apprentice manual

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A P P R E N T I C E

RESERVOIR SIMULATION SYSTEM

USERS GUIDE AND

REFERENCE

Ver sion 99.01

By

J a m e s L. Buc h w a lt e r , P h .D .

Ra y E. Calver t , P h .D.

Gemin i Solut ions, Inc.Houston, Texas

Un ited St at es of Amer icaPhone: (281) 759-4200


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L im i t s o f l iab i l i t y :

Gemini Solutions, Inc. reserves the right to revise its software and publications with no

obligation of Gemini Solutions, Inc. to notify any person or any organization of such revision.

In no event shall Gemini Solutions, Inc. be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial

dam age, including but not limited t o special, consequential, or oth er da ma ges.

Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a

commitm ent on th e part of Gemini Solutions, Inc. The software described in th is document isfurn ished und er a license agreemen t or nondisclosur e agreement . The may be used or copied

only in accordance with t he ter ms of th e agreement . It is against th e law to copy the softwar e

on an y medium except a s specifically allowed in t he license or nondisclosur e agr eement.

Copyright N ot ice:

1996 Gemini Solutions, Inc. All rights reser ved. This manu al is protected by federa l

copyright law. No par t of th is manu al may be copied or distr ibuted, tra nsm itted, tra nscribed,

stored in a retrieval system or tr anslated into any h uma n or comput er language, in a ny form

or by any means, electr onic, mecha nical, ma gnetic, ma nu al, photograph ic, photocopy,

scanning, or otherwise, or disclosed to third parties without the express written permission of

Gemini Solutions, Inc.

T r a d e m a r k s :

MERLIN , and A P P R E N T I C E are trademarks of Gemini Solutions, Inc.Microsoft, MS, MS-DOS, Microsoft Excel, Visual Basic are trademarks of Microsoft

Corporation.

VIP is a trademark of Western Atlas Software


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P r i n t i n g :

2st Edition, 3rd Printing


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Print ed in th e United Sta tes of America.


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C o n t e n t s

Limits of liability: ______________________________________________________________i

Copyright Notice:_______________________________________________________________i

Trademarks: ___________________________________________________________________i

Acknowledgments_____________________________________________________________ xii

1 __________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION 17

1.1 - What Does APPRENTICE Do ? ______________________________________________ 17

1.2 - Setting Up _______________________________________________________________ 18

1.2.1 - Check the Hardware and System Requirements _________________________________ 18

1.3 __________________________________________________________________Installation 19

1.4 _____________________________________________________Uninstalling APPRENTICE 20

1.5 ____________________________________ Using APPRENTICE on Two or More Machines 20

1.6 ____________________________________________________________________ Backups 21

1.7 ___________________________________________________________________ Networks 21

1.8 - How To Use This Manual ___________________________________________________ 22

2 _______________________________________________USING APPRENTICE 23

2.1 __________________________________________________________________ The Basics 23


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2.2 _____________________________________________APPRENTICE Menus and Commands 24

2.4 ____________________________________________________________ Printing Graphics 25

2.5 - Exporting Pictures and Forms to Other Window Programs _______________________ 25

2.6 - Using Online Help ________________________________________________________ 25

2.6.1 - Help Contents__________________________________________________________ 26

2.6.2 - Help Index ____________________________________________________________ 26

3 _________________________________________________ DIGITIZING TOOL 29

3.1 - Introduction _____________________________________________________________ 29

3.2 - Map Preparation__________________________________________________________ 29

3.3 - Coordinate System ________________________________________________________ 31

3.4 - Potential Pitfalls _________________________________________________________ 31

3.6 - Mouse and Four-Button Puck _______________________________________________ 32

3.7 -Bit Map Digitizing ________________________________________________________ 33

3.8 - Getting Started Digitizing __________________________________________________ 34

3.9 - Adding Objects to an Existing Map Using The Digitizing Tablet ____________________ 43

3.10 - Adding Objects to an Existing Map Using The Mouse____________________________ 43

3.11 - Tablet Communication Problems ___________________________________________ 44

3.12 - Digitizing Tablet Report Mode _____________________________________________ 45

3.13 - Adding Contour Values at Well Locations_____________________________________ 46

3.14 - Secondary Property Selection For Maps ______________________________________ 46

3.15 - Editing Maps with the Mouse ______________________________________________ 473.15.1 - Adding a New Object Using The Mouse______________________________________ 47

3.15.2 - Breaking a Contour Into Two Contours With the Same Value ______________________ 48

3.15.3 - Connecting Two Lines __________________________________________________ 49


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3.15.4 - Closing a Contour on Itself _______________________________________________ 49

3.15.5 - Deleting An Object_____________________________________________________ 49

3.15.6 - Locking a Fault________________________________________________________ 49

3.15.7 - Moving an Object to a New Location________________________________________ 503.15.8 - Replacing an Object's Value With Another Value _______________________________ 50

3.16 - Changing Map Scale______________________________________________________ 51

3.17 - Importing Faults and Wells________________________________________________ 52

3.17.1 - To Import One Fault at a Time _____________________________________________ 52

3.17.2 - To Import all Faults Together _____________________________________________ 53

3.17.3 - To Import Wells _______________________________________________________ 53

3.18 - Importing the Digitized Map Files From Other Programs _______________________ 54

3.19 - Importing Data Wizard____________________________________________________ 54

3.19.1 - A sample exercise _____________________________________________________ 54

3.19.2 - Overview of import data wizard features_____________________________________ 56

3.20 - Menu Options ___________________________________________________________ 57

3.20.1 - File Menu Options _____________________________________________________ 57

3.20.2 - Edit Menu Options _____________________________________________________ 593.20.3 - Digitize Menu Options __________________________________________________ 60

3.20.4 - View Menu Options ____________________________________________________ 60

3.20.5 - Misc Menu Options ____________________________________________________ 61

3.21 - Troubleshooting _________________________________________________________ 62

4 ________________________________________ THE MAP GRIDDING TOOL 65

4.1 - Introduction _____________________________________________________________ 65

4.2 - The Toolbox______________________________________________________________ 66

4.3 - Getting Started___________________________________________________________ 67

4.4 - Import Faults and Wells____________________________________________________ 72

4.5 - Creating a Simulation Grid_________________________________________________ 744.5.1 - Creating an Initial Simulation Grid __________________________________________ 74

4.5.2 - Rotating the Simulation Grid_______________________________________________ 75

4.5.3 - Shifting the Simulation Grid _______________________________________________ 75


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4.6 - Changing Number of Grid Blocks ____________________________________________ 76

4.6.1Changing Number of Grids Using the Grid Size Dialog Box _________________________ 76

4.6.2 - Increasing Number of Grid Blocks Using Grid Line Push Button____________________ 76

4.6.3 - To Reduce Number of Grid Blocks Using the DELETE Key________________________ 764.6.4 - To Refine the Grid Locally Using the Local Grid Dialog __________________________ 77

4.7 - Changing Grid Spacing ____________________________________________________ 77

4.7.1 - Changing Grid Spacing by Moving Grid Lines __________________________________ 78

4.7.2 - Changing Grid Spacing Using Spreadsheets ____________________________________ 78

4.8 - Tracing Fault along Grid Faces______________________________________________ 79

4.9 - Grid Value Calculation ____________________________________________________ 80

4.10 - Opening Digitized Maps ___________________________________________________ 83

4.10.1 - Opening a Map File and Select a Digitized Map ________________________________ 83

4.10.2 - Changing Digitized Maps after a File is Open__________________________________ 83

4.11 - Opening Gridded Map Files _______________________________________________ 84

4.11.1 - To Open a Map File and Select a Gridded Map_________________________________ 84

4.12 - Displaying and Editing Grid Values _________________________________________ 844.12.1 - Comparing the Grid Map With the Digitized Data ______________________________ 84

4.12.2 - Editing Grid Values_____________________________________________________ 86

4.13 - Grid Operations _________________________________________________________ 87

4.14 - Volumetrics and FVF Correlation___________________________________________ 89

4.14.1 - Preparing Grids for Volumetrics___________________________________________ 89

4.14.2 - Volumetrics __________________________________________________________ 90

4.14.3 - Formation Volume Factor________________________________________________ 91

4.15 - Building Files for Merlin, VIP and SIMBEST__________________________________ 92

4.15.1 - To Build a Simulation File Using the File Converter ____________________________ 93

4.15.2 - Properties Available for Export to Commercial Simulators _______________________ 93

4.16 - List of Map Gridding Menu Commands ______________________________________ 94

4.16.1 - File Menu Commands ___________________________________________________ 94

4.16.2 - Grid Menu Commands __________________________________________________ 96

4.16.3 - Run Menu Commands___________________________________________________ 964.16.4 - View Menu Options ____________________________________________________ 97

4.16.5 - Window Menu Options __________________________________________________ 98


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Acknowledgments

In t he development and prepara tion ofMERLIN and Appren t i ce and this documentation,we have received support and constructive suggestions from more people than we could ever

adequa tely acknowledge. To th ese people we would like to express our sin cerest a ppreciation.

