applied educational systems human growth and...

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Health Science and Technology Education

APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS

Human Growth and Development

APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMSHealth Science

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Human Growth and Development

Human growth and development

is the study of how people

change as they go through life.

Development is similar for

everyone, but each person

grows and develops at an

individual rate.


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Areas of Development

Physical development - all the bodily changes that occur as a person grows and ages.

Intellectual development - a person’s ability to learn something and then apply this knowledge to new problems and experiences.

Emotional development -changes in a person’s ability to establish a unique identity and express feelings.

Social development - learning to interact with other people.


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Prenatal Development

Prenatal development lasts

approximately 38 weeks from

conception to birth.

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Three periods of development:

▫ Zygote

▫ Embryo

▫ Fetus

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Zygote Period

The zygote is formed at

conception and continues to

develop for the first two weeks.

The zygote travels from the

fallopian tube to the uterus and

implants itself in the uterine wall.

After 2 weeks, the placenta

begins to grow and is attaches to

the zygote via the umbilical cord.


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Embryo Period

The embryo period begins at the

end of the second week and ends

at the end of the eighth week.

Skin layers begin to develop

Heart begins to pump

Facial features, arms, legs, fingers

and toes form

Can respond to touch


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Fetus Period

The fetus period begins in the

ninth week and continues

through birth.

At the beginning of this period:

▫ Organs, muscles, and the

nervous system organize.

▫ The lungs expand and contract.

▫ The external genitals are

distinguishable.

▫ The fingernails, toenails, tooth

buds, and eyelids develop.


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Fetus Period (continued)

18 Weeks - Fetal movements

are felt by the mother.

20 Weeks - The fetus can hear

sounds and react to them.

24 Weeks - All the brain

neurons are developed.

25 to 38 Weeks – The fetus has

a chance for survival outside the

womb. This is called the age of

viability.


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Prenatal Health Issues

Teratogens - environmental

substances that cause damage

during prenatal development

▫ Medications

▫ Drugs, cigarettes, and alcohol

▫ Radiation and pollution

▫ Infectious disease

Other health issues can include:

▫ The mother’s nutrition and

stress level

▫ Rh blood incompatibility

▫ The mother’s age and previous

pregnancy experiences


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Medications

Almost all medications that are

taken by the mother can reach

the embryo or fetus through the

bloodstream.

Medications can cause:

▫ Low birth weight

▫ Lower intelligence later in life

▫ Death

Mothers must consult doctors

before taking any medications.


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Illegal Drugs

Fetuses exposed to illegal drugs

in the womb are at risk of:


▫ Numerous defects

▫ Death

If the fetus manages to survive

through birth, the baby is likely

born with a drug addiction.


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Cigarettes

Cigarette smoking while

pregnant can cause:


▫ Cancer in childhood

▫ Miscarriage

▫ Death

Second-hand smoke can also

put children at risk


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Alcohol

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is

a serious effect caused by the

mother consuming alcohol

during pregnancy.

Children with FAS may have:

▫ Mental retardation

▫ Poor attention

▫ Hyperactivity,

▫ Facial abnormalities

▫ Slow growth


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Radiation

Pregnant women should

avoid exposure to radiation,

including medical X-rays.

Exposure to radiation can

cause:

▫ Miscarriage

▫ Poor physical growth

▫ Brain damage

▫ Cancer


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Pollution

Some environmental

pollution dangers include

mercury, lead, and PCBs.

Exposure to pollutants can

cause:

▫ Brain damage




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Infectious Disease

Infectious disease can be difficult

for pregnant mothers to evade.

Common illnesses such as the

cold and flu are essentially

harmless to the fetus as long as

the mother is well-rested and

continues to get nutrients.

Serious infectious disease can

cause:

▫ Birth defects


▫ Miscarriages


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Non-Teratogen Prenatal Health Issues

Pregnant women must be certain to get proper nutrition. The level of malnutrition of the mother is directly linked to brain weight in the child.

Pregnant women should also try to remain stress-free. Anxiety can have harmful effects on the fetus.


