INTRODUCTION With rapid urbanization and ever increasing

population growth there has been a substantial increase in the generation of solid waste & contamination of air, water and land resources.

The solid wastes from different municipalities, not managed properly, have been creating problems for human health and environment.

Some of the solid wastes have been proved to be extremely toxic and infectious.

The uncontrolled dumping of such wastes have not only brought about increasing number of incidents of health hazard but also causing the surface and ground water contamination and thus posing serious environmental threat to the human being.

The present study would deal with, how Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote sensing techniques can be used as a decision support tool for planning waste management.

Source of information The Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal

Corporation ward boundary map from Town Planning Department of GVMC.

Assessment of the existing solid waste management system in the study area through interview with the employee working with waste management, survey conducted through the questionnaire to the case study area residents,

Survey Of India Toposheet of the Study Area

Satellite Image

The other various information was collected through online source.

Scope

The efficiency of solid waste disposal depends upon selection of proper site and there are several issues that have impacts for site selection.

The two main reasons for undertaking the present study are rapid growth in population and urban sprawl leading to an increase in the amount of waste generated.

The scope of the work is to use the latest techniques of GIS and Remote Sensing to select a favorable site for solid waste disposal in urban area like Visakhapatnam.

Objectives To study the existing system of storage,

collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of MSW in the Study Area, Visakhapatnam City.

Quantitative assessment of solid wastes generated from different sectors in the study area.

To create spatial digital database consisting of base map, land use/ land cover, drainage, road network maps with the help of merged product of LISS III & PAN of IRS-1D, SOI toposheets and ground data on ARC/INFO GIS platform.

To select a site where the greatest protection of environment is provided using the latest techniques of GIS and Remote Sensing

Study Area

The present study entitled “USE OF GIS IN IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE SITE FOR LANDFILL IN VISAKHAPATNAM” was carried out in Visakhapatnam, “the city of destiny”.

Map showing study area

LAND USE DETAILS OF VISAKHAPATNAM CITY

Land Use Area, Ha Percentage to total

Residential 4027.78 53.75

Commercial 99.48 1.34

Industrial 163.40 2.18

Transportation 550.20 7.34

Recreational 582.38 7.77

Water Courses 158.91 2.12

Restricted Area 130.00 1.73

Agricultural 719.85 9.61

Public and Semi-Public 662.50 8.84

Vacant Land 398.72 5.32

Total 7493.20 100.00

CHART SHOWING LANDUSE DETAILS OF VISAKHAPATNAM

CITY Land Use Of Visakhpatnam City

Residential, 54%

Commercial, 1%Industrial , 2%Transportation, 7%

Recreational, 8%

Water Courses, 2%Restricted Area, 2%

Agricultural, 10%

Public & Semi-Public, 9%

Vacant Land, 5%

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Transportation

Recreational

Water Courses

Restricted Area

Agricultural

Public & Semi-Public

Vacant Land

Contribution of GIS in SWM

There are several phases in solid waste management, right from the stage where it is generated till it reaches its final destination or at a stage where it is no more a threat to the environment.

It is observed that solid waste management can be bifurcated into mainly two phases.

One is the waste management in the area where it is generated and second is the management of waste at dumping grounds.

GIS could help in dealing with several factors simultaneously which needs to be considered while planning waste management.

“GIS is a system of computer hardware and software, designed to allow users to collect, manage, analyse and retrieve large volume of spatially referenced data and associated attribute data collected from a variety of sources.”

Thus, the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the use of GIS and remote sensing techniques to identify appropriate areas which are suitable for reasonable, convenient, and administratively transparent waste-disposal siting in Visakhapatnam.

Functional elements

W aste G en eration

W as te h an d lin g , S ep erationS torag e

C ollec tion

S ep arationP roces s in g

Tran s fer an d tran sp ort

D isp os al

S o lid waste M an ag em en t

WASTE GENERATION – MATERIAL BALANCE

STORED MATERIAL (raw material, products, solid waste)

INFLOW OUTFLOW

OUT FLOW: Materials, products, Solid wastes, Combustion gases and ashes

ON-SITE HANDLING

Handling of solid waste until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection

Domestic Solid Waste Commercial and Industrial Solid

Waste

ON-SITE STORAGE a) Types of containers

b) Container location c) Public Health & aesthetics

d) Collection method

ON-SITE PROCESSINGa) Recover usable material : Manual sortingb) Reduce the volume : Compactionc) Alter the physical form : Incineration

Waste storage

Providing the system of waste storage on the road side the major activity Primary Waste Storage facilities are made available by GVMC along streets and near commercial complexes. In addition, shopkeepers at a few commercial complexes provide bins for public use. GVMC has about 598 dumper placer container for storage of waste

DISTRIBUTION OF DUMPER PLACER CONTAINERS BY ZONE

ZONE NUMBER DUMPER PLACER CONTAINER

1 19

2 170

3 180

4 146

5 55

6 28

TOTAL 598

Collection and transportation

Primary collectionSecondary collection

Primary Waste Collection

Primary waste collection is the important essential step of solid waste management activity. Primary collection system is necessary to ensure that the waste stored at source is collected regularly and it is not disposed of on the streets, drains, water bodies, etc.

