e - IJ. cos e )

Bagnold's criterion (auto-suspension)

sin e = (L~ + YI.) 2 Ri lJf

Keulegan's law (velocity of saline head)

u =0.71~ ~p g d

Richardson number (criterion for mixing)

~g d . P = dimensionless number graVlty force

d r inertial force

Froude number (criterion for flow regime)

Densiometric Froude number (criterion for flow regime)

Bernoulli theorem

~ + g H + 11. = constant P 2

212

(5.5 )

(6.7 )

(6.10 )

( 7.17 )

(8.2 )

Darcy-Weisbach equation (resistance to fluid flow in pipe)

'tr =.f . .e.t 4 2

Darcy's equation (flow velocity through porous media)

Q1A = K ( llli)/(ä)

Poiseuille's law (velocity of viscous flow through a tube)

Darcy-Hubbert equation (flow velocity through porous media)

q= k H. (.1H) Tl .1L

Kinetics of ionic pnfusion

q=C(d~)

Mass action law

Gibbs criterion (chemical equilibrium)

APPENDIX 11

(8.12 )

(9.1 )

(9.5 )

(9.12 )

( 10.1 )

TdS' - p'dV' +Jll' dml' + Jl2'dmi + .... + Jln'dmn' (10.4 ) + T"dS" - p"dV" + Jll"dm l" + Jl2dm2" + .... + Jln"dmn" + T"dS'" - p"'dV'" + Jll"'dm 1'" + Jl2"'dm2"'+ ..• · + Jln"'dmn"'= 0

213

APPENDIXll

A solution of Eq. (10.4) is

T'=T"=T'" p' =p" = p'" J.l.1' = J.I.!" = J.l.1'" J.l.2' = J.l.2" = J.l.2'" J.l.n' = J.l.n" = J.l.n'"

First Law of Thermodynamies

dE=dW-dQ

Second Law of Thermodynamies

dS=cQ T (10.14)

Lewis definition of chemical activity

J.I. = J.I.o + RT In I lim (ale) =1

c~o

Airy model of isostasy

(10.5 )

( 10.l0 )

(10.20 )

Pcrust· H = (Pmantle - Pcrust ) . 0' ( 13.1 )

( Pcrust - Pseawater ) . d = (Pmantle- Pcrust) . 0' ( 13.2 )

0sea level ernst . Pcrust ( 13.3 )

= 0sediment· Psediment + 0ernst . Pcrust + O'mantle . Pmantle

Pratt model of isostasy

Pw x dw + PI· 01 = Pw . dw + PI ( 1 - a. . aT) 01 + Pa . 0' ( 13.4 )

214

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220

Index

abrasion, 12, 19,24 Abu Dhabi, 169, 173, 175 abyssal plain, 92 acceleration, 26, 29, 'lJJ7 accretional bedding, 111, 112 ACD,163 activity, 151,207 Adams, L. H., 164 Adams, J. E., 177 Africa, 193 air-water interface, 107 Airy, 191 - 199

model of isostasy, 192, 193,214 Alabarna, 15 Alaska, 180 algae, 160 Alla1in Glacier, 76 Allen, J. R. L.,7, 47, 118 alluvial, ehannels, 114

processes, 56 Alpine, Flysch, 198

Molasse, 198 Penninie, 198

Alps,76,88,198,204 Amazon, 96 arnrnonite, 163 arnorphous siliea, 147, 148, 164 amphiboles, 15, 17,18 Anderson, E. M., 196 andesite, 11 angle of repose, 5, 68, 82 anhydrite, 22 annual deposits, 41, 46 anoxie conditions, 169 Antaretie, 124, 126

Bottom Water Mass, 124, 132 IeeCap,131 Polar Front, 126

Antarctica, 193 antidunes, 113

cross-bedding, 114 type of fluid flow, 114

Appalachian Mountains, 116 apparent, coeffieient of frietion, 82

solubilities, 148 Aptyehus, 163 aquielude, 204 aquifers, 169 - 175 aragonite, 160, 162, 163, 172 aragonite-cornpensation depth, 163 Archimedes Prineiple, 192 area, 26, 32 arkoses, 11 asthenosphere, 195

colurnn, 195 Atlantie, 123, 132, 185, 193 Australia, 193 auto-suspension, 101 avalanehe, 67, 70, 72

deposit, 79

Bach, J. S., 202 bacteria, 190 Bagnold's criterion , 94, 212 Bagnold, 71, 95, 98, 100,112 Baharna Islands, 22, 160 Bailey, E. B., 119 Baker, P. A., 177 Baltie Sea, 41 Barbados, 118 Barrell, Joseph, 195, 199 Basin and Range, 195 basin subsidence, 191, 194 beaches, 65 bedforrn, 107, 112, 117 Beneo, F., 90 Berger. Wolfgang. 163, 165