There are those, however, who have assisted us to such an extent that they must be

acknowledged.

First a nd foremost, we would like to th an k Texaco. The project th at lead to th e

development of th ese program s was conceived an d carr ied to fruition while we were employedby Texaco. The project took ma ny years an d resources an d it was not always clear th at it

would have the beneficial end resu lt tha t was event ua lly achieved. Throughout, Texaco

supported our effort a nd provided us with the time an d resources required. Not many

companies would have followed through on a project of this magnitude that did not directly

involve an imm ediate an d specific need. Eventu ally MERLIN and Appren t i ce matured to a

point where it made little sense to support them within the small community afforded by a

single compa ny and Texaco decided to out source them. When we proposed tha t we, as the

developers could maintain the direction and scope of development better than anyone else,

Texaco gave us all the time and support that could ever have been hoped for in achieving a

friendly separ at ion and getting us star ted. These program s could not ha ve been developed

without Texaco providing us the at mosphere needed to star t th em and th eir continu ing

support as they were developed.

We would also like to thank Dr. Boris Litvak of Texaco who wrote the original simulator for

the PC that we have developed into the engine that is used as a simulator in MERLIN. Boris

developed the simulator over 15 years ago on his own because he had a vision of a new

appr oach to fractur ed reser voir modeling. Texaco th en provided him with th e mea ns to

furth er th e development of th e code over man y year s. He supported our effort to improve th e

code he ha d origina lly developed an d extend its scope, and creat e th e pre- an d post-processors

tha t are now being distributed. This has taken 9 years. It was at his impetus that we

incorporated geostatistics intoAppren t i ce to th e extent th at we ha ve. Once again, MERLIN

and Appren t i ce could not have come into being without his original work and his generous

support of our efforts.


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We would like to thank George Kokolis of Texaco who assisted us in getting started

developing the digitizing package, Dr. An-Ping Yang and Dr. Joe P. Vogt of Texaco for

conceiving a nd developing th e geostat istics procedur es originally u sed in Appren t i ce, and Dr.

Gar y Wu of Texaco for d oing th e origina l coding for th e Appren t i ce interface.

We would like to thank Rice University, and particularly Dr. Clarence Miller, for

supporting J ims Ph .D. work which h elped fur th er t he development of the simu lation engine.

Last but not least, we would like to than k th e 200 plus MERLIN and Appren t i ce users at

Texaco. They are a stubborn group who persevered thr ough the early years when t he products

were not as polished as t hey ar e today and offered coun tless suggestions of what worked, wha t

did not work, and what should be added -- many of which were.

Ray Calvert

I would also like to than k my wife for her support in allowing me the ma ny extra h ours th at

I have spent in developing my part of this simulation system and doing the extra chores that I

could not get t o. A house wife may not be th e most glamorous pr ofession but it is one th at ha s

as m uch impact on t he world as an y profession in existence. It h as been n o small sacrifice on

her par t t o see me thorough th is work.

J im Buchwalte r

I would like to thank my father for imparting to me the humility to understand that for

everyth ing we know, ther e is far more th at we do not know, as well as th e realization t ha t onlyby rema rk able chance , have I been given th e opport un ities afforded to me in life.


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I would also like to thank the women in my life - my wife, mother and sister for their

endless love, encour agement a nd support . In par ticular I would like to th an k my moth er for

keeping me along a st ra ight an d na rr ow line unt il I realized tha t was th e proper line to follow,

and my beautiful wife for her hard work and countless personal sacrifices in the backgroundth at h as helped mak e Gemini Solutions a success.


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Chap te r 1 : In t r oduc t ion

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1I n t r o d u c t i o n

1 .1 - Wha t Does APP R EN T ICE Do ?

A P P R E N T I C E is an advanced,

engineering graphics tool that allows you to

digitize maps, logs, well information or any

other graphic data and assists you in

converting that dat a into contour maps. It

may then be used to perform volumetric

calculations and to prepare grid data used

by reservoir simulat ors. It is ma inly

designed to work with Merlin, GeminiSolut ions r eservoir simu lation system but it

will work with many other commercial

simulation packages as well.

This PC-Windows based product has two

application tools: a Digitizing tool an d a

Map Gridding tool. It has been designed

primarily for use by geologists, geophysicists

and engineers who need a tool to generategeologic an d res ervoir models. The

Digitizing t ool allows you t o digitize x-y plots, well-log cur ves, and contour ma ps. The Map


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Gridding tool featur es int eractive grid design, grid value calculat ion by kriging, and volumetric

calculation.

APPRENTICE's intu itive, Windows-based u ser int erface is easy t o lear n but very powerful.

With it, you can build complex simulation models for reservoir simulators such as Merlin,

,EclipseTM, VIPTM, and SimBestTM on your PC. Using APPRE NTICE, you can:

Digitize an d edit isoma ps, well-log tr aces, an d x-y plots. ASCII data can be directlyexported to reservoir simulators such as VIP TM and SimBestTM.

Build reser voir models using digitizing an d isoma p tools. By combining digitizing an disoma p t ools, you can easily tr ansfer geologic map s int o digital da ta and build reservoir

models using a 2D kriging method.

Make isoma ps from spatial sam ple data. Perform volum etric calculation from cont our m aps a nd well log dat a. Export t he isomap grids to Merlin an d most comm on commercial simulat ion pa ckages.This cha pter shows you h ow to set up A P P R E N T I C E on your computer.

1.2 - S ett in g Up

1.2.1 - Check th e Har dwa re a nd System Requ iremen ts

Before you install APPRENTICE, make sure that your computer meets the minimum

requirements and that your A P P R E N T I C E package contains the required items. The systemrequirements include:

Any IBM-compatible machine with pent ium processor or higher.

A 3 1/2" floppy dr ive.

A CD ROM Drive

Windows 95, 98, or Windows NT.

Twenty m egabytes of free disk space for insta llation.


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Thirt y two megabytes of ra ndom a ccess mem ory (128 megabytes r ecommended).

A mouse.

A Summ a Sketch or Calcomp digitizing tablet

1.3 Ins tal la t ion

To insta llAppren t i ce perform th e following st eps:

1. Ins ta l l the HASP : The HASP is a har d lock providing secur ity to th e GSI softwarepacka ges. It m ust be in place before an y GSI softwa re will work. Look on th e back of th ecompu ter a nd locat e the par allel port. You may have your pr inter , a zip drive, or oth er

peripher al alread y plugged int o it. If nothin g is cur ren tly connected to th e port , simply

plug the HASP directly into the port . It does not n eed to be termina ted.

If other periph erals ar e cur ren tly connected, you ma y have severa l options. The HASP maybe insta lled anywhere in the chain of periphera ls. It ma y be inst alled directly into the

computer and then the other peripherals may be plugged into the HASP or it may be

insta lled furth er down the chain. For insta nce, if (as I do) you have a pa ra llel zip drive andthen a printer plugged into the zip, you may plug the zip directly into the printer and then

put t he HASP between th e zip and th e print er. If you have HASPs for other pr ogra ms, you

may inst all them in any order by plugging them into each other.

2. I n s t a l l t h e d r i v e r s :Follow the instr uctions on t he inset of th e insta llation CD or:

a) Select the folder named Merlin. It will normally be installed underC:\ Gemini\ Program Files\ Merlin. Alternatively if Merlin has not yet beeninstalled select th e \ Drivers\ folder on the CD.

Mak e sure you ha ve no t s elected the \ Dr iver s\ fo lder un der the prev ious

VB4 ver sion o f Mer l in or App ren t i ce . Th e Se tdr iv s .ba t f i l e ha s chan ged .

b) Double click the Setdrivs.bat filec) When you get a m essage indicat ing th at th e drivers were inst alled successfully you

will need to Reboot the comput er.

3. I n s t a l l t h e p r o g r a m s : The same procedur e may be used to inst all either MERLIN orApprentice.


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a) Close all other a pplicat ions ru nn ing in Windows. This includes program s such asMS Office which ma y load au toma tically at st ar tu p. If you get th e following error

during startup, it means you do have another program running that is interfering

with th e installat ion pr ocess.

a) Insert Inst allation Disk into the CD Driveb) Double click t he Set up.exe file to insta ll the programc) Answer all questions.d) Complete the driver installation described in step 2 and reboot the computer.

MERLIN is now inst alled and a ctive and r eady to use.

