appl physiol nutr metab

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Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2008 Oct;33(5):903!".

Protecti#e e$$ect o$ so%iu& sele'ite a'% i'c sul$ate o' i'te'si#e si&&i'*i'%uce%

testicular *a&ato*e'ic a'% steroi%o*e'ic %isor%ers i' &ature &ale rats.

+a'a , - a&a'ta P, - Ma''a /- hosh P- i'*h N- ,heta' 1P- 1ay 1 .

o i'#esti*ate the a&eliorati#e pote'tial o$ so%iu& sele'ite a'% i'c sul$ate o' i'te'si#e

si&&i'*i'%uce% testicular %isor%ers- "8 4istar &ale rats (a*e- " &o'ths; &ass- !".267 3. *) ere ra'%o&ly %i#i%e% i'to " *roups: the u'eercise%co'trol *roup (' !2);

the eercise% *roup (' !2); the co'trol supple&e'te% *roup (' !2); a'% the eercise%

supple&e'te% *roup (' !2). or !0 ees- the eercise% rats u'%ere't a protocol that

co'siste% o$ " h.%! si&&i'*- $or %.ee!; the co'trol rats %i% 'ot eercise. or !0ees- both the supple&e'te% *roups recei#e% a' oral %aily %ose o$ a co&bi'atio' o$

so%iu& sele'ite a'% i'c sul$ate ( a'% 3 &*.* bo%y &ass!- respecti#ely). A$ter !0

ees- a si*'i$ica't re%uctio' (p < 0.05) as see' i' rats i' the eercise% *roup-co&pare% ith rats i' both co'trol *roups- i' paire% testicular &asses; i' epi%i%y&al

sper& cou't; i' testicular =elta5- 3betahy%roysteroi% %ehy%ro*e'ase (>=) a'%

!?beta>=; i' plas&a le#els o$ testostero'e- lutei'ii'* hor&o'e- $olliclesti&ulati'*hor&o'e- a'% prolacti'; i' the 'u&bers o$ preleptoti'e sper&atocytes- &i%pachyte'e

sper&atocytes- a'% sta*e ? sper&ati%s o$ the sta*e @// se&i'i$erous epitheliu& cycle;

a'% i' $ertility per$or&a'ce. As ell- a si*'i$ica't i'crease (p < 0.05) as see' i' theeercise% *roup- co&pare% ith both co'trol *roups- i' plas&a corticostero'e le#els a'%

i' testicular co'te't o$ &alo'%ial%ehy%e a'% catalase acti#ity. At the sa&e ti&e- there asa si*'i$ica't re%uctio' (p < 0.05) i' the eercise% *roup- co&pare% ith both co'trol

*roups- i' plas&a co'ce'tratio's o$ i'c a'% sele'iu&; i' the testicular co'te't o$ *lutathio'e (>)- the *lutathio'e a'% *lutathio'e %isulphi%e () ratio- ascorbic

aci%- a'% alphatocopherol; a'% i' testicular acti#ities o$ superoi%e %is&utase-

*lutathio'eperoi%ase- a'% *lutathio'etra's$erase i' the testes. No si*'i$ica'tcha'*es ere see' i' the 'u&ber o$ sper&ato*o'iaA $ro& the sta*e @// se&i'i$erous

epitheliu& cycle or the testicular co'te't o$ a&o'* the *roups. o%iu& sele'ite

a'% i'c sul$ate supple&e'tatio' si*'i$ica'tly protecte% a*ai'st eercisei'%uce%testicular *a&ato*e'ic a'% sper&ato*e'ic %isor%ers- pre#e'te% testicular oi%ati#e stress-

a'% i'crease% a'tioi%a't status. /t ca' be co'clu%e% that i'te'si#esi&&i'*i'%uce%

oi%ati#e stress causes %ys$u'ctio's i' the &ale repro%ucti#e syste&- hich ca' be protecte% by the coa%&i'istratio' o$ so%iu& sele'ite a'% i'c sul$ate

i'c is $ou'% i' i*'eous rocs at ?0 pp&; shale at 95 pp&; sa'%sto'e at ! PPM;

li&esto'e at 20 pp&; $resh ater at 0.0! pp&; sea ater at 0.0! pp&; soils at 50 pp&;

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Jana%20K%22%5BAuthor%5D

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Samanta%20PK%22%5BAuthor%5D

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Manna%20I%22%5BAuthor%5D

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Ghosh%20P%22%5BAuthor%5D

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Singh%20N%22%5BAuthor%5D

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Khetan%20RP%22%5BAuthor%5D

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Ray%20BR%22%5BAuthor%5D

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Jana%20K%22%5BAuthor%5D

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Samanta%20PK%22%5BAuthor%5D

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Manna%20I%22%5BAuthor%5D

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Ghosh%20P%22%5BAuthor%5D

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Singh%20N%22%5BAuthor%5D

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Khetan%20RP%22%5BAuthor%5D

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Ray%20BR%22%5BAuthor%5D



BMari'e pla'ts at !50 pp&; la'% pla'ts at !00 pp&; &ari'e a'i&als at to !-500 pp&;

la'% a'i&als at !0 pp& (accu&ulates i' &a&&alia' i%'ey- prostate a'% eye).

Congenital Birth defects associated with Zinc Deficiency

• =o'Bs y'%ro&e

• Cle$t lip

• Cle$t palate

• rai' %e$ects (%orsal her'iatio'- hy%roe'cephaloceol)

• Micro or a'opthal&ia (s&all or abse't eyes)

• Micro or a*'athia

• pi'a bi$i%a

• Clubbe% li&bs

• y'%actyly (ebbe% toes a'% $i'*ers)

• =iaphra*&atic her'ias (hiatal her'ia)

• D&bilical; her'ias

• >ea% %e$ects

• Eu'* %e$ects

• Dro*e'ital

Symptoms and Diseases of Zinc Deficiency

• Pica (*eopha*ia- ool eati'*- hair eati'*- etc.)

• Eoss o$ se'se o$ s&ell

• Eoss o$ se'se o$ taste

• /'$ertility

• ailure o$ ou'%s a'% ulcers to heal

• /&&u'e status $ailure

• Poor *roth (short stature)



• >i*h i'$a't &ortality

• >ypo*o'a%is& (s&all poorly $u'ctio'i'* o#aries a'% testes)

• 1e&ai's i' a prepuberty state

• A'e&ia

• Alopecia (hair loss)

• Acro%er&atitis e'teropathica (Paraeratosis i' pi*s a'% cal#es)

• FriyF hair

• =iarrhea

• =epressio'

• Para'oia

• Oral a'% perioral %er&atitis

• 4ei*ht loss (a'oreia 'er#osa)

• e'i*' prostatic hypertrophy (prostate e'lar*e&e't)

• e#ere bo%y o%or (Fs&elly te''is shoeF sy'%ro&e)

• A'oreia G uli&ia

i'c as 'o' to be esse'tial $or brea% &ol% !00 years a*o- esse'tial $or rats 50 years

a*o a'% $or hu&a's o'ly 20 years a*o. i'c %e$icie'cy pro%uces a i%e ra'*e o$ %iseases

i'clu%i'* birth %e$ects a'% %e*e'erati#e %iseases o$ all a*e *roups.

here are !." to 2.3 *ra&s o$ ' i' the a%ult hu&a'. he li#er- pa'creas- i%'ey- bo'e

a'% seletal &uscles ha#e the *reatest reser#es o$ '- lesser a&ou'ts are $ou'% i' the

eye- prostate *la'%- se&e'- si'- hair- $i'*er'ails a'% toe'ails.

here are 'o less tha' ?0 &etalloe'y&es that reHuire ' to $u'ctio'; these i'clu%e

carbo'ic a'hy%rase- alali'e phosphatase- lactic %ehy%ro*e'ase a'% carboypepti%ase.

i'c helps to bi'% e'y&es to substrates by &ai'tai'i'* spacial a'% co'$i*uratio'al

relatio'ships. o&e e'y&es bi'% ' so ti*htly that e#e' %uri'* se#ere ' %epletio' they



ca' still $u'ctio'. i'c participates i' the &etabolis& o$ 'ucleic aci%s a'% the sy'thesis

o$ protei's; i'c is also a' i'te*ral part o$ the 1NA &olecule itsel$ (i'c F&etal $i'*ersF)

a'% participates i' cell %i#isio' a'% sy'thesis o$ =NA the =NA%epe'%e't 1NA

poly&erase is a i'c %epe'%e't e'y&e- as is thy&i%i'e i'ase.