221

INDEX

Bernard, Hugh, 107, Hl9, 110, 119 Bernina Pass, 46 Bernoulli Theorem, 7, 127, 128, 132,212 Beryllium-10, 180 Big Horn Basin, 174 biochemical precipitation, 41 biogenic, carbonate, 160

sillca, 164 sediments, 126

biomass, 185 production, 22 productivity, 185

Black Sea, 132 Blatt, Harvey, 205 body force, 71, 105 Bonaires Island, 172, 173 borehole fluid pressure, 142 Bosporus, 132 bottom, circulation, 132

currents, 117, 121, 123, 126, 127, 131,133, 135, 180 sediment, 63 water, 163 -current circulation, 132

boulders, 67 Bouma, Arnold, 116, 119

sequence, 116, 122, 131 boundary Reynolds number, 62, 208 brackish,132 braided streams, 56

deposits, 111 Brazil,96 Brazos, channel, 11 0

point bar, 110 River, 107, 109, 114

breccia, 67 Broecker, Wallace, 180, 187, 190 Bulgaria, 127 Buss, E., 89

calcarenites, 22 calcite, 160

precipitation, 157 -compensation depth, 163

calcium carbonate, 22 California, 59, 123, 135 Cambrian, 147

222

capacity,59 carbon-isotope, anomaly, 187

gradient, 187 Carbon-14, 180 carbonate, sediments, 22

-ion activity, 157, 159, 160 -ion concentration, 157, 160, 162

Caribbeans, 172, 177 catastrophic debris flow, 70, 76 CCD,163 cementation, 143, 147, 148 Cenozoic, 18, 132, 185 Chalk, 22 changes in state, 196 chemicaL activities, 151,207

equillbria, 152 diagenesis, 178 diffusion, 147 energy, 157 equillbriurn, 149, 152 kinetics, 162 potential, 209 potentials, 153, 157 precipitation, 22 sediments, 22

chert, 11, 148, 164 nodules, 147

chertification, 149 Chezy, Antoine, 54

coefficient, 52, 56,207 equation, 7,52,56,79,95,130,202,

Chezy-Kuenen equation, 211 Chicago, 181, 184 chloride, 22 circulation of surface currents, 126 Clarke 101m, 89 elast, 67

-supported, 76, 85 clay, 22, 27, 132 Clifton, H.E., 89 climate, 41 climatic indicator, 46 c10sed systems, 164 coefficient, of diffusion, 207

of expansion, 209 offiiction,55,68,209

cohesionless grains, 71 collapse of a denser fluid, 97

Cologne, 59 Colombia, 15 cometary impact, 185 compaction, 143, 146

index, 146,207 competence , 59 compression, 198 concentration, gradient, 147, 148

of chemical components, 151 conglomerates, 11

with mud matrix, 135 conservation of energy, 127, 128, 154 continental, collision, 198

margin, 123 rise, 121 slope, 52, 92, 121

contourite, 131, 133 convolute bedding, 116 coriolis, 126 Coulomb,33 Cracow,85 Creativity, 202 Cretaceous, 114, 132, 185, 187, 198

Flysch,19 Tethys Ocean, 19 -Tertiary boundary, 187, 190

cristobalite, 164 criterion of auto-suspension, 102 critical, Froude number, 110, 113