The collection of solid waste from the door to door households, shops, and establishment is called primary collection. GVMC has provided Pushcarts (6 tubs), Tricycles to collect the solid waste from the households, commercial establishments etc

Secondary collection

collection of solid waste for the second time, i.e. from community collection points, prior to its transport (often as part of a collection round by larger vehicles) to a transfer station, treatment facility or disposal site.

Solid waste collection

WASTE TRANSPORT

Transportation of waste stored at waste storage depots at regular intervals is essential. The collection and transportation of waste is practiced on all the days of the year including the public holidays. In GVMC, waste stored in open spaces is either loaded manually or with the help of loaders in trucks.

The vehicles involved in the solid waste transportation in Visakhapatnam include dumper placers, tractors, mini vans, tippers (big & small). Dumper placers will carry the bin and unload the waste at the transfer station and will perform on an average of 12 trips per day. Mini tippers transport the waste from the open secondary collection points to transfer stations.

VEHICLE S AVAILABLE FOR TRANSPORTATION OF MSW IN VISAKHAPATNAM

S. No Types of Vehicles Number

1 Dumper Placer Vehicle 43

2 Big Tipper 10

3 Mini Tipper 2

4 Tractors 1

5 Dead Body Van 1

6 Vans 13

Vehicles at Disposal Site

1 JCB 3

2 Bull Dozer 1

Dumper Placer Vehicle

Mini Tipper

Big Tipper

TRANSFER STATION Being Visakhapatnam is the big city and waste generation

is more and the disposal site is far from the city, transfer station is established to transfer the waste from dumper placers and trucks.

The transfer station is located at town road. The collection vehicle like dumper placers, tippers and tractors will pick up the waste from the secondary open collection points and dumper bins and transfer the waste directly in transfer stations.

A ramp facility is also provided to facilitate unloading of vehicles or dumper placer containers, directly into large containers at transfer station.

Waste is weighed at Weigh Bridge at the entrance gate, a record is being maintained for in time, out time, weight of the solid waste disposing in to the transfer station and vehicle number. The big tipper (20 ton capacity) transport the waste to disposal site located at Kapuluppada which is 25kms away from the city.

Weigh Bridge

TRANSFER STATION

DISPOSAL OF WASTE

Currently, the city disposes all of their waste at a Kapuluppada disposal site. This site is operating for the last 5 years with 100 acres.

3 JCB and 1 bulldozer are employed at GVMC for solid waste

management, including the operation of the waste disposal site.

The existing waste disposal site is a dumpsite with no leachate collection and treatment system and does not meet the current requirements of the MSW 2000 Rules.

Open burning of waste, indiscriminate disposal, presence of stray animal & rag pickers at the disposal site and leachate migration into the river are common occurrences.

Kapuluppada Dumping yard

COMPOSTING

Composting: The controlled biological decomposition of organic matter, such as food and yard wastes, into humus, a soil-like material.

Composting is nature's way of recycling organic wastes into new soil

BENEFITS OF COMPOSTING

Keeps organic wastes out of landfills. Provides nutrients to the soil. Increases beneficial soil organisms

(e.g., worms). Suppresses certain plant diseases. Reduces the need for fertilizers and

pesticides. Protects soils from erosion. Assists pollution remediation.

COMPOSTING

Geosynthic Clay Layer

Pulverization Equipment

Composting Beds

DETAILS OF RECYCLABLES S. N0 Category Waste generation in kg

per month

1. plastics 150-180

2. milkcover 250-300

3. cardboard 350

4. Broken glasses 1000

5. Mica papers 1000

6. Waste papers 2500

7. iron 50-60

8. Tube lights 400-500no/month

9. aluminum 1-2

10. Blubs 400-500 no/month

TOTAL WASTE GENERATED s.no Type of waste Waste

generated(tons/day)

Percentage waste compostion

1. Domestic house hold waste

464.00 62.87

2. Commercial Establishments waste

36.00 4.87

3. Hotels & Restaurants

16.79 2.27

4. Institutional waste 3.94 054

5. Parks & Gardens 4.50 0.60

6. Street sweeping waste

61.08 8.28

7. Waste from Drains 63.28 8.58

8. Markets 60.00 8.10

9. Temples 2.24 0.30

100100738738Total WasteTotal Waste2.532.5318.6018.60Function halls Function halls 13.13.0.040.040.220.22Cinema halls Cinema halls 12.12.

0.350.352.402.40Slaughter Slaughter houses houses

11.11.

0.670.674.914.91Chicken, Chicken, Mutton, Beef. Mutton, Beef. Fish stalls Fish stalls

10.10.

0.300.302.242.24Temples Temples 9.9.8.108.1060.0060.00Markets Markets 8.8.

8.588.5863.2863.28Waste from Waste from Drains Drains

7.7.

8.288.2861.0861.08Street sweeping Street sweeping waste waste

6.6.

0.600.604.504.50Parks & Gardens Parks & Gardens 5.5.