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Non-Teratogen Prenatal Health Issues (continued)

Rh blood incompatibilitybetween the mother and fetus can cause:


▫ Heart damage

▫ Death

Blood tests and vaccines are given to prevent illness or injury resulting from Rh incompatibility.


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Neonatal Development

The first four weeks of life are

called the neonatal, or newborn,

stage.

In this stage, special attention is

given to:

▫ Parent-child bonding

▫ Reflexes

▫ Temperament

▫ States of arousal

▫ Sensory capabilities


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The Apgar Scale

The Apgar scale, which are given at birth rates newborns in the following areas:

▫ Appearance

▫ Pulse

▫ Grimace

▫ Activity

▫ Respiration

Apgar scores:

▫ 7 to 10 – Healthiest

▫ 4 and 6 – Need assistance with breathing or other vital signs

▫ 0 and 3 – Need serious emergency medical attention


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Bonding

Bonding is a parent’s deep

affection and concern for the

newborn.

Parents and children develop

a special bond that allows

the infant to grow and

develop with confidence.

Some parents instantly bond,

while other parents bond

over the first few weeks.


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Reflexes

Reflexes are expected,

automatic responses to

specific stimulants.

Newborn reflexes include:

▫ Rooting reflex

▫ Sucking reflex

▫ Palmer reflex

Most of these reflexes should

disappear as the baby grows

and develops.


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Sensory Capabilities

Touch – most important sense for newborns

Taste – prefer sweet over salty

Smell – respond to good and bad smells

Sound – special interest in the human voice

Vision – least developed sense in a newborn


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Newborn States of Arousal

Newborns continually cycle

through five states of arousal:

▫ Regular sleep – deep sleep

with little movement

▫ Irregular sleep – light sleep

with body movement

▫ Drowsiness – waking up or

falling asleep

▫ Quiet alertness – awake and

attentive

▫ Waking activity and crying –

uncoordinated movements and

irregular breathing


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Neonatal Health Issues

The transition from the womb

into the world does not occur

smoothly.

Neonatal health issues

include:

▫ Premature birth

▫ Respiratory issues

▫ Sudden Infant Death

Syndrome


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Premature Birth

Premature birth is used to

describe infants that are preterm

or small-for-date.

▫ Preterm babies are born 3

weeks or more before the 38-

week due date.

▫ Small-for-date babies weigh

less than expected compared to

their length of time in the womb.

With proper care and special

attention, many premature

babies go on to lead normal,

healthy lives.


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Respiratory Issues

In respiratory distress syndrome,

a baby’s air sacs collapse, which

makes breathing very strenuous

Respiratory distress syndrome

can occur in premature or full-

term babies.

Babies with respiratory distress

syndrome are attached to

respirators until they can breathe

comfortably on their own.


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SIDS

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

(SIDS) occurs when an infant

dies during sleep.

Death occurs with no trauma to

the child and no indication from

the child, such as crying, prior to

death.

No cause, cure, or prevention

has been found for SIDS.


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Infants and Toddlers

Infancy generally refers to

the first year of life.

Toddler refers to the second

year of life.

During this time, children

continue to progress rapidly

in all areas of development.


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Infants and Toddlers: Physical Development

Infants:

▫ Establish a day and night sleeping pattern

▫ Hold up their heads, roll over, and reach for things

▫ Hearing and depth perception improve

▫ Crawl and then walk

Toddlers:

▫ Gain weight and height

▫ Run, jump, and climb

▫ Scribble and stack blocks


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Infants and Toddlers: Intellectual Development

Infants:

▫ Imitate facial expressions

▫ Recognize people, places, and objects

▫ Make sounds that resemble spoken language

Toddlers:

▫ Experiment with objects

▫ Play make-believe

▫ Imitate adults

▫ Begin to speak and communicate

▫ Build a 200-word vocabulary


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Infants and Toddlers: Emotional Development

Infants:

▫ Show basic emotions

▫ Anger and fear increase

▫ Develop stranger anxiety

▫ May develop separation anxiety

Toddlers:

▫ Show empathy

▫ Able to cooperate

▫ Begin to express shame,

embarrassment, and pride

▫ Self-control emerges


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Infants and Toddlers: Social Development

Infants:

▫ Begin to smile and laugh

▫ Match emotional facial

expressions of adults

▫ Able to interpret others’

emotions

Toddlers:

▫ Play with siblings

▫ Show signs of gender-

stereotypical toy choices


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Infant Health Issues

Infants and toddlers should have a series of immunizations to prevent several diseases, such as hepatitis B and polio.