Icesses o$ copper a'% iro' a'% hi*h phytate %iets (#e*a's) ill re%uce a#ailability o$

%ietary i'c. >ea#y losses o$ ' occurs i' seat- there$ore u'supple&e'te% athletes are

particularly at ris $or ' %e$icie'cy (i.e. a'oreia 'er#osa- &uscle ea'ess- pica- etc.).

tu%ies o' laboratory pri&ates a'% other eperi&e'tal a'i&als i'%icate that i'c

%e$icie'cy i&pairs repro%ucti#e per$or&a'ce- a%#ersely a$$ects #olu'tary $oo%

co'su&ptio'- a'% probably restricts the utiliatio' o$ %ietary #ita&i' A or its tissue

stores. he si*'i$ica'ce o$ these a'% &a'y other obser#e% e$$ects o$ i'c %e$icie'cy-

obser#e% eperi&e'tally but 'ot yet a%eHuately #eri$ie% i' stu%ies ith hu&a' subJects-

ha#e bee' re#iee% elsehere.

i'c is a' esse'tial trace &i'eral 'utrie't reHuire% $or a i%e array o$ &etabolic

processes. he bo%y co'tai's about 2.2 * o$ i'c- &ore tha' a'y trace &i'eral ecept

iro'. he hi*hest co'ce'tratio's occur i' the si'- prostate *la'%- eyes- 'ails a'% hair-

thou*h it is i%ely %istribute% a&o'* tissues. O#er !00 %i$$ere't e'y&es (biolo*ical

catalysts) reHuire i'c. or ea&ple- i'c is reHuire% by =NA poly&erase- a' e'y&e

reHuire% $or the sy'thesis o$ =NA (respo'sible $or i'herita'ce)- a'% by 1NA poly&erase-

a' e'y&e reHuire% $or the sy'thesis o$ 1NA. 1NA *ui%es the sy'thesis o$ protei's usi'*

the *e'etic i'$or&atio' store% i' =NA. e'e acti#ators that re*ulate the epressio' o$

*e'etic i'$or&atio' o$te' utilie protei's co'tai'i'* i'c to bi'% to speci$ic re*io's o'

the =NA &olecule.



Possible Roles in Maintaining Health

Other roles ra'*e $ro& protectio' a*ai'st oi%atio' to %i*estio' a'% bloo% su*ar

re*ulatio'. hus i'c is classi$ie% as a' a'tioi%a't he' it $u'ctio's as a co$actor $or

superoi%e %is&utase- the e'y&e that %isar&s a particularly reacti#e $or& o$ oy*e'. /'%i*estio'- the pa'creatic protease- carboypepti%ase- reHuires i'c $or its protei'

%e*ra%i'* actio'. urther&ore- the hor&o'e i'suli' is processe% a'% paca*e% as a i'c

co&ple. i'c also ai%s the i'teractio' o$ i'suli' ith its tar*et tissues to $acilitate the

uptae o$ bloo% su*ar.

i'c supports 'or&al cell %i#isio' a'% *roth- the $u'ctio' o$ cell &e&bra'es- the

i&&u'e syste&- bo'e calci$icatio' a'% the %e#elop&e't a'% $u'ctio' o$ &ale

repro%ucti#e or*a's. Ma'y trace &i'erals a'% #ita&i's- i'clu%i'* i'c- are reHuire% $or

'or&al *roth a'% %e#elop&e't. i'c %e$icie'cy ca' cause birth %e$ects- co&plicate%

%eli#eries a'% lo birth ei*ht- as ell as i&paire% lear'i'* a'% %elaye% seual

%e#elop&e't.

/&&u'e yste& /t is ell establishe% that i'c sti&ulates the i&&u'e syste&. i'c

acti#ates ly&phocytes- the sol%iers a'% *e'erals o$ the i&&u'e syste&. urther&ore-

i'c %e$icie'cy i' the o&b ca' lea% to a eae'e% i&&u'e syste& at birth a'%

e'ha'ce% ris o$ i'$ectio' i' 'ebor' i'$a'ts. urther&ore- i'c %e$icie'cy &ay be

partially respo'sible $or the eae'e% i&&u'ity that so $reHue'tly acco&pa'ies a*i'*.

i'c supple&e'tatio' ca' i&pro#e hite cell cou'ts a'% a'tibo%y pro%uctio' i' healthy-

el%erly people. here are i'tri*ui'* hi'ts that the i'c status o$ so&e A/= patie'ts is

&ar*i'al; these patie'ts ha#e a se#erely i&bala'ce% i&&u'e syste&. i'c &ay help

lesse' sy&pto&s o$ such autoi&&u'e %iseases as rheu&atoi% arthritis- he' the bo%y

be*i's to attac its o' tissues.

Ca'cer A healthy i&&u'e syste& helps pre#e't ca'cer- a'% i'c%e$icie't a'i&als are

&ore se'siti#e to carci'o*e's (ca'cercausi'* a*e'ts). Patie'ts ith prostate ca'cer ha#e



si*'i$ica'tly loer i'c le#els- as %o those ith esopha*eal ca'cer. 4hether i'c

supple&e'tatio' alo'e corrects prostate e'lar*e&e't or slos prostate ca'cer is

u'pro#e'.

Male $ertility i'c is i&plicate% i' 'or&al prostate $u'ctio's a'% &ale i'$ertility. he

&ale se hor&o'e- testostero'e- &ay re*ulate i'c &etabolis& i' the prostate- a'% i'c-

i' tur'- &ay a$$ect testostero'e &etabolis& i' the prostate. i'c %e$icie'cy lea%s to a

loere% sper& cou't as ell as i&pote'ce- a'% i'itial stu%ies su**est that i'c ca' be

use% therapeutically i' these cases.

@isio' i'c plays a role i' #isio'. Co'#ersio' o$ #ita&i' A to its biolo*ically acti#e $or&-

reti'al- reHuires i'c. i'c%e$icie't alcoholics &ay su$$er $ro& 'i*ht bli'%'ess- a'% i'c

has bee' use% i' this situatio'. A*i'* $reHue'tly bri'*s bli'%'ess. /' certai' cases i'c

supple&e'tatio' &ay slo the pro*ress o$ #isio' loss %ue to this co'%itio'.

issue repair i'c see&s to pro&ote ou'% heali'*- particularly i' i'c%e$icie't

i'%i#i%uals. i'c is 'ecessary $or tissue repair a'% *roth. i'c oi't&e'ts ha#e bee'

use% to treat ac'e.

aste i'c %e$icie'cy lea%s to altere% taste a'% s&ell se'siti#ity; %i&i'ishe% taste acuity

&ay respo'% to i'c.

1eHuire&e'ts he 1eco&&e'%e% =ietary Alloa'ce $or a%ults (25 to 50 years o$ a*e)

has bee' set at !2 &* $or o&e' a'% !5 &* $or &e'. Pre*'a'cy a'% lactatio' i'crease a

o&a'Bs reHuire&e'ts.

Mar*i'al (subcli'ical) i'c %e$icie'cy ca' be a proble& $or &a'y A&erica's. Iarly

sy&pto&s o$ a subcli'ical %e$icie'cy i'clu%e loss o$ appetite- altere% taste a'% s&ell-

%ecrease% appetite- as ell as slo *roth i' chil%re'. Eethar*y- hite spots o'

$i'*er'ails- slo ou'% heali'*- i&pote'ce a'% %elaye% seual %e#elop&e't &ay $ollo.