Reynolds number, 113 shear velocity, 63 stress ,61

cross, bedding, 114, 111 -bedded sand, 108, 117 -bedded sandstone, 114 -larninated, 87, 116, 122 -larninated sands, 131 -larninated sediments, 123 -larninated silt, 109 .. 117, 123, 135

cross-sectional area of the particle, 61 crust, 195 crustal, structure, 193

thickness, 195, 196 thinning, 194, 196, 198

cryptocrystalline dolomite, 167 Culbin at sea, 11 current, circulation of the oceans, 126

power, 93, 96

INDEX

velocity,52

Daly, R. A., 49 Dana, D.B ... 196 Dana, 1.D., 191 Daqing Oll Field, 204 Darcy's equation ,7,170,213 Darcy's experiment, 135 Darcy, Henry, 149 Darcy-Hubbert equation, 141, 172, 213 Darcy-Weisbach, coefficient, 130

equation, 130, 132,213 Darwin, 8 De Geer, 41, 42 debris,22

cones, 91 flow, 70, 84, 92 waves,84

Debye-Huckle formula, 152, 169 deduction, 203 deep marine breccias, 76 deep-sea,drilling, 147, 184

fans,l22 photography, 123 sand deposition, 123

Deffeyes, KeIl, 172, 177 degree of supersaturation, 163 Delsie Bridge, 11 densiometric Froude number, 118, 212 density, 25, 32, 209

change, 198 current,97

depth,56 of an open channel, 52

desert, 114 detrital grains, 20 diagenesis, 143, 148, 162, 164, 167, 169, 177,182 diameter, 25 diameter of the grain, 60 diatoms,22 diatom oozes, 148 diffusion, 148, 164

coefficient, 148 dilution effect, 12 dimensional analysis, 29 dimensionless number, 20, 31, 60,207 discharge, 139

223

INDEX

discontinuous patch of cross-Iaminated sediment, 123 dispersion, 54, 71 dispersive stress, 71 displacement, 196, 198 dissociation const. of carbonie acids, 159 dissolution, 19, 147, 148, 152, 157, 163 distal turbidites, 122 distance, 32, 208 distortion factor, 104 distribution of the pore size, 142 dolomite, 22, 167, 169, 170, 171, 173

genesis, 169 solubility, 169

dolornitization. 167, 170, 173, 174, 177 dolornitization front, 170 driving power of a turbidity current, 94 Dune migration, 114 dunes, 112 Dunham, John, 177 dust, 67 Dutton. C.E., 191, 199 dynamic similarity, 110 dynamically similar model, 105 dynamics of the avalanche, 81 Dzulynski, Stan, 85

Early Tertiary, 19, 114 Earth, 67 earth-science revolution. 19 earthquake, 52 Eddington's, 201 effective, density, 52

weight, 60 weight of the suspension. 93

Einstein, 201 Elm, 70, 91

landslide, 68 rockfall, 81

Emery Adams John. 172 Emiliani,Cesare,l84 energy, 29

content, 207 fluxes, 152 gradient, 98, 129 line, 72, 81, 129

Engadine V alley, 46 entropy, 157,208

224

Eocene, 15, 126, 131, 147, 148 deposits of Japan, 86

epidote, 15, 17,18 Epstein, Sam. 190 equations of motion. 27 equatorial currents, 126 equilibria of forces, 152 equilibrium, activity product, 161

constant, 151, 167 partition. 182

equivalent coefficient of friction, 72 ETH Zurich, 19 Ethington. Raymond, 177 Eugster, Hans. 178 Eugster, Hermann. 15 Europe, 15, 19 euxinic, 132 evaporative pumping, 174, 175, 177, 178 evaporites, 22, 177 excessive distance of debris transport, 72 Extension. 196

facies model, 114 Fahrböschung (runout slope), 72, 81 falling bodies, 26 falsehood, 202 feldspar content, 12 feldspathic sandstones, 11 Feyerabend, Paul, 205 Feynman, Richard, 1 First Law ofThermodynamics, 153, 214 flat, bed, 110, 112, 116

bottom, 110 Fleming, R. H., 165 flood, discharge, 42

water, 50, 121 Flores, G., 88, 90 Florida, 12, 170

Aquifer, 169, 170, 171, 173 Strait, 22 Stream, 121

flow regimes, 114, 116, 117 flowing. debris, 153

suspension, 93 fluid, flow, 35,63

force, 72 medium, 25 resistance, 26, 211

fluid, stress, 61, 139 velocity, 208 -gravity flow, 67, 84, 92

fluidized, 70 flurne,54,63,97,122 flux of energy, 152 fluxoturbidite, 85 Flysch, 114, 116 Foraminiferas, 15,22, 123, 189 force, 26, 29, 207 fore1and-basin, 198 formation pressure, 142 Fornes,ll France, 84, 124 Franeheteau, Jean, 196, 200 Freneh Alps, 116 frietion, 72, 129, 130, 153