1.4 U n in s ta l l i n g A P P R E N T I C E

Apprentice inst alls in its own directory. To un insta ll, use th e insta ll program s procedur e

provided by Microsoft for Windows. To do this select t he Contr ol Pa nel option a nd t hen

Add/Remove Programs to un insta ll Merlin or Apprent ice.

1.5 Us ing APPR EN TICE on Tw o or More Mach in es

A single copy of A P P R E N T I C E may be used on only one machine at a t ime. If you have

two machines, perhaps a desktop at work and at home, or a desktop at work and a portable for

field work , you can inst all A P P R E N T I C E on both machines and then move the HASP between

them a s needed.

Ch 1 d i


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1 .6 Backups

Backups may be made of th e installation disks. These disks may even be ma inta ined on anetwork t o allow mult iple users to always access the curr ent in stallat ion.

1.7 Networks

A P P R E N T I C E mu st be inst alled on the machine on which it is to be used. It is not

designed to be a net work program , though, if your system ha s th e capa bility, you data sets ma yreside anywhere. Programs such as PC AnyWhere TM allow the software for a multi user copy

to reside on one m achine an d be accessed rem otely by mult iple comput ers.

It m ay be possible to obtain a t ru e network copy with mu ltiple users. It was n ot a vailable at

th e time of th is print ing. Please contact GSI a bout th is option.

Ch t 1 I t d t i


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1.8 - How T o Use Th is Man u al

The chapters in this manual are organized to follow the work path you will use.

Nevertheless, A P P R E N T I C E has a great number of tools and a new user can become

overwhelm ed if he tr ies to learn all th e tools at once. We provide a suggested read ing order

below which will first t each the u ser to accomplish t asks u sing basic tools, an d th en int roduce

advan ced tools to accomplish t he sa me t asks in t he m ost efficient wa y.

1. Read Chapter 2 and install the software. Experienced users may skim t his chapt er.2. Read Sections 3.1 -3.6 in Cha pter 3. These sections intr oduce digitize concepts.3. Complete a Digitizing exercise following th e st eps in Section 3.8 - Getting sta rt ed.4. Read the remaining sections of Chapter 3 to become familiar with all of the

digitizing t ools.

5. Read Sections 4.1-4.2. These sections int rodu ce gridd ing concepts.6. For the digitized file in step 3 create a grid and map interpretation following the

steps in Section 4.3.

7. Read th e remainin g sections of Chapt er 4 to un derst an d all of th e gridding tools.8. Review th e samples problems provided in t he \ Apprentice\ Manua l directory.

I t i s s t rong ly r ecom m ended t ha t a l l u ser s tak e a bas ic Appr en t i ce /Mer l in s chool t o

learn how to use th e simulat ion and geostat istics software. This manu al will not teach you

how to do geostatistics - only how to use the tools.

Chap te r 2 : Us ing Appr en t i ce


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2U sin g Ap p r e n t ic e

2.1 Th e Ba sics

When you click the A P P R E N T I C E icon and select one of two application tools,

A P P R E N T I C E displays an int erface window. For example, the Map Gr idding (or Isoma p) tool

displays t he following int erface window.

Th e A P P R E N T I C E interface consists of menu barsand t oolbox. The menu bar displays the comma nds th at

you use to complete many ta sks. The toolbox contain s

push buttons that allow you to interactively design

simulation grids, draw cross-section lines, delete fault

segments an d add wells. This cha pter sh ows you some

basics for using APP RENTICE.



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2.2 A P P R E N T I C E M en u s a n d C om m a n d s

Choosing a command tells A P P R E N T I C E what to do next - print graphics, clear a map,

an d so on. Comm an ds that car ry out similar actions ar e grouped on a menu . For exam ple, th e

File menu cont ains comm an ds you use to open, save, an d print your graph ics. The menu s are

listed on th e menu bar a t th e top of th e int erface window. The various menu comm an ds are

discussed in detail in Cha pters 3 a nd 4.

You use the mouse or t he keyboar d to display the comm an ds on each men u. To open the

menus and browse through the commands, click the menuitem with the mouse, or press the

ALT key, and t hen pr ess the un derlined letter in t he na me of the m enu you wan t t o open.

For example, opening the File menu in Digitizing tool

displays these comman ds.

Some comma nds ar e una vailable and a ppear dimmed on a

menu un til an oth er selection is ma de. For example, th e

Connect command from the Edit menu in Digitizing tool

appear s dimmed u nt il you select two lines.

A P P R E N T I C E carries out some comm an ds right awa y. Ifmore information is needed to complete a command,

A P P R E N T I C E displays a dialog box. You select options in

th e dialog box to control how th e comman d is car ried out. For

calculation commands, A P P R E N T I C E displays a messa ge ask ing you to wait . No action

should be taken unt il the calculat ion is finished.

C h o os in g C om m a n d s

You can choose comm an ds from the m enu s or press th e shortcut key assigned to commonlyused comman ds. On th e menus, the shortcut key is shown to th e right of th e comman ds. To

choose a comm an d from a m enu:

1 Point to a menu name and click the left mouse button for a right handed mouse.2 Point to a comm an d na me an d click th e left m ouse but ton.

-Or-

1 Press th e ALT key to activate the m enu bar .2 Press the un derlined lett er in the menu na me.



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3 Press the un derlined letter in a comma nd na me.If a command name is followed by an ellipsis (...), a dialog box appears so you can set the

options you want .

2.4 Pr in t in g Graph ics

Once you select a printer and the appropriate Printer Setup options, printing is simple--

just choose the P rint comman d from th e File menu.

T o p r in t a m a p

It is a good idea to save your work before your p rin t. That way, if a prin ter er ror or oth er

problem occurs, you won't lose any of the work you've done since you last saved.

1. Display th e graphics you want to print in th e window.2. Fr om th e File menu , choose Print er Setup. Select th e appropriate options (paper size,

orienta tion, an d pa per source).

3. Fr om the File menu, choose Print .

2 .5 - Expor t in g P ic tures an d Forms to Other Win dow Program s

It is often convenient to export the pictures and/or forms in A P P R E N T I C E to other

window program s. To accomplish this highlight the form , and simu ltaneously hold th e Alt andPrint Scrn keys down to copy the pictu re to the clipboard. Now paste t he captur ed screen to

th e destinat ion windows applicat ion. Most user s find th is the preferred way to prin t pictu res -

ma ps can easily be int egrat ed into word pr ocessor docum ent s.

2.6 - Usin g On l in e Help

The online Help system r eferences near ly all aspects of APPRENTICE. It cont ains

extens ive inform at ion on th e basics for using APP RENTICE . You can access online Help



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th rough t he Help men u Content comm an d, search for specific topics with t he Help Sear ch t ool,

or press F 1 to get cont ext-sensitive Help.

2.6.1 - Help Con ten ts

For informa tion on Help topics, choose Cont ent s from the H elp menu or press F 1 and click

th e Content s butt on. You can u se the Cont ent s screen t o jump to topics th at t ell you how to

use APP RENTICE , or t o get qu ick a ccess to key r eferen ce topics.

2.6.2 - Help In d ex

The fastest way to find a particular topic in Help

is t o use t he H elp Topics dia log box below.

To display th e Help Topics dialog box, you can

either choose Index from the Help menu or click the

Sear ch but ton on an y Help topic screen. Sear ch

topics are given as green text that is solidlyunderlined.

T o sea r ch He lp

1. In the Help menu, choose Index. (you canalso click t he Sear ch bu tt on from a ny Help

topic window.)



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1. In the search dialog box, type a word,or select one from the list by scrolling

up or down. Pr ess ENTE R or choose

Show Topics to display a list of topics

relat ed to the word you specified.

2. Select a topic name, and press ENTERor choose Go To to view th e topic.



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Cha pt er 3 : Digit iz ing Tool


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3Digit izin g Tool3.1 - In trod u ction

The Digitizing tool is a general digitizing package which allows you to digitize isomaps and

x-y plots. The digitizing pr ocess conver ts ph ysical locat ions (e.g., a geologic ma p) on t he

ta blet's sur face into digital values. The digitizing program allows the t ablet an d your computer

to communicate with each other and converts the tablet output into information that you can

use.

Maps m ay be digitized for a var iety of reasons. The pur poses of digitizing a cont our m apare to (1) integrate geologic ideas into a simulation grid; (2) provide data from which a grid can

be created; and (2) convert paper maps into ASCII data files for reservoir simulation or other

applications.

The use of Digitizing tool is commonly the first step to create a reservoir model when

paper ma ps are available. Using this progra m, you can m odify maps at an y time. Files creat ed

from t his program will be used in t he Map Gridding tool.

This chapter shows you some basic steps for using the Digitizing tool.