Chro'ic %ieters- alcoholics- strict #e*etaria's- a'% you'* chil%re' ith %iets

co&pro&ise% by Ju' $oo% o$te' co'su&e i'a%eHuate i'c a'% other trace 'utrie'ts.

o&e patie'ts ith eati'* %isor%ers &ay be i'c %e$icie't. i'c &ay help patie'ts

reco#eri'* $ro& i'Jury or i'$ectio'. Pre*'a't a'% lactati'* o&e' reHuire i'c a'% other

trace &i'erals. Il%erly people &ay rely o' i'c%e$icie't $oo%s- a situatio' that is

co&pou'%e% by their re%uce% ability to absorb trace &i'erals lie i'c. tre'uous

eercise i'creases i'c loss throu*h seati'* a'% i'crease% ecretio'- co'seHue'tly a'

athleteBs 'ee% $or i'c i'creases.

actors that i'crease the 'ee% $or i'c i'clu%e i%'ey %isease- %iabetes- cystic $ibrosis-

i'$la&&atory boel %isease- i'herite% i'c %e$icie'cy- a'% the use o$ %iuretics a'%

laati#es. A hi*h$iber %iet a'% $oo%s co'tai'i'* phytic aci% ca' bi'% trace &i'erals a'%

li&it i'c uptae he' lar*e a&ou'ts are eate'. Eieise- ecessi#e copper- iro' or

calciu& %isplace i'c a'% li&it its uptae.

a$ety i'c is relati#ely 'o'toic- a'% &o%est i'c supple&e'tatio' $or i'sura'ce &ay

be appropriate particularly he' the %iet is co&pro&ise% or there is &al%i*estio' or

&alabsorptio'. he ratio o$ i'c to copper shoul% be about se#e' to o'e- the ratio o$ the

1=As. y&pto&s o$ i'c ecess i'clu%e 'ausea- bloati'*- ab%o&i'al cra&ps- %iarrhea

a'% $e#er. A hi*h i'c i'tae (!00 to 300 &* %aily) &ay suppress the i&&u'e syste&-

loer >=E (hi*h%e'sity lipoprotei'- belie#e% to protect a*ai'st heart %isease) a'% bloc

the absorptio' o$ copper- creati'* a copper %e$icie'cy. Copper %e$icie'cy i' tur' ca'

i'crease bloo% cholesterol (E=E- lo%e'sity lipoprotei'- the u'%esirable $or&) a'%

loer >=E- thus i'creasi'* the ris o$ car%io#ascular %isease.

MaresPerl&a'- +.A.- et al.- Fi'c /'tae a'% ources i' the D.. A%ult Populatio' !9?

!980-F Journal of the merican College of !utrition- !":" (!995)- pp. 3"95?.



O%eh- M.- FFhe 1ole o$ i'c i' AcHuire% /&&u'o%e$icie'cy y'%ro&e-FF Journal of

"nternal Medicine- 23! (!992)- pp. "39.

Biochemical function

Most bioche&ical roles o$ i'c re$lect its i'#ol#e&e't i'. a lar*e 'u&ber o$ e'y&es or

as a stabilier o$ the &olecular structure o$ subcellular co'stitue'ts a'% &e&bra'es. i'c

participates i' the sy'thesis a'% %e*ra%atio' o$ carbohy%rates- lipi%s- protei's a'% 'ucleic

aci%s. /t has rece'tly bee' sho' to play a' esse'tial role i' poly'ucleoti%e tra'scriptio'

a'% tra'slatio' a'% thus i' the processes o$ *e'etic epressio'. /ts i'#ol#e&e't i' such

$u'%a&e'tal acti#ities probably accou'ts $or the esse'tiality o$ i'c $or all $or&s o$ li$e.

PH#S"$%$&"C% '(!C)"$!S

ro&: Mi'erals i' A'i&al a'% >u&a' Nutritio'

by Eee 1 Mc=oell

A. I'y&es

i'c is associate% ith e'y&es- both as part o$ the &olecule a'% as a' acti#ator. /' its

structural role- ' usually stabilies the Huater'ary structure o$ the e'y&es. ubsta'tialHua'tities o$ $ir&ly bou'% ' stabilie the structures o$ 1NA- =NA- a'% riboso&es

(Pras a'% Ploce- !9?!).

/' !939 ' as %e&o'strate% to be a co'stitue't o$ the &etalloe'y&e carbo'ic

a'hy%rase- hich co'tai's about 0.3K '. o%ay &ore tha' 200 ' protei's are 'o'-

a'% se#eral biolo*ical roles $or ' ha#e bee' clari$ie%- i'clu%i'* those relate% to cell

replicatio' a'% %i$$ere'tiatio' (>a&bi%*e et al.- !98). /' se#ere ' %e$icie'cy- acti#ities

o$ plas&a alali'e phosphatase; li#er- reti'a a'% testicular alcohol %ehy%ro*e'ase;

co''ecti#e tissue a'% $etal thy&i%i'e i'ase; pa'creatic carboypepti%ase A; a'% li#er

'uclear =NA%epe'%e't 1NApoly&erase &ay be %epresse%. i'c- $u'ctio'i'* i'

e'y&e syste&s- is lar*ely i'#ol#e% i' 'ucleic aci% &etabolis&- protei' sy'thesis- a'%



carbohy%rate &etabolis&. /' rapi%ly *roi'* tissues- ' %e$icie'cy *reatly re%uces

sy'thesis o$ =NA- 1NA- a'% protei'- a'% he'ce- i&pairs cellular %i#isio'- *roth- a'%

repair. i'c protei's are i'#ol#e% i' the tra'scriptio' a'% tra'slatio' o$ *e'etic &aterial-

perhaps accou'ti'* $or its esse'tiality to all $or&s o$ li$e (@allee- !988). /& et al. (!9?5)

$ou'% that si e'y&es i'#ol#e% i' *lycolysis ere %ecrease% by 30 to 50K i' the

epi%er&is o$ '%e$icie't rats co&pare% to that o$ co'trols.

. >or&o'es

i'c has &a'y biolo*ically si*'i$ica't i'teractio's ith hor&o'es. /t plays a role i' the

pro%uctio'- stora*e- a'% secretio' o$ i'%i#i%ual hor&o'es as ell as i' the e$$ecti#e'ess

o$ receptor sites a'% e'%or*a' respo'si#e'ess. A&o'* the &ost 'otable e$$ects o$ '

%e$icie'cy o' hor&o'e pro%uctio' a'% secretio' are those relate% to testostero'e- i'suli'

a'% a%re'al corticosteroi%s.

per&ato*e'esis a'% the %e#elop&e't o$ the pri&ary a'% seco'%ary se or*a's i' the

&ale a'% all phases o$ the repro%ucti#e process i' the $e&ale ca' be a%#ersely a$$ecte% by

' %e$icie'cy. he &aJor ab'or&ality i' the &ale is testicular hypo$u'ctio' a$$ecti'*

both sper&ato*e'esis a'% the pro%uctio' o$ testostero'e by the Eey%i* cells. Eess is

'o' co'cer'i'* the e$$ects o$ ' %e$icie'cy o' se hor&o'es i' 'o'pre*'a't $e&ales.

/&paire% %e#elop&e't a'% $u'ctio'i'* o$ &ale repro%ucti#e or*a's is reporte% i' rats-

hu&a's- cal#es- i%s- a'% la&bs. /' la&bs- testicular *roth as *reatly i&paire%- a'%

sper&ato*e'esis stoppe% ithi' 20 to 2" ees o' a lo' %iet (2." pp&) (o&ers a'%

D'%eroo%- !99).

i'c is associate% ith i'suli' i' the pa'creas- a'% pa'creatic co'ce'tratio's are

&are%ly re%uce% by %ietary %e$icie'cy. i'c%e$icie't rats ha#e a re%uce% co'ce'tratio'

o$ plas&a i'suli' a'% a loer pa'creatic release o$ i&&u'oreacti#e i'suli'.



