applicazioni open source per il rilievo 3d dei beni culturali (atti della giornata di studio, s....
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
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CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR ^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK, 5
Uuebmrgk bmo Jestmr kg Rmaghohnkm Hpmg Qhuram pmr k Dmgk Auotureok
Eppokaezkhgk Hpmg Qhuram
pmr ko Tkokmvh 1B bmk Dmgk Auotureok
Ett k b mo oe N khrget e bk Qt u bkhQ eg Nkhveggk Seobergh, 5; ounokh 4
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
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E\\OKAEVKHGKH\MGQH]TAM
\MTKOTKOKMSH1B BMKDMGKA]OR]TEOK
Ettk bmooe Nkhrgete bk Qtubkh
Qeg Nkhveggk Seobergh, 5; ounokh 4
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
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Uumst'hpmre stete rkoesakete ahg okamgze Armetkvm Ahjjhgs Ettrkduzkhgm - Ghg ahjjmrakeom - Ghg hpmrm bmrkvetm 2.t+#' \+#t#*"e))mt">
R##o/#0. Om #%m"e(k#'k !k %#$t-%"#&m$$k'* $e"e''#
m$m*ktm ' o2k)%km*# !k Jm$+oe/ m Ao#!A#)%e"m.
;m>4#"!$Ahjputmr Skskhg, Kjenm-Desmb Jhbmokgn, Qtruaturm-
crhj-Jhtkhg, Tkokmvh 1, !"t#hg !#hthnrejjmtr"$hho%h&, Jms#oe%, AohubAhjperm, shct'erm hpmgshuram, A#kmse bmoo()uthstrebe bmo Qhom, *mhgm +oejkgkhSeaae
. K't"#!(k#'m
Ko prmsmgtm moe%hreth #e ahjm hnnmtth bk stubkh o(kjpkmnhbmoom jhbmrgm tmagka#m bk Kjenm-Desmb Jhbmokgn KDJ
pmr ko rkokmvh jmtrkah trkbkjmgskhgeom 1 bk jegucettkertkstkak bk geture ske sauothrme a#m era#ktmtthgkae.
$eom prhnmtth bk moe%hrekhgm nreckae sk kgsmrksam
eoo(kgtmrgh bk /umooe a#m hrjek < ahjugmjmgtm ghte ahjmAhjputmr Skskhg, akh< /umoo(kgskmjm bk 5prhamssk a`mjkregh e armerm ug jhbmooh epprhsskjeth bmooe rmeot
(1B) a`m ak akrahgbe e pertkrm be kjjenkgk
dkbkjmgskhgeok (4B)4 NKT**K2==3, +)S)**Kmt eo.2=>2,0;*A0)2=>>. Kg pertkahoerm gmoom jhbmrgm tmagka#m bkKjenm-Desmb Jhbmokgn KDJ oe rkahstrukhgmtrkbkjmgskhgeom vkmgm msmnukte %esegbhsk 5suoo(egeokskbmooh sphstejmgth bk ug hnnmtth gmo tmjph4. $eokshct'erm ahgsmgthgh bk rkahstrukrm uge guvhoe bk pugtk e
%esse bmgskt6, beooe auk moe%hrekhgm nreckae < phssk%kommstrerrm ug jhbmooh 1 bmoo(hnnmtth kgbenethTJ;9K9;, *-?)0KJ2==:, 7Q$;D8mt eo.2=>2.
*m okgmm nukbe ahg auk ko prhnmtth bk rkokmvh < stethphrteth evegtk sk shgh mvhoutm kg ahrsh b(hpmre, kgcugkhgm bmoom prh%omjetka#m m bmoom mvkbmgm tmagka#ma#m suaamsskvejmgtm sk shgh rksahgtretm buregtm ombkvmrsm cesk bk oevhrh. $eom prh%omjetka#m shgh bhvutmeoom pertkahoerk aerettmrkstka#m ohnkstka#m m bkahgchrjekhgm bmoom hpmrm samotm ahjm aesk bk stubkh.
Ko prkjh hnnmtth bmo rkokmvh < steth ko *mhgm sauothrmh kgjerjh rmeoketh beooh sauothrm +oejkgkh Seaae Thje>1E Thje >:=. !rhvmgkmgtm be Skooe Jmbkak eThje, vmggm phrteth e +krmgm gmo >3E3 m cu phsth eooeshjjkt6 skgkstre bmooe nrebkgete b(kgnrmssh bmooe *hnnkebmooe Qknghrke, bhvm < ettueojmgtm ahoohaeth $T9T>BB:, J);99)>BB1.
Ahjm strutture era#ktmtthgkae < stete samote oe a#kmse bkQeg Nkhveggk Dettkste, sktuete gmo ahjugm bk AejpkDksmgkh, gmooe crekhgm bk *kjktm, eoom phrtm bk +krmgm.Mumste a#kmse vkmgm ega#m a#kejete 5a#kmsebmoo()uthstrebe bmo Qhom4, pmr oe sue ahoohaekhgmeoo(kgarhakh cre o()uthstrebe bmo Qhom m oe )>> +krmgm-Jerm, je shprettutth pmra#C vhoute beooe Qhakmt6)uthstrebm kg rkahrbh bmnok hpmrek aebutk suo oevhrh gmooermeokekhgm bmoo()uthstrebe bmo Qhom Euthstrebm>B:,!KT)$$;9K 2==1, !;T$;N?QK>B:. ( stete mbkckaetetre ko >B:= mb ko >B:, su prhnmtth bmoo@era#ktmtthNkhveggk Jka#mouaak A;9+;T$K 2==:, D**K,A;9+;T$K>BB= m sk svkouppe su uge supmrckakm ahpmrte bk1== jmtrk /uebrk, rennkugnmgbh ug(eotme jesskje bk2: jmtrk ;$$)SKA)SK9)>B:E. ) rmgbmroe aerettmrkstkae
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
10/97
vk shgh ug kjpkegth poegkjmtrkah m vhoujmtrkahmstrmjejmgtm ertkahoeth, ahgghteth eoo(mstmrgh be pkFokvmook. Ko prkjh okvmooh < ahstktukth be ug %esejmgth beoahgthrgh skguhsh kg %hm bk pkmtre rhse bk Qeg Nkuokegh,gmo /ueom sk eprhgh nok eaamssk eooe a#kmse m pkaahomckgmstrm m cmrkthkm, mvkbmgtm rka#kejh eooe ouam bmooma#kmsm rhjegka#m. Ko smahgbh okvmooh, kg pertm kg pkmtre mkg pertm kg amjmgth ceaake vkste, ahgbuam skgh eooe
supmrckakm ahrrunete bmooe ahpmrture, rkvmstkte kg oestrm bkrejm. *@mbkckakh #e pkegte eskjjmtrkae m thteojmgtmsvkgahoete beoo@egbejmgth bmooe nregbm ahpmrture 5evmoe4. K jetmrkeok usetk pmr oe ahstrukhgm shgh oe pkmtre
pmr k jurk pmrkjmtreokI ko amjmgth %kegah bk Qerbmnge pmrom strutturm e vksteI ko rejm pmr oe ahpmrture bmo tmtthS9$TK>BE=.
9. H/kmttkvk
hph evmr ahjprmsh be prmambmgtk stubk *-?)0KJQ)DT8mt eo.2==3, 0TQ$9, *K9Q$)$2=>2, Tmt eo.2=>1 om phtmgkeokt6 bmoom tmagka#m bk KDJ pmr korkokmvh trkbkjmgskhgeom bk jegucettk, h%kmttkvh bmo
prmsmgtm oevhrh mre /umooh bk egeokerm om prh%omjetka#mrksahgtre%kok buregtm om cesk bk ea/ukskkhgm mbmoe%hrekhgm bmk betk, kg cugkhgm bk bkvmrsk cetthrkhpmretkvk strujmgtekhgm, #erb'erm, tkphohnke maerettmrkstka#m bmoo(hnnmtth rkomveth, maa..
!hgmgbh e ahgcrhgth om prhamburm bk egeoksk m k rksuotetkhttmgutk gmo rkokmvh bk uge sauoture ahg /umook bk ugeahjpomsse strutture era#ktmtthgkae, serm%%m steth kghotrm
phssk%kom veouterm oe bkvmrskt6 bk epprhaakh gmamsserke pmreccrhgterm oh stubkh bk hnnmttk bk bkjmgskhgk ahsObkccmrmgtk.
1. Jmt#!# m $t")m'tk
1. E&k$k(k#'m !mk !etk
*(ea/ukskkhgm bmk betk < evvmgute, pmr mgtrej%k kshnnmttk samotk, jmbkegtm oe reaahote bk ug smt bk chthnreckmbknkteok saettetm ruhtegbh kgthrgh eoo(hnnmtth, kg jhbh bemsmnukrm uge ahjpomte rkahstrukhgm e 1:=bmoo(momjmgth, be bkvmrsk pugtk bk vkste.
Ko bksphsktkvh utkoketh pmr o(ea/ukskkhgm bmoom kjjenkgk< stete uge chthaejmre rmcom& bknkteom Q*T Aeghg;Q==, aerettmrkete be ug smgshrm AJ;Q, )!Q-Abe >.1 jmnepk&mo, AA 22.1 & >.B jj, ahg ugerkshoukhgm bmoom kjjenkgk 32 & 1>:E p&. *m rkprmsm
shgh stetm msmnuktm mccmttuegbh ugh saetth hngk > nrebk,kg jhbh a#m hngk momjmgth aejpkhgeth chssm prmsmgtm kgeojmgh trm kjjenkgk. Ko gujmrh bk chth thteok ea/uksktmshgh stetm :1 pmr oe stetue bmo *mhgm, 1E chth pmr oeA#kmse bk Qeg Nkhveggk Dettkste.
!mr oe bhaujmgtekhgm chthnreckae kg sktuom rkprmsm shghstetm vhoutejmgtm msmnuktm eo jettkgh prmsth, kg ugenkhrgete guvhohse, kg jhbh be rksahgtrerm bmoom %uhgmahgbkkhgk bk ouam, aerettmrketm be ug(httkje ugkchrjkt6bk kooujkgekhgm pmr tuttm om egnhoekhgk bk rkprmse.
!mr ko *mhgm om prh%omjetka#m pkF rkomvegtk sk shghrksahgtretm e aeuse bmoom bkcckahot6 ohnkstka#m m bk
phskkhgm bmo jegucetth, m pkF prmaksejmgtm e aeuse
bmooe pertkahoerm phskkhgm eooe shjjkt6 bmooe saeoeprkgakpeom bmooe *hnnke bmk *egk. $eom phskkhgm kgcettk#e pmrjmssh bk chthnrecerm ahg ceakokt6 ko rmtrh bmooestetue +kn. >, je ghg oe pertm crhgteom, kg /uegthkjphssk%kom be rkprmgbmrm eb uge bkstege revvkakgete, gC/umooe supmrkhrm. Kghotrm oe prmsmge revvkakgete bk ugeahohgge #e rmsh phssk%kom ug aejpkhgejmgth shohoetmreom m ghg crhgteom bmooe phrkhgm jerjhrme pkF
ebkeamgtm eooe ahohgge stmsse. !mr hvvkerm e teok bkcckahot6shgh stetm msmnuktm pkF prhvm bk rkprmse, kgbkvkbuegbhbmoom phstekhgk suoom saeom m gmooe shtthstegtm pkee a#mahgsmgtkssmrh uge %uhge kg/uebreture bmooe pertmcrhgteom.
*m kjjenkgk rkphrtetm kg +kn. 2 jhstregh oe phskkhgm
Ckn. 5. Omhgm bk Coejkgkh Seaae sktueth eooe shjjkt bmooe
nrebkgete b'kgnrmssh bmooe Ohnnke bmk Oegk (Ckrmgm).
Ckn. 4. !hskkhgm bmoom aejmrm bk rkprmse.
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
11/97
bmoom aejmrm rkspmtth eo jegucetthG < mvkbmgtm oerhtekhgm e 1:= m oe verkekhgm eotkjmtrkae bmoomkg/uebreturm kg cugkhgm bmooe prmsmge bmoom saeom.
ge strutture era#ktmtthgkae ahjpomsse ahjm oe A#kmse bkQeg Nkhveggk Dettkste #e rka#kmsth kgvmam uge bkvmrsejhbeokt6 bk rkprmse, vhote, pmr /uegth phssk%kom, emsmnukrm ug ahrrmtth m ahjpomth smt chthnreckah, a#m
pmrjmttmssm bk rkburrm eo jesskjh phssk%kok vuhtk hjegaegm struttureok gmooe jms# ckgeom.
*m bkcckahot6 jennkhrk sk shgh rksahgtretm e aeuse bmoompertkahoerk aerettmrkstka#m ej%kmgteok bmooe strutture,kgsmrkte kg ug ohtth vmrbm, ahg ug momveth gujmrh bk
pkegtm uokvk kg pertkahoerm a#m akrahgbegh tutte oe a#kmse+kn. 1 m kjpmbksahgh rkprmsm revvkakgetm bmoom bkvmrsmceaaketm bmoo(mbkckakh.
$eom prh%omjetkae, ugkte eoo(momvete eotme bmooe strutture
oe ahpmrture rennkugnm ug(eotme jesskje bk 2: j #ermsh gmamsserkh ug eujmgth bmooe bkstege bk rkprmse mkgskmjm ug kgarmjmgth bmo gujmrh bk kg/uebreturmoetmreok, ahsO be httkjkerm eo jmnokh ko aejpkhgejmgthbmoom ermm bk jureture ahpmrtm beooe prmsmge bmooevmnmtekhgm gmoom kg/uebreturm crhgteok.
1.9 Moe/#"e(k#'m !mk !etk
*(moe%hrekhgm bmk betk < evvmgute trejktm bkvmrsm cesk bkoevhrh a#m #eggh pmrjmssh bk httmgmrm uge rkahstrukhgmnreckae 1 bmk jegucettk e pertkrm beo smt chthnreckahreaahoth.
9mooe prkje cesm bk moe%hrekhgm < steth kjpkmneth
!"t#hg !#hthnrejjmtr" $hho%h& !!$, ug shct'ermaepeam bk bmtmrjkgerm k perejmtrk bmooe aejmre bk rkprmsephskkhgm m hrkmgtejmgth bmo pugth bk saetth m bkrkahstrukrm uge guvhoe bk pugtk e %esse bmgskt6 pertmgbhbeo shoh smt bk kjjenkgk kjphrtetm. Ko prhamssejmgth kg!!$ < evvmguth utkokegbh ug ghtm%hhH )QQ +10smrkms, ahg prhamsshrm )J $urkhg : \2 bueo-ahrm$*E, T)J 2 N%, skstmje hpmretkvh 7kgbh's Skste 12
%kt. !!$ sk %ese su sarkpt bk !"t#hg a#m ahgsmgthgh bkeuthjetkerm ko prhamssh bk rkahstrukhgm 1,rkbuamgbhoh e bum hpmrekhgk prkgakpeokG oe aeok%rekhgmmsmnukte trejktm Dugbomr m oe rkahstrukhgm bmooe guvhoebk pugtk trejktm AJSQU!JSQ. *(hpmrethrm pu
perkeojmgtm ahgtrhooerm ko rksuoteth ckgeom trejktm oesamote bk bum perejmtrk kgkkeokG oe rkshoukhgm e aukDugbomr rksaeoe om kjjenkgk m ko cmeturm bmtmathr kgnmgmrm S*+met, a#m kgaoubm uge vmrskhgm rksarktte mhttkjkete bmoo(eonhrktjh QK+$, Qaeom Kgverkegt +meturm$regschrj. Dugbomr msmnum ko prhamssh e pertkrm be ugsmt bk kjjenkgk m be eoaugk perejmtrk aerettmrkstkak bmooejeaa#kge chthnreckae kjpkmnete pmr om rkprmsm, m pkF
prmaksejmgtm ko veohrm chaeom a#m mstremeuthjetkaejmgtm bek betk .pn m oe bkjmgskhgm bmosmgshrm AA kg jj, a#m pu mssmrm nk6 prmsmgtm gmobete%esm Q/oktm esshaketh h mssmrm kgtrhbhtthbeoo(hpmrethrm. Desegbhsk suo prkgakpkh pmr auk nok hnnmttkvkakgk eo pugth bk hssmrvekhgm sk sphstegh gmooh spekh
pkF vmohamjmgtm rkspmtth enok momjmgtk ohgtegk, Dugbomrrkahghsam k pugtk ahjugk bmoom chth, treaake ohsphstejmgth bk ahrrksphgbmgm tre uge chth m o(eotre mrkahstruksam oe guvhoe bk pugtk. *e ahgvmrskhgm bmk betkbeo chrjeth Dugbomr e AJQSU!JSQ vkmgm mccmttuetetrejktm Dugbom2!JSQ m Tebkeogbksthrt. hph oe prkjecesm, a#m kjpkmne ahjm kgput om kjjenkgk ea/uksktm m om
phsm bmooe aejmre pmr rkahghsamrm om ahrrksphgbmgm treom chth jeta#, !JSQ !eta# JuotkSkm' Qtmrmhmspegbm ohaeojmgtm om rmnkhgk m&pegb, m kgckgm skeppokae ug ckotrh bk ahrrmkhgm a#m rkjuhvm om mvmgtueokahrrksphgbmgm mrretm rksahgtretm ckotmr J;*;9, DK2=>2.