0540543.943.94Institutional Institutional waste waste

4.4.

2.272.2716.7916.79Hotels & Hotels & Restaurants Restaurants

3.3.

4.874.8736.0036.00Commercial Commercial Establishments Establishments waste waste

2.2.

62.8762.87464.00464.00Domestic house Domestic house hold wastehold waste

1.1.

Percentage Percentage waste waste compostioncompostion

Waste Waste generated(tongenerated(tonss/day)/day)

Type of waste Type of waste s.nos.no

100100738738Total WasteTotal Waste2.532.5318.6018.60Function halls Function halls 13.13.0.040.040.220.22Cinema halls Cinema halls 12.12.

0.350.352.402.40Slaughter Slaughter houses houses

11.11.

0.670.674.914.91Chicken, Chicken, Mutton, Beef. Mutton, Beef. Fish stalls Fish stalls

10.10.

0.300.302.242.24Temples Temples 9.9.8.108.1060.0060.00Markets Markets 8.8.

8.588.5863.2863.28Waste from Waste from Drains Drains

7.7.

8.288.2861.0861.08Street sweeping Street sweeping waste waste

6.6.

0.600.604.504.50Parks & Gardens Parks & Gardens 5.5.

0540543.943.94Institutional Institutional waste waste

4.4.

2.272.2716.7916.79Hotels & Hotels & Restaurants Restaurants

3.3.

4.874.8736.0036.00Commercial Commercial Establishments Establishments waste waste

2.2.

62.8762.87464.00464.00Domestic house Domestic house hold wastehold waste

1.1.

Percentage Percentage waste waste compostioncompostion

Waste Waste generated(tongenerated(tonss/day)/day)

Type of waste Type of waste s.nos.no

SOURCES OF WASTE GENERATION IN VISAKHAPATNAM

Solid Waste Site Selection Criteria

A number of essential factors are considered in locating landfill sites. Such factors include both physical and social environments.

The essential factors: Topography, Climate, Surface and Ground Water Hydrology, Geology, Cover material (Land Cover), and Land Uses.

Due to data constraints, we used Topography, Surface hydrology, Existing settlements, Sensitive area and Land development (Roads etc.) of the area as guides to site selection.

Landfill criteria Must not be located within 160 meters of a

wetland Must not be located within 160 meters of a

sensitive area. Must not be located within 200 meters of an

existing waste site. Must not be located within 1000 meters of an

existing settlement. Must be located within 300 meters of major road. No landfill should be constructed within critical

habitat area. No landfill should be constructed within 3048

m(10,000 ft) of any airport. Not be located on or within 500 m of sites of

historic importance.

WASTE DISPOSAL

LAND FILLING Process by which residual solid waste is placed in

a landfill

LAND FORMING Biological, chemical, and physical processes that

occur in the surface of the soil are used to treat the biodegradable industrial wastes

DEEP WELL INJECTION Injection of the wastes deep in the ground into

permeable rock formation or underground caverns.

WASTE DISPOSAL- LANDFILL

LAND FILLING involves the controlled disposal of solid waste on or in the upper layer of the earth’s mantle.

TYPES OF LANDFILLS Sanitary Landfill Engineered Landfill Secured Landfill

WASTE DISPOSAL- LANDFILL

CELL is used to describe the volume of material placed in a landfill during one operating period, usually one day

LIFT a complete layer of cells over the active area of the landfill

Landfills for Municipal Solid Waste Milled waste Monofills Fills for gas production

LANDFILLS

METHODSExcavated Cell or Trench methodArea or Mound methodCanyon/Depression method

Excavated Cell or Trench Method

Suitable to areas where: Adequate depth of cover material is

available at the siteThe water table is not near the

surfaceTypical trench: 60 to 300 m x 5 to 20

m x 1 m; SS: 1.5 to 2:1

Trench landfill

Area MethodSuitable to areas where:The terrain is hard to excavateHigh ground water tableHaul the cover material from other

borrow pits nearbyLeachate control system is necessary

Mound landfill

Canyon or Depression Method Suitability:When canyons, dry borrow pits,

quarries, mine pits or holes, natural depressions are available

Cost of surface drainageAvailability and haul distances of the

cover material

Depression Method

LANDFILLS- DESIGN

Land requirement Types of wastes handled Evaluation of seepage potential Drainage and seepage control facilities Leachate management plan Gas collection system Solid waste filling plan Development of operation plan Equipment requirements

Methodology

The figure demonstrates the methodology adopted for the use of GIS in identification of landfill in the study area.

The flow of the model indicates the different steps carried in the methodology.

STUDY AREA

STUDY AREA

B U F F E R S

Major Roads

Major Roads (300 m Buffer)

Other Road Network

Endangered Areas

Endangered Areas (500 m Buffer)

Sensitive Areas

Sensitive Areas (160 m Buffer)

Residential Areas

Residential Areas (1000 m Buffer)

Wet Lands

Wet Lands (160 m Buffer)

ALL Buffers

Proposed & Existing Sites

Saturday, April 8, 202381

Software Used

Saturday, April 8, 202382

Software Used