4ith i'a%eHuate '- ly'' et al . (!9?2) reporte% that AC> %i% 'ot sti&ulate

corticosteroi% sy'thesis- su**esti'* that AC> is $u'ctio'ally %epe'%e't o' '. A

'u&ber o$ stu%ies ha#e i'%icate% a%re'al hypertrophy ith ' %e$icie'cy i' rats- &ice-

a'% pi*s.

C. roth 1ate

roth retar%atio' is u'i#ersally obser#e% i' ' %e$icie'cy- perhaps because o$

i&pair&e't o$ 'ucleic aci% biosy'thesis (OB=ell- !98!). i'c %e$icie'cy also results i'

i&paire% a&i'o aci% utiliatio' or protei' sy'thesis.

Eoss o$ appetite is o'e o$ the $irst si*'s o$ %e$icie'cy; ith poor *roth- it &ay be the

o'ly o#ert si*' o$ a &il% %e$icie'cy. e#erely 'restricte% rats eat as little as o'e thir%

that o$ a% libitu&$e% co'trols- ith si*'i$ica'tly less $lui% (Issatara et al*+ !98").

1e%uce% $ee% i'tae &ay relate to the role o$ ' i' taste (>a&bi%*e et al*+ !98).

ubseHue't to the o'set o$ %e$icie'cy a'% a'oreia- there is loss o$ taste acuity (Miller et

al*+ !9?9).

eletal ab'or&alities are a pro&i'e't $eature o$ ' %e$icie'cy. /' poultry- lo'* bo'es are

shorte'e% a'% thice'e%; i' cal#es- a boi'* o$ the hi'% le*s a'% sti$$'ess o$ Joi'ts is

'ote%. Chic bo'es sho re%uce% epiphyseal cartila*e i%th a'% less cell %i#isio'. o'e

colla*e' sy'thesis a'% tur'o#er are &are%ly re%uce%- ith re%uce% acti#ity o$ tibial

colla*e'ase- a ' &etalloe'y&e (tarcher et al*+ !980).

=. i' a'% 4ou'% >eali'*

he si'- hich is particularly rich i' '- shos paraeratotic lesio's- characteristic

si*'s o$ %e$icie'cy. Paraeratosis is a thice'i'* or hypererati'iatio'- ith $ailure o$

co&plete 'uclear %e*e'eratio'- o$ the epithelial cells o$ the si'. /' &ore se#ere '

%e$icie'cy- scali'* a'% craci'* o$ the pas %e#elop ith %eep $issures- i' a%%itio' to



loss o$ hair a'% %er&atitis. i'c plays a role i' si' 'ucleic aci% a'% colla*e' sy'thesis

(Miller et al .- !9?9).

Oral a%&i'istratio' e'ha'ces the rate o$ ou'% heali'* i' a 'u&ber o$ species. >eali'*

o$ i'cise% ou'%s a'% ther&al bur's is %elaye% i' a'i&als ith %e$icie'cy- a'% '

a%&i'istratio' 'or&alies the heali'* process (Miller et al*+ !9?b). Appare'tly o'ly

ou'% or bur' #icti&s ith a lo ' status respo'% be'e$icially to '. i'c %e$icie'cy

ca' result i' i'crease% blee%i'* ti&es- hich i' rats has bee' sho' to be relate% to

%e$ecti#e platelet $u'ctio' (I&ery et al .- !990).

I. /&&u'e 1espo'se

i'c is esse'tial to the i'te*rity o$ the i&&u'e syste&. i*'i$ica'tly re%uce% thy&us

ei*ht a'% circulati'* ly&phocyte cou'ts ha#e bee' obser#e% i' pi*s- rats- a'% &ice.

>aas et al* (!9?) reporte% a se#ere %epressio' i' the a'tibo%y respo'se o$ '%e$icie't

&ice. =e$icie'cy causes rapi% atrophy o$ the thy&us ith the pre%o&i'a't i'$lue'ce o'

#arious cell $u'ctio's. @irtually co&plete loss o$ ly&phoi% tissues i'clu%i'* thy&us-

to'sils- a'% ly&ph 'o%es has bee' reporte% i' patie'ts su$$eri'* $ro& acro%er&atitis

e'teropathica- a here%itary %isease characterie% by i&paire% utiliatio' o$ ' (Chesters-

!9?8). =i#ersity o$ e$$ects o' i&&u'oco&pete'ce as a result o$ ' %e$icie'cy is relate%

to thy&ic hor&o'e pro%uctio' a'% acti#ity; ly&phocyte $u'ctio'; 'atural iller $u'ctio';

a'tibo%y%epe'%e't- cell&e%iate% cytotoicity; i&&u'olo*ical o'to*e'y; 'eutrophil

$u'ctio'; a'% ly&phoi'e pro%uctio' (>a&bi%*e et al*+ !98).

. 4ater a'% Catio' ala'ce

Iarly si*'s o$ ' %e$icie'cy i' &ost species are %ehy%rate% appeara'ce- ele#ate%

he&atocrit- a'% %iarrhea (OB=ell- !98!). or chice's there as 'o cha'*e i' total ater-

but a &are% shi$t o$ ater $ro& etrato i'tracellular co&part&e'ts. Itracellular ater

i' ' %e$icie'cy cha'*e% $ro& 29." to !9.K o$ bo%y ei*ht- a'% plas&a #olu&e- $ro&



.0 to 3."K. =era'*e% electrolyte bala'ce has bee' %e&o'strate% ith %e$icie'cy. A shi$t

o$ so%iu& (Na) i'to tissues &ay eplai' the hi*her co'ce'tratio' o$ ater i' cells o$

&aJor tissues. he %era'*e% so%iu&7potassiu& co'ce'tratio's i' tissues su**est a cha'*e

i' &e&bra'e per&eability- Fleay &e&bra'es-F or a %e$ecti#e Na pu&p.

. 1elatio'ship to @ita&i' A

i'c &ai'tai's 'or&al co'ce'tratio's o$ #ita&i' A i' plas&a a'% is 'ecessary $or the

'or&al $u'ctio'i'* o$ the *e'eral epitheliu& o$ the o#ary (&ith et al .- !9?3; Chhabra

a'% Arora- !985). hese orers use% a'i&als %e$icie't i' both ' a'% #ita&i' A a'%

%e&o'strate% that sy'thesis o$ the reti'olbi'%i'* protei' (1!3P)- the carrier o$ #ita&i' A

i' the bloo%- is %ecrease% i' ' %e$icie'cy- resulti'* i' i'a%eHuate #ita&i' A &obiliatio'

$ro& the li#er. he precise &echa'is& i'#ol#e% is 'ot clear. hy&i%i'e i'ase a'% =NA

%epe'%e't 1NA poly&erase %epe'% o' ' $or their acti#ity a'% are #ital to protei'

sy'thesis. hey coul%- there$ore- be co'cer'e% i' 1P sy'thesis (D'%eroo%- !98!).

Acti#ity o$ alcohol %ehy%ro*e'ase is %epresse% i' the li#er o$ '%e$icie't la&bs (Arora

et al*+ !9?3) a'% coul% be relate% to the 'i*htbli'%'ess obser#e% i' so&e la&bs. A

postulate% ' &etalloe'y&e is a' alcohol %ehy%ro*e'ase- 'ecessary $or thei'terco'#ersio' o$ #ita&i' A alcohol (reti'ol) to #ita&i' A al%ehy%e (reti'al)- a process

esse'tial $or 'or&al #isio'.