3.2 - Map Prepa ra tion

If the purpose of digitizing a map is to reproduce the map using the Map Gridding tool,

some prepara tion is always necessar y. Maps ma y contain errors an d ambiguities. These

include such things as unlabeled contours or contours with unreadable labels which cannot beeasily given a cont our value (th ese ar e often foun d nea r sm all closur es or wh ere slopes reverse

direction). Cont ours may be incorr ectly labeled. Import an t cont ours may be fully or par tially



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missing. There may be contouring errors such as crossing contours and contours terminating

inappr opriately. In some cases the cont our interval cha nges with in a map, these cha nges must

be clearly identified.

In ma ny cases it is not n ecessar y to digitize every cont ourto get sufficient data from which to reproduce the map

th rough gridding. Where ther e is very steep dip (dense

cont ours) some cont ours can be elimina ted. At right the ar ea

within the smaller box on the left side of the picture shows a

high with dense contours. It is sufficient for this lobe to

digitize the highest contour and then every second or third

contour downdip

Likewise wher e dip is r elatively const an t fewer cont ours

are necessary. In other cases ther e may not be enough

contours to adequat ely repr oduce the map. In ar eas which ar e relatively flat cont ours may be

spaced too far apar t for gridding to work pr operly. In th ese ar ea dra w in (for digitizat ion)

inter mediat e contours. The ar ea on th e right side of th e map en closed by the lar ger box within

th e 100 foot cont our shows a low with no contours. This area should have additional conotur s

so th at t he ar ea is repr esent ed correctly. In eith er case, par tial cont ours ma y be sufficient for

the purpose of reproducing the map .

Map edges can be a par ticular problem. The kriging algorith m works best when it uses

dat a beyond th e grid. It is always a good idea to digitize the cont our s and fault s beyond the

map border, this requires extending portions of contours and faults. Map can be zoomed out

beyond th e limits of the original coordinat e system to help a ccomplish t his.

The kriging process honors sealing fau lts. Care should be ta ken to avoid crossing single

line faults as err oneous grid values ma y occur across th e fau lt. Extend ing contour lines

beyond t he fau lts will give poor resu lts in I soMap. Avoid fault blocks with only one cont our by

sketching in enough int ermediat e cont ours to fully define th e sur face in th e block. To avoidcontours crossing faults a lways d ig i t i z e fau l t s f i r s t , we l l s econd , and con tour s th i rd .

This will guara nt ee tha t cont ours an d wells ar e on t he corr ect sides of faults.

Additional data may be digitized besides cont our s and fault s. These may include point dat a

such as wells and points representing highs and lows and profile data representing an

interpreted featu re.



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3.3 - Coord in at e S ystem

Two coordinate axes, representing

x-axis and y-axis , must be defined for

the map prepared for digitization (see

figure to the right). The two axes are

perpendicular to each other and

intersect at the origin . The origin is

always locat ed a t th e lower-left corn er

of the map and its rectangular

coordina te is ar bitr ar y, say (0,0). The

scales of x-axis and y-axis a redetermined from the m ap scale or t he

reference points (e.g., well locations).

Choosing New Map from the File

menu prompts you to enter the

coordinate system. The coordinates can be specified by the origin, the maximum x and the

maximum y in this order, or alternatively , the location of 2 wells. If 2 well locations are used

the asspect ratio in the X and Y dimension smust be identical. If this is not the case select the

origin, X maximum, an d Y maximum a s th e limits.

Notice - All maps associated with a project should be stored in the same file so that the

sam e grid can be placed on all ma ps. Ea ch of th ese ma ps must ha ve th e sam e coordina te

system for set up, eg origin, X ma ximum a nd Y maximum .

3.4 - Potent ia l Pi t fa l ls

Any errors during digitizing can affect the reproduction of the contour map through

gridding. Most of th e pitfalls can be avoided by paying car eful at tent ion t o the digitizing

procedure. The import ant points:

Digitize faults first, followed by wells and contours. This assures that wells andcont ours a re pla ced on th e correct sides of fault s.

Digitize in an orderly fashion, don't jump a round. Digitize open contours or faults from one end to the other, never start in the

middle. Never allow a cont our th at has a discontinuit y at a fault to cross a fault.

1000

800

00

SummaSketch II

x

y



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Check Fault Lock option t o avoid contour lines crossing the fault . Alter na tivelyalways allow a small gap when a contour ends at a fault.

Use enough point s to define curves. Extend contours and faults beyond the edge of the desired area.

3.5 - Digit izin g

Cont our and fault s are digitized by tr acing th e map on the t ablet with th e puck and picking

point s along th e feat ur e being tr aced. More point s ar e needed along cur ved port ions of a line

tha n stra ight sections. The sharper th e curve the higher the num ber of points required. Each

contour should be digitized separ at ely, even cont ours with t he sam e values. Cont ours which

close on th emselves should star t an d end at t he sam e point. Cont ours which don't close on

themselves should be digitized from one end to the other end. Faul t t races shou ld be

d i g i t i z ed w i t h a m i n i m u m n u m b er o f p oi n t s t o sp e ed u p t h e g r i d d i n g p r o ce ss . Wells

ar e digitized by picking well locations one at a t ime. See "Gettin g Star ted" for the det ailed

procedur es. The Zoom in a nd out featu res allow you t o ma gnify differen t pa rt s of a map.

3.6 - Mouse an d Four -Bu t ton P u ck

The mouse becomes a pointing device that you use to select menu commands when you

work wit h APPREN TICE. The basic mouse techniqu es are pointin g, clicking, double-clicking,

and dra gging. Many map editing techn iques require mouse action. For exam ple, deleting an

object, moving an object, and replacing an object require you to click the mouse to select the

object first .

Four-button puck is a (x,y) reading device, meaning that it automatically reads x and y

locat ions wh en you move th e puck (sometim es you n eed press a bu tt on) on the t ablet.

I m p o r t a n t Sixteen-button cursor or two-button stylus can be used only if the

corresponding 4 button puck buttons can be identified. Often times this is a trial and error

procedure.

The four -but ton assignm ents ar e listed below.



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B u t t o n C ol or F u n c t io n M e a n i n g

Yellow (t ip) Digitize Digit ize a line or point

White (or Red) Backup Delete the point ju st en ter ed

Blue Closed Close the line or point

Gr een Done Terminate the line or point

A P P R E N T I C E always displays a floating window showing the fun ctions of

the four butt ons at the lower-right corner of the screen.

During digitizing, the cross-hair should position on the point to bedigitized. The puck is most accur at e when held para llel with th e tablet

sur face. The tablet ha s an active ar ea indicat ed by a groove sur rounding it.

Only within the active area can the digitizing tablet send data to

APPRENTICE.

3.7 -Bi t Map Digi t iz in g

Often a digitizing tablet is u navailable - after all a large Sum maSk etch ta blet wont fit in a n

overh ead compar tm ent , an d maybe not even in the tr un k of a small car . To solve th ese

problems Apprentice can open a bit map file, define the coordinates on screen, and trace the

different pr opert ies with a mouse in the same way that a t ablet puck works. This option

mak es the t ablet optional, bit maps of any size can be readily ha ndled. Creat ing bit m aps is as

simple as sending an electronic fax to yourself, and then opening the bit map in Apprentice.

Accuracy is even better than a tablet. With 200-600 DPI resolution contours ar e exactly

traced.

Impor tan t - Maps should be scanned as black and white, and with reasonable resolution(200 DPI) to avoid creatin g files that are un necessarily large. A variety of th e currently

manufactured fax machines such as the HP Officejet 350 can scan images with at least this

resolution.

W a r n i n g - Some lar ge bit maps m ay exceed the resources limits in Visual Basic. If th is

ha ppens you will not be able to tra ce th e maps. To corr ect th e problem either r escan t he ma p



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using a lower resolution or use one of the common inexpensive map editing packages

(Photofinish for $40 is one example) to open the original bit map and save the bit map at a

lower resolution.

3.8 - Get t in g Sta r ted Digi t iz in g

The exercise below is a simp le digitizing exercise for new user s. The exercise is best

accomplished with a digitizing tablet, but can also be completed with a mouse using on screen

digitizing. The one mouse butt on will be the pr imar y mouse butt on, for example the left but ton

for a right ha nded mouse.

T o sta r t d ig i t iz ing a n ew ma p

1 Mark the coordinate system (i.e., X and Yaxes) on the paper map or identify the X and

Y positions of 2 wells. (Skip to st ep 3 if you

ar e using t he m ouse for on screen d igitizing.)

3 Turn on the tablet and fasten a paper ma p toth e digitizing tablet. (Skip this st ep if you a re

using on screen digitizing.)

4 Click the A P P R E N T I C E icon from Windowsand choose Map Digitizing tool. The dialog

box shown on th e right a ppears.