factor, 56, 130 10ss of turbidity-current flow, 98

frietional sliding, 81 Froudenurnber,103,106,107,110,117,

130,207,212 frozen lake, 46

Gallileo, 25 gamet, 15, 17, 18 gas constant, 208 geognosy,201 Geometrie similarity, 104 geometry, 29 geosynclinal, eye1es, 198

sequenees, 194 geosyncline, 114, 193, 191, 198 giant sand waves, 107 Gibbs criterion , 7, 213 Gibbs, Willard, 152, 164 Ginsburg, Robert, 24 Giovanoli, F., 47 glacier,46 G1arus,49 Gondwana, 193 Goranson, 193 graded, beds, 84, 88, 114, 116

bedding, 85,91, 114, 117 sandstone, 135 -bed sequences, 123

gradient of earbon isotopes, 187 gram, collision, 54, 84

diameter, 63 dispersions, 71 flow, 54, 72 settling, 26

INDEX

size, 25, 63, 143 GrandBanks, 50, 77, 79, 92

sediment-gravity flow, 82, 92 submarineslide, 77

grave1, avalanehe, 84 waves, 77, 83

gravitational acce1eration, 25, 208 gravity,26, 101

force, 207 Great Bahama Bank, 22 green algae, 22 Griggs, David, 5 Gross, Grant, 132 groundwater, 169, 173, 177, 179, 181

flows,98 hydro10gy,l77 motion, 149 table, 141

Gu1dberg, C. M., 151 Gulf, Co ast, 18,20, 108, 135

ofCalifornia, 169 ofLyon, 84 of Mexico, 50, 102

gypsum,22,172,204

Hacking, Ian, 205 Hagen, 140 Hagen-Poiseuille's 1aw, 140 halite, 22 Halokinetie eircu1ations, 131 Hampton, H.A., 91, 100 Hanshaw, Bruce, 170 Hardy, Lawrence, 178 He Qixiang, 110, 187 heat, 154,208 heavy mineral suite, 15, 17 Heeren, Bruce, 133 Heim, A., 68, 70, 89 Heim-Müller equation, 212 hemipe1agie, 121, 198

mud, 135 sediment, 117

Henry's 1aw, 159 Hitler, 205

225

INDEX

Hjulström,64 curve, 7,64 diagram, 66

Hollister, C.D,.133 Holocene,46,I08 homogenized mud. 87 Horgen, 82, 86 horizontal compression, 196

with a horizontal extensional axis, 196 horizontal, extension, 196

lamination, 87, 112, 114, 116 horizontally laminated, fme silt, 117

sands,108 Houston, 17, 107 Hsü and Kelts, 90 Hsü, Kenneth J., 26, 47, 66,177,200 Huascaran, 76, 84, 91 Hubbert, King, 9,19,118,140,149,174 Humboldt Current, 126 Hutton, 201 hydraulic, gradient, 129, 138, 141, 171 ff

head, 127, 130, 172 pressure, 139 radius, 55

hydrodynamic, circulation, 141, 148, 164,171,177,184 flow, 170 potential, 141 transfer, 147

Hydrodynamics, 29, 171, 178 hydrogen ion concentration, 157 hydrogen-ion activity, 159 hydrologieal, 204 hydrostatic, 141, 171, 184

pressure, 141 hydrothermal dolomites, 171

lceAge,77 ideal solution, 151 imbricate structures, 83 immature, 11 Ince,65 incomplete Bouma sequence, 117 India, 193 Indian Ocean, 126 inertia, 33, 101 inertial force, 33, 36, 101,207

226

interplay of tectonics and sedimentation, 191

ionic, activity product, 157 diffusion rate, 208 diffusion, 148, 149 strength, 152 -activity product, 168

Iran, 77 isochrone, 17 isostasy, 191,192,195 isostatic, subsidence, 194, 196

adjustment, 196 compensation, 195, 196

isotope, 197, 181 equilibrium, 180 fractionation, 180, 181, 182 sedimentology, 180 tracers , 179

isotopes fractionate, 180, 190 isotopic composition, 181, 182 ltaly, 171

Japan, 180,205 Jenkyns,Hugh,165 Johnson, M. W., 165 JOIDES,96,184 Jura Mountains, 15 Jurassie, 76, 182, 204