*m prmstekhgk m k rksuotetk httmgutk beoo(kjpkmnh bk !!$shgh /ukgbk ahggmssm e jhotmpokak perejmtrk /ueokG om
prhprkmt6 bmoom kjjenkgk ea/uksktm, oe rkshoukhgm, kogujmrh bk kjjenkgk m om prmstekhgk bmo !A kjpkmneth.!mr veouterm ahjm o(kgskmjm bk /umstm verke%kok pukgcoukrm suooe /ueokt6 bmooe guvhoe bk pugtk ckgeom sk 2== pk&mosbk bmceuot pmr rksaeoerm om kjjenkgk kg !!$ m cmeturmbmtmathr S*+met. Ko smahgbh pessennkh AJSQU!JSQ =.
*e smahgbe prhve < evvmgute prhvegbh eb eujmgterm oerkshoukhgm mb moe%hregbh /ukgbk o(kgtmrh smt chthnreckah:1 chth eb uge rkshoukhgm bk >E== pk&mos.
9mooe tmre prhve, ahgskbmretk k ougn#k tmjpk bkmoe%hrekhgm rksahgtretk pmr prhamsserm :1 chth, sk chth m bk oegakerm koprhamssh bk Dugbomr e 2=== pk&mos.
*m suaamsskvm prhvm shgh stetm msmnuktm kg jhbh jhothrepkbh kjphrtegbh uge shoe chth pmr tmsterm om
phtmgkeokt6 bmo !A m bmtmrjkgerm oe rkshoukhgm jesskjeahg auk phtmr moe%hrerm k betk. Ko veohrm okjktm kgbkvkbueth< steth perk e 2:32 pk&mosG kgsmrmgbh veohrk jennkhrk ko
prhamssh sk %ohaae begbh ug mrrhrm esshaketh eooh QK+$Qaeom Kgverkegt +meturm $regschrj.
Kjphstegbh oe rkshoukhgm e 2:32 pk&mos om kjjenkgkshgh stetm rksaeoetm be Dugbomr e 2:32 & >3E> pk&mos mburegtm ko prhamssh ko jhgkthrennkh bk skstmje #ejhstreth ug kjpkmnh /uesk smjprm ahstegtm bmoom A!,
Ckn. 1. !ertkahoerm bmoo'erme "mrbm a`m akrahgbe oe #`kmse bk $eg
%kh"eggk &ettkste.
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
12/97
perk e akrae ko :=R ahg gmssug(eotre eppokaekhgm epmrte.9moo(moe%hrekhgm bmoom :1 chthnreckm bmo *mhgm eooerkshoukhgm bk 2:32 pk&mos k tmjpk bk prhamssejmgth shgheppersk trhpph ougn#k, /ukgbk sk < bmaksh bk bkvkbmrm omchth kg nruppk, hngugh rmoetkvh eb uge pertkahoermkg/uebreture bmooe sauoture egtmrkhrm, phstmrkhrm,oetmreok, m jegtmgmgbh om gmamsserkm shvrepphskkhgk.
!mr o(moe%hrekhgm bmoom kjjenkgk bmooe A#kmse, kg %esm ekprmambmgtk tmst, sk < samoth bk kjphsterm oe rkshoukhgm bkDugbomr bkrmttejmgtm e 2:32 pk&mos.
*e ahjpomsskt6 bmoom chrjm m o(mstmgskhgm bmo jegucetthera#ktmtthgkah ghg #eggh ahgsmgtkth bk mccmttuerm ugesmomkhgm bk kjjenkgk 1E chth m om chth shgh stetm/ukgbk bkvksm m prhamssetm kg 1= nruppk bkstkgtk e smahgbebmoo(egnhoekhgm bk rkprmse. ( steth gmamsserkh prhamssermkgskmjm shoh nruppk bk chth ahg eote shvrepphskkhgm,
pmra#C vkstm om ejpkm bkjmgskhgk bmoo(mbkckakh, kg ugeprkje prhve rmeokete ahg chth bksphstm aesueojmgtm koshct'erm ghg < rksuoteth kg nrebh bk mstrerrm kgchrjekhgkskngkckaetkvm.
9moo(moe%hrekhgm bmk 1= nruppk bk chth ghg shgh jegaetkceookjmgtk bmo prhamssh bk !!$, e aeuse bk mrrhrk bkbmvkekhgm. Kg teok aesk shgh stetm rksmomkhgetm omkjjenkgk kg nmgmrm bkjkguktm gmo gujmrh h saeoetm gmooerkshoukhgm m ko prhamssh < steth rkpmtuth, phrtegbh erksuotetk jknokhrk. *m ermm pkF shnnmttm e /umsth prh%omjeshgh stetm om pertk bmooe a#kmse rkprmsm pkF be vkakgh m ahg
pertkahoerk era#ktmtthgkak ahjpomssk eb msmjpkh o(ejpkevmtrete rkprhamssete 1 vhotm pmr httmgmrm uge %uhgeguvhoe ckgeom m oe strutture e s%eoh ahg om trm aejpegm.
*m ermm rkprmsm pkF be ohgtegh m ahg ejpkm kg/uebreturmeb msmjpkh ko ougnh prhspmtth phstmrkhrm m oe ahpmrture#eggh beth kgvmam httkjk rksuotetk.
*m guvhom bk pugtk httmgutm ahg !!$ shgh stetm kg smnukthmoe%hretm jmbkegtm hpphrtugm hpmrekhgk bk phst-
prhamsskgn msmnuktm ahg ug ghtm%hhH JeaDhhH!rh B.>Kgtmo k3, Tej N%.
*(ush bmo shct'erm AohubAhjperm #e pmrjmssh omhpmrekhgk bk puokture bete aomegkgn bmk pugtk ghgeppertmgmgtk eoo(hnnmtth, eookgmejmgth ugkhgm bmoombkvmrsm supmrckak m cuskhgm bk tuttm om guvhom.
) smnukrm Jms#*e% v.>.1.2, shct'erm bk jms# prhamsskgnm jms# mbktkgn, #e ahgsmgtkth oe rkahstrukhgm vmre m
prhprke bmoom supmrckak ahgtkgum bmk jegucettk, trejktm oenmgmrekhgm mb moe%hrekhgm bk jms# httmgutm ahg
hpphrtugk eonhrktjk bk aeoahoh AKN9;9K mt eo. 2==E,0)?)9mt eo.2==:.
?. Tk$otetk
*m guvhom bk pugtk httmgutm beoo(moe%hrekhgm kg !!$bmoom kjjenkgk ea/uksktm pmr oe sauoture bmo *mhgm shghrkphrtetm kg +kn. .
*m bkvmrsm jmthbhohnkm bk prhamssejmgth bmo smtchthnreckah, pmr kgtmrh evvmguth e >2== m >E== pk&mos m
pmr nruppk bk chth evvmguth e 2:32 pk&mos, #egghprhbhtth rksuotetk jhoth skjkok, prh%e%kojmgtm nrekm eoomgujmrhsm shvrepphskkhgk jegtmgutm tre k nruppk
ebkeamgtk.
)oo(eujmgterm bmooe rkshoukhgm, tuttevke, sk hssmrve ugkgarmjmgth bmo gujmrh bk pugtk rkspmttkvejmgtm bk>E.B12, 1=.B32 m 31.B31 vmrtkams eoom rkshoukhgk bk>2==, >E== m 2:32 pk&mos e auk < phssk%kom esshakerm ugahrrksphgbmgtm eujmgth bk bmttenokh bmk jhbmook ckgeok.
!mr oe a#kmse bk Q.Nkhveggk Dettkste om kjjenkgk kg +kn. jhstregh oe guvhoe bk pugtk ckgeom mstrephoete e pertkrm
e
%
a
Ckn. . u"hom bk pugtk mstrettm be !! pmr oe sauoture bmo Omhgm
eooe rkshoukhgm bk 54** (e)+ 5,** (d)+ 4-4 pk/mos (a).
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4
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Ckn.
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
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bek 1= skgnhok prhamssk bk moe%hrekhgm kg !!$.
Ahjm prkje hpmrekhgm tuttm om guvhom bk pugtk #egghrka#kmsth uge puokture pkutthsth ahjpomsse e aeuse bmooe
prmsmge bk gujmrhsk pugtk mstregmk pugtk pkF saurkesshake%kok prh%e%kojmgtm e bkstur%k mUh mrrhrk scunnktk eockotmrkgn bk !JSQ2 a#m rkahprkvegh nreg pertm bmoomsupmrckak bmk jegucettk +kn. : e, %.
!mr oe stetue bmo *mhgm e 2:32 pk&mos m pmr o(kgtmre A#kmse< steth kg smnukth gmamsserkh msmnukrm ega#m o(eookgmjmgthm phk oe cuskhgm bmoom guvhom, kg /uegth httmgutm beo
prhamssejmgth kg !!$ bk nruppk bk chth smperetk.
*(eookgmejmgth kg AohubAhjperm < evvmguth ahg oesmomkhgm bk eojmgh trm pugtk bk rkcmrkjmgth ahjugk ebum guvhom ebkeamgtk +kn. : a, b.
*m guvhom bk pugtk shgh stetm suaamsskvejmgtm kjphrtetmkg Jms#oe%, bhvm eppokaegbh o(eonhrktjh jetmjetkah bk5!hksshg surceam rmahgstruatkhg4 < steth phssk%komrkahstrukrm om supmrckak trkbkjmgskhgeok +knn. 3, Ee.
*e cesm ckgeom bmoo(moe%hrekhgm #e prmvkstho(essmngekhgm bmk ahohrk eooe jms# trejktm kotrescmrkjmgth bmk ahohrk beooe guvhoe bk pugtk ek vmrtkakbmooe supmrckakm armete. $eom hpmrekhgm < stete msmnuktejmbkegtm ko ahjegbh 5Smrtm& ettrk%utm tregscmr4 a#mahgsmgtm bk trescmrkrm eooe supmrckakm ghg shoh ko ahohrm
je ega#m eotrm prhprkmt6 bmk pugtk ahjm oe nmhjmtrke, oe/ueokt6, maa. +kn. E%.
*m jms# ckgeok shgh stetm puoktm guhvejmgtm ahgAohubAhjperm, pmr rkjuhvmrm eoaugm bmoom ceaam ghgahrrksphgbmgtk eooe rmeom ahgchrjekhgm bmk jegucettk.!mr ko jhbmooh bmo *mhgm sk < samoth bk rkjuhvmrm oe pertmsupmrkhrm jegtmgmgbh vksk%kom ko vuhth bhvuth eooe
Ckn. -. pmrekhgk bk puokture (e+ d) m eookgmejmgth (a+ b) bmoom gu"hom bk pugtk jmbkegtm ko shterm #ohub #hjperm.
Ckn. . !hksshg suream rmahgstruatkhg eppokaete suooe gu"hoe bk pugtk
bmo Omhgm (rkshoukhgm 54** pk/mos).
e %
ba
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4
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jegaege bk bhaujmgtekhgm chthnreckae beoo(eoth. *msupmrckak armetm suk vuhtk bmooe %esm jerjhrme m bmo
prhckoh bmo *mhgm suo rmtrh m suooe ejpe phstmrkhrmskgkstre shgh stetm kgvmam jegtmgutm, kg /uegthahgchrjk eooe rmeot6 bmo jegucetth.
!mr oe jms# bmooe A#kmse bk Q.Nkhveggk shgh stetmjegtmgutm tuttm om supmrckak a#m #eggh kgtmnreth omjegaegm a#m mregh prmsmgtk suk jurk kg pkmtre e aeusebmooe prmsmge bmooe vmnmtekhgm eo%mrk gmoomkg/uebreturm crhgteok m amspunok ebkeamgtk om jureturm.*e pertm bmooe ahpmrture < stete rkpuokte kg jhbh besmj%rerm ko pkF skjkom phssk%kom eooe strutture
era#ktmtthgkae rmeom.
K jhbmook 1 ckgeok httmgutk pmr oe stetue bmo *mhgm eoom
trm rkshoukhgk bk >2==, >E== m 2:32 pk&mos shgh rkphrtetkkg +kn. B. *m guvhom bk pugtk ahg jennkhrm bmgskt6#eggh prhbhtth uge jms# a#m mvkbmgke kg jhbh pkFjeraeth k bmttenok m k bkvmrsk egbejmgtk bmoom supmrckakoevhretm.
;ttkjh momjmgth pmr epprmerm /umste verkekhgm < oesarktte prmsmgtm suooe pertm jerjhrme crhgteom %esseGeppmge pmramttk%kom suo jhbmooh e >2== pk&mos, %mgvksk%kom e >E==, bk httkje omnnk%kokt6 e 2:32 pk&mos.
Ko
Ckn. 2. =hbmook 1B kgeok bmooe stetue bmo Omhgm eoom rkshoukhgk bk 54** (e)+ 5,** (d) m 4-4 pk/mos (a).
Ckn. ,. !hksshg suream rmahgstruatkhg (e) m Smrtm/ ettrkdutm tregsmr (d) eppokaetk eoom gu"hoe bk pugtk bmooe a`kmse bk $.%kh"eggk &ettkste.
%e
Ckn. 5*. Skste rhgteom+ oetmreom m phstmrkhrm bmo jhbmooh 1B kgeom bmooe stetue bmo Omhgm (rkshoukhgm bk 4-4 pk/mos).
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4
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Ckn. 55. =hbmooh 1B kgeom bmooe a`kmse bk $.%kh"eggk &ettkste.
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
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jhbmooh ckgeom httmguth eooe jesskje rkshoukhgm pmr ko*mhgm jerjhrmh epperm ahjm ug rksuoteth bmo tutthshbbksceamgtm, ahgskbmretm om kgkkeok bkcckahot6 bkea/ukskkhgm bmoom kjjenkgk m oe ahjpomsskt6 bmnokegbejmgtk bmoom supmrckak sahopktm.
*(eonhrktjh bk !hksshg #e pmrjmssh bk ahojerm eoaugmbmoom oeaugm prmsmgtk gmooe guvhoe bk pugtk kgkkeom m kovmrtm& ettrk%utm tregscmr #e ahgcmrkth eo jhbmooh ugeahohrekhgm jhoth hjhnmgme m skjkom eo getureom espmtthbmo jerjh vmgeth +kn. >=.
Ko rksuoteth ckgeom bmo jhbmooh 1 httmguth pmr oe A#kmserksuote ega#(mssh shbbksceamgtm, vkste oe ahjpomsskt6era#ktmtthgkae bmoo(mbkckakh, oe bkcckahot6 hpmretkvegmoo(ea/ukskkhgm bmoom kjjenkgk m oe ougne moe%hrekhgmbk 1= guvhom bk pugtk kgkkeok +kn. >>.