>. eha#ior a'% Eear'i'* Ability

e#ere &ater'al ' %e$icie'cy %uri'* e&bryo*e'esis i' the rat has se#ere terato*e'ic

co'seHue'ces $or the ce'tral 'er#ous syste&. he lear'i'* abilities a'% e&otio'al

respo'si#e'ess o$ rats ere i&paire% by a %e$icie'cy i'%uce% %uri'* *estatio'- lactatio'-

or a$ter ea'i'*- e#e' he' these attributes ere assesse% a$ter a perio% o$ rehabilitatio'

ith ' (Chesters- !9?8). 1hesus &o'ey i'$a'ts $ro& '%epri#e% %a&s playe% a'%

eplore% less tha' the co'trol i'$a'ts (a'%stea% et al*+ !9?8).



/. A%%itio'al u'ctio's

Chesters (!9?8)- OB=ell (!98!)- a'% >a&bi%*e et al* (!98) ha#e attribute% a%%itio'al

$u'ctio's to ':

!. Protectio' o$ &e&bra'es i'c has a' a'tioi%a't e$$ect i' protecti'* sul$hy%ryl

*roups i' &e&bra'es.

2. Prosta*la'%i' &etabolis& Metabolites o$ prosta*la'%i's are a$$ecte% by '

%e$icie'cy.

3. Eipi% &etabolis& /' ' %e$icie't a'i&als- *lucose i'corporatio' i'to $atty aci%s is

*reatly re%uce%.

". Microbial *roth @arious or*a'is&s reHuire ' $or *roth- i'clu%i'*

&icroor*a'is&s i' the ru&e'.

Zinc Metabolism

i'c is prese't i' all the tissues a'% $lui%s o$ the bo%y. he total bo%y co'te't has bee'

esti&ate% to be approi&ately 2 *. he i'c co'ce'tratio' o$ the lea' bo%y &ass is

approi&ately 30 &c*7*. eletal &uscle accou'ts $or approi&ately 0K o$ the total

bo%y co'te't- a'% bo'e- ith a i'c co'ce'tratio' o$ !00200 &c*7*- $or about 30K.

Plas&a i'c accou'ts $or o'ly about 0. ! K o$ total bo%y co'te't; it has a rapi% tur'o#er

a'% its le#el appears to be u'%er close ho&eostatic co'trol. >i*h co'ce'tratio's o$ i'c

are $ou'% i' the choroi% o$ the eye (2?" &c* i'c7*) a'% i' prostatic $lui%s (300500

&c*7&l).

here is 'o FstoreF o$ i'c i' the co'#e'tio'al se'se. D'%er co'%itio's o$ bo'e resorptio'

a'% tissue catabolis&- i'c ca' be release% a'%- to so&e ete't- reutilie%. >u&a'

eperi&e'tal stu%ies ith loi'c %iets (2.3. &*7%ay) ha#e sho' that circulati'*

plas&a i'c a'% the acti#ities o$ i'cco'tai'i'* e'y&es ca' be &ai'tai'e% ithi' a



'or&al ra'*e o#er se#eral &o'ths i'%icati'* that so&e i'c ca' be &a%e a#ailable $ro&

tissues.

i'c is lost $ro& the bo%y #ia the i%'eys- the si' a'% the i'testi'e. I'%o*e'ous

i'testi'al losses ca' ra'*e $ro& 0.5 to 3 &*7%ay %epe'%i'* o' i'c i'tae. Approi&ately

0.? &* o$ i'c7%ay is lost i' the uri'e o$ 'or&al healthy subJects. tar#atio' a'% &uscle

catabolis& i'crease i'c losses i' uri'e a'% $eces. he loss o$ i'c i' perspiratio' a'%

%esHua&ate% epi%er&al cells has bee' esti&ate% to be 0.5 &*7%ay i' a%ult &e'- but this

also %epe'%s o' i'c i'tae- tre'uous eercise a'% ele#ate% a&bie't te&peratures coul%

lea% to lar*er losses.

Prostatic $lui%s ha#e a hi*h co'ce'tratio' o$ i'c- a'% a se&e' eJaculate ca' co'tai' up to

! &*. i'c losses i' &e'struatio' are s&all (0.0! &*7%ay). Other losses- such as that

resulti'* $ro& the 'or&al %aily loss o$ hair- are probably i'si*'i$ica't.

Zinc Deficiency

he pri'cipal cli'ical $eatures o$ se#ere i'c %e$icie'cy i' hu&a's are *roth retar%atio'-

a %elay i' seual a'% seletal &aturatio'- the %e#elop&e't o$ acral %er&atitis %iarrhea

alopecia- a $ailure o$ appetite a'% the appeara'ce o$ beha#ioral cha'*es. A' i'crease%

susceptibility to i'$ectio's re$lects the %e#elop&e't o$ %e$ects i' the i&&u'e syste&.

he e$$ects o$ &ar*i'al or &il% i'c %e$icie'cy are less ob#ious a'% ca' rea%ily be

o#erlooe%. A re%uce% *roth rate a'% i&paire% resista'ce to i'$ectio' are $reHue'tly the

o'ly &a'i$estatio's o$ &il% %e$icie'cy i' hu&a's. e#eral stu%ies ha#e 'o

%e&o'strate% the be'e$icial e$$ects o' *roth #elocity o$ supple&e'ti'* the i'c i'tae

o$ socially %epri#e% chil%re' u'%er*oi'* 'utritio'al rehabilitatio'. 1espo'ses to i'c

occurre% e#e' thou*h *ross- o#ert cli'ical e#i%e'ce o$ %e$icie'cy as laci'*. A&o'* the

&a'y $actors i'$lue'ci'* the co&pete'ce o$ cell&e%iate% i&&u'ity are the structure a'%

biolo*ical acti#ity o$ the hor&o'e thy&uli'- both o$ hich are lar*ely i'c %epe'%e't-



a'% it has there$ore bee' su**este% that a re%uce% acti#ity o$ this thy&ic hor&o'e- hich

is i'#ol#e% i' the %i$$ere'tiatio' o$ cellsB coul% pro#i%e a' early i'%icatio' o$ &il% i'c

%e$icie'cy. Other e$$ects- hich it is clai&e% are the result o$ a lo i'c i'tae- such as

i&paire% taste a'% %elaye% ou'% heali'*- are less co'siste'tly obser#e% a'% the

co'%itio's u'%er hich such e$$ects &ay appear &ust be %e$i'e% &ore clearly.

tu%ies o' laboratory pri&ates a'% other eperi&e'tal a'i&als i'%icate that i'c

%e$icie'cy i&pairs repro%ucti#e per$or&a'ce- a%#ersely a$$ects #olu'tary $oo%

co'su&ptio'- a'% probably restricts the utiliatio' o$ %ietary #ita&i' A or its tissue

stores. he si*'i$ica'ce o$ these a'% &a'y other obser#e% e$$ects o$ i'c %e$icie'cy-

obser#e% eperi&e'tally but 'ot yet a%eHuately #eri$ie% i' stu%ies ith hu&a' subJects-

ha#e bee' re#iee% elsehere.

Zinc deficiency may increase arterial o,idati-e stress

he starti'* poi't o$ this stu%y as the obser#atio' that i'c %e$icie'cy se#erely i&pairs

e'%othelial cell $u'ctio'- a' e$$ect re#erse% by i'c supple&e'tatio'. o %eter&i'e ho

i'c a$$ects cytoi'e pro%uctio'- the acti#atio' o$ a 'uclear tra'scriptio' $actor (N)

ea&i'e% i' e'%othelial cell cultures. N as chose' because this tra'scriptio' $actor

acti#ates *e'es %irecti'* the sy'thesis o$ proi'$la&&atory cytoi'es a'% to i'crease%

oi%ati#e stress. Cells %epri#e% o$ i'c ere tri**ere% by tu&or 'ecrosis $actor (N).

N si*'als a casca%e o$ e#e'ts lea%i'* to the sy'thesis o$ protei's that re*ulate

oi%ati#e stress a'% pro&ote $ree ra%icals. i'c supple&e'tatio' re#erse% the acti#atio'

by N i' these cells: i'c i'hibite% acti#atio' o$ oi%ati#e stress tra'scriptio' $actors

a'% the sy'thesis o$ /'terleui' 8 a'% pro&ote% a retur' to ho&eostatic bala'ce.