Kastner, Miriam, 169,177 Kelts, 47,66 Kelts, Kerry, 47, 49, 66,86,97, 100, 162 Kelvin, Lord, 5, 9 Kennett, Jim, 184, 190 Kepler, 201 Kersey, David. 100 Keulegan's law, 100, 212 Keulegan, G. H., 97,100 kinematic, similarity, 105

viscosity, 37,209 kinematics of subsidence, 193 kinetic energy, 32, 59, 67, 72, 101, 128, 129,153,208 Kinetics of ionic diffusion, 213 Komar, Paul, 66 Krauskopf, Komad, 7 Krumbein, 143 Krynine, Paul, 17

Kuenen and Migliorini, 49, 100 Kuenen, Pb., 41, 66, 79, 92, 95, 100, 116,

118 Kuhn, T. S., 205 kyanite, 18

Lacombe, H., 132 lacustrine chalk, 41 lag deposit, 108 Lakatos, Imre, 205 Lake of, Brienz, 42

Geneva, 42 Lucem, 84,91 Lugano, 42, 46 Konstanz, 42 Thun,42 Walenstadt, 22, 41, 42, 49 Zug, 82 Zurich turbidite, 97 Zurich,22,162

Lambert, Andre, 41, 47 lamina, 41 laminar, 101

flow, 37 motion, 38, 75

laminations, 41 Land slides, 68 Langhaar, H. L., 47, 118 Laotze, 3 Laudon, Larry, 205 Law, of Conservation of Matter, 9

of Universal Gravitation, 9 ofThermodynarnics,9 Newtonian, 29

lead and zinc deposits, 177 Leeder, M. R., 47 Leopold, Luna, 65 LePichon, Xavier, 200

model,194 Lerman, Abraham, 178 Lewis defmition of chemical activity,

214 Libya,204 limestone, 22, 147, 162 linear, dimension, 32

flow rate, 208 Linth. 22, 41, 50

glacier, 42

river,49 liquefied, 70 liquid flow, 67 lithic, 11 lithification, 143, 147 lithosphere, 195 Logie Bridge, 11 longshore, current, 20

transport, 12 Los Angeles, 135 Louisiana, 12, 65, 203 Lowenstam, Heinz, 190 Lucia, Jerry, 172, 177 Lüthi, Stephan, 95, 100, 118 Lyell, Charles, 49 lysocline, 163

M-discontinuity, 192 Mackie, William, 11, 24 magnesite, 160 magnesium, calcite, 160

INDEX

-to-calcite concentration ratio, 169 -to-calcium activity of a solution, 168

Ma1invemo, Alberto, 89 Manchuria, 205 manganese nodules, 132 mantle, 195

cooling, 196 density, 196 heterogeneity, 195 -density change, 198

marine, current, 20 shelves, 114 transport, 12

marl,22 Mars, 67, 75 Marshes,65 mass, 26, 29, 185,208

actionlaw,7, 151, 156, 157,207,213 extinction, 185 spectrometer, 182, 185

material transfer, 170, 178 in diagenesis, 149

material transport, 147, 148, 164 Matt, 91 maturity index, 11 Maxwell, Arthur, 184

Laws of Electromagnetism, 9

227

INDEX

Mayer, Larry, 79 McCave, Nick, 66 McKenzie, D. P., 200

model,194 McKenzie, Judith, 174, 177, 187,190 McKinney, 190 meaqdering,stte~,56

-river deposit, 114 mechalücs,ofmeanderÜlg,56

of turbidity-current flow, 98 median, diameter, 19

graUl size, 143 Mediterranean, 124, 131, 132

circulation, 132 Intermediate Water Mass, 124 undercurrent, 123

Menard, H.W., 100, 118 Mesozoic, 131 metastable equilibrium, 162 methanogenesis, 190 Michelangelo, 202 Michelson-Morley, 201 microfossils, 15 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 87, 147 Middle Miocene, 170 Middleton, Gerald, 47, 63, 100 Migliorini, 41, 98 Miller, John, 65 Miller, M. C., 66 Milner, H. B., 15 mÜleral zonation, 17 mÜleralogica1 composition, 22 mÜleralogy, 12 Miocene, 135, 148 Mississippi, Delta, 12

river sediments, 12 River, 20, 50, 102

model,103 Moho, 192, 193, 195 Mohorovic, 192 Mojave Desert, 114 Molasse, 19, 114, 171

deposits, 85 momentum, 67, 75 monazite, 17 Monk, 143 monomÜ1eralic deposits, 22 Moody diagram. 56, 95, 130