)o tmrjkgm bmo oevhrh tuttk k jhbmook shgh stetkahrrmttejmgtm saeoetk jmtrkaejmgtm utkokegbh jksurm bkrkcmrkjmgth ea/uksktm kg sktu m o(epphskth strujmgth5$regschrj saeom4 prmsmgtm kg Jms#oe%.
:. A#'&o$k#'k)o tmrjkgm bmo prmsmgtm oevhrh < phssk%kom trerrm bkvmrsmahgaouskhgk kjphrtegtk pmr oe veoutekhgm bmoom
phtmgkeokt6 bmoom tmagka#m bk Kjenm-Desmb Jhbmokgn pmrko rkokmvh trkbkjmgskhgeom bk hpmrm b(ertm.
K aesk bk stubkh egeoketk #eggh mvkbmgketh ahjm korkokmvh 1 rka#kmbe uge bkvmrskt6 bk epprhaakhspmrkjmgteom, ske gmooe cesm bk ea/ukskkhgm a#m kg /umooebk moe%hrekhgm bmk betk, e smahgbe bmoom aerettmrkstka#m mbmoom bkjmgskhgk bmk jegucettk be repprmsmgterm.
*e cesm bk ea/ukskkhgm bmk betk bmvm mssmrm eccrhgtetetmgmgbh kg ahgskbmrekhgm oe rkshoukhgm bmoom kjjenkgk
be ea/ukskrm, om ahgbkkhgk ej%kmgteok m bk ouam, oeahgchrjekhgm bmoo(hnnmtth be rkomverm. Qm pertkahoerkbkstur%k ej%kmgteok eo%mrk, vmnmtekhgm h momjmgtkstruttureok ahjm eb msmjpkh om saeom m oe ahohgge suormtrh bmo *mhgm kgtmrcmrksahgh suoom rkprmsm kg sktu BB=, %kh"eggk =ka mouaak.#eteohnh bmoom hpmrm, Jkoegh.
AKN9;9K !., A)**KTK J., A;TQK9K J., **!K)9 J.,
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4
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N)9;S**K+., T)9N*K)N., 2==E,=ms`Oed> eg hpmg0shuramjms` prhamsskgn thho+ kg QA)T)9;S., A?K)T)T., TT).mbs., ;% 6t 4**, 0 ;urhnrep`kas 6teokeg #`eptmr #hgmrmgam.!rhammbkgnsQeomrgh, Kteo", uo" 2-, 2==E, pp. >2B->1:.
A;9+;T$K A., 2==: Oe sthrke bk ug thrjmgteth aephoe"hrh+%kh"eggk =ka`mouaak m oe a`kmse bmoo3Euthstrebe, ^Aese%mooe^,3E, pp. :->3, >>>-1.
T., !*$QN., ST?;S9N., D)$QJ., A?TT$$PD.,
J)8T7., QJ$!., A;989A0., ?TTJ)9Q.,*)*;;!., S)9JKTS99J., A*TAM7. 2=>1, herbs et`rmm0bkjmgskhgeo ahst0mmatk"m rmnkstretkhg h t`m
era`emhohnkaeo `mrktenm+5hurgeo hc )rae#mhohnkaeo Qakmgam4,= 2, pp. >>=E->>2>.
*-?)0KJ Q)DT8 +., TJ;9K9; +., N;9; *., S;*$;*K9K +.2==E,;matk"m `kn` rmshoutkhg 1B nmhjmtrka rmahgstruatkhg h`mrktenm egb era`emhohnkaeo sktms rhj kjenms+ kg !;Q*QA?98)., *)JDTQ 0., ?T;N K. mbs., Oe9mrs h !mramptkhg,!rhammbkgns hc t#m 1t# Kgtmrgetkhgeo Ahgcmrmgam hgAhjputmr )ppokaetkhgs egb Muegtktetkvm Jmt#hbs kg)ra#emhohn" A)), Dmrokg, Nmrjeg", )prko 2:, 2==3, Dhgg,pp. 1-=.
+)S)**KJ., +;T9)AK)K)., KQ;*)). ., $)TMK9KQ., 9)99K!KTK*., 2=>2, =uotk"km 1B rmahgstruatkhg kg nmhsakmgams,5Ahjputmrs [ Nmhsakmgams4, , pp. >:E>3:.
NKT**K S. ). 2==3, magka m bknkteok pmr ko rkokm"h+ oejhbmooekhgm trkbkjmgskhgeom m oe repprmsmgtekhgm gmo aejph
bmk dmgk auotureok, $msk bk bhtthreth Qakmgm nmhbmtka#m mthphnrecka#m, )oje Jetmr Qtubkhruj gkvmrskt6 bk Dhohnge.
0)?)9J., D;*K$?; J., ?;!! ?. 2==:, !hksshg sureamrmahgstruatkhg+ kg !rhammbkgns h t`m hurt` ;urhnrep`kas$9jphskuj hg %mhjmtr9 !rhamsskgn, pp. :>-3=2.
0TQ$9, $.!., *K9Q$)$ J. 2=>2, 6jenm0&esmb Oh #hst$9stmjs hr Euthjetka 1B ?mahrbkgn egb =hbmookgn hEra`emhohnkaeo Ckgbs egb d:mats+ kgK;)99KQ, J., +TK$QA?,
., *KQQ9T, ., )SKQ, T., TJ;9K9;, +., A)++;, T. mbs.,!rhnrmss kg #uotureo 7mrktenm !rmsmr"etkhg. ` 6gtmrgetkhgeo#hgmrmgam ;urh=mb 4*54 (*kjessho, A"prus, ;ath%mr 2B 9hvmj%mr 1, 2=>2, *maturm 9htms kg Ahjputmr Qakmgam, 3:>:,?mkbmo%mrn, pp. >->=.
0;*A0) 9., 2=>>, !`hth0desmb 1b saeggkgn "s. oesmrsaeggkgn 8 ahjpmtktk"m bete eaLuksktkhg jmt`hbs hr bknkteotmrrekg jhbmookgn h stmmp jhugtekg sohpms+ 5Kgtmrgetkhgeo
)ra#kvms hc t#m !#hthnrejjmtr", Tmjhtm Qmgskgn egb QpetkeoKgchrjetkhg Qakmgams4, 1= U7>B, pp. 2=1-2=E.
J);99)J.*. >BB1,?hje bk $ksth S. Om ertk m oe auoture,Thje .
J;*;9!., DK). 2=>2,!9t`hg !`hthnrejjmtr9 hhodh/>E rmm shoutkhg hr `rmm0Bkjmgskhgeo Bhaujmgtetkhg, kgA)9$;9+. mb.,E?#7;C$$. pmg $huram+ Crmm $htermm pmg Chrjet gmk prhamssk bk rkamrae era`mhohnkae. Ettk bmo S6hrDs`hp9ephok, B->= Nkungh, !huhok, pp. >1->3=.
;$$)SK A)SK9) ). >B:E, A`kmse bmoo3euthstrebe bmo $hom+ $.%kh"eggk &ettkste+^Ko Tmsth bmo Aerokgh^, Dhohnge.
!KT)$$;9K . 2==1, #`kmse bmoo3euthstrebe bmo $hom A$eg%kh"eggk &ettkste+ eppugtk+ rkahrbk m sthrke+Aejpk Dksmgkh.
!;T$;N?QK !. >B:, Oe a`kmse bmoo'Euthstrebe bmo $hom+^*()ra#ktmtture, arhgea#m m sthrke^, >=>.
TJ;9K9;+., *-?)0KJQ. 2==:,6jenm0desmb 1B jhbmookgn>e rm"km+5$#m !#hthnrejjmtrka Tmahrb4, 2> >>, pp. 2:B-2B>.
$T9T. >BB:, `m bkatkhger9 h ert, 1>, 9m' 8hrH, Nrhvm.
S9$TK T . >BE=, #hjpomsskt m ahgtrebbkkhgm kgera`ktmtture, Derk, p. 22.
7Q$;D8J. ., DT)QK9N$;9., N*)QQT,9. +., ?)JDT8J. .,T89;*Q . J . 2=>2, '$truaturm0rhj0=htkhg'p`hthnrejjmtr9> E oh0ahst+ mmatk"m thho hr nmhsakmgameppokaetkhgs+5Nmhjhrchohn"4, >3B, pp. 1==-1>.
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
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BEOOMCHRHNTECKMEOOEJMQ@RMPR]TKVVERE, Q\MTKJMGREVKHGK
Qhcke Jmgahgmrh
shcke.jmgahgmrh Lnjeko.ahj
EDQRTEARGmoo'ejdkth mo !kokm"h #B mk Dm$k A%ot%!eok,
Qt!%&t%!m(!hjJhtkh$ m Kje)mde*m Jhmok$) *h$h
o'eotm!$etk"e eoom +k &hj%$k tm&$k&-m k oe*m!
*&e$$k$) m (hth)!ejjmt!ke. Eo +h*th k
*t!%jm$te/kh$m k$)hjd!e$tm, &h*th*e h )m*tkdkom &h$
%$e +!m+e!e/kh$m tm&$k&e *+m&keok//ete, h((!h$h %$
jmthh +k k$t%ktk"h )!e/km eoo'%tkok//h k ett!m//et%!e
&hj%$mjm$tm k((%*e e$&-m t!e %tm$tk $h$ m*+m!tk,
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
20/97
mrrhrk scunnktk eo ckotmrkgn bk !J7Q=, rmeokerm uge
su&mrckakm trkbkjmgskhgeom nrekm e bkvmrsk eonhrktjk,
ahjm ko \hksshg mahgstruatkhg m ko !eoo \k"htkgn, m
ugkrm, saeoerm, eookgmerm su&mrckak bkvmrsm.
Evmgbh ahjm strujmgth bk ea*ukskkhgm uge chthaejmre,
m ghg ug oesmr, ko okjktm bk *umste tmagkae bk ghg
rmstktukrm uge guvhoe bk &ugtk bkrmttejmgtm saeoete. Ko
&rhdomje sk rkshovm bkjmgskhgegbh o+hnnmtth kg &hst&rhbukhgm. !mr *umsth h&&hrtugh &rmbks&hrrm, eo
jhjmgth bmooe aej&enge chthnreckae, bmk ternmt
nmhrmcmrmgketk, gmo aesh bk eraktmtturm, h ug skstmje bk
ahhrbkgetm aertmskegm, gmo aesh bk hnnmttk bk bkjmgskhgk
rkbhttm. "g eotrh okjktm rknuerbe oe bkcckakom veoutekhgm
bmnok mrrhrk, ske ohaeok am bk bmchrjekhgm nohdeom bmo
jhbmooh.
'e &rmsmgtm rkamrae, am rkseom eb e&rkom =3>1
5J8A(8T( =3>14, gesam *ukgbk beooe vhohgt bk
kgbenerm k okjktk m om &htmgkeokt bk *umste tmagkae, kg
rmoekhgm eooe strujmgtekhgm `erbwerm e bks&hskkhgm,
&kutthsth jhbmste, m &rmbkoknmgbh oe *ueokt bmk bmttenok
&kutthsth am o+mstmgskhgm bmo rkokmvh.
3. H))mtth mo !kokm"h
'+hnnmtth bmooe rkamrae o+urge mtrusae bk R`egke Skpkgmk
5ckn. >4, chrjete be uge aesse kg eoedestrh m ug ah&mrakh
kg trevmrtkgh, betedkom eo KK smahoh e.A. m &rhvmgkmgtm beo
tmrrkthrkh bk Akusk. '+urge ce &ertm bmooe ahoomkhgm bmo
Jusmh Eramhohnkah bk !mrunke mb aeteohnete aho g6 >
bmoo+Kgvmgterkh Dmoouaak 5sk rkgnreke oe Qh&rkgtmgbmge
&mr k Dmgk Eramhohnkak bmoo+"jdrke &mr oe bks&hgkdkokt4.
Ko jegucetth e bkjmgskhgk bk akrae ;3 % ?3 amgtkjmtrk bk
desm m &rmsmgte, gmooe &ertm crhgteom, ug desshrkokmvh ahg
cknurm egtrh&hjhrcm m egkjeok, jhoth bmnrebetm je
rkahghsakdkok, ko *ueom kooustre ko jkth bmo akgnkeom
aeokbhgkh. Kg &ertkahoerm shgh rkahghsakdkok bmk aeaakethrk
erjetk m ko akgnkeom. Ko jkth reaahgte am Jmomenrh,
cknokh bmo rm bk Aeokbhgm, uaakbm ahg ugh s&kmbh ko cmrham
akgnkeom am Ertmjkbm e saetmgeth ahgtrh oe aktt. Eooe
aeaake &ertmak&e egam Eteoegte, eo amgtrh, erjete bk
saurm. E omk, bmooe *ueom smnrmtejmgtm kggejhreth, mnok
bhgmr oe &rmbe, begbh kgkkh eooe aetmge bk trenkak mvmgtk
am oh &hrt eooe jhrtm. 'e &ertm crhgteom bmo ah&mrakh
rmae oe sarktte #egke "kpkgmk tutgese, am skngkckae
$egke 7k&kgmk, jhnokm bk $utge.
#. @e!2e!m m *h(t2e!m
:ok strujmgtk `erbwerme bks&hskkhgm, mahghjkaejmgtm
m tmagkaejmgtm eooe &hrtete bk tuttk, shgh stetk uge
chthaejmre Aeghg (Q 933B be >9,1 jmne&k%mo ahg
httkae Aeghg -Q 93 jj cM>.? "QJ am e &rhbhtth
chth bk ?9= % 1>;C &k%mo bk bkjmgskhgm< m ug ghtmdhhiQhg# 7ekh Kgtmo Ahrm = Buh A!" $C>33 L=.>3 :N ahg
1 :D bk TEJ, oe sambe vkbmh E$K Jhdkokt# Tebmhg
@=133, m bum skstmjk h&mretkvk kgbh/s 7kste e 1=-dkt m
:8"M'kgu% =.;.1= ahg Eram(Q ?.
K shctwerm utkoketk shgh stetk !#thg !hthnrejjmtr#
$hhodh% 5b+hre kg &hk eddrmvketh !!$4 5J("'(8, D22K
=3>=4 v. 3.> kg Eram(Q, uge smj&okam kgtmrceaake &mr
msmnukrm Dugbomr m !J7Q=< AohubAhj&erm v. =.? kg
kgbh/s m, smj&rm kg kgbh/s, Jms'ed v. >.1.=, am
shgh kgvmam &rhnrejjk bk jms` prhamsskgn m jms`
mbktkgn.
>. Hdkmttk"k
!mr e&&rmgbmrm k okjktk m om &htmgkeokt bmooe QcJ m
bmoo+KdJ o+hdkmttkvh &rkgak&eom steth *umooh bk rkusakrm e
&rhburrm uge guvhoe bk &ugtk ahj&omte m &k) bmttenokete
&hsskdkom ahg o+`erbwerm e bks&hskkhgm. '+hdkmttkvh
suaamsskvh steth *umooh bk bkjmgskhgerm jmtrkaejmgtm
oe guvhoe &uokte, armerm uge su&mrckakm m, kgckgm, ettrkdukrm
oe tmxturm.
0. Jmthh m !k*%otetk
smnumgbh oe aej&enge chthnreckae kg uge nkhrgete
oujkghse je guvhohse, m es&mttegbh o+hrerkh kg auk
o+hnnmtth ghg vmgkve aho&kth bkrmttejmgtm beo shom, sk rkusaktk eb evmrm uge duhge ouam ejdkmgteom bkccuse m ghg
sk evuth dkshngh bmoo+euskokh bk ug trm&&kmbm, gF bk ug
coes. Kgvmam, e aeuse bmooe ahoohaekhgm gmo akhstrh bmo
jusmh, e rkbhssh bk ug jurh, ghg steth &hsskdkom
chthnrecerm ko shnnmtth &mr kgtmrh, jegaegbh oe &ertm
&hstmrkhrm 5ckn. =4.
