1

Case Studies on Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources in

Asia, Pacific and Oceania Asia, Pacific and Oceania Region

Contents

• Background – threats, conservation tools, species diversity, sampling strategies for genetic diversity studiesg y

• Case study on two allopatric species; Hopea odorata, Dryobalanops aromatica

• Case study on long-term and short-term effects of logging

Threats to Forest Genetic Resources

• Natural disasters – hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, earth quakes, tsunami, fire, floods, etc.,

• Anthropogenic factors – logging, land conversion, dams, highways, grazing, fire, collection of non-timber products, war, global warming, etc.

Conservation Tools

Genetic conservation areas for specific species (e.g. kapur gene pools)

Virgin Jungle Reserves

Gardens and arboreta (e.g. Rimba Ilmu, UM, Dipterocarp A b FRIM) Virgin Jungle Reserves

(Pasoh F.R., Bukit Bauk F.R.)

Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks (Taman Negara, Mulu National Park)

Arboretum, FRIM)

• Seed or gamete banks

• Clonal archives

• DNA archives

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60

80

100

f sp

ecie

s

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20

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Q1 Q1,2 Q1-3 Q1-4 Q1-5

Quadrat

no o

f

Unlogged stand

Regenerated stand 1

Regenerated stand 2

Sampling strategy for genetic diversity studies

P l ti t t• Population structure

• Species boundary

• Phylogeny

Sampling strategy for genetic diversity studies

• Population Structure• Genetic variation within and among populations

(geographic variation), breeding system, heterozygosity, relatedness among individualsamong individuals

Sample size (N)? 2N 1/GST ( 5-50 )Molecular marker? ISOZYMES, RFLPs, VNTRs,

SSRsNo. of markers/loci? N Type of tissue? SEED, POLLEN, LEAF,

INNER BARK, ROOT TIP

0.58

0.60

0.62

0.64

0.66

0.68

0.70

0.72

0.74

0.76

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105

Expe

cted

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ygos

ity, H

e

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Sample size

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fect

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umbe

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Sample size

• SL & SP, n = 20 samples

• AT, n = 15 samples

Sampling strategy for genetic diversity studies

• Species Boundary– Interspecific hybridisation,

introgression

Sample size (N)? MIN. 2Molecular marker? FIXED ALLELENo. of marker/loci? NType of tissue? SEED, LEAF, INNER

BARK, ROOT TIP

3

Sampling strategy for genetic diversity studies

• Phylogeny– Species divergence

Sample size (N)? MIN 1Sample size (N)? MIN. 1Molecular marker? RFLP, PCR-RFLP,

SEQUENCINGNo. of marker/loci? NType of tissue? LEAF, INNER

BARK, ROOT TIP

SNP

ISOZYMES

Hopea odorata(Dipterocarpaceae)

• Local name – Merawan siput jantan (Malaysia), sao den (Vietnam), kok (Cambodia), kh’en (Laos), takhian-thong (Thailand)

• Distributed in Andaman Islands, Mynamar, Thailand, Indo-China and Peninsular Malaysia

• Occurs in lowlands (riparian) and hills up to 300 m altitude or higher (in Andaman Is.)

• Flowers – small, unisexual, pinkish petals with hairs.• Fruits – polyembryonic with up to 7 plantlets per fruit• Pollinator – small insects, inferred apomixis • Light hardwood - construction uses, furniture, veneer,

etc.

Distribution of Hopea odorata in Peninsular MalaysiaMalaysia

4

H. nervosa

H. dyeri

H. dryobalanoides

H. beccariana

H. pierrei

H. latifolia

H. mengerawan

H. myrtifolia

H. ferruginea

99

6267

8478

1

1

0

0

1

11

1

2

5

3

0

3

2

4

Subsection Dryobalanoides

Subsection SphaerocarpaeDryobalanoides

clade

Dryobalanoides

H. sangal

H. nutans

H. odorata

H. helferi

H. apiculata

H. wightiana

Neobalanocarpus heimii

58 60

89

11

41

12

3

4

0

0

Subsection Hopea

SubsectionPierreaHopea clade

Outgroup

72-bp deletionin the trnL-trnF H

opea

Phylogeny of Hopea based on the trnL-trnF and atpB-rbcL sequences.

Numbers above branches are bootstrap values (500 replicates); numbers below branches are branch lengths

5

Dryobalanops aromatica(Dipterocarpaceae)

• Local name – Kapur• Distributed in Sumatra, Riau Archipelago,

Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia• Occurs in lowlands and hills up to 365 mOccurs in lowlands and hills up to 365 m

altitude• Flowers – small, white colour, hermaphrodite.• Pollinated by bees - Apis dorsata, A. indica var.

cerrana• Medium hardwood - construction uses, poles,

furniture, flooring and railway sleeper.