228

Moon, 67, 75 mountaÜl buildÜlg, 198 mud. 109

avalanches,85 pebbles,86 flows, 70, 77 slide deposits, 87

Munk, Walter, 132 Murray, Ray, 177 Müller-Eugene, Bemet, 68

narmoplankton, 22,187 Nanz, Robert, 107 natural, waters, 151

-history approach, 7, 19, 88, 198,203 Navier-Stokes equations ofmotion, 27 Newfoundland. 77 Newton's, First Law of Motion, 9, 22, 26,

75,202, 203 Second Law of Motion, 26, 127 Laws of Mechalücs, 152

Niggli, Paul, 181 Nikuradse, 56, 66

curves, 130 Nordin, C.F,.118 normal hydrostatic pressure, 142 North, Africa, 15, 204

America, 171, 177,195 Atlantic Deep Water Mass, 126 Atlantic Ocean, 96, 126 Pacific, 126

Northeast ChÜla, 204 Norwegian Sea, 126

ocean, crust, 192 currents, 121 drilling, 126 oozes,l84 trench, 198

Oligocene, 118, 126, 148 olistoliths, 88 olistostrome, 88 ooids,162 ooUte, 160, 162 ooze,22, 147, 163, 169, 184 opal C-T, 164 open charmei, 128

flow,56,81,105,106

ophiolite melanges, 19 Ordovician, 116 Origin of, Species, 8

chert, 147, 164 dolomite, 167 evaporites, 178 sedimentary basins, 193

Oswatisch, 47 Overton. William, 201 oxidation-reduction potentials, 169 oxygen-minimum zone, 163 oxygenation of deep-sea env., 132

Pacific, 91, 193 Pakiser, L. C., 194 paleocurrent meter, 63 Paleogene, 171 paleotemperature, 184 Paleozoic Era, 126,204 Paris, 56 passive continental margins, 198 PDB,182 Pearl Harbor, 205 pebbles,67 Pee Dee belemnite, 182 Pekelmeer hypothesis, 172, 173 pelagic, 121

sediments, 126 Peng, T. H., 190 permeability,135,141, 146, 171,208

reduction, 143, 147 Permian, 193, 198 Persian Gulf, 177 Peru, 91, 203 Peruvian Andes, 76 Peterson, Mel, 163 Pettijohn,Franc~, 11,24, 18 phi, classes, 5

units,20 phosphate deposits, 22, 126 photosynthesis of oceanic planktons, 162 Photosynthesis, 160 physical science approach, 9,19,100 physically impossible process, 88 phytoplankton, 187 Pickering, K., 133 pipe flow. 56 Piper, David, 77, 79,83,89

plankton, 187 blooms,l26 productivity, 187

plate-tectonic theory, 180 Ple~tocene, 108,135,184 Pliocene, 85, 122, 135

turbidite sands ofVentura, 96 Plodiv, 127 plume, 50, 102, 121 point-bar, of the Rio Grande, 110

facies model, 108, 110, 119 sequence, 108, 111, 114, 117

Poiseuille's law, 140, 142, 213 polar ice caps, 131 Pol~h Carpathians, 85 polycyclic, 11, 17 ponded facies, 96 Popper, Karl, 201,204,205 pore, size of a rock, 142

water,148 porosity, 147 porous medium, 135, 139 porphyry copper ore, 177

INDEX

potential energy, 67,72, 128, 153,208 power, 29, 59, 93, 208

of grain settling, 208 of gravity force, 208 of resistance, 208

Prandtl, 47, 132 Pratt,I.H., 191, 192, 195, 196

model of isostasy, 214 Prealps of Switzerland, 171 precipitation, 152, 157

of calcium carbonate, 160 pressure, 26, 29,153,177,208

force, 27, 128, 129 primary dolomite, 167 principal stresses, 196 Prout, William, 179 Puerto Rico Trench, 132 pull-apart basins, 198 Purser, B. H., 178 pyroxenes, 17, 18

