Applications of MicrophotonicsPresented by

Chacko MathewRoll No:15S7 ECE-A

Contents

IntroductionReview of Microphotonics

Photonic InterconnectsWhy optical interconnects? Construction & Operation details

Photonic Computingphotonic logic and implementation

Photonic Integrated CircuitsAdvantages over metal interconnects. Different types.

Optical InterconnectsWhy go for optical interconnects?

Copper/Metal Interconnects

•Chip to chip (Interchip) connections•Interconnections between ICs in printed circuit boards•Bandwidth limited by:

• Signal Distortion• Power Consumption• Cross-talk• Pin-out Capacity

Optical Interconnects continued…Advantages of optical interconnects

Optical Interconnects

•To replace metallic interconnects by light beams, either in air or optical fibers•Advantages:

• Higher bandwidth• Lack electromagnetic interference• Lower power dissipation

• two-dimensional laser and detector arrays are integrated on the CMOS chip using flip-chip technology

• Optical interconnections requires:• a transceiver for converting electrical signals

to optical ones, • a propagation medium which is either fibre

or free space, and • a receiver to convert the optical signals back

to electrical ones.

Optical Interconnects continued…

• The device is a high-speed 12-channel link (8 data channels) with a parallel CMOS optical transceiver package. The optical I/O is based on an optoelectronic flip-chip pin grid array (FCPGA) package, and the key components of the hybrid package are

• gallium arsenide VCSELs, • p-type intrinsic n-type doped silicon (PIN)

photodiode arrays, • acrylate polymer waveguide arrays, • multiterminal fiber-optic connectors, and • the CMOS transceiver chip.

• These components are flip-chip mounted on top of the FCPGA organic substrate to enable parallel point-to-point optical transmission

Optical Interconnects continued…Intel’s chip to chip interconnect

• Each chip consists of GaAs VCSEL and photodetector arrays

• The top emitting VCSEL arays transmit optical signals which is reflected by the mirror onto the desired chip

• The photodetector arrays receives these optical signals

• High speed with 10 Gb/s per channel target data rates.

Optical Interconnects continued…Conceptual free space optical interconnects

• Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore and Jack Kilby first integrated transistors into silicon and germanium.

Electronic Integrated Circuits• integrates many transistors, capacitors and resistors into

a single silicon chip

Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC)History of ICs & Electronic Integrated Circuits

• PIC integrates multiple optical components such as lasers, modulators, detectors, attenuators, multiplexers/de-multiplexers and optical amplifiers.

Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) continued…What is a PIC?

PASSIVE PIC• built using silica materials

• integrate functions such as filters, wavelength multiplexers, couplers, and photonic switches

• don't generate or amplify light, but are "light in, light out

• built using compound semiconductor materials such as Indium Phosphide (InP)

• integrate optoelectronic functions such as lasers, modulators, PIN detectors, and amplifiers

• can be used to convert between electronic signals and optical signals

ACTIVE PIC

Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) continued…Active & Passive PICs

HYBRID INTEGRATION• single function optical devices into

a single package• can be highly complex, as many

discrete devices must be interconnected internal to the package

• different materials may require different packaging designs due to differences in optical, mechanical and thermal characteristics

• consolidates many devices and/or functions into a single photonic material

• The production of monolithic photonic integrated circuits involves the construction of devices into a common substrate. This allows all photonic couplings to occur within the substrate and all functions are emerged into a single and physically exceptional device.

MONOLITHIC INTEGRATION

Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) continued…Types of Integration: Hybrid & Monolithic

• electronic computing uses electrons to perform the logic that makes computing work. Photonic computing uses photons of laser light to do the same job, only thousands of times faster

• Photonic logic, is the key to the production of a completely optical computing system

• tiny light beams that simply blink on and off, in order to carry information and perform the logic of computing in light-speed photonic computers

Photonic ComputingElectronic & Photonic computing

• Photons instead of electrons• Depends on Interference patterns• Four input conditions:

• Both light beams on. • The 1st one on and the 2nd one off. • The 2nd on and 1st off, and • Both beams off.

Photonic Computing continued…Photonic Logic

• When the single pulse arrives, and is spread into the CI area to become part of the OR output, and also into the DI area to become part of the XOR output, thus, there are 2 portions available

Photonic Computing continued…Photonic Logic: OR & XOR

• When both lights are on, due to CI, output is obtained at the hole, OR output. Due to DI, XOR output is 0

Photonic Computing continued…Photonic Logic: OR & XOR

• NOT logic can be implemented same as that or XOR.• As with any XOR, if one of the beams is kept on all the

time, the device becomes a NOT. That is, when the 2nd input is on, the output is off and vice versa

Photonic Computing continued…Photonic Logic: NOT

• When pipelined pulses are given, each pulse in a light beam interfere with pulse in the other beam.

Photonic Computing continued…Photonic Logic: Pipelined pulses as input

References

•Applied Microphotonics by Wes R Jamroz

•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

•http:// www.infinera.com/pic

•http://www.technologyreview.in/

•http://www.rmrc.org

•Rocky Mountain Research Center

THANK YOU

Queries?