Application of genetic mapping

Banker smit

Government science college

Gene mapping

As a name suggests that it’s a map of our genome present on chromosome .

Describes the order of genes or other markers and the spacing between them on each chromosome.

Scientists isolate DNA and examine it for any disease and traits then they determine where the gene responsible for that trait is located using DNA markers .

Types of gene mapping

Genetic linkage maps

Physical maps

Genetic linkage maps

Shows the relative locations of specific DNA markers along the chromosome

Physical maps

Unlike linkage maps this type of maps are able to tell us the exact position of gene present on chromosome.

Different techniques

1 Somatic cell hybridization

2 Radiation hybridization

3 Fish ( Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization)

Uses of Gene Mapping

Identify genes responsible for diseases. Heritable diseases Cancer

Identify genes responsible for traits. Plants or Animals Disease resistance Meat or Milk Production

Forensics

Forensics

Identify potential suspects through DNA evidence Exonerate those wrongly convicted by providing

DNA evidence Settle questions of paternity and other family

relationships Identify endangered and protected species Match organ donors with recipients Authenticate consumables, like caviar and wine

You are already familiar with the use of genetic mapping in crime investigations, paternity tests, and identification. The technique can also be used in organ transplants to achieve better matches between recipients and donors, thus minimizing the risks of complications and maximizing the use of donated healthy organs, a scarce resource. For more delectable applications, genetic mapping can authenticate the origins of consumer goods like caviar, fruits, and wine or the pedigree of livestock and animal breeds.

In May 2010, James Bain, who was wrongly accused of the rape of a 9-year old boy in 1974, was released after 35 years in prison. The Innocence project helped to exonerate him, using DNA evidence.

Molecular Medicine

Molecular medicines

Improve upon gene therapy (insertion or alteration of genes to treat disease)

Develop methods of earlier detection of genetic mutation and susceptibility to diseases

Design drugs to act as activators or inhibitors of functions of different proteins to prevent diseases (rational drug design)

Improve diagnosis of different diseases, like diabetes, heart disease, schizophrenia, and cancer

Reduce and treat genetic diseases, like hemochromatosis, phenlyketonuria, and hypercholesterolemia

Phenylketonuria is an inherited metabolic disease in which amino acid phenylalanine accumulates in bloodstream, resulting in brain damage. PKU is a single gene and autosomal recessive disorder. Early diagnosis is key in treating PKU, and doctors are now resorting to genotype determination and mutation analysis to better customize treatment. Before, doctors would take a blood sample from the heel of a newborn 24 hours after birth.

Scientists have become more proficient in genetic sequencing - the detailed genetic maps that help locate the risk genes for a host of genetic diseases. The ability to investigate the root cause of diseases may one day allow medical researchers to develop strategies to avoid the environmental conditions that serve as triggers to disease, formulate customized drugs, and techniques for gene therapy.

Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment

• Assess health risks caused by exposure to radiation

• Mitigate probability of heritable mutations

• Evaluate health risks caused by subjection to carcinogenic poisons and toxins and mutagenic chemicals

• Determine genetic differences which vary individuals’ ability to resist external agents

• Discern external factors which may result in cancer

Below is a victim of the Chernobyl disaster, which occurred on April 26, 1986, in which an explosion and fire at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine emitted radioactive contamination over USSR and Europe. The death toll varies from 4,000 to 1 million people – depending on the source.

Agriculture application

Knowledge of the genetic maps of plants and animals leads to the development of agricultural crops and animal breeds that are more nutritious, productive and can better resist diseases, insects and drought. Researchers can breed special plants that help clean up wastes that are difficult to break down.

Energy and environment

Genetic maps of microbes enable researchers to harness the power of bacteria for producing energy from bio-fuels, reducing toxic waste, and developing environment-friendly products and industrial processes.

Other uses

Other Outcomes

• Study evolution through germline mutations• Study migration of specific groups based on

female genetic inheritance• Study Y chromosome and mutations

reference

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3730548/

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007257.htm

http://www.nlada.org/forensics/for_lib/Documents/1124746108.4/forensics.shtml

http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/forensic/

http://www.businessinsider.in/This-Innocent-Man-Spent-35-Years-In-Prison-Before-DNA-Evidence-Proved-He-Didnt-Rape-A-9-Year-Old-Boy/articleshow/24345670.cms