quartz, 164 sands tones, 15 sands,20

Quaternary,85,184

229

INDEX

radiolaria, 22, 147 radiolarian oozes, 126 rate,of groundwater flow, 141

ofmaterial transport, 148 reaction rate, 163, 168 Recent, 22,147, 148, 162, 167, 169

dolomite, 172, 173, 174, 177 Gulf Coast, 65

recrystallization, 147 reflux, 171, 173 replacement, 147, 148, 157 resedimented deposits, 135 reservoir beds, 143 resistance, coeff., 34, 55, 94, 130, 207

force, 207 resisting stress, 60 Reverend Buss, 68 Reynolds, Osbome, 35, 36,101

number,5,27,35,38, 101, 110,208, 211 criterion for turbulence, 7

Rhine,58 Rhineland, 59 Rhodes, Mary Louise, 172, 177 Rhone, 49 Richards, T. W., 179, 180 Richardson, E.V,.118

number, 94, 95, 101, 102,208,212 Richmond, 109 rift, 198 rifting phase, 198 Rigi, Mount, 84 Rigi/W eggis mudflow, 91 rigid-body motion, 30 Rio Santa, 84,91 rippled, deep-sea bottom, 123

bedform, 123 ripples, 107, 110, 112 River Findhom, 11 river, flood, 49

river-banks, 114 river-bome turbidity currents, 47

rock,-avalanche, 67 rockfall debris, 91 rockfall,68,72,153 rocksalt, 175

Romanche Fracture Zone, 76

230

Rouse,65 Russell, R. Dana, 12, 24 rutile, 17 Ryan, W. B. F., 89

sabkha, 173, 174 dolomite, 175 hydrology, 175

Saidmarreh landslip, 77, 82 saline, groundwater, 151

head, 97 San Antonio Canyon, 59 San Gabriel Mountains, 59 sand,67

avalanches , 85 waves, 107, 110, 112, 113, 114

scale factor, for acceleration, 105 for velocity, 104 in model theory, 208

scale for lengths, 104 Schlanger, 200 Schneider, Jean F., 174, 177, 178 Sclater, John,196, 200 seafloor, bathymetry, 196

spreading, 198 seawater, 151 Second Law of Thermodynamics, 155, 214 sediment, transport, 59

-fluid mixture, 70 -gravity flow, 67, 72, 79, 92, 135 -water interface, 63,110, 112,114, 117

sedimentary loading, 194, 198 seepage, 172 settling, particle, 25

velocity, 26, 27, 38, 40,94,121,208 Shackleton, 184, 185 Shackleton, Nick, 184, 190 Shakespeare, 202 Shapere, Dudley, 205 shear stress, 31, 61, 72, 209

velocity, 60, 61, 208 zones, 88

Shepard, Francis, 79, 89 Shields,6O

criterion, 60, 211 diagram, 7,62, 64

Shreve, Ron. 89 Siberia, 205 Sibuet, Jean-Claude, 200 Siegenthaler, Chris, 174, 177 sieve analysis, 19 siliea, 148, 164 silieielasties, 22 silts, 123 Silvaplana Lake, 46 Simons, DB,.118 Simplon Tunnel, 203 sinking velocity, 35 slope, 56

of the ehannel floor, 52 slurnp,87

deposits,87 folding,86 folds,84

Smith, G. E., 178 SMOW, 182 Soddy , Frederiek, 179 solid-air mixture, 67 solid-watet mixture, 67 solubility, 168

in quartz, 164 of a metastahle phase, 162 of a stahle phase, 162 of aragonite, 161 of biogenie siliea, 164 of calcite, 157, 161, 168 of dolomite, 168

Songliao Basin, 205 sorting, 19,22, 143, 147 souree beds for petroleum, 132 South, Ameriea, 126, 193