Children are also susceptible to accidental injuries, such as choking, drowning, and poisoning.

These fatal situations are often avoidable when children are given proper care and watched closely.


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Early Childhood

Early childhood generally

occurs between the ages of

2 and 6.


continue to develop

physically, intellectually,

emotionally, and socially.


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Early Childhood: Physical Development

Physical growth slows down.

Motor skills improve, allowing

for greater coordination and

balance.

A preference for the left or

right hand develops.

They begin to lose primary

teeth and grow adult teeth.


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Early Childhood: Intellectual Development

They can see simple situations from someone else’s point of view.

A greater attention span develops.

The ability to count up and down develops along with the capability to perform simple addition and subtraction problems.

Language and memory skills improve.


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Early Childhood: Emotional Development

They tend to shift quickly from

confident to unsure.

The feeling of frustration

erupts easily due to the

increasing intellectual abilities

that are developing faster than

physical abilities.

They develop self-esteem and

learn to express their emotions

in acceptable ways.


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Early Childhood: Social Development

Children in this stage

generally become better

communicators.

Most children understand

sharing and begin to play

with other children, which is

called cooperative play.


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Early Childhood Health Issues

Children at this age have a

considerable drop in appetite as

their growth slows down.

Because they are eating less, it

is particularly important to make

sure that all that they eat is good

for them.

Children in this stage still need

plenty of adult supervision and

guidance about safety issues.


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Middle Childhood

Middle childhood generally


6 and 11.


continue to develop

physically, intellectually,

emotionally, and socially.


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Middle Childhood: Physical Development

Children can write smaller

and neater.

Their drawings become more

detailed.

Motor skills become more

developed, including the

abilities to run, jump, kick,

throw, and catch.


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Middle Childhood: Intellectual Development

Children in this stage display

great strides in intellectual

growth.

Their ability to think logically

and understand more

complex ideas develops.

They can employ strategies

to remember things.


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Middle Childhood: Emotional Development

Children in this stage of

development become more

independent and responsible

as their confidence grows.

They may be able to describe

their own personalities and

explain their emotions.

They also have more self-

esteem than younger children.


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Middle Childhood: Social Development

They understand that people’s

perspectives on issues are

caused by the information that

they have.

They can view their relationships

with others from a third-party’s

point of view.

They develop friendships that are

based on trust.

Their personalities and interests

become more gender

stereotypical.


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Middle Childhood Health Issues

Nearsightedness

Ear infections

Obesity

Malnutrition

Bedwetting


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Adolescence

Adolescence generally


11 and 20.

Most attention is paid to the

first half of this stage of

development.

Adolescence is a time of

transitioning from childhood

to adulthood in each area of

development.


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Adolescence: Physical Development

Females:

▫ Gain up to 40 pounds

▫ Grow up to 10 inches

▫ Begin to menstruate

▫ Develop secondary sexual

characteristics

Males:

▫ Grow much taller and

develop muscle mass

▫ Reproductive organs mature

▫ Develop secondary sexual

characteristics


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Adolescence: Intellectual Development

Adolescents develop better

critical thinking skills, which

enable them to interpret and

evaluate information.

They become idealistic about

the world around them.

However, they may also

become more critical, when

the world does not live up to

their ideals.


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Adolescence: Emotional Development

Adolescence is a challenging

and confusing time for many

young people. They seek to

establish their identities.

They are self-conscious and

often influenced by the

thought that everyone is

watching them.