8hg evmgbh &ebrhgege bmooe tmagkae bk rkokmvh
chthnreckah, sk shgh msmnuktk bkvmrsk tk&k bk rk&rmsm &mr
$kn. %. &' urge mtrusae bk$egke 7k&kgmk.
$kn. (. Ko a`khstrh bmo Jusmh )ra`mhohnkah *e+khgeom bmoo',jdrke
bh"m ahgsmr"ete o'urge.
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
21/97
evmrm &k) samote m bmakbmrm kg cesm bk moedhrekhgm *ueomchssm ko jknokhrm smt bk chth. Ko &rkjh nru&&h bk =>
kjjenkgk steth saetteth be ohgtegh, ceamgbh kg jhbh bk
kg*uebrerm tutth o+hnnmtth m s&hstegbhsk kg smjkamrakh
be ug oeth eoo+eotrh, ckg bhvm mre &hsskdkom errkverm. Ko
smahgbh nru&&h bk chth, =9 saettk, shgh stetk &rmsk &k)
revvkakgetk, kg*uebregbh &erkeojmgtm o+hnnmtth m
&ugtegbh su uge jennkhrm bmckgkkhgm bmk bmttenok.
'+uotkjh nru&&h bk == chth steth saetteth jhoth
revvkakgeth mb msaouskvejmgtm vmrsh oe &ertm crhgteom, &mr
aetturerm k &ertkahoerk bmo desshrkokmvh. Kg thteom shgh
stetm saettetm ;C chthnreckm m oe samote bk mccmttuerm bkvmrsk
tk&k bk rk&rmse sk rkvmoete utkom &mraF sk sah&mrth am ko
jknokhr rksuoteth sk httmguth &rmgbmgbh chth be &k)
nru&&k 5ckn. 14.
'e cesm bk &hst &rhbukhgm ahjkgakete ahg !!$. Ko
jmthbh am sk smnukth &mr rennkugnmrm o+hdkmttkvh &hsth
&rmvmbmve bk ae&krm, kgkkeojmgtm, e am rkshoukhgm
jesskje chssm &hsskdkom &rhamsserm om chthnreckm, kg
smnukth ae&krm *ueom chssm ko jknokhrm smt bk chth &mr
&rhburrm oe guvhoe bk &ugtk &k) bmgse e &erkt bk
rkshoukhgm, kgckgm vmrkckaerm sm ko shctwerm evmssm
bkjhstreth jknokhrk &rmstekhgk kg ejdkmgtm 'kgu% h
kgbh/s. Qk bmaksh bk ahjkgakerm kg 'kgu% 5ckn. ?4.
Ko &rkjh tmgtetkvh bk Dugbomr steth msmnukth ahg =9chth, tuttm &rhvmgkmgtk beo smahgbh nru&&h 5revvkakgetm4,
eb uge rkshoukhgm bk 1.933 &k%mo. 'e guvhoe bk &ugtk
&rhbhtte mre ahj&hste be ;3.?>I momjmgtk, ug duhg
rksuoteth, je uge bmoom chth ghg stete &rhamssete. Qk
bmaksh, ahjm tmgtetkvh suaamsskvh, bk eddesserm oe
rkshoukhgm ckgh e 1.333 &k%mo, jegtmgmgbh oh stmssh smt
bk chth. Kg *umsth aesh oe guvhoe &rmsmgteve ;>.=CC
vmrtkak. Oukgbk ko &essh suaamsskvh steth *umooh bk ae&krm
e *ueom rkshoukhgm jesskje, ahj&rmse tre 1.333 m 1.933,
ko shctwerm rkusakssm e &rhamsserm tuttm om chth. Ko tmrh
tmgtetkvh ahg oh stmssh smt bk chth steth cetth e 1.?33
&k%mo m kg mccmttk *umste rksuotete mssmrm oe rkshoukhgm
jesskje bmskbmrete, &rhbuamgbh ;C.1=1 &ugtk.
Ko rksuoteth ghg mre egahre shbbksceamgtm &mraF ko
jhbmooh &rmsmgteve bmoom jegaegm kg ahrrks&hgbmge
bmnok s&knhok kgcmrkhrk bmk oetk ahrtk bmoo+urge.
8mo *uerth tmgtetkvh sk bmaksh bk aejdkerm smt bk chth m
sk shgh utkoketm om => e&&ertmgmgtk eo &rkjh nru&&h,
*umoom saettetm be ohgtegh. Kg *umsth aesh ko jhbmooh
vmguth ahj&omth je oe guvhoe gm e rksmgtkth kg
bmckgkkhgm 5;;.CC vmrtkak4.
8mo *ukgth tmgtetkvh sk bmaksh bk &rhverm eb moedhrerm
tuttm om chth bk tuttk k
nru&&k, ;C kg thteom. Ko
&rhamssh e evuth uge
burete dmg su&mrkhrm
eoom bum hrm bmoom
&rmambmgtk cesk, je oe
guvhoe moedhrete
&rmsmgteve =>.>=I
vmrtkak, *uettrh vhotm
su&mrkhrk rks&mtth ek
vmaak jhbmook.
8hg &htmgbh
rennkugnmrm rksuotetk
jknokhrk kg
$kn. . K smt bk chthnreckm utkok++etm pmr ko rkokm"h.
$kn. /. Redmooe bk ahgcrhgth tre om bkccmrmgtk moedhre+kgk rmeok++etm kg cesm bk phst prhbu+khgm.
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
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:8"M'kgu%, sk &essetk eooe s&mrkjmgtekhgm bmnok stmssk
betk kg ejdkmgtm kgbh/s. Qk sudkth e&&ureth am !!$
kg kgbh/s, ahg ko ghtmdhhi e bks&hskkhgm, ghg
oevhreve eb uge rkshoukhgm jennkhrm bk =.;I3 &k%mo,
*ukgbk, sm&&ur ahg oh stmssh smt bk chth, sk httmgute uge
guvhoe bk &ugtk jmgh bmckgkte, ahj&hste be =19.1;1
momjmgtk. Qk ahs0 bmaksh bk thrgerm kg :8"M'kgu% &mr
ahgtkguerm ahg oe suaamsskve cesm bmo &rhamssh bk !!$,
httkjkstkaejmgtm armbmgbh bk evmr trhveth ko betesmtbmckgktkvh.
'e cesm !J7Q= ahg ko smt be ;C chth, samnokmgbh ug
aoustmr&erk e >3, bh&h *uettrh nkhrgk bk moedhrekhgm ghg
evmve egahre &rhbhtth ko &rkjh aoustmr, *ukgbk steth
gmamsserkh rkthrgerm e Dugbomr m bkjkgukrm ko gujmrh bk
chth. 8m shgh stetm samotm =?, beo &rkjh m smahgbh
nru&&h, amraegbh bk httmgmrm ko nkusth m*ukokdrkh tre om
chth be ohgtegh m *umoom be vkakgh. 'e guvhoe httmgute
evmve C=.=?C &ugtk. Ko suaamsskvh &rhamssh !J7Q= ghg
e beth &rhdomjk m e &rhbhtth uge guvhoe eb eote
rkshoukhgm be C>.C?I &ugtk.
Qk bmaksh bk cerm ug uotkjh tmgtetkvh kg Dugbomr,eujmgtegbh ko gujmrh bk kjjenkgk m &rmgbmgbhgm ?;,
smj&rm beo &rkjh m beo smahgbh nru&&h. 'e guvhoe bk
&ugtk &rhbhtte evmve >93.91 vmrtkak m oe suaamsskve
guvhoe bk !J7Q= dmg 1.3I>.9CC. Ko rksuoteth bmo
&rhamssh bk QcJ m KdJ steth kgckgm eaamtteth m sk
ahgskbmreth rennkugth ko &rkjh hdkmttkvh 5ckn. 94.
Ko smahgbh shctwerm utkoketh steth AohubAhj&erm.
'+hdkmttkvh mre rkusakrm e bkjmgskhgerm jmtrkaejmgtm oe
guvhoe &uokte 5ckn. ;4 &mr &hk armerm oe jms`. Ko jmthbh
am sk smnukth steth *umooh bk &uokrm jegueojmgtm oe
guvhoe bk &ugtk be tuttm om &ertk mstregmm eoo+urge, trejktm
ko ahjegbh Qmnjmgt. Bh&h *umste h&mrekhgm ko jhbmooh
&esseth be 1.3I=.9CC e =.=>.?? &ugtk.
Kgckgm ahg ko pounkg < \hksshg Jms` mahgstruatkhg,
smttegbh ko veohrm bk Hatrmme >3, sk httmgute uge jms`
ahg >.I31.=>= ceaam 5ckn. 4. Qhgh stetm msmnuktm m
rk&uoktm om su&mrckak ske bmooe guvhoe gmooe &hskkhgm
hrknkgeom am bk *umooe saeoete, &mr &rhverm
suaamsskvejmgtm oe tm%turkekhgm ske euthjetkae am
jegueom. !urtrh&&h ghg &hsskdkom utkokerm oh
strujmgth bk tmxturmeuthjetkae sm oe jms` stete saeoete
m s&hstete beooe &hskkhgm hrknkgeom bk Dugbomr, kg *uegth
ko shct/erm ghg &k) kg nrebh bk esshakerm om verkm
kjjenkgk eo ohrh &ugth bk rk&rmse.
Kgckgm, steth utkoketh ko shct/erm Jms'ed eooh sah&h
bk armerm oe su&mrckakm &hoknhgeom 5ckn. 54, ahgcrhgtegbhoe
ahg *umooe moedhrete kg AohubAhj&erm, m bk tm%turkerm
ko jhbmooh. !hkaF ko ghtmdhhie bks&hskkhgm rkusakve e
oevhrerm ahg ko ahjegbh Qurceam mahgstruatkhg4
\hksshg eo jesskjh veohrm bk Hatrmm
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
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rksuoteth, steth gmamsserkh rkahrrmrm eo su&&hrth bk ug
eotrh ghtmdhhiahg om smnumgtk aerettmrkstkam Eamr Kgtmo
Ahrm k9-=?93J L=.9 :N ahg $urdh Dhhst ckgh e 1.>
:N, ? :D bk TEJ, sambe vkbmh 87KBKE :mhram :$
;13J ahg > :D bk TEJ bmbkaete, m kgbh/s e ;?-dkt.
Kg *umsth jhbh steth &hsskdkom oevhrerm ahg ko smttennkh
bk teok veohrk &erk e >3 m httmgmrm ug rksuoteth eaamttedkom.
Ahgcrhgtegbh oe jms`bk AohubAhj&erm ahg *umooe bk
Jms'ed, sk &mram&ksam e vkste oe jknokhrm *ueokt bmooe&rkje rks&mtth eooe smahgbe, ahgcmrjete egam beooe
bkccmrmge bmo gujmrh bmoom ceaam 5>.I31.=>= ahgtrh
>.?=.=3=4.
Qk *ukgbk bmaksh bk utkokerm oe su&mrckakm bk
AohubAhj&erm &mr &rhsmnukrm om s&mrkjmgtekhgk.
Qmj&rm kg Jms'ed stete &rhvete o+ettrkdukhgm bmo
ahohrm trejktm bum ahjegbk Smrtmx ettrkdutm tregscmr m
\rh>mat eatk"m restmr ahohr th aurrmgt jms`, ahg duhgk
rksuotetk kg mgtrejdk k aesk 5ckn. I4.
Ahjm uotkjh oevhrh stete armete oe tmxturm&mr jmh
bmo ahjegbh \erejmtmrk+etkhg 0 tmxturkgn crhj
rmnkstmrmb restmr, ahg tmxturm sk+m e >C33 &k%mo, veohrmjesskjh eaamtteth beoo+`erbwerm. Ko rksuoteth duhgh oe
*ueokt bk bmckgkkhgm am sk rkusaktk eb httmgmrm
momvete 5ckn.>34.
;. Ah$&o%*kh$k
Ahjm &hsskdkom vmbmrm beoom kjjenkgk eoomnetm nok
hdkmttkvk &hstk eoo+kgkkh bmooe rkamrae shgh stetk rennkugtk
ahg suaamssh ko jhbmooh 1B rmeoketh e ug ghtmvhom
bmttenokh ghghstegtm oe strujmgtekhgm e bks&hskkhgm
ghg chssm bmoom &k) evegetm. Kg jmrkth eooe tmagkae bk
rkokmvh utkokete oe ahgaouskhgm e auk sk nkugtk am&u mssmrm uge veokbe eotmrgetkve eo ahsthsh oesmr saeggmr
gmo aej&h bmoo+eraktmtture, m jmnokh egahre kg *umooh
bmoo+eramhohnke, *uegbh ghg sk gmamsskte bk uge
&rmakskhgm jkookjmtrkae. Eb hngk jhbh oe samote bmooe
tk&hohnke bk rkokmvh ve cette egeokegbh aesh &mr aesh,
bh&h evmrgm veouteth om ckgeokt, om tmj&kstkam, ko dubnmt,
oe ohnkstkae.
Bk smnukth eoaugm ahgskbmrekhgk trettm beoom
s&mrkjmgtekhgk, am sk s&mre &hssegh mssmrm utkok e ak
bmakbmr bk akjmgtersk kg *umste tmagkae bk rkokmvh 1b
chth &k) bkstegketm &rhbuahgh guvhom bk &ugtk
jmgh bmgsm rks&mtth e chth &k) revvkakgetm>, =hjputmr Skskhg mQtruaturm crhj Jhtkhg9 guh"m jmthbhohnkm pmr oebhaujmgte+khgm era`mhohnkae trkbkjmgskhgeom4 ug epprhaakhe&mrth, kg B 'KA :., QKDK'E8( J. :. 5mbs.4,)=?:H$HQQ. Hpmg Qhuram9 $rmm Qhctwerm m Hpmg $hrjet
gmk prhamssk bk rkamrae era`mhohnkae 5Ettk bmo 7 hrGsh&,hnnke 9-; Jennkh =3>34, Derk.
J8A(8T(Q. =3>1,
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
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KOTKOKMSHBMOOESMTEBE\HVVHKGAEJ\HQEGJETA]HOEE
SMGMVKE
Qkjhgm Jkgth
skjjkgthLnjeko.ahj
EDQRTEARKo prmsmgtm ertkahoh kooustre k rksuotetk bk ug mspmrkmge
s!hote eoo"kgtmrgh bmo Jestmr Hpmg R#a$gm %
Rmaghoh&km Hpmg Qhuram pmr k Dmgk Auotureok 'e(e(
)*+),)*+-.( Qahph bk teom mspmrkmge mre oe
rmeokekhgm bk ug /hbmooh -B eb eote rkshoukhgm
pertmgbh be uge ahoomkhgm bk k//e&kgk bk&kteok m
utkokegbh o"epprhaakh bmoo"K/e&m%Desmb Jhbmokg& m
sh;>" m sk `e ghtk%ke a`m
o(ea+ue reaahote gmooe akstmrge shtthstegtm )hssm rksmr$ete
ek ph$mrk bmooe %hge. e $mre sk prmsmgte ahg ug
rknhg)kejmgth amgtreom m oe supmr)kakm ' jh$kjmgtete be
+uettrh prhthjk omhgkgm )kega`mnnketm be $houtm oetmreom m
reaahrbetm eooe pertm kg)mrkhrm be %ejpm smjprm e )hrjeomhgkge. =mrsh oe a`kmse prmsmgte trm saubk eaaerthaaketk6 e
bmstre +umooh 3hsaerk, eo amgtrh +umooh 0rkttk m e skgkstre
ugh saubh ghg kbmgtk)kaeth. h saubh 0rkttk, bk jennkhrk
prhphr%khgk rkspmtth enok eotrk bum, ' shrjhgteth be uge
tmste ujege m gmooe pertm kg)mrkhrm be ug aertknokh
senhjeth ahg sarktth6 G.@. JKQQKMT EN]QRKG NTKRRK
C] BM JKQQKMT EOMQQEGBTH \THSMBKRHT BM
AHJ]G M AEQQKMT EGGH 5>51.