)\tlantie, 96, 147, 184 Pole, 126, 131

Southard, lohn, 47,63 southeastern United States, 20 southern, Nps, 88

)\ppalachian Mountains, 15 Califomia, 18

Soviet Union, 205 specifie energy, 98 speed, of a sediment-gravity flow, 81

of the turbidity-current flow, 52 Spieker, Ed, 193 StMoritz Lake, 46

INDEX

St. Peter Sandstone, 147 stahle, isotopes, 180

minerals, 17 stagnation pressure, 128 standard mean ocean water, or SMOW,

181 staurolite, 18 Stokes' Law, 6, 7, 25, 26, 40, 202, 211 Stommel, Henry, 132 stone avalanehe , 85 strain, 198 Strait of Gibraltar, 123, 124 Strangelove, 187 stream, flow, 63, 107

of gravel, 79 power, 110 velocity, 56

stress, 29, 31, 32,61,209 measurements, 63

strontianite, 160 Stumm,W.,19O Stumpf, 41 sturzstrom , 70 subaqueous, mudflow, 84, 91

slide,82 subduction zones, 88 subglaciallake, 46 submarine,canyons,122,123

mudflow,84 rockfall, 84 sliding, 50, 52, 79 stone avalanche, 85

subsidence, 191, 193, 195, 196, 198 kinematies, 198 under sedimentary load, 191

suerosie dolomite, 147 sulphate, 22

reduetion, 169 Sundquist, Erie, 190 supersaline, brine, 173

lagoon, 172 supersaturation, 148 Surface currents, 126, 127 surge,72 suspension current, 91, 97 suspensions, 42 Sverdrup, H. U., 165 Swiss, Nps, 114

231

INDEX

Swiss, lakes, 41 Midland,47

Switzerland, 15

Tangshanca~ttophe,203

Tao-te Chin, 3 Taylor, James, 18 Tchemia, P., 132 tectonic, evolution, 198

melange, 88 umnperabU~26, 153, 177, 198,208 tendency 10 mix, 102 termination of avalanche, 83 terrigenous dettitus, 22 Tertiary, 12,84, 114,204

glaciation, 132 Tethys Ocean, 198 Texas, 109, 178

beach sands, 12 texbU~ 12 The Mediterranean was a Desert, 4 theory of models, 103 thermal isostasy, 192, 195, 196 thermoclin~ 163 thermohaline circulation, 131 three-phase equilibrium, 169 threshold shear SlreSS, 63 Tibet, 114 tidal, channels, 114

flat, 173 tim~ 29, 208 tortuosity factor, 142 ttansducers, 63 ttansform faults, 76 ttansmissibility, 138, 141 ttansverse ridges, 79, 83 Trask, 66 Triassie, 198, 204 ttidymite, 164 turbidites, 41, 79,117,121,123 turbidity-current, 49, 52, 79, 92, 114,

123,135 deposition, 41, 116, 121 ttansport, 122

turbidity underflows, 50 turbulent, flow, 37, 38, 62,101

supercritical flows, 114 subcritical flows, 114

232

Tuttle, 194 Tuve,194 Tycho Brahe, 201

Udden, 20 unconformities, 126 underflow, 50 undenwater,current,50

floods,49 uniformitarianism, 89 United States, 147 upper mantle, 198 upwelling, 126 Urey, Harold, 181, 182, 185, 190 Utah, 67

Vaiont, 203 Van Gogh, 202 varves, 41,50

chronology,41 clay,42

velocity, 26,29,59,208 gradient, 31

Vema Trench, 96 Ventura, 123, 135, 143, 147, 149

Basin, 85, 121, 122, 131, 135 Field,142 fluid pressure, 142 turbidites, 167

Verrucano, 198 vertical, extensional axes, 196

hydraulic gradient, 174 viscosity, 25, 29, 139, 209 viscous

fluid, 84 force,27,32,36,207 resistance, 101, 139

vital effect, 160, 182, 185 Voight, Barry, 89 volum~32

flow rate, 208

Waage,Peter, 151 Walker, Roger, 100 Wasatch Mountains, 67 water-sediment interface, 107 Wauschkuhn, A., 178 wave,erosion, 65

wave resistance, 107 weathering, 12 Weddell Sea, 124 Wegener, Alfred, 193 Weggis, 84 West, Australia, 177

Florida, 12 Western Boundary Undercurrent, 124 wetted perimeter, 55 Weyl, Peter, 172, 177 Wieghardt, 47 wind stress, 126 Winterer, E. L., 165 Wolf, K. H., 178 Wollard, George, 193 Wo1man, Gordon, 65 work, 29, 154, 157,208 Wyoming, 174

Yangay,76 Yellow River, 58

Zenger, Don, 177 Zentner, Kaspar, 70 Zhao Xiafei, 47,110 zircon, 15, 17, 18 zooplankton, 126, 187 Zurich,185

INDEX

233