They are often and easily

embarrassed.


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Adolescence: Social Development

Adolescents love to socialize

with their friends.

They each develop their own

sense of morals and values

largely based on what their

parents have taught them.

They also develop an

awareness and interest in

the opposite sex.


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Adolescent Health Issues

Feelings of inadequacy are often displayed in the form of eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Some adolescents turn to chemical substances for stress relief, because of peer pressure, or to escape from problems.

Suicide is a leading cause of death in adolescence.


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Early Adulthood

Early adulthood generally occurs

between the ages of 20 and 40.

During this time, adults continue

to develop and change

physically and intellectually.

They also continue to change

socially and emotionally.

However, at this point in life,

these two areas become difficult

to distinguish.


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Early Adulthood: Physical Development

Early in this stage:

▫ In prime physical condition

▫ Typically stronger and faster

Later in this stage:

▫ Body need to be stretched and

warmed up to prevent injury

▫ Metabolism slows down

▫ Decline in vision and hearing

▫ Hair begins to thin and gray

▫ Women may have fertility

problems


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Early Adulthood: Intellectual Development

People typically settle in a

career and develop expertise

in that field.

Creativity tends to increase.

Later in this stage, people

are better able to manage

many responsibilities at one

time and to balance work

and home life.


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Early Adulthood: Emotional and Social Development

Adults develop an image of

themselves in relation to the

adult world around them.

Adults develop values, skills,

and credentials in the

workplace.

They acquire fulfilling adult

friendships and work contacts.

They might get married and

have children.


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Middle Adulthood

Middle adulthood generally occurs between the ages of 40 and 60.

They continue to develop and change physically and intellectually.

They also continue to change socially and emotionally. As in early adulthood, at this point in life, these two areas are difficult to distinguish.


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Middle Adulthood: Physical Development

People typically experience some high-frequency hearing loss, declining vision, and loss of lean body mass.

The hair continues to thin and gray and weight gain occurs. Skin begins to wrinkle and sag due to loss of elasticity.

Disks in the spinal column begin to collapse, which could result in shrinking as much as an inch in height.

In women, menopause occurs.


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Middle Adulthood: Intellectual Development

Middle adults experience an

increase in problem-solving

abilities and expertise.

However, there are

decreases in the ability to:

▫ Remember large quantities

of information

▫ Retrieve information from

memory

▫ Multi-task


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Middle Adulthood: Emotional and Social Development

Middle adults become concerned

about the next generation and have a

desire to guide and connect with it.

Self-acceptance is at its best.

Some people retire.

Family relationships change:

▫ Children become independent.

▫ Parents begin to age and need

assistance.

▫ Sibling relationships become more

satisfying.


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Late Adulthood

Late adulthood generally occurs

between the ages of 60 and 80.

During this time, adults continue

to develop and change

physically and intellectually.

They also continue to change

socially and emotionally.

However, at this point in life,

these two areas become difficult

to distinguish.


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Late Adulthood: Physical Development

The body continues to decline:

▫ Vision and hearing decline.

▫ Senses of taste, smell, and touch

become less sharp.

▫ The immune system ages.

▫ Bone mass continues to diminish.

Neurons die at a faster rate.

However, the brain compensates

with new synapses.


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Late Adulthood: Intellectual Development

Late adults continue to experience

a decline in their ability to recall

from their memories.

Finding the right words and

organizing them into speech

become increasingly challenging

Although late adulthood includes

the continued decline of some

functions, people in this stage of

life are at their most wise.


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Late Adulthood: Emotional and Social Development

People at this stage may be widowed. If they are not widowed, they are probably more satisfied with their marriages than in the past.

Their relationships with siblings become even stronger.

They may become grandparents or great-grandparents.

Their faith and spirituality may become more important.

They also have an increased interest in politics and are more likely to vote.


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Aging

The study of aging is called

gerontology.

As people age, their bodies begin

a process of decline in every

major system.

There are several theories in

regards to the cause of aging.