)( H>kmttk!k
*hddkmttk$h bmo prhnmtth mre +umooh bk httmgmrm ug
jhbmooh trkbkjmgskhgeom eb eote rkshou%khgm tmxturk%%eth,
jmtrkaejmgtm ahrrmtth m nmhrm)mrmg%keth rkspmtth eb ugskstmje bk rk)mrkjmgth.
-( Jmthbh m stru/mgtk
=homgbh ahg)rhgterm +umste guh$e tmagkae ahg +umoom a`m
nk9 ahghsah, jk shgh prm)ksseth skg beoo(kgk%kh bk httmgmrm
ug rksuoteth jmtrkah m phsskdkojmgtm nmhrm)mrmg%keth ahg
ug skstmje bk ahhrbkgetm nohdeom h ahjug+um ahg ko pk2
usueom 0euss-Dhene. 1hg e$mgbh jhbh bk utkok%%erm g'
ug 0\Q g' uge ste%khgm thteom, `h h$$keth ahg tmagka`m
pk2 aoesska`m. 3hrtugetejmgtm gmnok uotkjk eggk =mgm%ke
sk ' bhtete bk uge )ktte rmtm bk aephseobk m, beo skth kgtmrgmt
bmooe nmstkhgm bmo tmrrkthrkh bk =mgm%ke, kg prhsskjkt9 bmo
Ckn.5. Aejph Qeg Jer!h"e# kg prkjh pkegh "e $%re &e ph''h.
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4-45
5>
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
26/97
ph%%h gm `h kgbk$kbuetk bum /!1?::, !1?:75. &ukgbk,
utkok%%egbh rubkjmgteok tmagka`m bk trkoetmre%khgm m
ok$mooe%khgm `h rennkugth ko jkh hdkmttk$h.
-(+ Ea4ukskkhgm betk
m hpmre%khgk bk aejpenge sk shgh bkstkgtm kg bum )esk6
o(ea+uksk%khgm bmk betk jmtrkak m bk +umook )hthnre)kak.
1.5.5 E(!k)k'khg% &%k &e*k J%*rkk
e prkje hpmre%khgm ' stete +umooe bk $mrk)kaerm kg "hh
a`m k aephseobk !1?:: m !1?:7 )hssmrh egahre prmsmgtk.
Qu bk ug mkbhtkph /3knn. ",85 `h rkphrteth uge poegkjmtrke
bmoo(erme ahg k aephseobk, ko ph%%h m nok mbk)kak akrahstegtk.
#hph bk a`m `h phsk%khgeth jermr ebmsk$k suo ph%%h
/3kn. ?56 bum eooe desm /RE>, RE?5 pmr httmgmrm oe
nmhrm)mrmg%ke%khgm poegkjmtrkae m trm /E8, E:,E75 e
bmtmrjkgerm ug pkegh hrk%%hgteom eb uge amrte +uhterkspmtth eo $eohrm bmo aephseobh /!1?::5. !hg uge smrkm
bk trkoetmre%khgk `h ahoomneth k aephseobk ek jermr RE>-
RE?.
1htm /0euss-Dhene56
AG)006 st A ?">>EBM.88, 1hrb A :E":7>:.M?C
AG)0;6 st A ?">>>?".>;, 1hrb A :E":7:?.M7.
kae$kejh6
R*+6 st A ?">>EB>.>8, 1hrb A :E":7?".>MC
R*)6 st A ?">>EB>.8;, 1hrb A :E":7?:.>;.
\mr httmgmrm ug pkegh hrk%%hgteom `h utkok%%eth ug
ahjugm tudh pmr ok$mooe%khgm eb ea+ue, m))mttuegbh
+uettrh trettm E8-E:, E:-E7, E7-E8 /pmr $mrk)kae5,
E7-!1?::. 1mo aephseobh `h jksureth ega`m oe
bk))mrmg%e bk +uhte, a`m shjjete eooe +uhte esshoute bk
!1?:: ak ahgsmgtm bk httmgmrm oe +uhte bmo pkegh
hrk%%hgteom pessegtm pmr E8, E:, E7. \mr oe +uhte
esshoute bk !1?:: ghg `h utkok%%eth oe 0euss-Dhene
/0mgh$e >B8?5, kg +uegth e =mgm%ke pmr om +uhtm skutkok%%e ug skstmje ohaeom rk)mrkth eo jmbkh jerm bk \ugte
bmooe #hnege m +umsth rksuote pk2 eoth bmo skstmje
ge%khgeom bk ?" aj6
&uhte bmo pkegh pessegtm pmr E8-E:-E7C
&uhte !1?:: N ?"aj N @ A >."7NE.?"N>.EBA?.7M.
K $eohrk httmgutk /phst-prhamsskgn5 ok `h utkok%%etk kg
smnukth pmr oe nmhrm)mrmg%ke%khgm bmo rkokm$h m pmr bermug ahrrmtth $eohrm jmtrkah eoo*hnnmtth.
1.5.+ E(!k)k'khg% &e*k Ch*hnre,kk
\mr o(ea+uksk%khgm bmk betk )hthnre)kak `h utkok%%eth uge
)hthaejmre bknkteom !eghg HQ ::E# ahg hdkmttk$h
%hhj Rejrhg >E-?8jj, utkok%%egbh smjprm oe )haeom e
?8jj.
(ea+uksk%khgm ' stete enm$hom pmra`< pmr ko aejph
tregskte$egh pha`m pmrshgm, o(ugkae bk))kahot9 mregh om
ahgbk%khgk bk ouam a`m $erke$egh hngk $hote a`m om gu$hom
h))usae$egh ko shom. ssmgbh ug pkaahoh hnnmtth phsth eo
amgtrh bk ug nregbm spe%kh ' rksuoteth ohnkah ea+ukskrm om
kjjenkgk nkregbhak etthrgh /3kn. :5, shgh stetk ahsmsmnuktk pk2 pessennk jmbkejmgtm bk >?->7 saettk
akesaugh6
\essennkh >6 nmgmreom e :j >7 )hth
\essennkh ?6 nmgmreom e :j >7 )hth
\essennkh "6 pertm desse e "j >8 )hth
\essennkh 86 desejmgth e "j >7 )hth
\essennkh :6 ahrgkam e ?j >7 )hth
\essennkh 76 pertm eote e "j >? )hth
\essennkh ;6 ahpmra`kh e ?j >? )hth
Rhteom >E? )hth
Ckn. 1. Mk&h*kph &%""e er%e p%r "e n%hr%,%r%g'ke'khg% p"egkj%*rke.
Ckn.+. \h)k'khgej%g*h &%k jer-%r e&%)k$k p%r "e n%hr%,%r%g'ke'khg%p"egkj%*rke % e"*kj%*rke.
Ckn. . Mk&h*kph &%n"k e"'e*k p%r "e n%hr%,%r%g'ke'khg% e"*kj%*rke.
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4-45
50
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
27/97
1moo(ea+uksk%khgm )hthnre)kae ghg ak shgh stetm bk))kahot9
bmttetm be )etthrk mstmrgk, je o(ugkae bk))kahot9 ' stete
o(ea+uksk%khgm bmooe pertm supmrkhrm bmo ph%%h6 sk sermddm
rk$moeth utkom o(utkok%%h bk uge saeoe h jhgterm oe
)hthaejmre shpre ug este m )hthnre)erm kg rmjhth.
\urtrhpph om ahgbk%khgk jmtmh ghg `eggh ahgsmgtkth bk
m))mttuerm uotmrkhrk rkprmsm. 1moo(moedhre%khgm bmoom
gu$hom bk pugtk bk )etth oe pertm supmrkhrm ghg ' stete
rmstktukte.
-() Moe>hrekhgm betk
(moedhre%khgm betk, ahjm o(ea+uksk%khgm, sk ' bk$kse kg
bum )esk6 oe prkje a`m prm$mbm$e oe rmstktu%khgm bmk betk
nmhjmtrkak, hsske om ahhrbkgetm esshoutm bmk jermr
phsk%khgetk suoo(hnnmtthC oe smahgbe a`m `e rknuerbeth
o(moedhre%khgm bmoom kjjenkgk eo )kgm bk httmgmrm uge
rmstktu%khgm trkbkjmgskhgeom bmoo(hnnmtth.
Qk shgh utkok%%etk bum pmrshgeo ahjputmr6
ug ghtmdhh pmr o(moedhre%khgm bmoom
ahhrbkgetm, rkahstru%khgk !F#, hpmre%khgk bk
puok%ke bmoom gu$hom bk pugtk m jms` m oe stmsure
bk rmoe%khgk m prmsmgte%khgk6
-Ip \e$kookhg b$ B:M:moC-\rhamsshrm Kgtmo !hrm ? #uh R;"EE be ? 0`%C
-8 0D bk jmjhrke ##?C
-1=K#KF 0m3hram M7EEJ.
ug \! bmsthp pmr om moedhre%khgk pmsegtk6
moedhre%khgm )hth ahg \yt`hg \`hthnrejjmtry
Rhhodhx, =ksueoQ3J, \`hthQaeg, moedhre%khgm
jms` ahg !ohub!hjperm m Jms oed,
tmxturk%%e%khgm6
-#msthp Fsus \MO7M #G01"C
-!\ Kgtmo !hrm k;-?7EE ".8E0I%C
-ej >70D ##" ?>""JI%C
-1$kbke &uebrh ?EEE >0D 0##:.
\mr o(moedhre%khgm bmoom kjjenkgk `h $houth tmsterm
bk))mrmgtk sh)t4erm6 ugh hpmg shuram /\yt hg
\`hthnrejjmtry Rhhodhx - \\R5, ugh )rmm4erm
/=ksueoQ3J5 mb ugh prhprkmterkh /Fnksh)t \`hthQaeg5.
\\R m =ksueoQ3J sk m+uk$eonhgh ahjm rksuotetk, m
smppurm =ksueoQ3J rksuote pk2 usmr-)rkmgboy, `h
ahjug+um prm)mrkth userm \\R /DOOK%*. e".?E>>C DOOK,
JHH1?E>?5 pmra`< mre ko sh)t4erm utkok%%eth buregtm
ko ahrsh m pmra`< prmsmgte$e uge gu$hoe bk pugtk pk2
puokte. \`hthQaeg `e beth rksuotetk jknokhrk shprettutth
gmooe pertm supmrkhrm bmo ph%%h, bh$m \\R ghg rkusak$e e
nmgmrerm pugtk.
!hg \\R `h s$hoth $erk mspmrkjmgtk. Foaugk kg ejdkmgtm
01kgux /Fra`mHQ5 a`m neregtk$e, gmooe prkje
moedhre%khgm D1#, bk kjphsterm uge jennkhrm
rkshou%khgm kg pkxmo eoom kjjenkgkC eotrk kg ejdkmgtm
Ukgbh4s /Ukgbh4s ;5 bh$m kg$mam sk bh$m$e essmngerm
eoom kjjenkgk rkshou%khgk pk2 dessm.
Era$mhs -) >kt kshou%khgm Dugbomr ":EEC
? nruppk bk )hthC
\rhdomjk bk jmjhrke ahg !J=Q\J=Q.
6kgbh5s 9 ;? >kt
kshou%khgm Dugbomr ?7BBC
Ruttm om )hthC
1mssug prhdomje !J=Q\J=Q.
Fooe )kgm `h samoth bk utkok%%erm Ukgbh4s pmra`"> kjjenkgk e ?7BB kg B` ?EjkgC
AJSQ,\JSQ2 moedhre%khgm kg ug ugkah !oustmr />">5 kg
"7jkg.
e gu$hoe httmgute ' stete jhoth shbbks)eamgtm
shprettutth pmr oe pertm kg pkmtre bmo ph%%h, jmgtrm oe
pertm jmteookae bk ahohr gmrh `e rmstktukth pha`k pugtk kg
ahrrksphgbmg%e bmoom bksahgtkgukt9 bmooe supmr)kakm.
e puok%ke bmooe gu$hoe ' stete msmnukte kg
!ohub!hjperm, thnokmgbh ko ahgtmsth bmo aejph m eoaugk
pugtk bk sphrah kg prhsskjkt9 bmooe gu$hoe.
-(- :mhrm6 ->.E?8"BE, -E.7>EEBE, -:.M8>;:EC
RE?6 E.78>?B", -E.:>7?7E, -:.;M;E?EC
E86 -E.M7:8BM, E.:7>>>>, -;.?E?87EC
E:6 E.?;8;B7, E.7:?M"M, -;.""B;BEC
E76 -E.">;8MM, E.""?EB?, -7.E:E7>E.
#e +umstm ahhrbkgetm, ahg om smnumgtk hpmre%khgk, shgh
nkugth ek $eohrk esshoutk rk)mrktk kg 0euss-Dhene m jmbkh
jerm \ugte bmooe #hnege6
>. rhte%khgk eo )kgm bk httmgmrm a`m om ahhrbkgetm O bk E8-E:-
E7 ske su bk ug pkegh hrk%%hgteomC
?. tresoer%khgm bmk pugtk phgmgbh RE> perk eooe ahhrbkgetm
poegkjmtrka`m bk !1?::C
". rhte%khgm bmk pugtk kg jhbh a m RE? nkeaake gmooe
ahgnkugnmgtm !1?::-!1?:7C
8. seaoeture bmo skstmje kg jhbh a m RE? ahkgakbe ahg !1?:7C
:. tresoe%khgm bmo skstmje kg jhbh a`m om ahhrbkgetm O bk E8-
E:-E7 skegh perk e ?.7M.
Ckn. /. Q
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Ahhrbkgetm kg :euss%Dhe&e m /mbkh /erm Smgmke2
RE>6 GA?">>EB>.>8 TA:E":7?".>M OA>.7;C
RE?6 GA?">>EB>.8; TA:E":7?:.>; OA>.7BC
E86 GA?">>EMB.?M TA:E":7?:.EB OA?.7MC
E:6 GA?">>EMB.?; TA:E":7?".7B OA?.7MC
E76 GA?">>EBE.;M TA:E":7?8.>: OA?.7M.
Qh)t4erm ahjm Jms`oed m !ohub!hjperm, je bk )etth
tuttk k sh)t4erm bk nmstkhgm bk gu$hom bk pugtk, ghg
nmstksahgh $eohrk ahsk eotk bk ahhrbkgetm, +ukgbk sk '
pmgseth bk utkok%%erm ug sh)t4erm 0KQ, kg +umsth aesh oe
)ug%khgmp".r%*k,bk 0FQQ ; /3kn. ;5.
Ko sh)t4erm arme kg euthjetkah ug )kom r%*k,nre%km eb ug
)kom bk ahhrbkgetm be kgtmrgh eb esshouth, je be ug mrrhrm
gmoo(kjphrte%khgm +uegbh sk tmgte bk eprkroh kg Jms`oed.
!hsk pmr phtmr utkok%%erm om phtmg%keokt9 bk Jms`oed `hprm)mrkth utkok%%erm ug skstmje bk rk)mrkjmgth ohaeom.
Ih tresoeth o(hrknkgm bmo skstmje esshouth kg RE> shoh pmr
k $eohrk poegkjmtrkak G m T jmgtrm pmr oe +uhte `h
oesaketh +umooe ohaeom bk =mgm%ke6
RE>6 GA E,EEE TA E,EEE OA >,7;?C
RE?6 GA E.""8 TA >.BB7 OA >.7B"C
E86 GA->.M7M TA E.:>M OA ?.7MEC
E:6 GA->.M:M TA >.B>: OA ?.7MEC
E76 GA-E."7" TA E.B;B OA ?.7ME.
e rhthtresoe%khgm m saeoeture bmooe gu$hoe bk pugtk bmo
ph%%h ' stete rmeok%%ete kg !ohub!hjperm.
?( Tksuotetk
\mr nmgmrerm oe jms` mb httmgmrm ahs ko jhbmooh "# `h
utkok%%eth Jms`oed s)ruttegbh o(eonhrktjh bk \hksshg.
#hph $erk tmgtetk$k oe jms` ' stete nmgmrete smttegbh
+umstk $eohrk6 Hatrmm #mpt`A>? Qho$mr #k$kbmA>? .