D. aromatica populations studied

Shc02, Sch03

Sch04, Sch07

Sch09, Sch11

Sch17

Genetic Diversity Parameters

Population N Ae Ho He F

Kanching 19.1 3.69 0.555 0.721 0.225

L 17 4 3 36 0 454 0 684 0 304Lenggor 17.4 3.36 0.454 0.684 0.304

Lesong 17.1 3.92 0.506 0.735 0.300

Bukit Sai 17.0 3.60 0.531 0.707 0.239

Ulu Sedili 18.7 3.60 0.407 0.700 0.428

Mean 17.9 3.63 0.491 0.709 0.300

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Genetic differentiation and gene flow between populations

• GST (+Kanching) = 0.067

• GST (- Sch07 & Sch11) = 0.062ST ( )

• GST (-Kanching) = 0.062

• RST (- Sch07 & Sch11) = 0.09

• Nm = 2.94

HARVESTING PRACTICES

• MALAYAN UNIFORM SYSTEM (MUS)

55 year cutting cycle– 55-year cutting cycle

– all trees 45cm dbh

– sufficient regenerants must be present

HARVESTING PRACTICES

• SELECTIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SMS)– 30-year cutting cycle30 year cutting cycle

– dipterocarps 50cm dbh

– non-dipterocarps 45cm dbh

– 32 adolescent trees or equivalent left after logging

Two Approaches Were Used:IMMEDIATE EFFECTS• TROPICAL RIDGE/HILL FOREST

– Serting Tambahan F.R., Negeri Sembilan• Logged in 1996 (SMS)

– Ulu Sedili F.R., Johor,• Logged in 2000 (SMS)

LONG TERM EFFECTS• LOWLAND/HILL MIXED DIPTEROCARP

FOREST– Pasoh F.R., Negeri Sembilan, Ulu Sedili F.R.,

Johor and Panti F.R., Johor• Logged in 1950s (MUS)

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Shorea curtisii(Dipterocarpaceae)

• Local name - meranti seraya• Distributed in Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand,

Sumatra and Borneo• Found in the ridges of hill dipterocarp forests

(300 850 m)(300 - 850 m)• Light hardwood of dark red meranti type -

furniture, high-class interior finishing, flooring, veneer, etc.

• Hermaphrodite flowers• Pollinator – thrips (genera Thrips &

Megalurothrips)

Basal area for S. curtisii

2.50

3.00

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4.004.50

are

a pe

r ha

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<5cm 5-15cm 15-30cm 30-45cm >45cm

dbh classes

BF-C48 LS-C48

Tree density for S. curtisii

30

40

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60

of tr

ees

per h

a

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20

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<5cm 5-15cm 15-30cm 30-45cm >45cm

dbh classes

BF-C48 LS-C48

Immediate effects (SMS)S. curtisii

Stand N A He V Vgam LP

BF-C118 Seedling 0.0 19.2 2.9 6.0 34.3 30.2

vs Sapling 2.5 -10.8 0.6 -0.4 37.3 -72.2p g

AF-C118 Adult 83.3 50.0 5.4 26.3 84.8 85.1

UL-C40 Seedling -400 -34.5 0.8 -14.8 -105.8 -136.5

vs Sapling -200 -27.3 3.0 -0.8 -73.4 -51.6

LS-C48 Adult 50.0 20.0 -4.8 8.8 43.4 47.4

Long term effects (MUS)S. curtisii

Stand N A He V Vgam LP

BF-C118 Seedling 18.0 14.9 0.6 0.9 -15.2 34.8BF C118 Seedling 18.0 14.9 0.6 0.9 15.2 34.8

vs Sapling 30.0 8.1 0.0 1.1 45.3 -14.8

RS-C69 Adult 76.7 37.5 2.0 16.5 71.3 63.4

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Scaphium macropodum(Sterculiaceae)

• Local name – Kembang Semangkok Jantong• Distributed in Malaysia, Southern Thailand,

Cambodia, Borneo and SumatraF d i l l d f id 1200 i• Found in lowland forests, on ridges <1200m, in swampy areas

• Light hardwood – veneer and plywood• Unisexual flowers, male and female flowers on

separate inflorescences on same tree• Pollinators – bees, flies, beetles and butterflies

Basal area for S. macropodum

0 30

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l are

a pe

r ha

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Mea

n ba

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<5cm 5-15cm 15-30cm 30-45cm >45cm

dbh classes

BF-C48 LS-C48

Tree density for S. macropodum

30.00

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f tre

es p

er h

a

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<5cm 5-15cm 15-30cm 30-45cm >45cm

dbh classes

BF-C48 LS-C48

Immediate effects (SMS)S. macropodum

Sampling time

Age cohort A H H Fis

Before Adults (33) 3.3 0.415 - 0.132logging 1.7 0.198 1.075 -

After logging

(57.5%)

Adults (22)

Poles(15)

3.0

1.7

3.5

0.390

0.212

0.318

-

0.978

-

-0.036

-

0.382Saplings(31)

Seedlings(33)3.0

3.0

0.337

0.396

-

-

0.076

0.235

Long term effects (MUS)S. macropodum

FMU A H H Fis

US 3.5 0.381 - -0.037

(30) 1.8 0.225 1.457 -0.041

RS1 - 13.5%

(11)

3.0

1.5*

0.541

0.163*

-

0.998*

0.155

0.073

RS2 - 40.7%

(18)

3.0

1.7*

0.498

0.218

-

1.400

0.175

0.143

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Conclusions

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0.0

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Mea

n no

Reduction in genetic diversity measures:

Saplings < Seedlings < AdultsSaplings < Seedlings < Adults

• Assessment of genetic erosion should becarried out using more than onemolecular marker analysis if one of themshows no significant difference.

• Species’ vulnerability to the threat of• Species’ vulnerability to the threat ofgenetic erosion posed by selective loggingis highly correlated with its abundanceand heterogeneity in a particular FMU