4. Select th e digitizer type and click th e continu e but ton. For a Sum ma Sket ch II orIII tablet select the corresponding button (the recommended digitizing tablet).Calcomp digitizing tablets will also work but they must be set up to the Calc Comp

2000 ASCII Drawing Board 3 setup. If after

picking the Summa Sketch II or III option the

dialog box shown to the right appears, the

digitizing tablet is not communicating with the

compu ter . See th e comm un icat ions Section 3.11

to corr ect th e problem.

If drivers have been installed on a commun icat ion port a message stating th at t he

communication port is locked will appear when you start digitizing. To use this

communication port the drivers must first be uninstalled from the port. To see if



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this is a problem click on the Windows Control Panel and then select System and

Device Manager. Remove any driver on the communication port where the

digitizing tablet is hooked up to. Apprentice will not work on a port that has been

assigned a driver by Windows. If you can not fix this pr oblem either contact your IT

departm ent or Gemini Solutions.

If you do not have a digitizing tablet connected and will only be using the mouse fordigitizing select on sc reen d ig i t iz ing.

4. If you have used A P P R E N T I C E before, A P P R E N T I C E will open the

last file you worked on and display the

first map in the file if it is available.In the example file shown to the right

this is net thickness map in test.stl.

A P P R E N T I C E creates several files,bu t user s on ly need to open pro ject

f i l e s w i th the STL ex tens ion . This

file points to all of the files associated

with a project.

Notice that in the example thedown a rr ow in t he lower left corn er was

clicked to view all of the digitized maps

for this project. Clicking one of the

oth er selections will updat e the ma p viewed to th e new selection.

6. We ar e opening a new map file for digitizing the maps. Under th e File menuselect New Map F i le .



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7 A P P R E N T I C E displays a dialog boxprompting you to pick the primary

property and the zone or layer

num ber for the map. Top stru ctur e

for layer 1 was picked in this

examp le. Now click Ok.

8 Next a dialog box pops up t o define th eorigin for the coordinate system. Type

in the origin X and Y coordinatesseparat ed by comma s. Do not click Ok

yet !

9 For tablet digitizing click the yellow puck button on the map location representingth e origin. Click th e Ok butt on in the Scale Info dialog box. If you receive the

following messa ge eith er you forgot to hit th e yellow puck butt on (in which case

you can click OK and then have a second chance to click the yellow puck button) , or

your tablet is not communicating properly with the computer (see Section 3.11 to

correct th e pr oblem) .



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For on screen digitizing with the mouse click the primary button of the mouse

(left button for a right handed mouse) on the map origin. If a bit map is not on thescreen click anyw here on the m ap.

10 Repeat the procedure for the lower rightcorner of the map, following the

instructions provided in the dialog box.

For on screen digitizing with the mouse

click the one button of the mouse

anywhere on the map.

11 Repeat the procedure for the upper leftcorner of the map, following the

instructions provided in the dialog box.

For on screen digitizing with the mouse

click the one button of the mouse

anywhere on the map.

14 After clicking Ok for the upper left dialog boxtwo dialog boxes will appear for importing

wells and faults. F aults and wells are digitized

on t he first map in th e file, and t hen imported

on any additional ma ps creat ed. Since th is is

the first map in the file answer no to both of

these questions.

15 For tablet digitizing skip th is step. Other wise,for on screen bit map digitizing select Open B i t Map under File . Reloop to step 8

and redefine the coordinat es for the bit ma p using t he m ouse.



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14 The next step is to digitize the data.Remember to digitize faults, then wells, and

lastly contours (single points and/or lines).

To digitize faults select S e l e c t P r o p e r t y /

F a u l t under the Digitze menu.

If you are using a digitizing tablet,

select Digitize under the Digitize

Menu or press the F5 key. If you ar e

using On Screen Digitizing, select Ad d

F a u l t under the Digitze menu andclick th e mouse where you wan t t o start

th e fau lt. Even if you ar e using a ta blet, mouse digitizing is availa ble for ad ding or

editing point s.

A new feature in the Visual Basic 5 version of Apprentice is a convenient tool bar

to allow functions t hat previously were only available th rough sh ort cuts or

drop down menus to be accessed directly by clicking with the mouse. If you

are unsure what some of these features are please drag the mouse over

th e object, a nd wait a couple od seconds. A message sta ting t he fun ction ofeach tool will appea r. These functions in order from t op to bottom ar e:

Digitize with tablet puck. Digitize with m ouse. Select contour s as th e next object to digitize.

Select fau lts a s th e next object t o digitize.

Select wells a s t he n ext object to digitize. Select leases or closed r egions as th e next object to digitize. Save Zoom In Zoom Ou t Calculate a rea for a ny closed object selected at th is time.



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15 A fault dialog box will pop up. For Tabletdigitizing point t he crosshair on t he pu ck a t

the starting position and click the yellow

butt on. Then type th e fault na me. You do

not need to enter an ything under CI: It is

only for contours. Click Ok. If a dialog box

pops up stating that the data was not

received reclick the yellow puck button on

th e star ting point . For on screen digitizing you will already have clicked th e mouseon th e start ing point.

16Now trace the fault by following it with the puck or mouse,clicking the yellow button or the mouse button as needed, one

point a t a time un til you reach th e end of th e fau lt. On the last

point, click the green button on the puck (the 2nd button on the

mouse for on screen digitizing) to term inat e the fault .



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The resulting fault will look something like the picture below. Digitize faults with a

minimu m n um ber of point s because t he n um ber of point s associated with faults will

have a tremendous impact on the

speed of map gridding calculations.

Only 4 points were required todigitize the fault below. Ofcourse,

more points would be necessary for

a fault with more curvatu re.

20. For additional faults, repeat steps17 through 19.

21 Next place the wells on th e digitized map. Todigitize wells select S e le c t P r o p e r t y / WellLocat ion under th e Digitize menu.

14 Select Tab le t Add under the Digitize Menu fortablet digitizing (or press the F5 key) or selectth e tablet icon in th e tool bar m enu . Select Ad d

Well under the Digitize menu command for

mouse on screen digitizing. (Even if you ar e

using tablet digitizing, mouse digitizing is available for adding or editing points.)

20 Follow the instructions on the top of the form.For the puck with tablet digitizing click the yellow

button at each well location, and for the mouse

with on screen digitizing click the mouse buttonon each well location. For each well locat ion th e



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dialog box to the r ight pops up for enter ing th e well na me.

21 Finish well digitizing and end activedigitizing by clicking the green button

on the puck or the two mouse button.The form to the right is still in the

active digitizing mode, an d 3 wells ha ve

been placed. Recall that t he top menu s

remained greyed out while the

digitizing mode is active.

22 Now place contours on the map. Undercontours select S e l e c t P r o p e r t y /

Poros i ty under the Digitize menu

(see step 13) or use the short cut icon

that resembles contours under the tool

bar menu.

23 Repeat step 17 to start digitizing theporosity contours. The dialog box to the

right appears for entering the porosity

values.

We have chosen to lock the beginning of the

cont our to the fault . We will discuss locking

in deta il later, for n ow lets just see th e

result .


Cli k th ll k b tt th


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Click the yellow puck button on the

starting location for the contour and

click the Ok button with the mouse.

Now click the yellow mouse button on

each point for the contour, and thenthe green puck button to end the

cont our. Similar ly click th e one

mouse button on each point for on

screen digitizing, and then the two

mouse butt on to end the contour. An

example contour is illustrated to the

right.

The lock fau lt forced t he first point of

the contour line to lie on the left side

of th e fault . Alth ough locking

generat es a pretty map, it may be

preferable to never lock faults, and

leave a small visible gap between the contour and th e fault . This assures tha t

contours will not m istaken ly cross faults.

24 Repeat st ep 23 for the oth er porosity contour s. If one of th e contour s is a closedsurface end the line by clicking the blue closed button for tablet digitizing, or byholding the CNTRL key and clicking the two mouse button for on screen digitizing.

25 When finished digitizing the propert y select Save under File .I m p o r t a n t For individual points, click the yellow button at the point you want to

digitize and then click the blue button to finish digitizing.

26 Retur n to step 6 to digitize th e next property. Remember to save all digitizedmaps into one file because a common grid will be placed on each map during the

ma p gridding pr ocess.

The exercise above illust ra tes t he basic steps for digitizing. The rem aining sections of this

chapter will cover more advanced digitizing topics.


3 9 Add ing Object s to an Exis t ing Ma p Using T h e Dig i t i z ing T able t


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3 .9 - Add ing Object s to an Ex is t ing Ma p Us ing T h e Dig i t i z ing T ab le t

If you forget to digitize one or more objects (e.g., contour lines, wells,...), you can add them

later. You may add faults later but this is a more difficult task as contour locations aredictat ed by fault locat ions. Whenever possible all fau lts should be digitized before an yth ing

else.