Co&&e't: Arteries are #ul'erable to o'*oi'* oi%ati#e stress %ue to eposure to

oi%ii'* a*e'ts such as %ru*s a'% $ree ra%icals- i'clu%i'* superoi%e a'% lipi% peroyl

ra%icals. loo% co'tai's a' elaborate array o$ a'tioi%a'ts- i'clu%i'* ascorbic aci%- uric

aci% a'% %e$e'si#e seru& protei's to li&it this %a&a*e. >oe#er- a'tioi%a't %e$e'ses



are 'ot !00K e$$icie't. i'c participates i' these %e$e'ses by ser#i'* as a co$actor $or the

a'tioi%a't e'y&e- superoi%e %is&utase. Other aspects o$ i'c &etabolis& &ust be

i'#ol#e%- si'ce i'c %e$icie'cy causes pro$ou'% oi%ati#e %a&a*e to protei's- lipi%s a'%

=NA. As o'e ea&ple o$ a 'o'e'y&atic $u'ctio'- i'c is a cell &e&bra'e stabilier. /'

a%%itio'- this paper shos that i'c %e$icie'cy see&s to re*ulate cytoi'e&e%iate%

acti#atio' o$ tra'scriptio' $actors- especially those tri**eri'* i'$la&&atio' a'% oi%ati#e

stress. /$ i'c %e$icie'cy pro&otes acti#atio' o$ oi%ati#e stress a'% i'$la&&atory

cytoi'es by e'%othelial cells- the' i'c status &ay be i&porta't i' the %e#elop&e't o$

atherosclerosis. i'c is re&o#e% by $oo% processi'* a'% subcli'ical %e$icie'cies are

liely ith co&pro&ise% %iets.

Co''ell P et al. i'c atte'uates tu&or 'ecrosis $actor&e%iate% acti#atio' o$ tra'scriptio'

$actors i' e'%othelial cells. + A& Colle*e Nutr !99?; !: "!!"!?.

Role of Zinc in Diabetes

he &utual co''ectio' betee' i'suli' a'% i'c has bee' clearly %e&o'strate%. hat i'c

has a certai' i'$lue'ce o' the $u'ctio' o$ i'suli' has bee' re'%ere% probable. Iarlier- the

hypothesis has bee' state% that relati#e i'c %e$icie'cy &ay play a role i' the

patho*e'esis o$ &aturityo'set %iabetes. he possibility that the a%%itio' o$ i'c to

i'suli' preparatio's &ay si*'i$ica'tly e'ha'ce the biolo*ic pote'cy o$ i'suli' i' #i#o ha%

also bee' state%. he co'%itio' o$ %ecrease% *lucose tolera'ce see' i' a'i&als $e% a i'c

%e$icie't %iet has 'ot bee' stu%ie% i' hu&a's. 4hether patie'ts ith i'c %e$icie'cy i'

*e'eral ha#e co'co&ita't *lucose i'tolera'ce has 'ot bee' eluci%ate%.

/t has bee' %escribe% that patie'ts i' the i'itial sta*e o$ i'suli'%epe'%e't %iabetes ha#e a

%ecrease% co'ce'tratio' o$ i'c i' seru&. As i'c is esse'tial $or the bo%yBs %e$e'se

a*ai'st i'$ectio's- these authors a%#a'ce the possibility that a %ecrease i' the i'c

co'ce'tratio' i' i'suli'- e. *.- e#oe% by so&e %iabeto*e'ic a*e't- ca' lea% to a'

i'crease% se'siti#ity $or isletotropic #iruses i' patie'ts ith here%itary %ispositio' $or



i'suli'%epe'%e't %iabetes &ellitus. i'ally it ca' be co'clu%e% that the true role o$ i'c

i' the &etabolis& o$ i'suli' a'% i' the %e#elop&e't a'% &e%ical treat&e't o$ the

%i$$ere't types o$ %iabetes &ellitus 'ee%s $urther i'#esti*atio'

By danSep 07, 09 01:34PM | 0 comments

Sperm Meets Egg

Why me? My !"e ne#er had an !n"ect!on, s$rgery or any other pro%&em? ' ha#e no d!""!c$&tye(ac$&at!ng and there)s p&enty to or* !th so hy can my "r!ends, ne!gh%ors and coor*ers getpregnant and e can)t?

' hear these +$est!ons da!&y and apprec!ate the "r$strat!ons, anger and stress "e&t %y my pat!entsepress!ng these "ee&!ngs thro$gh s$ch +$est!ons- .here are many reasons hy co$p&es do notconce!#e- /n !n"ert!&!ty or*$p !&& !dent!"y some o" these- / semen ana&ys!s !&& p!c* $p a ma&e"actor !n 020 o" cases and !n more than ha&" o" these cases the ma&e has the on&y pro%&em- /nhysterosa&p!ngogram !&& &ocate t$%a& d!sease !n a%o$t 0 o" cases- /nother 0 o" omendo not o#$&ate or o#$&ate dys"$nct!ona&&y pre#ent!ng concept!on-

E#en hen a semen ana&ys!s !s norma& !t !s poss!%&e that a post co!ta& test may !dent!"y that thepro%&em !s that the sperm !s not reach!ng the egg- 't may not %e a%&e to s!m $p the cer#!ca&cana& !nto the om% and $p the t$%es here !t sho$&d norma&&y "!nd an egg to "ert!&!5e- Whenthese tests are norma& a &aparoscopy may %e per"ormed to !dent!"y the 0 o" !n"ert!&e omen!th endometr!os!s- 6oe#er, e#en hen the !n"ert!&!ty or*$p !s norma& and there !s no test that&og!ca&&y ep&a!ns the &ac* o" s$ccess !n ach!e#!ng a pregnancy an '8 proced$re may %oth

!dent!"y the ca$se as "a!&$re o" the egg to "ert!&!5e and treat !t s$ccess"$&&y %y !n(ect!ng spermm!croscop!ca&&y !nto the egg %y a proced$re ca&&ed 'ntracytop&asm!c Sperm 'n(ect!on or 'S'-

What causes male factor infertility?

.here are se#era& potent!a& ca$ses o" ma&e "actor !n"ert!&!ty- 6ormona& ca$ses can %e ca$sed%eca$se o" pro%&ems at the hypotha&am!cp!t$!tary &e#e& or at the test!c$&ar &e#e&- ;orma&&y, thehypotha&am$s reg$&ates p!t$!tary prod$ct!on o" o&&!c&e St!m$&at!ng 6ormone <S6= and>$te!n!5!ng 6ormone <>6=- S6 and >6 dr!#e the test!s to prod$ce sperm and testosterone-

http://www.medpedia.com/news_analysis/104-The-Fertility-Doc/entries/3297-Sperm-Meets-Egg-x2013-Why-Doesnx2019t-It-Work-Every-Time#comments%23comments





e"!c!ency o" S6 or >6 can &ead to &ac* o" a%!&!ty to dr!#e the test!c$&ar prod$ct!on o" sperm andtestosterone ($st as &ac* o" gas !&& pre#ent a car "rom %e!ng a%&e to r$n- .oday, the most commonreason "or a man to ha#e S6 and >6 prod$ct!on sh$t o"" !s "rom h!s $se o" ana%o&!c stero!dss$ch as testosterone, hcg <h$man chor!on!c gonadotrop!n= and c&om!phene <c&om!d=- .hese a&&may pro#!de negat!#e "eed%ac* on the p!t$!tary t$rn!ng o"" S6 and >6 prod$ct!on- @ne can a&sosee e&e#ated testosterone sh$tt!ng don the test!s !th congen!ta& adrena& hyperp&as!a andadrena& t$mors-