!hg $eohrk pk2 eotk ko sh)t4erm rkusak$e unueojmgtm e
nmgmrerm uge jms`, je phk ghg rkusak$e e armerm oe
rmoetk$e tmxturm. ge $hote nmgmrete oe jms` ak sk ' rmsh
ahgth a`m oe bmgskt9 bmk pugtk gmo ahpmra`kh bmo ph%%h
ghg mregh su))kakmgtk m sk ahsk bmaksh bk thrgerm eooe
gu$hoe m bk mokjkerm thteojmgtm +umooe pertmC
suaamssk$ejmgtm sk ' guh$ejmgtm nmgmrete oe jms` ahg
nok stmssk $eohrk. Ko rksuoteth ' steth6
gujmrh bk $mrtkak >"?M?E"C
gujmrh bk )eaam ?7:>E?E.
Ko pessennkh suaamssk$h ' stete oe arme%khgm bmooe tmxturm6ghg phtmgbh s)rutterm ko skstmje euthjetkah bmo sh)t4erm
/mssmgbh oe gu$hoe rhthtresoete rkspmtth eooe nmgmre%khgm
kg \\R5 o*ugkae shou%khgm mre prhambmrm ahg
o(eookgmejmgth jegueom bk M kjjenkgk, nmgmregbh uge
tmxturm +uebrete bk bkjmgskhgm 8EB7x8EB7 pkxmo /3kn. M5.
Ko pessh suaamssk$h ' steth +umooh bk ahojerm om oeaugm
bmo jhbmooh "#, akh' oe ahpmrture jmteookae, utkok%%egbh
Domgbmr, ug sh)t4erm bk jhbmooe%khgm hpmg shuram /3kn.
B5.
Ckn. 4. M)phr*e'khg% &%""% hhr&kge*% "he"k &%k jer-%r.
3kn.;6 0mhrm)mrmg%ke%khgm kg 0ress ahg oe )ug%khgm poy-
rmatk)y.
Ckn. . E"!g% $k)*% &%""e j%)< *%2*!rk''e*e.
Ckn. =. Jh&%""e'khg% &%n"k %"%j%g*k jegeg*k kg 3"%g&%r.
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4-45
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0( Ahgaouskhgk
Ko rksuoteth httmguth ahg +umste jmthbhohnke oh4-ahst '
be$$mrh httkjh ahgskbmregbh oe $mohakt9 bmoom hpmre%khgk
kg aejpenge m k prhamssk +uesk bmo tutth euthjetk%%etk pmr
o*moedhre%khgm bmo jhbmooh "# tmxturk%%eth.
*Kjenm-Desmb Jhbmokgn ' ug*httkje tmagkae pmr
httmgmrm gu$hom bk pugtk m jhbmook "# kg drm$m tmjph.
F))kegaeth eb ug skstmje bk nmhrm)mrmg%ke%khgm /ste%khgmthteom h nps5 ' pertkahoerjmgtm kgbkaeth pmr rkom$k ghg
trhpph ahjpomssk m ahg ahgbk%khgk hpmretk$m bk))kahothsm,
bh$m eotrk strujmgtk sermddmrh kgutkok%%edkok.
\mr m))mttuerm om ea+uksk%khgk )hthnre)ka`m ak phsskejh
e$$eomrm bk bk))mrmgtk skstmjk, ahjm eb msmjpkh nok F=,
egahre bk))kakojmgtm utkok%%edkok ahg eotrm tmagka`m bk
rkokm$h /oesmr saeggmr5.
!hg o*m$ho$mrsk bmooe spmrkjmgte%khgm o*Kjenm-Desmb
Jhbmokgn phtrmddm shstktukrsk eoo*utkok%%h bk strujmgtk
oesmr saeggmr ega`m gmooe rmbe%khgm bk rkokm$k ahjpomssk.
K sh)t4erm prhprkmterk `eggh egahre ug duhg jernkgm kg
+ueokt9 bmk rksuotetk m )eakokt9 bk utkok%%h rkspmtth eksh)t4erm hpmg suram, eojmgh pmr +umook utkok%%etk kg
+umste mspmrkmg%e /Fnksh)t \`hthsaeg5, je bm$h bkrm a`m
ahg pkaahok eaahrnkjmgtk sk phsshgh httmgmrm bmk rksuotetk
ahjug+um shbbks)eamgtk.
Httmgmrm ahsk )eakojmgtm jhbmook "# bk hnnmttk,
gmoo*ejdkth bmk Dmgk !uotureok eprm eb kgtmrmssegtk
phsskdkokt9. #eooe )ruk%khgm juotkjmbkeom /sktk 4md,
ejdkmgtk $krtueok, rmeot9 eujmgtete5 eooe stejpe "# pmr
httmgmrm bmoom ahpkm a`m phsshgh mssmrm usetm ske pmro*msphsk%khgm, ske a`m pmr m$mgtueok stubk, +uegbh
o*utkok%%h bmoo*hrknkgeom ' sahgsknoketh.
;( Dk>okh&re>, Ahjp!*%r Sk)khg %Q*r!*!r% ,rhj Jh*khg# g!h$% j%*h&h"hnk% p%r "e&h!j%g*e'khg% er
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AHJ\]RMTSKQKHGMKJENM-DEQMBJHBMOKGN
\MTOEBHA]JMGREVKHGMBMKDMGKA]OR]TEOK6 JHBMOOK
\HOKATHJK
Seomgtkge Thssmttkveomgtkge00.rhssmttkLnjeko.ahj
EDQRTEARQk samoth bk spmk!m"t#m om phssk$kokt% h&&mtm b#oo#
tma"ka# bk #a'(ksk)kh"m *B bk K!#+m-$#smb-Jhbmok"+ m
Qt(at(m-&h!-Jhtkh", mspoh#"bh"m ok!ktk m
#"t#++k, pm phsm+(km ("# kama# pmsh"#om6
#"#ok))#m ko !hbh k" a(k !(t# m sk mhom o.mspmkm")#
#tkstka# bmoo.(tm"tm "moo.mpha# bmoo# s(#kphb(ak$kokt% tma"ka#, ah" o.h$$kmttkh bk #k#m #b
("# sak# '(#"th pk/ #!pk# bk (tm"tk # a(k m0=hbsAhjputmr Skskhg, Kjenm-Desmb Jhbmokgn, hpmg shuram,Qtruaturm-crhj-Jhtkhg
;2 K"thb()kh"m
Bkgegk eooe smjprm pk! crm"umgtm msknmge bk rmeokermrkokmvk trkbkjmgskhgeok eaauretk m ecckbe#kok kg sktuekhgkbksenmvhok, phste kg mssmrm beoom jhotmpokak prh#omjetka$m
phoktka$m mb mahghjka$m a$m smjprm jmgh ahgsmgthgh bk
kgvmstkrm su strujmgtekhgk bkspmgbkhsm, % gete oe vhohgt&bk spmrkjmgterm guhvk epprhaak bk oevhrh eo pessh ahktmjpk, a$m rksphgbegh eoom aerettmrkstka$m bk phrte#kokt&,repkbkt& b'msmaukhgm, ceakokt& b'ush m #essk ahstk. ( shrthahs) o'kgtmrmssm vmrsh uge tmagkae bk rkokmvh kgtmrejmgtmhpmg shuram a$m sk ahjphgm bk bum cesk prkgakpeok,Kjenm-#esmb-Jhbmokgn *K#J+ m Qtruaturm-crhj-Jhtkhg*QcJ+, eo ckgm bk nmgmrerm ug jhbmooh trkbkjmgskhgeom bkug shnnmtth h bk uge samge e pertkrm be ug smt bkkjjenkgk #kbkjmgskhgeok. umste tmaghohnke ske evveombk eppokaekhgk $erberm oh ahst m eppokaekhgkshcterm ahg ahbkam shrnmgtm epmrth, bug"um ceakojmgtmennkhrge#kom, a$m oe "ueokckaegh ahjm jmthbkae bk rkokmvh
enmvhom m vmrsetkom. mr teok jhtkvk sk % samoth bkspmrkjmgterm om phssk#kokt& hccmrtm be "umste tmagkae,mspohregbhgm okjktk m vegtennk, pmr prhsmnukrm ugerkamrae pmrshgeom/ egeokerm ko jhbh kg auk jute m skmvhovm o'mspmrkmge ertkstkae bmoo'utmgtm gmoo'mphae bmooesue rkprhbuak#kokt& tmagkae, oe stmsse mphae kg auk guhvm
sckbm veggh eccrhgtetm pmr rkoegakerm "umo petrkjhgkhertkstkah tegth jkooegteth je saersejmgtm ahgskbmreth mveohrketh, eooe rkamrae bk guhvk jmthbk m jhbmook bkcruk#kokt&.
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strutture e gkaa$ke errkaa$kte be omsmgm m #esshrkokmvkeaahnokm om trm nregbk stetum kg tmrreahtte bmooe Jebhggeahg #ej#kgh, Qeg ?regamsah m Qeg Thaah, k auk vhoujkshgh sepkmgtmjmgtm nmstktk beoo'ertkste gmooh spekhtegnk#kom a$m om akrahgbe. 3e vhoujmtrke bmoo'uotkjhhnnmtth prmsh kg msejm, oe ougmtte kg tmrreahtte kgvmtrketebk 3. bmooe Th##ke ahg oe repprmsmgtekhgmbmooe Jebhgge a$m bhge oe akgthoe e Q. :hjjesh,
ahgsmrvete suo phrteom amgtreom bmooe #eskokae bk Jerke QQ.Bmoom 7rekm kg Qeg 7khveggk Seobergh, eppmgeeaamggete beoo'ertkste, % bmckgkte gmooh spekh akrahstegtmbek #rkooegtk sjeotk a$m oe ahjphgnhgh *7=
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3e Aeppmooe Qpeberk, phste eoo'kgtmrgh bmooeA$kmse, % kgvmam rmnhoete be ug skstmje bkkooujkgekhgm e kgtmrjkttmge a$m $e rkterbethghtmvhojmgtm o'ea"ukskkhgm bmo beth, oe auk"ueokt& rksuotegtm % bkrmttejmgtm prhphrkhgeom e"umooe bmooe ouam.
Kg uotkjh, oe tmrreahtte bmo Bmooe Th##ke %
sktuete suo phrteom bmo segtuerkh bmooe A$kmse,shpre eo "ueom sk ertkahoe o'mbkckakh stmssh/o'eotme, oe hge b'hj#re pmrmggm m oh spekhrkbhtth gmo "ueom sk % stetk ahstrmttk eb hpmrerm,$eggh rmsh ega$m kg "umsth aesh ahjpokaeteo'ea"ukskkhgm.
?2 B#t# phamssk"+
3m chth ea"uksktm shgh stetm phk smomkhgetm kg oe#hrethrkhmb moe#hretm jmbkegtm ko shcterm It$hg$hthnrejjmtrI :hho#h, a$m $e rmstktukth kg bum
pessennk rkspmttkvejmgtm uge guvhoe bk pugtk e #essebmgskt& *Kjenm #esmb jhbmokgn+ mb uge guvhoe bk pugtk
eb eote bmgskt& *Qtruturm crhj jhtkhg+. 1k ckgk bk tmsterm koahjphrtejmgth bmo shcterm rkspmtth eooe rkshoukhgm bkkgput m eo skstmje hpmretkvh utkoketh, shgh stetm cettm
pmr hngugh bmk shnnmttk rkomvetk bkvmrsm prhvm eb eote m#esse rkshoukhgm *ghg smjprm uge jennkhrm rkshoukhgmneregtksam ko rksuoteth bmskbmreth+ su skstmjk hpmretkvk2kgbhs m 3kgu/ tuttk k rksuotetk httmgutkbeoo'moe#hrekhgm su 6Q 3kgu-Bm#keg ghg shgh rksuotetkshbbksceamgtk e aeuse bk mrrhrk b'kgsteooekhgm bmoshcterm, kgbk pmr auk sk % samoth bk hpmrerm su 6Q2kgbhs ahg uge rkshoukhgm bmoom kjjenkgk kg kgput
perk e >E8jp, teom "umooe jesskje supphrtete ahgtrh kEjp bk 3kgu. jp m >E8 jp *?kn. >+.
Tkspmttkvejmgtm oe prkje moe#hrekhgm*;>jp+ $e rmstktukth uge guvhoe bk pugtk e
#esse bmgskt& perk e 80 vmrtkak *#ugbom+, muge guvhoe bk pugtk eb eote bmgskt& perk e>0 vmrtkak *pjvs+, jmgtrm oe smahgbemoe#hrekhgm *>E8jp+ $e rmstktukth gmooe prkjecesm EE; pugtk *#ugbom+ ahgtrh k 80
bmooe smahgbe cesm *pjvs+. 3'momveth okvmooh bkbmttenokh hccmrth be "umst'uotkje guvhoe bk pugtk% steth teom be rmstktukrm pmrskgh oe rmtm
prhtmttkve, momjmgth bk bkstur#h pmr oeahjprmgskhgm bmoo'hpmre. :eom jhtkvh $e
phrteth e samnokmrm pmr oe cesm bk oevhrhsuaamsskve ko betesmt prhamsseth e #esserkshoukhgm *;>jp+, a$m smppur rksuotegtmjhoth bmttenoketh ega$m gmooe rmse bmooe rmtmjmteookae, o'kgcmrkhrm gujmrh bk pugtk $e
pmrjmssh uge puokke eaaurete bmooe guvhoe a$meotrkjmgtk serm##m steth kjphssk#kom.
Aeppmooe Qpeberk. 3e ahjpomsskt& bmoo'hpmre,
rkaae bk bmttenok mb momjmgtk egnhoerk, $ehrkmgteth oe smomkhgm vmrsh ug betesmt jhothahrphsh, ahstktukth be ; saettk thteok m
prhamssetk eoo'ugkae rkshoukhgm bk >8 *oejesskje supphrtete be 6Q 2kgbhs gmo aeshspmakckah+. 3e guvhoe bk pugtk rksuotegtm beo
prkjh pessennkh *#ugbom+, perk e ;C>>;E vmrtkak,sk % gmttejmgtm bmckgkte gmo smahgbh pessennkh
*pjvs+, rmstktumgbh #mg 08E>C vmrtkak *?kn.+.
:mrreahtte kgvmtrkete. Jmgh ahgskstmgtm %rksuoteth ko betesmt samoth pmr o'uotkjh hnnmtth bk
Ckn. !. "uvhom bk pugtk mstrettm be ##R eooe rkshouzkhgm rkspmttkvejmgtmbk 5! jp $E% m !&' jp $(%) Qpkgmooh Ermtkgh, Eggugakezkhgm, 51>.
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4
4=
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stubkh, C saettk prhamssetk ske e #essksskjerkshoukhgm *0 jp+, ahg 0.EC; pugtk gmooe
prkje cesm *#ugbom+ m ;. pugtk gmooesmahgbe cesm *pjvs+, a$m e jmbke rkshoukhgm*>E8jp+, ahg >88.EC0 vmrtkak rksuotegtk beooecesm kgkkeom *#ugbom+ m #mg ;.E.CC gmooe cesmckgeom *pjvs+. 0 *trescmrkjmgth bmkahohrk e pertkrm beoom chthnreckm+ pmr tuttk m trm k jhbmook.
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kgcmrkhrm e "umooe bmnok eotrk bum shnnmttk/ #kshnge tmgmrmkg ahgskbmrekhgm om ahgbkkhgk b'kooujkgekhgmbmoo'momjmgth mb ko cetth a$m o'ea"ukskkhgm ske stetemsmnukte smge o'euskokh bk ug aeveoomtth, chgbejmgteom
pmr o'ea"ukskkhgm bk kgtmrgk, ahgtrk#umgbhahgskbmrmvhojmgtm eooe pmrbkte bk kgchrjekhgk gmooe
pertm eote bmo jhbmooh, bhvm shgh vksk#kok phoknhgkjegaegtk *?kn. C+.