1 Turn on t he ta blet an d fasten the pa per map to the digitizing tablet.1 Choose Open Map F i l e under th e File menu to

select t he m ap you wan t t o modify.

2 From the Digitize menu, choose C o o r d i n a t eSys tem and redefine th e map coordinat es.

3 Choose a property from the dialog box that pops up. Follow the steps starting atstep 7 in section 3.8 to ma ke the necessary corr ections to th e map. Recall tha t to

digitize a cont our eith er h it t he F 5 key or select Digitize under th e Digitize menu.

3 .10 - Add ing Objec t s to an Ex is t in g Map Us in g Th e Mouse

It is often convenient to reopen a digitized map and do some simple editing using the

mouse. A P P R E N T I C E allows editing of the picture using the mouse while tablet digitizing is

in progress. To open a digitized file and use m ouse editing:

1 Open t he digitizing t ool and select on screen digitizing on th e dialog box th at popsup.

2 Choose Open Map F i le under the File menu t o show the right ma p.4 Choose a pr operty from th e dialog box tha t pops

up. Follow the steps sta rt ing at step 7 in section

3.8 to add the necessary contours to the map.

Recall that if the map was generated from a bit

map the bit map must be reopened using Open

Bit Map under the File menu.

Read Section 3.15 for th e various editing featu res for t he existing cont ours.


3 11 Ta blet Comm un ica t ion Prob lems


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3 .11 - Ta b let Comm un ica t ion Prob lems

If the computer does not communicate with your tablet, you probably need to change the

tablet type or th e COM port n umber t hat the t ablet is connected to. The default sett ing isCOM port 1.

T o c h a n g e t h e t a b l e t t y p e o r t h e C O M

por t

1 From the Misc menu, chooseCommunica t ion . A P P R E N T I C E

displays the Communication

Pa ra meter dialog box.

2 Under Auto Setup, select yourtablet type.

3 Under Connector, select theappropriate COM port number.

Norma lly this will be Com 1 or 2.

4 Choose th e OK but ton. The n ew com port is not r ecognized unt il the digitizing toolis exited. Un der File select Exit an d r eclick t he digitizing t ool icon.

2 If the wrong setup was chosen the followingmessage will appear and you need to repeat

these steps until the settings are correct.

Sometimes it helps to turn the tablet off then

on to reinitialize th e settin gs. Consu lt th e

tablet owners m anu al for t ablet setu p settings.

An alternative method for defining the tablet settings is to exit Apprentice, then use a

ASCII editor to open and edit the Simtools.ini file in the \ Apprentice\ directory. In rar e

instances tha t A P P R E N T I C E may n ot recognize th e correct t ablet settings u ntil t he pr ogram

is exited th is procedur e will work.


3 12 - Digi t iz in g T ablet R eport Mode


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3.12 Digi t iz in g T ablet R eport Mode

Most graphics tablets have options to control the report flow, i.e., how fast the tablet data

ar e sent t o your compu ter . The commonly used report flow are Point , Str eam , an d SwitchStr eam modes. The default mode is Point. W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t u s e r s a l w a y s u s e t h e

po in t m ode becau se the str eam a nd switch modes will genera lly result in m ore points t ha n ar e

necessary and files that ta ke mu ch longer to calculate grids in th e map gr idding tool (without a

bett er inter pret at ion) . The following table describes th e thr ee modes.

T o cha nge repor t flow mode

1 From the Misc men u, choose T a b l e t S e t u p.

2 A P P R E N T I C E displays the OperationChar acterist ics dialog box. In th e Report

Mode box, select t he a ppr opriat e mode.

3 If Stream or Switch mode is selected, enterMinimum increment s in x and y. The tablet

R ep or t M od e Descr ip tion

P o i n t The ta blet issues one point when you press a cursor but ton.

S t r e a m The tablet issues points continuously, whether a cursor button is

pressed or not. The minimum increment controls the number of

reports issued per second.

Switch The ta blet issues points cont inuously while you pr ess a cursor bu tt on.

The minimum increment controls the number of reports issued per

second.


sends a report only when th e cursor ha s tr aveled a minimum distance in t he x or y.


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p y y

4 Choose th e OK butt on.

3.13 - Ad din g Con tour Va lu es a t Wel l Locat ions

Select Data under the E di t menu. The

following form appear s for enter ing th e Z values at

th e individual wells. The brut e force alterna tive to

th is form is to click on t he ind ividual well locations

an d place one point cont ours. En ter the Z valuesan d select Save under the File menu.

3.14 - S econ da ry Property Selection For Map s

Recall that when you choose New Map from th e Digitize menu , you must select a primary

property, for example top str uctur e or n et th ickness ..

Once a prima ry pr opert y is selected for the new ma p,

it is then put under the Selec t P r o p e r t y comma nd u nder

the Digitize menu , along with th e seconda ry properties as

listed to the r ight:

The prim ar y property (Top of str uctu re) is listed along

with Fa ults, Well Locations, and user defined propert ies. Fa ults an d Wells ar e import ed to

other new maps after th ey are digitized on the first ma p.

The Add Pr opert y is a comma nd t hat prompts you t o add non-value properties other t han

Fault and Well Location, for example, Lease Lines, Gas-Oil Contact (GOC) and Water-Oil

Conta ct (WOC).


Durin g digitizing, you m ay cha nge properties am ong those listed un der t he P r o p e r t y . But


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i t i s a lwa ys a good prac t i ce to d ig i t i z e in th e order o f fau l t , wel l , po in t , an d con tou r

l i n e .

3 .15 - Ed i t in g Map s wi th th e Mouse

A ma p consist s of ma ny objects. All objects can be modified after digitizat ion. These

objects include point, contour line, fault, well, text, and any other objects on the map.

A P P R E N T I C E provides t he following on-screen editing feat ur es:

Ad d : For adding individua l cont ours.

B r e a k : Breaks a cont our into two contours with th e sam e value.

C o n n e c t : Conn ects two cont our s with th e same value.

Close : Closes a line on itse lf.

Dele te : Deletes a point, a well, a cont our line, a fault line,...

L ock Fa u l t Locks a cont our t o a fault line.

Move : Moves an individua l point in a cont our, a well, a point,...

Replace : Chan ges th e value of a single contour, th e nam e of a fault an d a well, th e

zone n um ber of th e ma p,...

Other things in the map that are changeable are map scale, color, font size and line width.If you miss digitizing one or more objects after saving the data and quitting the program, you

can open th e map a nd cont inue digitizing at an y time.

3.15.1 - Add in g a New Ob ject Using Th e Mouse

1. Select a property under the P r o p e r t y commandin the Digitize menu.

2. From the Digitize menu, choose M o u s e Ad dP r o p e r t y . Actually the word Property will be


substituted with the actual property (as illustrated below). The pointer shape


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becomes a cross-hair .

1. Follow the instructions at the top ofthe form and click the mouse to add

th e object.

2. Clicking the two mouse buttonterminates the line or point.

Clicking the two mouse button with

the CTRL key pressed closes the

line.

3.15.2 - Brea kin g a Contou r In to Two Contou rs With th e Same Value

1 While the SHIFT key is pressed, select a breaking point in a contour. Red colorindicates t hat the point has been selected.

2 Choose B r e a k from th e E di t menu t o break th e line.


3.15.3 - Con n ectin g Two Lin es


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1 While the CTRL key is pressed, select two lines. Red color indicates that the linehas been selected.

2 Choose C o n n e c t from th e E di t menu.3 The closest t wo end p oint s from th e two lines ar e conn ected.

3.15.4 - Closing a Cont our on Itself

1. Select a contour . Red color indicates th at th e contour h as been selected.2. Choose Close from th e E di t menu. The two end points will be connected to form a

continuous loop.

3.15.5 - Dele tin g An Ob ject

1 Select the object by pointing at the object and clicking the mouse. Red colorindicates that the object has been selected.

2 Choose Dele te from th e E di t Menu or press t he DELETE key.

3.15.6 - Lockin g a Fa u lt

Lock ing to fau l t s i s no t neces sary , in fac t i t i s u sua l l y a be t t e r prac t i ce to

te rmin a te con tour s l ines c lose to a fau l t w i th a v i s ib le gap so it is assured the contour

does not cross the fault. If you lock to faults you cannot see the gap - and it is difficult to tell

which side of th e fault you a re locked t o. If you choose to lock fau lts:

1 While the CTRL key is pressed, select a contour line and a fault line. Clicking onth e end of th e line cau ses th e contour t o be locked from t ha t en d.

2 Choose LockF a u l t from th e E di t menu.


Cont our lines can not cross a fault, but m ay begin a nd/or end on a fault . If you forget to

l k t t th f lt d i di iti i L k F l t f th Edit t l k th


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lock a contour to the fault during digitizing, use Lock F a u l t from the Edit menu to lock the

contour t o th e fau lt. Exten ding contour lines beyond t he faults will give poor r esults in

IsoMap. Once a cont our line is locked to a fault, it cann ot be dr agged to a new locat ion.