P!t$!tary t$mors, !n"arct!on, s$rgery, rad!at!on and !n"!&trat!#e processes can a&so d!m!n!sh S6and >6 prod$ct!on- 'n the presence o" &o S6 and >6 !t may %e $se"$& to chec* "or e&e#atedpro&act!n &e#e&s to r$&e o$t a p!t$!tary pro&act!noma and o%ta!n an MA' to chec* "or other t$mors orp!t$!tary patho&ogy-

'so&ated de"!c!ency o" >6 and S6 can occ$r <a&&mann)s syndrome= and &ead to d!m!n!shed test!s<hypogonad!sm=- .h!s occ$rs !n 1 !n 10,000 men- >ess common de"ects are seen !n hypotha&am!cst!m$&at!on o" the p!t$!tary and are $s$a&&y assoc!ated !th other congen!ta& "!nd!ngs-

/%norma& thyro!d and g&$cocort!co!d <predn!sone= ecess can res$&t !n decreasedspermatogenes!s thro$gh e""ects on the hypotha&am$s and >6 prod$ct!on or con#ers!on o"

androgens <ma&e hormone= to estrogens-

.est!c$&ar ca$ses !nc&$de the presence o" t$mor, chromosoma& a%norma&!t!es, congen!ta& a%senceo" germ ce&&s, dr$gs and rad!at!on that are to!c to the testes, $ndescended testes and#ar!cocoe&e-

.en per cent o" ma&es !th a sperm co$nt $nder 10 m!&&!on and 0 o" men !th a5osperm!a ha#ea chromosoma& a%norma&!ty- &e!n"e&ter)s syndrome !s a genet!c d!sorder d$e to the presence o"an etra chromosome !n the ma&e- .h!s occ$rs !n 1 o$t o" 00 ma&es and !s o"ten seen !n themosa!c "orm here some ce&&s are 42 y and some are 47 y- .he testes tend to %e sma&& andthese men ha#e de&ayed se$a& mat$rat!on, a5osperm!a and gynecomast!a <en&arged ma&e%reasts=- .here has %een some s$ccess !th 'S' o" %!ops!ed !mmat$re sperm ce&&s-

Serto&!ce&& on&y syndrome or germ!na& ce&& aphas!a may ha#e se#era& ca$ses !nc&$d!ng congen!ta&a%sence o" the germ ce&&s, genet!c de"ects or androgen res!stance- .est!c$&ar %!opsy shoscomp&ete a%sence o" germ!na& e&ements- Men are a5osperm!c yet #!r!&!5e norma&&y- .estes mayha#e norma& cons!stency %$t %e s&!ght&y sma&&er !n s!5e- .estosterone and >6 &e#e&s are norma&%$t S6 !s $s$a&&y e&e#ated- Men !th test!c$&ar "a!&$re secondary to m$mps, cryptorch!d!sm orrad!at!onCchemotherapy damage ha#e sma&&er testes !th a non $n!"orm h!sto&og!c pattern- .hetestes may ha#e se#ere sc&eros!s and hya&!n!5at!on- .here !s no treatment "or th!s "orm o"a5osperm!a-

Donadoto!c dr$gs &!*e chemotherapy or rad!at!on can e""ect the germ!na& ep!the&!$m %eca$se !t !sa rap!d&y d!#!d!ng t!ss$e and !s s$scept!%&e to the !nter"erence !mposed %y these to!ns on ce&&d!#!s!on- /t rad!at!on epos$re %e&o 200 rads, germ ce&& damage !s re#ers!%&e- Aeco#eredspermatogenes!s may ta*e $p to 3 years e#en hen eposed to &o doses o" rad!at!on-E&e#ated S6 &e#e&s re"&ect the !mpa!red spermatogenes!s and ret$rn to norma& once the testesreco#er-

@rch!t!s occ$rs !n 1 o" ma&es ho contract m$mps h!ch !s $n!&atera& !n 90 o" cases-.est!c$&ar atrophy may ta*e years to de#e&op- /t &east to th!rds o" men !th %!&atera& orch!t!srema!n !n"ert!&e "or &!"e-

.ra$ma e!ther thro$gh acc!dent or tors!on o" a test!s !s a re&at!#e&y common ca$se o" s$%se+$entatrophy !th potent!a& d!m!n!shed "ert!&!ty-



Med!ca& cond!t!ons s$ch as rena& "a!&$re, c!rrhos!s o" the &!#er and s!c*&e ce&& d!sease can a&& &eadto &o testosterone &e#e&s and decreased spermatogenes!s-

ryptorch!d!sm occ$rs !n 1 !n 1 ma&es- .he $ndescended test!s %ecomes a%norma& a"ter age -E#en hen $n!&atera&, cryptorch!d pat!ents ha#e red$ced "ert!&!ty potent!a&-

.he #ar!cocoe&e !s the most common "!nd!ng !n !n"ert!&e men- 't !s the res$&t o" %ac*"&o o" %&oodd$e to !ncompetent #a&#es !n the spermat!c #e!ns- 90 occ$r on the &e"t and !s "o$nd !n 0 o"ma&es 40 o" the !n"ert!&e pop$&at!on- 0 o" men !th #ar!cocoe&es are "ert!&e- 't !s tho$ght that a#ar!cocoe&e can ca$se !n"ert!&!ty %y e&e#at!ng the temperat$re o" the test!s- 8ar!cocoe&ectom!eshoe#er are not $n!#ersa&&y he&p"$& and rema!n somehat contro#ers!a& "or many cases o"!n"ert!&!ty-

n"ort$nate&y, at &east 40 o" !n"ert!&e men ha#e !d!opath!c !n"ert!&!ty "or h!ch no ca$se may%e !dent!"!ed-

@ther ca$ses o" a5osperm!a !nc&$de congen!ta& a%sence o" the #as de"erens or o%str$ct!onsecondary to !n"ect!on or s$rgery- .hese cases may %e amena%&e to s$rg!ca& reconstr$ct!onandCor 'S' !th ep!d!dyma& asp!rat!on or test!c$&ar %!opsy to o%ta!n sperm- .hese are the most

s$ccess"$& cases o" 'S' assoc!ated !th a5osperm!a-

Sperm ant!%od!es may %e a re&at!#e ca$se o" !n"ert!&!ty !n a%o$t 37 o" cases- .reatment has%een s$ccess"$& !th !ntra$ter!ne !nsem!nat!on and !th 'S'-

'n"ect!ons can a""ect sperm mot!&!ty secondary to e co&!, h&amyd!a, mycop&asma, $reap&asma andtr!chomonas- $&t$re and treatment "or asymptomat!c !n"ert!&e ma&es rema!ns contro#ers!a&-

Se$a& dys"$nct!on !s a present!ng ca$se o" ma&e !n"ert!&!ty !n a%o$t 0 o" cases- ecreasedse$a& dr!#e, erect!&e dys"$nct!on, premat$re e(ac$&at!on and "a!&$re o" !ntrom!ss!on are a&&potent!a&&y correcta%&e ca$ses o" !n"ert!&!ty-

Treatment of Male Infertility.reatment depends on d!agnos!s- 'n cases here the S6 and >6 are &o !th a norma& headMA', c&om!phene may %e o" %ene"!t- &om!phene c!trate <&om!d or Serophene= !s one o" the most!de&y $sed dr$gs !n ma&e !n"ert!&!ty- 't !s a ea* ant!estrogen that !nter"eres !th the norma&"eed%ac* o" c!rc$&at!ng estrogens and res$&ts !n an !ncrease !n DnA6 that st!m$&atesgonadotrop!n secret!on- .he res$&t!ng e&e#at!on !n >6 and S6 !ncreases !ntratest!c$&artestosterone &e#e&s and !n theory sho$&d !mpro#e spermatogenes!s- Donadotrop!n therapy may %e$sed !" c&omphene !s $ns$ccess"$& !n the "ace o" &o S6 and >6-

