appropriate engineering solutions for developing nations
DESCRIPTION
A presentation providing a brief summary of volunteer engineering projects I have been involved with in Honduras while working in collaboration with the Civil Engineering Department at CSU, Chico and Universidad Politécnica de Ingeniería.TRANSCRIPT
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Appropriate Engineering Solutionsfor Developing Nations
California State University, Chico in collaboration with
Universidad Politécnica de Ingeniería
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Access to Sanitation• WHO – Estimates 2.6 Billion people are without access to improved
sanitation facilities worldwide (most in developing countries)– Clean drinking water
» 900 million people without access to clean drinking water– Wastewater treatment– Solid waste management
• Problems associated with lack of sanitation– Increased risk of pathogen transmission
» WHO – Estimates 1.5 Million children under age of 5 die every year from diarrhea
– Disease– Virus– Parasites
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HONDURAS• Population – 7,989,415• Population below poverty line - 59%• Unemployed or underemployed - 36%• Major infectious diseases;
– Food or waterborne diseases• Bacterial diseases• Hepatitus A• Typhoid Fever• Helminth – Ascaris infections
– Vectorborne diseases• Dengue Fever• Malaria
– Water contact diseases• Leptospirosis
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Projects in Honduras
• Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and Reuse– Renovation and Expansion of existing Natural Wastewater
Stabilization Lagoons. Tela, Honduras• Solid Waste Management
– Proposed closure plan of open dump and new management plan for new sanitary landfill. Tela, Honduras
• Sanitation and Medical Facilities – Design, procurement, and construction oversight for
recyclers residing in an open dump. Tegucigalpa, Honduras
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Currently owns and operates a natural wastewaterstabilization lagoon system serving 8,000 residents.
Municipality of Tela, Honduras
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Lagoon System
Caribbean Ocean
Tela, Honduras
Rio Hylan
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Primary Lagoon
Tertiary Lagoon
Secondary Lagoon
Rio
Hyl
an
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Problem Identification – Sludge Accumulation
• 15 years of sludge accumulation
• Sludge had reached a depth of 4 meters
• Approximated volume of sludge is 3,000 cubic meters
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Problem Identification – Flow Measurement
• Improper design and construction of two Parshall flumes.
• No flow measurement of influent or effluent wastewater.
• Lacking grit chamber.
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Problem Identification – Treated effluent and sustainability
• Treated effluent is discharged into the Rio Hylan
• Treated effluent could be used for agriculture
• Tertiary lagoon could also serve as a Tilapia farm
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Problem Identification – Site Safety
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Solutions and Implementation Process
• Initial steps;– Collaborate with the Municipality– Site investigation
• Work on feasible plan of action– Develop design report to submit to Municipality
• Assist Municipality with funding and technical guidance through implementation
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Sludge Removal
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Parshall Flume
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Implementation
• Sludge Removal – Bypass channel– Drain lagoon– Remove sludge – Store on-site
• Improve system sustainability– Parshall flume– Proposed reuse projects
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Implementation – Bypass Channel
Bypass construction
Bypass channel dimensions Value UnitsLength 130mWidth 0.6mDepth 0.7m
Bypass channel costs Materials 59,000LpsLabor 112,500Lps
Total cost of bypass channel171,500Lps
8,575USD
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Implementation – Draining Primary Lagoon
• Pump and siphon draining
• Time to drain – 88 hours
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Implementation – Desludging Primary Lagoon
Desludging Process
Sludge removed 2,860m3
2007 SubTotal 160,636Lps2008 SubTotal 85,503Lps
Total cost of desludging246,139Lps
13,539USD
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Implementation – Parshall Flume Installation
Arrival of TRACOM’s donated Parshall flume on-site
Installation of fiberglass flume
Properly operating flow measurement device
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Parameter Units Tela Effluent
Calcium mg/l CaCO3 21
Sodium mg/L 21,04
Magnesium mg/l CaCO3 8
Alkalinity mg/l CaCO3 102
Total DissolvedSolids mg/L 177
Conductivity uS/cm 268
Parameter Removal Units Tela Influent Tela Effluent Restricted Agriculture1 Aquaculture1
Fecal Coliform
4.0 log 10 CFU/100ml 3x106-6.5x106 3x102-6.5x102 <105 <104
Helminth Eggs
100% MPN/L 4—16 0 <1 0
1. World Health Organization 2004
Sustainable Reuse Potential - Effluent Quality and WHO Guidelines
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Possible Land Application
Caribbean Ocean
Tela, Honduras
Proposed Nursery Location
Possible Aquaculture
Agriculture reuse installation cost21,138 Lps
1,119 USDAquaculture reuse potential revenue
117,800 Lps6,200 USD
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Solid Waste Management
Solid Waste Disposal Site
Wastewater Stabilization Lagoons
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Solid Waste Management in Tela
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•Birds
•Mosquitoes
•Rats
•Live stock
Vectors
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Scavengers
•Live and work in the dump
•Only source of income
•Numerous children
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Leachate & Methane
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Medical Waste
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Special and Hazardous Waste
TiresIf buried, tires will eventually
rise to the surface of the landfillTires hold water or leachate
that is hazardous and is a breeding ground for insect vectors such as mosquitoes
ChemicalsMay leak and harm workers,
scavengers, and animalsMay react with other chemicals
deposited in the dump, possibly forming a more toxic byproduct.