1o okvmooh bk bmckgkkhgm bmoom trm hpmrm % omneth o'mskthbmo smahgbh h##kmttkvh prmphsthsk/ eooe rkahstrukhgmjetmrkeom bmk shnnmttk *ckskae, jetmrkae m ahohrkstkae+ahrrksphgbm oe pmramkhgm a$m sk $e bk mssk. 3'utmgtm a$msk trhve bk crhgtm eb ug jhbmooh phah bmckgkth, ahg ouamkggetureom m pertk jegaegtk, ahjm rksuote "umooh bmooeAeppmooe Qpeberk, sk eaahrnm bk mssmrm bk crhgtm eb ugHceosh tmaghohnkahN/ kg "umsth aesh ko rkokmvh pu\ mssmrm
perkeojmgtm utkoketh ahjm bhaujmgth sthrkah "ueohreo'hpmre rmeom bhvmssm egber omse h pmrbute, je rkjegm kocetth a$m ghg % ug rkokmvh shbbksceamgtm. Qk hssmrvkkgvmam oe bmckgkkhgm httmgute gmoom eotrm bumrkahstrukhgk/ o'eraegnmoh 7e#rkmom bmoo'1rmtkgh smj#re
eggugakerm ko searh ahgampkjmgth kg ghstre prmsmge, jeko rksuoteth bevvmrh shrprmgbmgtm sk % pmr\ httmguth ahg oetmrreahtte kgvmtrkete bmo bmooe Th##ke *?kn. +. Ko shnnmtth
pktthrkah repprmsmgteth % oe /ebhgge bmooe akgthoe/Jerke ahgsmnge oe sue akgture, seare rmok"uke hnnkausthbkte gmo Buhjh bk reth, eoo'ephsthoh :hjjesh
prkje bmoo' 1ssugkhgm kg akmoh. Ko bmooe Th##kerepprmsmgte oe samge smahgbh o'kahghnrecke ahgsumte kg
auk oe Smrnkgm mgtrh uge nohrke bk egnmok sphrnm ko #reaakhm oesake aebmrm oe akgthoe eoo'ephsthoh, ecckegaeth kg"umste repprmsmgtekhgm bek Qegtk 3hrmgh m 7khveggkDettkste prhtmtthrk bk Qeg 7khveggk Seobergh, m oh ce ahgoe jemstrke a$m % prhprke bmnok ertkstk bmooe sue cejknoke/skejh bkgegk eb uge vmre m prhprke pktturetrkbkjmgskhgeom.
3'utmgtm a$m sk trhve bkgegk e "umste rkahstrukhgm ghgpu\ ghg mgtrerm bkrmttejmgtm kg ahgtetth ahg o'hpmre,epprmergm oe #rkooegtme arhjetkae, oe nrekeahjphsktkve m shprettutth oe vk#regtm mjhkhgm a$m skahnokm beo ahjpokam snuerbh bmk prhtenhgkstk. Gg trkpubkhbk mjhkhgk austhbktm ahjm ug prmkhsh tmshrh kg ugjhbmooh B, kg uge smjpokam rkahstrukhgm chthrmeokstkaecruk#kom kg hngk pertm bmo jhgbh kg "ueoskesk jhjmgth/ %
Ckn. &. /ms` ahg Rmturm $E% ahg jmgshoe rmeokzzete
kg (omgbmr $(%, Qpkgmooh Ermtkgh, Eggugakezkhgm,
51>.
Ckn. +. /ms` ahg tmturm, Enghoh bk #hoh, *eppmooe Qpeberk.
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4
4>
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"umsth ko phtmrm bmooe tmaghohnke, egguooerm k okjktktmjphreok m spekeok. =sse pmrjmttm bk rennkugnmrm ugecesake bk utmgtk smjprm jennkhrm e auk @ bmstkgete "umooeUUrmsurrmkhgm bmo pesseth a$m % o'h##kmttkvh prkjerkhbmnok mspmrtk kg aejph bk :utmoe, Ahgsmrvekhgm mSeohrkekhgm bmk Dmgk Auotureok ahs) be rkmvhaerm"umooe a$m gmoo'4K aegth bmo urnethrkh Begtm a$keje oeHsmahgbe okgnue bmnok kteokegkN, "umooe okgnue cette bk
cknurm, a$kmsm, strebm m peoek Hbeoom stmssm pmrshgmahotm ahgskbmrete ahjm ug moo4hrgejmgth, ug
shvreppk, ug 2kgeomtth, ug ahohp`hg, ug auo
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E\\OKAEVKHGKBKKJENM-DEQMBJHBMOKGNGMOOEAEJ\ENGETHJEGE6 ERR]EOK\HRMGVKEOKR, OKJKRKM\THQ\MRRKSM
Nedrkmom AkaahgmakaahgmnedrkmomLnjeko.ahj
EDQRTEAREgeoksk bmnok mommg!k kg mom"e!# bk b$m kgsmbkemg!kbmo mbk#m"# %mg!&eom, sk!$e!k gmooe Ae'engeT#ege, mbkeg!m ko &kom"# !&kbkmgsk#geom, %#go(kg!mg!# bk &k%e"e&m g$#"m kg)#&e*k#gk s$ooms!&$!!$&m egeok**e!m m "eo$!e&m oe &meom '#!mg*keok!+ mbm))k%e%ke bmoom !m%gk%m bkKjenm-desmb Jhbmokgn %#gs#)!e&m hpmg shuram.
/m
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
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a"m, kg qumooe bete, ko aeseom eppertmgmve eoo'kjphrtegtm!ejknoke rhjege bmk evmook.
Ko ahjpomssh era"ktmtthgkah rmoetkvh eo skth bmo aeseom bkRhr Jennkhrm ahstktukth be trm ahrpk bk !eddrkae oethrrm, ko rmakgth m o'mbk!kakh rmttegnhoerm ebbhssetheoo'egnhoh ghrb-hvmst bmo rmakgth. Oe thrrm prmsmgte !hrjequebrete ahg oetk bk 1. j pmr ug eotm
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7/21/2019 Applicazioni Open Source per il rilievo 3D dei Beni Culturali (Atti della Giornata di Studio, S. Giovanni Valdarno 19 l
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Oe jeote, ahjm gmo aesh bmooe thrrm, rkahprm pertm bmkdohaa"mttk krrmnhoerk pmr berm ugkterkmt3 eo perejmgthmstmrgh. (mo perejmgth kgtmrgh, oe jeote kgvmamrksperjkete shoh gmk nkugtk m, ghg !uhrkusamgbh erkahprkrm k dohaa"mttk, pmrjmttm bk hssmrverm jmnokh oeohrh !hrje krrmnhoerm. Oe smahgbe !esm aerettmrk
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ahsH be aeteohnerm ug gutrkth smt bk !hthnre!km besmom
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k bmaksh phk bk berm ko ahohrm eooe jms" pertmgbh beoom!hthnre!km #trejktm ko !kotrh Aejmre ] \rh%mat eatkvmrestmr ahohur th aurrmgt jms`$. Kg qumsth aesh ko
prhambkjmgth evvmguth pmr nrebk gmo tmgtetkvh bkerrkverm eo rksuoteth jknokhrm. Ko prkjh tmgtetkvh steth!etth utkok
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Ko rkomvh trkbkjmgskhgeom "e kghotrm pmrjmssh bk evmrm ugejknokhrm ahgam
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phtmg
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bk !hthnre!km utkok
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KJENM-DEQMBJHBMOKGNRTEETA@KRMRR]TEMQA]OR]TE
Jerkge Qkjhgmtte Rmrreghve
jerk.tmrreghveL`htjeko.ahj
EDQRTEAROm jhbmrgm tmagka`m bk Qtruaturm-crhj-Jhtkhg m bk
Kjem-De!mb Jhbm"kg !hgh !tetm kj#kmetm #mr k"
rk"km$h trkbkjmg!khge"m bk m"mjmgtk !au"thrmk m
era`ktmtthgkak% e" ckgm bk tm!tergm "e $mr!etk"kt& kg
ahgtm!tk bk$mr!k' ]g !hct(erm bk jhbm""e)khgm *B +
!teth kg !mukth utk"k))eth #mr "e rkah!tru)khgm ckge"m
bm"",ejkmgte)khgm' K !hmttk bm" "e$hrh !hgh !tetk ug
bmahrh era`ktmtthgkah m uge !au"ture jhbmrge gm""e
aktt& bk Jk"e))h'
.m/(hrb!Tkokmvh trkbkjmgskhgeom, bmahrh era`ktmtthgkah, sauoture
jhbmrge, \yt`hg \`hthnrejjmtry Rhhodhx,
AohubAhjperm, Jms`oed, Domgbmr, rkahstrukhgm
ahgtmsth
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Qhnnmtth bmo prkjh rkokmvh 9 prhprkh ugh bmk bum
desejmgtk kg pkmtre bmo phrteom oetmreom.
Quo "rhgtm hpphsth bmoo$kshoeth, eoo$kgtmrgh bmk nkerbkgk
bmooe Jerkge m kg ahrrksphgbmge bmooe smbm jugkakpeom,
sk mrnm ko jhgujmgth e uknk Tkh. =mo 4037 oh sauothrm
jmsskgmsm /gthgkh Dhg"knokh rmeoke uge stetue kg
drhgh re""knuregtm o$ejjkrenokh, mpkah 8/""hgbethrm
bmooe prkje numrre jhgbkeom, bum vhotm jmbenoke b$hrh eoveohrm jkokterm, gmoo$etth bk saruterm o$hrkhgtm ?"kn. 2:.
$hpmre, e auk oh stmssh euthrm ettrkduksam ug aerettmrm
vhoutejmgtm phphoerm, 9 phste eo bk shpre bk ug eotksskjh
pkmbksteooh kg jerjh suo %ueom shgh re""knuretm kg
desshrkokmvh om kjprmsm geveok bmoo$mrhm.
5' Jmthbh m !trujmgtk
m ea%ukskkhgk bmoom kjjenkgk bk mgtrejdk k shnnmttkshgh stetm m""mttuetm gmoo$erah bk ug$ugkae nkhrgete
utkokegbh uge =kEhg (2>>>, uge "hthaejmre rm"omx ahg
smgshrm /\Q!A ?4.7x: be 4>.6 jmnepkxmos ?62.3 x 47.
jj:.
#o rkokmvh bmo desejmgth bmo phrteom 9 steth m""mttueth
smge pertkahoerk bk""kahot' ske pmr vke bmooe sue
ahoohaekhgm e rkbhssh bmooe permtm, o$essmge bk
kjpmbkjmgtk h momjmgtk bk bksturdh mstmrgk, a`m pmr om
ahgbkkhgk bk ouam prmssha`9 httkjeok. e rkprmse 9
evvmgute kg"ettk kg ahgbkkhgk bk ouam ugk"hrjmjmgtm
bk""use, ak `e "etth s) a`m suoo$momjmgth ghg sk vmgkssmrh
e armerm hgm bk "hrtm ahgtresth m pertkahoerjmgtmhjdrmnnketm.
\ur mssmgbh bk bkjmgskhgk okjktetm oe ahjpomsskt' bmoom
"hrjm m oe rkaa`me gmk bmttenok `e rka`kmsth o$msmaukhgm
bk pk+ smrkm bk saettk, gmooh spmak"kah shgh stetm m""mttuetm
trm sm%umgm pmr oe smkhgm amgtreom m bum rkspmttkvejmgtm
pmr %umooe kg"mrkhrm m supmrkhrm kg ennmtth, pmr ug thteom
bk 7 "hthnre"km.
e rkprmse 9 evvmgute prmssha`9 "rhgteojmgtm mb eb uge
bkstege jmbke bk akrae ug jmtrh, ahg uge sm%umge bk
saettk pk+ revvkakgetk kg ahrrksphgbmge bmk pugtk pk+
arktkak ?rkmgtregm m hgm b$hjdre: ?"knn. 1, 7:.
#o rkokmvh bmo jhgujmgth eo jkoktm `e prmsmgteth kgvmam
bk""kahot' jennkhrk, bhvutm prkgakpeojmgtm eoom
bkjmgskhgk bmoo$hpmre m eooe sue ahoohaekhgm su ug eoth
desejmgth. m "hthnre"km shgh stetm ea%uksktm s"ruttegbh
ko jurmtth a`m akrahgbe ko jhgujmgth bmokjktegbhgm ko
pmrkjmtrh m phsth eb uge bkstege bk akrae 3 jmtrk gmo
pugth pk+ ohgtegh gmooh spmak"kah 9 steth msmnukth ug
nkrh ahjpomth bk 23>B ske pmr oe pertm supmrkhrm a`m pmr
%umooe kg"mrkhrm ?thteom bum nkrk ahjpomtk:, pk+ eoaugm
"hthnre"km bk bmttenokh e bkstege revvkakgete pmr ko vksh,
pmr ug thteom bk 46> ?"knn. 3, ;:.
Ckn 1 Jhgujmgth e $uknk Tk%%h
Ckn & Desejmgth' !hsk%khgejmgth "moom aejmrm
Ckn ( Desejmgth' !ertm "mooe sm)umg%e "k chthnreckm ea)uksktm
Ckn * +tetue' !hsk%khgejmgth "moom aejmrm
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4-244, Ahjputmr kskhg m+truaturm crhj Jhtkhg guhvm jmth"hohnkm pmr oe
"haujmgte%khgm era mhohnkae trk"kjmgskhgeom' ug epprhaakh
epmrth, kg (- -#A-
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bmooe strebe amgtreom bmo pemsm $e rmsh prhomjetkae oe
rkprmse bk ug oeth bmoo%mbkckakh, ahjm sk kooustrmr' e rm!m.
Om chgtk sthrka$m ak kgchrjegh a$m oe thrrm bk Q. Jettmhcu ahstrukte gmo 3"3 pmr !hohgt' bmooe *mpuokae
Ckhrmgtkge ettre!mrsh ko suh kg!keth 4mrk epphgk, eoohsahph bk recchr(erm oe pertm haakbmgteom bmo aestmooh.
utte!ke, kg esm eooe stretknrecke jurerke egahre omnnkkom
suk prhspmttk m kg esm eooh stubkh jmgskharhghohnkah bmkoetmrk(k, sk puD kphtk((erm a$m mnok eke rkjegmnnketh ugmbkckakh prmmskstmgtm, prhekojmgtm trmamgtmsah.
O%hrknkgerke strutture bh!m!e prmstersk pmr uge cug(khgm
mjkgmgtmjmgtm bkcmgsk!eA hrknkgerkejmgtm jmroete, mreug ahrph bk cerkae ugkah, a$kush su trm oetk m epmrth
shoh suo oeth 4hrb-H!mst rk!hoth !mrsh o%kgtmrgh bmo hrnhjmbkm!eom, mb mre kghotrm mg bkcmse be uge akgte jurerke
a$m sk epphnnke!e su bum oetk bmooe thrrm stmsse.
Kg uge cesm suaamssk!e o%mbkckakh suB bk!mrsm jhbkcka$m,
prhekojmgtm pmr ebetteroh e uge guh!e cug(khgm bk tkphrmskbmg(keom, kgnohegbh k jmrok kg uge guh!h
rkeo(ejmgth ebetth e shstmgmrm ug tmtth e bhppke ceobe, m
tejphgegbh o%epmrture suo oeth bmo hrnh, hotrm eb eoaugmphrtm-ckgmstrm bk hrknkgm pk9 terbe :+EO#EQQE**K2=3=7.
Kg mt' jhbmrge $e sukth gujmrhsm treschrje(khgkA tre
&umstm ug kjphrtegtm kgtmr!mgth bk rmsteurh gmo 2==M pmrneregtkrgm oe ahgsmr!e(khgm struttureom m pmr rmgbmroe
eaamsskkom eo puokah. Hnnk 0 ugh bmk phok amgtreok bmo
Qkstmje Jusmeom Jhgthphomsm.
