Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population

Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population

Chapter 10APES

Ms. Miller

Chapter 10APES

Ms. Miller

Key ConceptsKey Concepts

Factors affecting human population size Factors affecting human population size

Managing population growth Managing population growth

Human population problems Human population problems

Factors Affecting Human Population SizeFactors Affecting Human Population Size

Population change equation Population change equationPopulation

ChangePopulation

Change == (Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)(Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)

Crude birth rate (BR)—number of live births per 1000 people in a population in a given year

Crude death rate (DR)—number of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year

Crude Birth vs Crude Death RateCrude Birth vs Crude Death Rate

Describing Population ChangesDescribing Population ChangesDoubling Times—time it takes for a population to

double in size“Rule of 70”—way to calculate doubling time 70/percent growth rate=doubling time in years

Less developed countries: Less developed countries include all countries in Africa, Asia (excluding Japan), and Latin America and the Caribbean, and the regions of Melanesia,

Micronesia, and Polynesia.More developed countries: More developed countries include all countries in Europe, North

America, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan.

Less developed countries: Less developed countries include all countries in Africa, Asia (excluding Japan), and Latin America and the Caribbean, and the regions of Melanesia,

Micronesia, and Polynesia.More developed countries: More developed countries include all countries in Europe, North

America, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan.

Fertility—number of births that occur to an individual woman or in a population (two types of fertility rates)

Government Based Incentives:

Paid maternity leave

Job Security

Tax deductions for more children

Government Based Incentives:

Paid maternity leave

Job Security

Tax deductions for more children

Replacement-level Fertility—number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (slightly higher than 2; higher in developing countries)

Ms. Miller’s numberIs currently 1!!

Ms. Miller’s numberIs currently 1!!

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)—average number of children a woman typically has during her reproductive years

Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Total Fertility Rates

Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Total Fertility Rates

Children in Labor Force Children in Labor Force

She will be expected to provide him with lots of children, to help with farm work. At that time he had 15 children but there were more on the way. In Kenya women are far outnumbered by men in both university enrollments and the paid labor force -- where most of them earn far less than men (though, again in theory, persons with similar qualifications are supposed to be paid the same today.)

She will be expected to provide him with lots of children, to help with farm work. At that time he had 15 children but there were more on the way. In Kenya women are far outnumbered by men in both university enrollments and the paid labor force -- where most of them earn far less than men (though, again in theory, persons with similar qualifications are supposed to be paid the same today.)

Octomom hits the beach with 14 kids including 8 babies.  Nadya Suleman, with all of her children including 17 month old

octuplets, hit the beach on June 27, 2010.

There are NO excuses for this type of behavior and who actually cares for these children?

Octomom hits the beach with 14 kids including 8 babies.  Nadya Suleman, with all of her children including 17 month old

octuplets, hit the beach on June 27, 2010.

There are NO excuses for this type of behavior and who actually cares for these children?

Cost of raising and educating children

Availability of pension systems

Urbanization

Education and employment for women

Deaths/1000 live birthsDeaths/1000 live births

Infant mortality rate

Take the time to appreciate how good you really have it!!! Say “thank you” more!!!Take the time to appreciate how good you really have it!!! Say “thank you” more!!!

Average marrying age

Abortion

Availability of birth control

U.S. Birth Rates: 1910-2004U.S. Birth Rates: 1910-2004

Fig. 10-8, p. 180Fig. 10-8, p. 180

32

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1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

Demographictransition

Depression

End of World War II

Baby boom Baby bust Echo baby boom

Factors Affecting Death RatesFactors Affecting Death Rates

Life expectancy—average number of years that a newborn can expect to live

Life expectancy—average number of years that a newborn can expect to live

Infant mortality rate (IMR)—number of babies out of every 1000 who die before their first birthday

Ages 0-14Ages 0-14 Ages 15-44Ages 15-44 Ages 45-85+Ages 45-85+

Rapid GrowthGuatemala

NigeriaSaudi Arabia

Rapid GrowthGuatemala

NigeriaSaudi Arabia

Slow GrowthUnited States

AustraliaCanada

Slow GrowthUnited States

AustraliaCanada

MaleMale FemaleFemale

Zero GrowthSpainAustriaGreece

Zero GrowthSpainAustriaGreece

Negative GrowthGermanyBulgariaSweden

Negative GrowthGermanyBulgariaSweden

Population Age StructurePopulation Age Structure

Fig. 10-14 p. 184Fig. 10-14 p. 184

Solutions: Influencing Population Size

Solutions: Influencing Population Size

MigrationMigration

Climate change will lead to increased water

shortages and continued desertification

Climate change will lead to increased water

shortages and continued desertification

Environmental refugees

Reducing births                   

A major factor in reducing birth rates in stage 3 countries such as Malaysia is the availability of family planning facilities, like this one in Kuala

Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.

Family planning

Empowerment of women

Economic rewards and penalties

Demographic TransitionDemographic Transition• Demographic transition—hypothesis of population change

of how a country becomes industrialized (4 stages)1) Preindustrial—little population growth; high birth rate and

high death rate

2) Transitional—industrialization begins, food production increases, death rates drop and birth rates still high, rapid population growth

3) Industrial—birth rate drops and approached death rate, slower population growth, modernization becomes more widespread

4) Postindustrial—birth and death rates equal (ZPG) and then goes below ZPG causing decrease in population

The Demographic TransitionThe Demographic Transition

LowLow

HighHigh

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6060

5050

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Stage 1Preindustrial

Stage 1Preindustrial

Stage 2Transindustrial

Stage 2Transindustrial

Stage 3IndustrialStage 3

IndustrialStage 4

PostindustrialStage 4

Postindustrial

Lowgrowth rate

Lowgrowth rate

Increasing Growthgrowth rate

Increasing Growthgrowth rate

Very highgrowth rateVery high

growth rateDecreasinggrowth rateDecreasinggrowth rate

Lowgrowth rate

Lowgrowth rate

Zerogrowth rate

Zerogrowth rate

Negativegrowth rate

Negativegrowth rate

Birth rate

Total population

Death rate

TimeTime

Fig. 10-20 p. 189

Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in India

Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in India

Poor planning Poor planning Bureaucratic inefficiency Bureaucratic inefficiency

Generally disappointing results:Generally disappointing results:

The Solar Power InitiativeThey are training women to build and maintain solar energy units, and in that way empower women and build power

in other ways.

from India, Afghanistan, Ghana and Syria are all being trained at the college. They then go on to train other women who pass on their knowledge to build and run solar energy units. It is the goal to be a force for change.

Read more: http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/273477#ixzz1D0ktiSU6

The Solar Power InitiativeThey are training women to build and maintain solar energy units, and in that way empower women and build power

in other ways.

from India, Afghanistan, Ghana and Syria are all being trained at the college. They then go on to train other women who pass on their knowledge to build and run solar energy units. It is the goal to be a force for change.

Read more: http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/273477#ixzz1D0ktiSU6

Low status of women

Lack of administrative and financial support

Extreme poverty Extreme poverty

Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in China

Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in China

Economic incentivesEconomic incentivesFree medical careFree medical carePreferential treatment for jobsPreferential treatment for jobs

Strict control for program

Locally administered

Cutting Global Population GrowthCutting Global Population Growth

Family planning Family planning

Reduce poverty Reduce poverty

Elevate the status of women Elevate the status of women

Improve health care Improve health care

Increase education Increase education

Involve men in parenting Involve men in parenting

Sustainability Sustainability