Currently no separation of Tela’s solid and special wastes
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Tela Dump Closure
• Provide durable surface drainage systems over the landfill– Control infiltration of rainfall into the waste– Control erosion of its surface (by wind and water runoff)
• Control the migration of gas and leachate generated within the landfilled waste
• Control disease transmitting vectors
A proper design for closure of a dump ensures that the waste will be covered with a minimum thickness of soil, known as the final cover (or cap). A properly designed final cover should:
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Tela Dump Closure
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Sanitary Landfills in the U.S.
Fully mechanizedMinimal land usage and cover material
requiredNot feasible for developing countries
due to:Cost considerationsEquipment maintenance
requirementsCover material requirementsLack of skilled labor
Solid and hazardous waste in the U.S. is regulated under the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976.
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Alternative Methods: Canyon/Area Method Landfill
Compacted daily cells of waste are built into designed ‘lifts,’ that are abutted against a canyon wall.
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Alternative Methods: Trench Method Landfill
Waste is deposited in the trenches, and when the trench is full (which will occur approximately once-per-month for a properly designed trench), the excavated material is used as cover.
A series of properly sized trenches in parallel are excavated as required, depending on the process design.
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Trench Method LandfillImmediate availability of cover without the need for full-
time heavy equipment to compact, excavate and haul cover is a major advantage of the trench method.
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Trench Method
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Leachate, Methane and Decomposition
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COMMUNAL SANITATION FACILITIES AT THE TEGUCIGALPA SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL SITE
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Municipality of Tegucigalpa
United States Army Corps of Engineers
Universidad Politécnica de Ingeniería (UPI)
California State University, Chico (CSUC)
CSUC- and UPI- Student Teams
Project Partnership
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Percent by Volume of Waste Components (Compacted)in La Ceiba, Honduras
4.9 + 1.5 + 12.2 + 24.8 = 43.4
Up to 43.4% Reduction in Waste Volume Landfilled
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Recyclers play a valuable role in the solid waste disposal process
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Benefits of the Recyclers Reduce cost to industries Reduce cost to government
(municipality) Increase environmental
sustainability
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Risks to Recyclers
Exposure to the elements (rain, wind, sun)
Exposure to hazardous waste, such as lead, asbestos, blood, fecal matter, animal carcasses, broken glass, medical waste, & chemicals.
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Exposure to diseases transmitted via insect and rodent vectors
High risk of tuberculosis, dysentery, parasites, asthma, bronchitis, helminths
High infant mortality rate Low life expectancies
More Risks
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Proposed Communal Sanitation Facility Site
Source: Google Earth, 2009
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Proposed Site
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Water Requirements for Basic Human Needs
Estimated water demand for 300 recyclers at the Tegucigalpa Solid Waste Disposal Site:
18,000 L/month for drinking water180,000 L/month for laundry and bathing using a wash basin135,000 L/month for showers45,000 L/month for cooking/miscellaneous uses
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Configuration Options
Evaluation of feasibility and design for:• Option 1: Showers, wash basins and pit latrines.
– Water demand: 495,000 L/month • Option 2: Wash basins and pit latrines.
– Water demand: 180,000 L/month • Option 3: Showers and pit latrines.
– Water demand: 270,000 L/month
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Water Source Options
Stormwater collection
Continuous connection to municipal water supply
Controlled connection to municipal water supply
Connection to proximal groundwater well
Elevated water tanks
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Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine
Source: Kalbermatten, 1982.
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Emptying the Latrine Pits
Source: EPA, 2009
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Human wastes and grey water disposal/treatment
Latrine/seepage pit Stabilization lagoons
Facultative Maturation
Use treated effluent for on-site dust control.
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Sanitation Facility Design Proposal
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Recomendations
To Minimize Water Requirements:
• Wash Basins - Landfill Operator or recycler will fill basins once daily.
• Organized leaders from the recyclers will charge for water usage.
• Recyclers will be allowed one 20 liter bucket per day for laundry and bathing, therefore No Showers.
• Water demand – 180,000L/Month
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On- and Off-Site Reuse Materials for Building
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Promoting Long-Term Project Success Provide sanitary facilities Provide identification,
recognition and registration of recyclers
Provide regular health care
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Questions or Comments?