▫ Decline of cell reproduction

▫ Nutrition, injury, disease, and the

environment

▫ Aging viruses

▫ Free radicals


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Skeletal System

As early as age 40, the bone mass and density begin to diminish.

People can lose some height as the cartilage disks between the vertebrae shrink.

The shortening of the spinal column causes a shift in weight, which alters posture.

Range of motion and flexibility decrease as joints lose water and start to fuse and ligaments and tendons harden.


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Muscular System

Atrophy is the wasting away

of tissue.

Regular exercise can do

much to counteract the

affects of aging on the

muscular system.


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Cardiovascular System

Fibrous tissue begins to replace the muscle tissue of the heart. As a result:

▫ The heart becomes less adept at contracting and expanding.

▫ The valves become thicker, making it more difficult to fully close.

In general the heart becomes far less efficient at pumping blood. Therefore, the output of the heart decreases.


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Nervous System

The cerebral cortex portion of

the brain slowly decreases in

size, which causes impaired

thinking, reasoning, and

remembering.

Neurons die at an increased

rate and those that remain are

degenerating, which results in:

▫ Slower nerve conduction

▫ Slower reaction times

▫ Decreases in motor and

sensory abilities


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Integumentary System

Glands produce less lubrication to

the skin’s surface, leaving the skin

dry and fragile.

Skin loses elasticity due to the

shrinking of elastin fibers.

The loss of subcutaneous fat

produces sagging, wrinkles, and

lines.

The skin becomes more sensitive

to UV rays from the sun.


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Reproductive System

Sexual dysfunction could appear in the form of function, pleasure, and desire.

Females:

▫ Menopause

▫ Decrease of estrogen and progesterone

▫ Androgen continues to be produced

Males:

▫ Decrease of testosterone

▫ Decrease of sperm count

▫ Difficulty maintaining an erection


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Urinary System

The kidneys shrink.

A decrease in blood flow to the kidneys diminishes its ability to cleanse the blood stream of waste.

People may experience a loss of muscle control in the bladder and sphincters.

Problems with glucose control could lead to hyperglycemia.


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Digestive System

Peristalsis decreases, which can cause:

▫ Constipation

▫ Diverticulosis

▫ Difficulty swallowing and digesting food

Ability to taste decreases with age.

Less saliva is produced, and gum disease and loss of teeth can occur.


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Endocrine System

Both men and women experience a decline in adrenal gland production.

Women also experience a reduction of estrogen and progesterone.

For men, the prostate gland becomes larger while the production of testosterone from the testes diminishes.


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Immune System

The immune system becomes weaker, which leaves the elderly vulnerable to infectious diseases.

Because of their weakened immune systems, the elderly are encouraged to get flu vaccinations prior to flu season.


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Respiratory System

The exchange of oxygen and

carbon dioxide decreases.

As a result:

▫ Irregular activity quickly

leaves the elderly breathless.

▫ The elderly are at much

greater risk of respiratory

disease.


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The Terminally Ill Patient

The final stage of growth is death.

For some people, life ends abruptly and unexpectedly. But for others, they are diagnosed with a terminal illness.

A terminal illness is an incurable disease that results in death.


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Mortuary Science

After people die, their bodies

must be cared for in a

specific, scientific manner.

Mortuary science is the

scientific care of the body

and the emotional and

ceremonial needs of the

remaining family members.


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Funeral Directors

Funeral directors run

funeral homes.

Funeral directors perform

many jobs, such as:

▫ Mortician and undertaker

▫ Funeral planner

▫ Director of activities at a

funeral home


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According to Maslow, what are the needs of humans? As a

health care worker, how can you help to ensure that a

patient’s needs are being met?

You are preparing a patient for an examination. How might

you approach the patient differently based on the patient’s

age? How would your expectations differ?

What is the grief process? How would you respond to a

patient experiencing each stage of grief?

Reflect


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Reflect – Key Questions

What do developmental tasks and health issues

of life stages tell us about overall human growth

and development?

As a health care worker, why is it important to

understand the stages of grief?

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