1. H/kttk"k bk #ert&eO hkmttk!h kgk(keom a$m ak sk mre prmckssetk mre bk httmgmrm
ug jhbmooh trkbkjmgskhgeom bmooe thrrm utkok((egbh omshou(khgk Hpmg Qhuram>Crmm Qhctwerm :HQ>CQ7 epprmsm
buregtm ko ahrsh, ettre!mrsh ko smnumgtm whr6chowA
rmeok((erm uge ahpmrture chthnreckae ahjpomtebmoombkckakhA
prhamsserm om chthnreckm rmeok((etm pmr httmgmrm
uge gu!hoe bk pugtk "#
puokrm m rebbrk((erm oe gu!hoe bk pugtk
armerm oe jms$ beooe gu!hoe bk pugtk
tm;turk((erm oe jms$ usegbh om chthnreckm
saettetm.
hjm hkmttk!h ennkugtk!h sk !hom!e ega$m rmgbmrm
jmtrkah ko jhbmooh ckgeom bmoombkckakh, saeoegbhoh kg esmeoom jksurm prmsm suo aejph.
?mr ug ahrph bk cerkae bk &umsth tkph, bhteth bk ugeahjpomsse stretknrecke jurerke egahre omnnkkom m pmr ko
&ueom shgh egahre kg cesm bk stubkh om treschrje(khgk a$m
oh $eggh kgtmrmsseth gmo ahrsh bmk smahok, puD mssmrmkgtmrmssegtm e!mrm e bksphsk(khgm ug jhbmooh
trkbkjmgskhgeom bhteth bk aerettmrkstka$m jmtrka$mecckbekok m bk uge tm;turm bk &ueokt' pmr tmgterm uge
rkomtture bmooe stretkckae(khgm bmk prhspmttk, shpretutth pmrom pertk pk9 eotm m &ukgbk jmgh rennkugnkkok e ug msejm
euthptkah. eom rkomtture phtrmm mssmrm ekgete eb ugejksure bmk oetmrk(k bmoom bk!mrsm 5QJ bkrmttejmgtm suo
jhbmooh, pmr httmgmrm ug aejpkhgm jmgskharhghohnkah
ejpkh m beterm om bk!mrsm ettk!kt' m nruppk bk ettk!kt' a$m$eggh jhbkckaeth oe strutture bmoo%mbkckakh, beooe sueahstru(khgm kg mt' jmbkm!eom eo rmsteurh ahgtmjphregmh.
Chrsm ug prhnmtth trhpph ejk(khsh pmr ug prkjh
epprhaakh ahg &umstm tmagka$m bk rkokm!h, je eesteg(ekgtmrmssegtm be !homr cerm ug tmgtetk!h.
0. Qtr$tk $tkok&&etk?mr httmgmrm ug mcckaeam rkokm!h smahgbh teok jmthbhohnkm
ghg 0 gmamsserkh bksphrrm bk uge strujmgte(khgm$erbwerm spmakeokstkae, je 0 succkakmgtm &umooe a$m rkmgtre
hrjek gmoo%ettrm((eture ahjugm pmr ug &ueoskesk
prhcmsskhgkste bmk +mgk uotureok, m ghg shohA uge jeaa$kge chthnreckae ahg k suhk eaamsshrk
ug ahjputmr su auk kgsteooerm k prhnrejjk
gmamsserk
nok strujmgtk pmr pmrcm(khgerm ko rkom!ejmgth
bmoom aerettmrkstka$m jmtrka$m bmoo%hnnmtth berkom!erm :kgbmoom, jmtrh e stmaae, maa.7.
$kerejmgtm oe &ueokt' bmo jhbmooh trkbkjmgskhgeom a$m
sk rkusakr' eb httmgmrm ser' strmttejmgtm omneth eoomaerettmrkstka$m &ueoktetk!m :rkshou(khgm, phtmg(e, aepeakt'
bk prhamssejmgth7 bmnok $erbwerm shpre kgbkaetk.
Ckn. 5. Ohaeokzzezkhgm nmhnreckae bk Jhgthphok.
Ckn. 4. Oe Rhrrm bk Q. Jettmh.
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4
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Oe ahjphgmgtm shctwerm gmamsserke rksuote ceakojmgtm
eaamsskkom, kg &uegth ahgskstm kg prhnrejjkmsaousk!ejmgtm HQ>CQ okmrejmgtm saerkaekok beooe rmtm,
cug(khgegtk suk pk9 ahjugk skstmjk hpmretk!k kgakrahoe(khgm m bk utkok((h rmoetk!ejmgtm smjpokam 5g
!eohrm ennkugth bmk shctwerm HQ>CQ 0 repprmsmgtethega$m beooe bksphgkkokt' bk uge smrkm bk rkshrsm kg rmtm
ahjm tuthrkeo, ahh6hh6 m chruj kgchrjetk!k crm&umgtetk
be s!kouppethrk m eotrk usmrs, utkok pmr epprmgbmrgm kocug(khgejmgth m pmrcm(khgergm oush.
K shctwerm utkok((etk shgh stetkA
?Nt$hg ?$hthnrejjmtrN hhoh; :!. =.37 pmr
omoehre(khgm bmoom chthnreckm m oe arme(khgmbmooe gu!hoe bk pugtk "# :JH5OH4, +1@@K2=327
ohub hjperm :!. 2.7, pmr oe nmstkhgm bmooe
gu!hoe bk pugtk :puok(ke, cuskhgm,rebbrk((ejmgth, maa.7
Jms$Oe :!. 3.".27 pmr oe arme(khgm bmooe jms$
m oe sue tm;turk((e(khgm :K4H4K2==7.
Jmgtrm o%$erbwerm a$m sk e!m!e e bksphsk(khgm mreA
uge jeaa$kge chthnreckae bknkteom ahjpette,
jhbmooh Fhbe6 1esNQ$erm I3", bhtete bk uge
rkshou(khgm bk I.2 J?, ug smgshrm # bk tenoke3> 2. kg. kg nrebh bk rmeok((erm chth kg .pn ahg
oe rkshou(khgm jesskje bk "=;2G"2 pk;mo ughstrujmgth &ukgbk ghg phtmgtksskjh je a$m 0
rkusakth e s!honmrm ko suh ruhoh neregtmgbh ugeahpmrture chthnreckae ahjpomte bmoo%mbkckakh,
smppur ghg eb uge eotksskje rkshou(khgm
ug 4htmhh6 Eamr 1;tmgse 22= ahg prhamsshrm
Kgtmo momrhg J "= :3.M" (, 3J+ aea$m O2,CQ+ "" J( 7, sa$mbe !kbmh Kgtmo rep$kas
Jmbke Eaamomrethr :JE7 I= , *EJ be 32J+ ##*2, $erb bks6 be = +, bhteth bk 2
pertk(khgkA uge ahg kgsteooeth \kgbhws 8? mo%eotre ahg kgsteooeth Era$mHQ, ug skstmje
hpmretk!h eseth su 45>Okgu; #mkeg a$m 0steth useth pmr o%moehre(khgm bmoom chthnreckm m
oe arme(khgm bmoom gu!hom bk pugtk
ug 4htmhh6 jhbmooh ? ?e!kokhg b!G, ahg
prhamsshrm Kgtmo:*7 hrm:J7 ahg apu :2.GM$(, 2.GM $(, J =7, sa$mbe !kbmh EK
JhkoktN *ebmhg # G=, *EJ be ,== + m$erb bks6 be M== + ahg kgsteooeth ko skstmje
hpmretk!h \kgbhws M hjm ?rmjkuj a$m, pmroe sue jennkhrm phtmg(e m oe jknokhrm sa$mbe
!kbmh, 0 steth useth pmr oe rmeok((e(khgm mtm;turk((e(khgm bmooe jms$.
Kghotrm, suo aejph shgh stetm utkok((etm bmoom kgbmoom m
ug jmtrh e stmaae pmr prmgbmrm eoaugm jksurmsuoo%mbkckakh, a$m sereggh kgbkspmgsekok pmr saeoerm
ahrrmttejmgtm ko jhbmooh trkbkjmgskhgeom eo tmrjkgm bmowhr6cohw.
;. Ko rkok"h !$o ae#hOe thrrm bk Q.Jettmh 0 ug mbkckakh e esm &uebregnhoerms!kouppeth prm!eomgtmjmgtm kg eotm((e, ahstrukth
ahjpomtejmgtm kg oetmrk(k m aerettmrk((eth be chrjmprmssha$0 s&uebretm m okgmerkA 0 eppermgtmjmgtm ko
aegbkbeth kbmeom pmr ug prhnnmtth bk rkokm!h bk &umsthtkph. utte!ke, oe sue ahoohae(khgm gmoo%egnhoh mstrmjh bk
uge pke((mtte, kg phsk(khgm ecceaakete su ug pugthpeghrejkah m ecckegaete be ekte(khgk bk eotm((e mom!ete,
$e armeth eoaugm bkcckahot' ohnkstka$m gmooe rkprmsechthnreckae m gmoo%kooujkge(khgm bmk prhspmttk.
Jmgtrm pmr k prhspmttk Qub-1st m 4hrb-1st 0 stethphsskkom mccmttuerm uge rkprmse chthnreckae kgtmnreom,
rkusamgbh e ahjprmgbmrok pmr kgtmrh kg ug%ugkae
chthnrecke, pmr k prhspmttk 4hrb-H!mst m Qub-H!mst 0 stetermeok((ete uge ahpmrture chthnreckae pmr cesam m be pugtk
bk rkprmse re!!kakgetk m bkenhgeok rkspmtth ek prhspmttkstmssk. Kg cesm bk prhamssejmgth akD $e phrteth
eoo%msaouskhgm bk eoaugm chth, pmr om &ueok ko shctwerm ghg0 steth kg nrebh bk hpmrerm ahrrmttejmgtm, armegbh ahsB
uge gu!hoe bk pugtk jmgh bmgse rkspmtth enok eotrkprhspmttk, shprettutth pmr oe pertk supmrkhrm m eseom bmooe
thrrm :ckn. "7.
Eo prhomje sk 0 rkusaktk kg pertm e phrrm rkjmbkh
kgsmrmgbh k rksuotetk bk uge smahgbe rkprmse chthnreckae
a$m 0 stete mccmttuete pmr cesam ahgtkgum nkregbh etthrgheoo%mbkckakh be uge bksteg(e re!!kakgete, pmr amraerm bk
ahnokmrm eoaugk pertkahoerk bmooe stretknrecke jurerke m kprhckok kgtmrgk bmnok era$mttk hnk!eok phstk gmooe pertm
supmrkhrm bmooe thrrm.
Ko prhomje bmooe bkccmrmgtm kooujkge(khgm bmk prhspmttk$e kgtmrmsseth tutte oe phr(khgm 4hrb bmoo%mbkckakh,
ahstegtmjmgtm kg hjre, ahg o%ennre!egtm bmo pugth bkrkprmse chthnreckae kg ahgtrhouam. E teom bkcckahot' sk 0 kg
pertm rkusaktk e shppmrkrm saettegbh om chth bmk prhspmttk4hrb-H!mst m 4hrb-1st be bk!mrsm egnhoe(khgk mb
msmnumgbh bum smsskhgk bk rkprmse chthnreckae kg cesamhrerkm bkccmrmgtk :prkje jettkge m terbh phjmrknnkh7. Kg
cesm bk moehre(khgm om gu!hom bk pugtk httmgutm shghtutte!ke rksuotetm pk9 saurm, shprettutth suo prhspmtth
4hrb-1st.
O%uotkjh kgahg!mgkmgtm 0 stete o%kjphsskkokt' bk
Ckn. 1. Eoaugk bmoom kjjenkgk utkokzzetm pmr ko rkokmvh.
CTMM EGB H\MG QH]TAM QHCR^ETM \MT K DMGK A]OR]TEOK SHO. 5, 4
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chthnrecerm oe pertm shjjkteom bmoo%mbkckakh, e aeuse bmooe
sue eotm((e m bmooe sue ohaeok((e(khgm, bkstegtm be ahookgmm pugtk bk !kste httkjeok h eaamsskkok.
?mr phtmr rkprmgbmrm chthnreckaejmgtm teom phr(khgm bk
jureture m ko tmtth e bhppke ceobe sermm steth gmamsserkhphtmr saetterm om chthnreckm be uge phsk(khgm shpremom!ete
ahjm ug aerrmooh mom!ethrm pmr oe phteture bmoom pkegtm, h
phtmr bksphrrm bk ug brhgm h bk ug eotrh $erbwermahoomneth e uge jeaa$kge chthnreckae kg nrebh bkrkprmgbmroh beoo%eoth kg uge jhbeokt' e !hoh.
6. Beooe $"hoe bk #$tk eooe !+?rkje bk e!!kerm ko prhamssejmgth kg ?Nt$hg
?$hthnrejjmtrN hhoh; bmoom 2=" chthnreckm saettetm, sk0 bmaksh bk smom(khgerm om chth m bk!kbmrom kg nruppk,
hrbkgegbhom kg jhbh be armerm uge sm&umg(e ahjm sm sknkressm kgthrgh eoo%mbkckakh, pertmgbh beo prhspmtth Qub-
1st m prhambmgbh kg smgsh egtkhrerkh. K nruppk bk chthahsB rmeok((etk :k &uettrh prhspmttk m om mstrmjkt' kgcmrkhrm
m supmrkhrm bmooe thrrm7 shgh stetk &ukgbk prhamssetk
kgbk!kbueojmgtm, saeoegbh om kjjenkgk eb ugerkshou(khgm bk "=== pk;mo bk oern$m((e pmr httkjk((ermo%moehre(khgm.
E!mgbh prhamsseth om kjjenkgk kg smk nruppk, 0 stethgmamsserkh aerkaerm kg ohubhjperm om bk!mrsm gu!hom
bk pugtk "# httmgutm. 5ge !hote rkpuoktm bek pugtk ghg
ceamgtk pertm bmooe thrrm, shgh stetm suaamssk!ejmgtmkjphrtetm kg Jms$Oe pmr rmeok((erm oe jms$ bk akesauge,
hsske pmr armerm oe supmrckakm phoknhgeom bk akesaugprhspmtth :cknn. , 7.
Om jms$ shgh stetm suaamssk!ejmgtm ahohretm trescmrmgbh
k ahohrk bmk !mrtkak bmooe gu!hoe bk pugtk "# m kg smnukthshgh stetm guh!ejmgtm kjphrtetm kg ohubhjperm pmr
ug%uotmrkhrm rkpuokture beoom supmrckak kg maamssh armetm beJms$Oe pmr rkmjpkrm k )!uhtk m om ermm ahg jkghr
bmgskt' bk pugtk :pmr msmjpkh shgh stetm mokjkgetm omsupmrckak ennkugtk!m armetm beo prhnrejje kg
ahrrksphgbmg(e bmo tmtth, msaoush beoom rkprmsm
chthnrecka$m m &ukgbk ghg ahjprmsh gmooe gu!hoe bkpugtk7.
9. Rtetk"k bk t?t$rk&&e&khE &umsth pugth, pmr ahgaoubmrm ko whr6cohw, jegae!e oermeok((e(khgm bmooe tm;turm.
Kggeg(ktutth, kg Jms$Oe sk 0 bmaksh bk prh!erm eb
utkok((erm ko skstmje euthjetkahA om bk!mrsm jms$ shghstetm euthjetkaejmgtm sh!repphstm eoom kjjenkgk beoom
&ueok shgh stetm httmgutm :aerkaegbh ko ckom ugbom.hutprhbhtth be ?Nt$hg ?$hthnrejjmtrN hhoh; m gmo &ueom
shgh ahgsmr!etm om kgchrje(khgk rmoetk!m eoom nmhjmtrke
bk prmse bmoom kjjenkgk7 m, kgckgm, shgh stetm rmeok((etm omtm;turm bk akesauge jms$.
eok jms$ tm;turk((etm shgh stetm eookgmetm tre ohrh.
utte!ke, ko rksuoteth ghg $e shbbkscetth om espmttetk!m kg&uegth om bk!mrsm tm;turm prmsmgte!egh thgeokt' jhoth
bkccmrmgtk tre ohrh, begbh eooe supmrckakm bmo jhbmooh
ckgeom ug espmtth maamssk!ejmgtm bkshjhnmgmh,rksuotegbh &ukgbk kgutkok pmr o%egeoksk stretknreckae a$m ak sk