'" a p!t$!tary t$mor !s "o$nd, s$rgery or med!cat!ons to &oer pro&act!n may restorespermatogenes!s to norma&-

/n o%str$cted #as may %e m!cros$rg!ca&&y reconstr$cted- S$rgery may a&so %e per"ormed !n the

presence o" a #ar!cocoe&e-

'ntra$ter!ne !nsem!nat!on may !mpro#e de&!#ery o" sperm to an egg or !n the a%sence o" anysperm, art!"!c!a& !nsem!nat!on !th donor sperm !s o"ten s$ccess"$&-

'ntracytop&asm!c sperm !n(ect!on !nto the egg !n an '8 proced$re !s h!gh&y s$ccess"$& hensperm may %e o%ta!ned thro$gh the e(ac$&ate and e#en thro$gh test!c$&ar %!opsy- When norma&mat$re sperm are rare s$ch as !n test!c$&ar "a!&$re, assoc!ated !th e&e#ated S6, 'S' !s m$ch



&ess &!*e&y to res$&t !n "ert!&!5at!on and pregnancy- 'mmat$re sperm ce&&s rare&y can res$&t !n ahea&thy pregnancy-

Naturopathic Treatment

;at$ropath!c treatment "or ma&e !n"ert!&!ty "oc$ses on !mpro#!ng sperm +$ant!ty, sperm +$a&!ty, and

o#era&& ma&e reprod$ct!#e hea&th- .here ha#e %een reports that sperm co$nts ha#e "a&&en a&most0 s!nce the 1930s- /&tho$gh some d!sp$te these "!nd!ngs, !t !s genera&&y accepted that spermco$nts are dec&!n!ng- .he ca$se may %e en#!ronmenta& and d!etary and &!"esty&e changes may!nter"ere !th men)s sperm prod$ct!on- '" th!s !s so, !mpro#!ng d!et and ma*!ng hea&thy &!"esty&echo!ces sho$&d pos!t!#e&y !mpact ma&e reprod$ct!#e hea&th-

Nutrition

.he !mportance o" a hea&thy d!et cannot %e o#erstated- .o "$nct!on proper&y, the reprod$ct!#esystem re+$!res the proper #!tam!ns and m!nera&s- ;$tr!t!ona& de"!c!enc!es can !mpa!r hormone"$nct!on, !nh!%!t sperm prod$ct!on, and contr!%$te to the prod$ct!on o" a%norma& sperm

F Eat a nat$ra& "oods d!et that "oc$ses on "resh #egeta%&es, "r$!ts, ho&e gra!ns, "!sh, po$&try,&eg$mes, n$ts, and seeds-F r!n* 0 o" %ody e!ght !n o$nces o" ater da!&y <e-g-, a 10 &% man o$&d dr!n* 7 o5 o"ater=-F E&!m!nate processed and re"!ned "oods <e-g-, h!te "&o$r=, ($n* "ood, s$gars, a&coho&, andca""e!ne-F /#o!d sat$rated "ats and hydrogenated o!&s <e-g-, margar!ne= $se o&!#e o!&-F P$mp*!n seeds are nat$ra&&y h!gh !n 5!nc and essent!a& "atty ac!ds h!ch are #!ta& to hea&thy"$nct!on!ng o" the ma&e reprod$ct!#e system- Eat p$mp*!n seeds to he&p ma!nta!n a hea&thyreprod$ct!#e system-

Supplements

.he "o&&o!ng s$pp&ements may !ncrease sperm co$nt andCor mot!&!ty- /&&o 34 months "or thes$pp&ements to or*- .he "o&&o!ng !s a &!st o" s$pp&ements !th the!r s$pposed %ene"!t-

F /rg!n!ne G .a*e 4 gr da!&y- ;eeded to prod$ce sperm- '" the sperm co$nt !s %e&o 10 m!&&!on perm&, arg!n!ne pro%a%&y !&& not pro#!de any %ene"!t-F oen5yme H10 G .a*e 10 mg da!&y- May !ncrease sperm co$nt and mot!&!ty-F &aseed o!& G .a*e 1 t%sp da!&y- 's a so$rce o" essent!a& "atty ac!ds-F >carn!t!ne G .a*e 34 grams da!&y- Ae+$!red "or norma& sperm "$nct!on-F M$&t!#!tam!nm!nera& G B$y a h!gh+$a&!ty prod$ct and ta*e one ser#!ng s!5e <d!""ers "rom %randto %rand=-F Se&en!$m G .a*e 00 mcg da!&y- May !mpro#e sperm mot!&!ty-F 8!tam!n B1 G .a*e 1000 mcg da!&y- / B1 de"!c!ency red$ces sperm mot!&!ty and sperm co$nt-E#en !" no de"!c!ency e!sts, B1 s$pp&ementat!on may he&p men !th a sperm co$nt o" &ess than

0 m!&&!on per m!&&!&!ter or a mot!&!ty rate o" &ess than 0F 8!tam!n G .a*e 00 mg t!mes da!&y- 's an ant!o!dant-F 8!tam!n E G .a*e 400 's t!mes da!&y- 's an ant!o!dant and may !mpro#e sperms) a%!&!ty to!mpregnate-F I!nc G .a*e 30 mg t!mes da!&y- Ae+$!red "or a hea&thy ma&e reprod$ct!#e system and spermprod$ct!on-

Herbal Medicine



6er%a& remed!es $s$a&&y do not ha#e s!de e""ects hen $sed appropr!ate&y and at s$ggesteddoses- @ccas!ona&&y, an her% at the prescr!%ed dose ca$ses stomach $pset or headache- .h!smay re"&ect the p$r!ty o" the preparat!on or added !ngred!ents, s$ch as synthet!c %!nders or "!&&ers-or th!s reason, !t !s recommended that on&y h!gh+$a&!ty prod$cts %e $sed- /s !th a&&med!cat!ons, more !s not %etter and o#erdos!ng can &ead to ser!o$s !&&ness and death-

The following herbs may be used to treat male infertility:

F D!nseng <Pana g!nseng= G non as a ma&e ton!c <an agent that !mpro#es genera& hea&th= and$sed to !ncrease testosterone &e#e&s and sperm co$nt- S!%er!an g!nseng <E&e$therococc$ssent!cos$s= may a&so %e $sed-F /straga&$s </straga&$s mem%ranace$s= G May !ncrease sperm mot!&!ty-F Sarsapar!&&a <JSm!&a spp-= G non as a ma&e <and "ema&e= ton!c-F Sa pa&metto <Serenoa repens= G sed "or o#era&& ma&e reprod$ct!#e hea&th-

Other ecommendations:

/#o!d a&coho&- /&coho& cons$mpt!on !s assoc!ated !th an !ncreased n$m%er o" de"ect!#e sperm-F ons!der ac$p$nct$re-

F o not smo*e, or +$!t smo*!ng- .here !s an assoc!at!on %eteen smo*!ng and &o sperm co$nt,poor sperm mot!&!ty, and a%norma& sperm-F Proeed G !s a ne n$tr!t!ona& s$pp&ement that may !mpro#e sperm hea&th and "ert!&!ty rates- .he!ngred!ents !nc&$de >carn!t!ne and acety&carn!t!ne, to #!tam!n&!*e s$%stances synthes!5ednat$ra&&y %y the %ody- .hese chem!ca&s are !n#o&#ed !n ce&&$&ar meta%o&!sm and are "o$nd !nsemen at a rate that !s proport!onate to the amo$nt o" hea&thy sperm- Proeed !s p$rported to!mpro#e sperm co$nt, concentrat!on, and mot!&!ty hen ta*en ora&&y "or a%o$t months- 't !sreported that appro!mate&y 30 o" co$p&es $s!ng !t conce!#e- 't !s a#a!&a%&e !tho$t aprescr!pt!on, a&tho$gh co$p&es cons!der!ng !t sho$&d cons$&t the!r phys!c!an

appl physiol nutr metab

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