I m p o r t a n t A fault line can also be locked to another fault line by selecting two fault

lines and th en choosing L ock Fa u l t .

3.15.7 - Moving an Object t o a New Location

1 Select the object by pointing at the object and clicking the mouse. Red colorindicates that the object has been selected.

2 Drag t he object to th e new position.For cont our lines, only individua l point s on a line can be dragged. All objects on th e map

ar e moveable, including fault nam es an d cont our labels.

3.15.8 - Rep lacin g an Object's Value With Anot h er Valu e

1. Select the object by pointing at the object and clicking the mouse. Red colorindicates that the object has been selected.

2. From the E di t men u, choose Replace .3. Type the replacement nu mber or char acters.4. Choose the Ok bu tt on.

C h a n g e Z o n e N u m b e r Select the map by clicking one of four corners of the

digitizing window. Choose Replace to cha nge zone nu mber.


3 .16 - Cha n ging Ma p S ca le


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Th e Chan ge Sca le comma nd from th e E di t

menu changes the length scale of the map fromone unit to another. Available units of length

are meter, foot, inch, and user defined. TheChan ge scale com m and only worked properly at

the time of this writing if one map exists in the

file. Other maps are lost when the new

rescaled map is saved. This problem ma y be

fixed by the time of this printing - contact GSI

technical sta ff for assista nce.

T o ch a n g e l en g t h u n i t :

1 Open th e digitized ma p file. Themap shown below needs to be

chan ged from met ers t o thousands of feet .

2. Under th e E di t menu pickChan ge Sca le.

3 A P P R E N T I C E displays the followingdialog box. Convert meters to feet and

multiply by 0.001 for X,Y, and Z.


4 Click the Convert button to see theresults Remember to save th e new


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results Remember to save th e new

digitized map. Remember, any

previously saved digitized ma ps m ay

be lost.

.

3 .17 - Im por t in g Fau l t s an d Wel l s

The vert ical fau lts a nd wells only need t o be digitized once. By choosing I m p o r t F a u l t and

Imp or t Wel ls , you can th en add th e fault s and wells to oth er ma ps. This not only saves time

but also eliminat es err ors occur ring du ring digitizing.

Fa ults in a ma p can be import ed all togeth er. Ident ical fau lts or faults th at fall out of

boun d are not imported. Fa ults can also be import ed one by one. Fr om a list of faults, you

select one or m ore to import. A fault is identified by its n am e and t he zone nu mber wh ere it is

present . For example, a fault na med 'N. Fa ult' and locat ed in Zone one is listed as 'N.

Fault//Zone 1'.

3.17.1 - To Imp ort One F au lt at a Time

1. Open a d igitized map file. Fr om t he File men u, chooseI m p o r t F a u l t\ O n e F a u lt .

2. In the File Name box that appears, select thefilename. A P P R E N T I C E displays the Import Fault


dialog box, choose a specific fault in t he d rop-down list s by clicking th e ar row to see

fault names.


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fault names.

3. Choose the Ok bu tt on.

3.17.2 - To Imp or t a ll Fa u lts Togeth er

1 From the File menu, choose I m p o r t F a u l t \ AllF a u l t s .

2 In the File Name box, select the filename. A P P R E N T I C E displays the Import Fault dialog box,choose a zone in th e drop-down lists by clicking th e

arrow to see zone number.

3 Choose the Ok bu tt on.

3.17.3 - To Im p or t Wells

Wells in a ma p are imported all togeth er an d can not be imported one by one. Wells are

listed by zone nu mber . For exam ple, wells locat ed in Zone one ar e grouped int o 'Well

Locat ion//Zone 1'. Iden tical wells or wells th at fall out of bound a re not imp orted .

1 Fr om the F ile men u, choose Imp or t Wel ls .2 In the File Name box, select the filename.

A P P R E N T I C E displays the Import Wells dialog box,

choose wells in one zone from the drop-down lists byclicking th e ar row to see zone n um ber.

3 Choose the Ok bu tt on.


3 .18 - Im por t ing th e Digi t i zed Map Fi les From Other Program s


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The digitized files can be imported

from other applications that can usedigitized dat a. The import feat ur e is

located under I m p o r t F r o m O t h e r

P a c k a g e s under the File menu . The dialog

box shown to th e right appears. The

supported packages are VIP, Landmark,

Geographix, and XYZ.

Select t he F ile to import, t he F ile Type

for import, File property, and click theConvert butt on. For cont ours another

dialog box will pop up requesting the

property to be imported. Select th e

property an d th e import is complete.

3.19 - Im port in g Data Wiza rd

3.19.1 - A sa m p le exe r cise

A P P R E N T I C E provides a wizar d to import da ta from applicat ions not support ed in 3.18. The

dat a t o be imported is assu med to be in th e following format :

ASCII da ta file Remaining lines with free forma t column data .

Most of the applications from which data will be imported are either in this format, or

easily converted t o th is forma t.

The steps for importing data are :

1. Open an existing digitized map file, or create a new map file (see section 3.7,Getting Started).


2. Open the map where the data is to be imported, either a new map or one of theexisting ma ps in th e file (see section 3.7, Gettin g Sta rt ed).


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3. Under th e File Menu select Impor t Da ta Wiza r d .4. An import Contr ol Data form will pop up as sh own. Find t he file to be import ed

an d double click th e file.

When the file is opened a view of the beginning of the file will pop up in the

preview window as shown.


We are doing a general import so select

none in the Search box. Ent er the


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columns for the X, Y, Z and well names

as illustr ated.

6. Click import to complete theprocess. The result for th e example

is shown to the right .

3.19.2 - Overview of impor t da ta w izard featu res

A number of features are now available to greatly facilitate the import process and these

include the following.

Null Value for t he da a t o be imported can be set Up t o 2 different star ting chara cters for a line t o denote comment lines. Nu mber of point s to be import ed can be specified.If a subset of the original data set is imported first, and additonal points are later importedduplicate dat a points are never imported th e second time. Import ing less dat a especially

fault dat a can great ly speed the calculat ions.

Layout for contours to be imported can be specified. Check the specific export contourlayout for t he digitizing package you ar e int erfacing t o Appren tice.

One well, a group of wells or single control point s, cont our t ra ces, an d fault tr aces can allbe imported


Be sure t ha t ea ch property t o be imported is in its own file. For exam ple put well locat ions a nd

at tr ibute values in one file, contour t ra ces in a second file, and fault tr aces in a th ird file. Man y


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packages export all of these dat a in one file. If so th e user m ust use an editor such as WordP ad

to creat e separ at e files for each property.

3.20 - Menu Opt i ons

A complet e listin g of th e menu comm an ds along with a br ief discussion is given below.

3.20.1 - File Men u Option s

Open F i le

Opens a previously saved digitized map file

(*.STL).

R e v e r t

Revert to last version saved. Useful if a crash

occurs.

New F i le

Opens a n ew digitized ma p file (*.STL).

New Map

Opens a new map in the digitized map file (*.STL).

I m p o r t F a u lt

Imports fault(s) from another digitized map file

(see section 3.17.1, 3.17.2).

Impor t Well

Imports wells from another digitized map file (see section 3.17.3).

I m p o r t M a p


Imports digitized map from another file to the current digitized map file (section

3.18).


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Impor t Da ta Wiza r d

Import s cont rol point dat a from a free form at ASCII file (see section 3.19).

Save

Save the curr ent digitized map int o the current file.

Save As

Save the curr ent digitized ma p into a new/existing file.

B r o w s e

View the ASCII digitized map file. This feat ur e is rar ely needed.

E di t F i le

Uses Word P ad to edit the ASCII digitized ma p file. Rar ely needed. If you

improperly edit a file it m ay become unr eada ble by Appren tice.

I m p o r t F r o m O t h e r P a c k a g e s

Imports digitized data to other applications including VIPTM and Landma rk. Thisfeature is obsolete and will be deleted in the next release. Use Import Data Wizard

for t his task.

Open Bi t Map F i le To Trace

Opens a bit ma p for m ouse tr acing. Subst itut es for a digitizing tablet. See sections

3.7-3.8. This feat ur e is fully fun ctiona l in th e Appr ent ice 99 release.

P a g e S e t u p

Select th e ma rgins of prin ted page. The cur ren t version of A P P R E N T I C E only

recognizes 8 1/2 x 11 paper .

P r i n t er S e t u p

Changes printer settings.

P r i n t

Pr ints plot window. Pr ess the ALT and Pr int Scrn keys simulta neously to copy th e

form to th e clipboar d so it ma y be pasted into an other windows applicat ion.Dele te F i l e ( s)


Deletes files that are no longer needed.

Exit


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Exit th e digitizing tool. This ret ur ns you to the ma in Apprentice window. If you

have not saved your data you will be asked if you want to do so.

D:\ Appr en~1\ F i l e.ST L

List of th e last four files tha t you ha ve worked with.

3.20.2 - Ed it Men u Option s

Data

Edits the control values for the individual wells (see section 3.13).

Dele te

Deletes an object on a map, either faults, wells, or

contours (see section 3.15.5).

B r e a k

Break a cont our at a point sp ecified by the mouse ( seesection 3.15.2).

C o n n e c t

Connects two contour or fault points on different line

segments (see section 3.15.3)

Close

Closes a contour by connecting th e first a nd last point s digitized (see section 3.15.4).

Fa ul t / Lock /UnlockLocks a cont our t o a fault , or un lock s a cont our from a fault. (see section 3.15.6).

Replace

Replaces th e value of a cont our line wit h a new valu e (see section 3.15.8).

Dele te Map

Deletes the curren t ma p from memory and from the hard disk. You can not recover

a map if you pick this option so be careful

C h a n g e U n i t sChan ges the scale un its for th e ma p. This will only work if the file has one ma p. (see

section 3.16).


Copy To / Exp ort / Bitma p

Copies the current map to clipboard or a bitmap file.. The Export feature is

identical to hitting th e ALT and Pr int Scrn k eys simu ltan eously


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identical to hitting th e ALT and Pr int Scrn k eys simu ltan eously.

3.20.3 - Digitize Men u Option s

Define Coor din at e / By Axes / By Well

Redefines the coordinates for

an map on the digitizing tablet,

either by axes or reference

wells (see section 3.8).

S e le c t P r o p e r t y

Selects the current property

for digitizing, either faults,

wells, cont our (net t hickness for t his m ap) , or u ser defined (see section 3.8).

Table t Add

Activates digitizer tablet for digitizing (see section 3.8). Alternatively the tool bar

provides a short cut for t his function.

Mou se Ad d ..........

Use the mouse to add a contour, fault or well (see section 3.8,3.9,3.10).

Altern at ively the t ool bar pr ovides a short cut for t his function.

3.20.4 - View Men u Option s

R e d r a w


Refresh the picture after you have moved or

deleted objects.


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Color

Define a custom color for an object that hasbeen selected by th e mouse.

Font S ize

Define a custom font size for text .

Well Color

Define a cust om color for wells.

L i n e

Define a custom line weight for lines.

Zoom In

Zoom in on th e pictu re.

UnZoom

Zoom out to th e origina l coordin at es defined on t he m ap.

Z oom Ou t

Zoom out on th e pictu re.

Add Text

Add descriptive text to th e pictu re.

D r a w L i n e

Draw a line on th e pictu re using th e mouse.

3.20.5 - Misc Men u Option s

S o u n d O n

Turn sound on when you digitize a point using the

tablet or mouse.

Turning the sound on may slow down the digitizing

process. Until the sound ends a new point cannot bedigitized.


P a u s e

Checking Pause from the Options menu stop digitizing temporarily. To continue

digitizing, uncheck Pause.


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g g

C o n t o u r I n foGives the summa ry sta tistics for a contour tha t has been selected by th e mouse.

C o n t o u r A r e a

Gives th e ar ea of a closed cont our t ha t wa s selected by th e mouse.

Show T i t le

Displays a t itle above the ma p.

T es t T ab le t

Test th e digitizing ta blet for commun icat ion with th e computer .

Communica t ion

Commu nication setup for th e digitizing t ablet (see section 3.11)

T a b le t S e t u p

Tablet set up for th e comput er (see section 3.12).

3.21 - T rou blesh ootin g

Occasiona lly, you ma y have commu nicat ion pr oblems. This section lists some of pr obable

cau ses an d a few suggested solut ions.

D a t a w a s n o t r e c e i v ed

This error message indicates no communication between the tablet and yourcompu ter . The possible causes:

The tablet type is not set correctly. The tablet is not t urn ed on. The ta blet is not connected to a serial port.

Incorrect COM number.


The Edit/Add Feature was mistakenly selected for tablet digitizing insteadof selectin g Digitize under the Digitize .

If h bl i S Sk h h T T bl f h O i


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If the tablet type is SummaSketch, choose Test Tablet from the Options menu to

test if your t ablet is working properly. If you ar e using the HP ta blet, refer to th eta blet ma nu al for t esting. See section 3.11 for corr ective actions.

Tip - Sometimes the problem of no communication could be corrected by restarting

Windows.

Digi t i zed d a ta incor r ec t

The possible causes:

Clicking t he but ton t oo fast.After you click the button, type the property value or name and choose the Ok

but ton. Don't tr y to click th e but ton too fast for th e second point . If you ar e using a

slow machine, you should digitize slowly.



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Chap te r 4 : T he Map Gr idd ing T oo l


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4Th e Ma p G r id d in g To ol

4.1 - In trod u ction

The IsoMap or Map Gridding tool is a geostatistical mapping package that featuresinteractive simulation grid design, kriging estimation of grid values with or without faults,

au tomat ic fau lt t ra cing, cross-section display in a ny direction, surface-to-sur face ma th emat ical

opera tions, volumet ric calculat ion, and PVT corr elations. Unlike oth er estima tion methods

(e.g., triangulation, local sample mean, inverse distance, etc.), kriging has the smallest error

variance and is the only method that takes into account the effects of both of scarce sampling

an d of spat ial var iability. In general kriging produces better estim at es than other m ethods.

The gridding tool is used to convert discrete data points and contour data entered using

the digitizing tool into gridded data for reservoir simulators and other purposes where gridded

data is required. It is enter ed from the main form.

The basic procedure for using the gridding tool is to open a file containing digitized data

created with the digitizing tool, lay out and design a grid over the area you are interested in,

an d run th e grid calculat ion pr ogram . A variety of tools are available to help you perform

these tasks, analyse the results, and perform a number of auxiliary calculations and tasks.

This chapter will describe th e use of these t ools an d calculat ions.


4.2 - T h e T oolbox

The Map Gr idding tool provides a t oolbox contain ing ma ny of th e tools tha t a re r equired t o


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The Map Gr idding tool provides a t oolbox contain ing ma ny of th e tools tha t a re r equired t o

crea te th e grid or modify the ma p. When you click a pu sh but ton tool on th e toolbox, th epointer shape changes, allowing you to perform such tasks as creating a simulation grid,

shifting or rotat ing a grid, editing individual grid lines, or a dding wells. The following table

describes the eight push button tools that appear on the toolbox.

P o i n t e r

B u t t o n S h a pe F u n c t io n T a s k s

M en u P o i n t e r Choose a menu command, and resize window. You

will generally return to this tool after using theother t ools an d before using any men u comm an d

+ I n i t . G r i d S e t u p Click two corners to create a default rectangular

grid. For simulation grids, click upper-left corner

first a nd t hen dr ag to th e lower-right corner .

Shi f t ing Gr id Shift the grid in the four directions that areperpen dicular to th e four grid borders Click a point

outside the grid borders t o shift t he ent ire grid.

Rota t ing Gr id Rotate the grid around the origin. The rotation

angle is measured by x-axis (red-color line) and the

line tha t conn ects t he origin a nd t he point clicked.

(or ) E d i t G r i d L i n e Select lines to do editing such as moving, deleting,

or addin g a line. Pr ess x-key (or y-key) to cha nge

point er sha pe and click a point to add x- (or y-)

grid line. This button draws new grid lines on the

map.

Dele t ing Fa u l t Point to a fault segment and click the left mouse

butt on to select th e fault. Press the DELETE keyto delete th e fault segment.


+ Add ing Well Position the pointer at the well location and click

th e left m ouse button t o add a well.


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Moving Title Box Position th e pointer a t th e title box. Pr ess and holddown the left mouse button as you move the mouse

to the desired position. Then release the button.

4.3 - Gett in g S ta rted

The Map gridding tool can display either thedigitized map data, the gridded map data, or both

types of data simultaneously if a comparison of fit is

desired. New users can find th is somewha t confusing.Rem ember what th e original digitized ma p data looks

like so that it can be recognized. The sim ple exercise

below should help new users understand how to work

with both t ypes of maps.

1 Double-click t he A P P R E N T I C E icon fromWindows. A P P R E N T I C E displays a

dialog box that allows you to choose either

the Digitizing Tool or the Map Gridding

Tool.

2 Choose Map Gridding.3. From the File men u, choose Open .4. In the File Name box, type or select the

nam e of the map with a *.STL extension.

This file contains pointers to all files

associat ed with a pr oject. The user does

not need to kn ow th e extensions for th e

var ious files.

5. Click the Open button in

apprentice manual

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