apuntes morfosintaxis inglesa

8/9/2019 Apuntes morfosintaxis inglesa

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• They are the main carriers of information in a text or speech act.

• They can be subdivided into word classes (or parts of speech): nouns,lexical verbs, adjectives and adverbs.

• They are the most numerous.

• They are members of open classes.

• They often have a complex internal structure and can be composed ofseveral parts: un + friend + li + ness.

• They can be head of phrases.

LEXICAL WORDS (extra-linguistic meaning)

• They can be categorized in terms of word classes such as prepositions,coordinators, auxiliary verbs and pronouns.

• They usually indicate meaning relationships.

• They belong to closed classes which have a really limited and fixedmembership.

!"C#IO" OR $RA%%A#ICAL WORDS

• They are found mainly in spoen language.

• They tend to be inserted freely in a text.

• They are often mared off by a brea in intonation in speech or by a punctuation mar in writing: Well , we made it.

• They generally carry emotional and discoursal meanings! such as oh, ah,wow, yeah, no, okay.

• They are generally simple in form! though they often have an atypical pronunciation.

I"SER#S

WORDS

Ort&ograp&ic 'ords

• "ords that we are familiarwith in written languagewhere they are separated byspaces.

• They wrote us a lettercontains five distinctorthograpic words.

$rammatical 'ords

• # word falls into onegrammatical word class (or$part of speech$) or another.

• Leaves can be a verb or anoun.

Lexemes

• %et of grammatical wordswhich share the same basicmeaning! similar forms andthe same word class.

• Leave, leaves, left and leaving are all member of theverb lexeme leave.

%AOR A%ILIES O WORDS

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) " o u n s : p l u r a l ( b o y s ) a n d g e n i t i v e ( b o y ' s ! b o y s $ ) .

) * e r + s : s i n g u l a r p r e s e n t t e n s e ( l i v e s ) ! p a s t t e n s e ( l i v e d ) ! p a s t p a r t i c i p l e ( l i v e d ) a n d i n g & p a r t c i l e ( l i v i n g ) .

) A d , e c t i - e s a n d a d - e r + s : c o m p a r a t i v e ( d a r k e r ) a n d s u p e r l a t i v e ( d a r k e s t ) .

I"LEC#IO"AL%OR./OLO$0

) . r e 1 1 i x e s 2 m o r p h e m e a t t a c h e d t o t h e b e g i n n i n g o f a w o r d .

) S u 1 1 i x e s 2 m o r p h e m e a t t a c h e d t o t h e e n d o f a w o r d .

• l a s s ! c h a n g i n g

• l a s s ! m a i n t a i n i n g

DERI*A#IO"AL

%OR./OLO$0

RECO"SIDERA#IO"

reconsider v'v

class maintaining

reconsider ation v'n

class changing

DISA$REED

agree v

disagree v'v

class maintaining

disagreed

inflectional suffix

RE*IEWED

review v'v

class maintaining

reviewed

inflectional suffix

O*ERCARE!L"ESS

care1ul n'ad

class changing

oercareful ad'ad

class maintaining

overcarefullness ad'n

class changing

!"E%.LO0%E"#

unemploy v'v

class maintaining

unemployment v'n

class changing

EXC/A"$I"$

exchange v'v

class maintaining

exchanging

inflectional suffix

/EAL#/IER

health3 n'ad

class changing

healthier ad

inflectional suffix

I"DE.E"DE"#

depend v

dependent v'ad

class changing

independent ad

class maintaining

AC#I*I#0

act v

actie v'ad

class changing

activit3 ad'n

class changing

#/E S#R!C#!RE O WORDS2 %OR./OLO$0

2



3



• r o c e s s t h a t c r e a t e s n e w w o r d s b y c o m b i n i n g t w o e x i s t i n g w o r d s . " o r d s t h a t a r e c o m p u n d s c o n t a i n m o r e t h a n o n e s t e m .

) " o u n 4 n o u n : c h a i r m a n , g i r l f r i e n d , b a r c o d e

) * e r + 4 n o u n : c o o k b o o k , g u e s s w o r k

) " o u n 4 - e r + 2 g u n f i r e , d i s h w w a s h e r , t h a n k s g i v i n g

) A d , e c t i - e 4 n o u n : b l u e b i r d , f l a t f i s h , b l a c k b i r d ) " o u n 4 a d , e c t i - e : h e a d l o n g , w a t e r t i g h t

) * e r + 4 p a r t i c l e 2 c h e c k o u t , f e e d b a c k , h a n d o u t

) . a r t i c l e 4 - e r + 5 n o u n 2 o u t f i t , o v e r c o a t , u p k e e p

• * t w i l l h a v e a m e a n i n g w h i c h c a n n o t b e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e i n d i v i d u a l p a r t s : g o l d f i s h ( a n o r n a m e n t a l f i s h o f t h e c a r p f a m i l y ) ! h a r d w o r k i n g .

CO%.O!"DI"$

• r o c e s s w h e r e b y w e c r e a t e a n e w w o r d f r o m a n e x i s t i n g w o r d ( o f a d i f f e r e n t w o r d c l a s s ) w i t h o u t a n y c h a n g e i n f o r m .

• # b o t t l e ( n ) ' t o b o t t l e ( v )

• , o n $ t g i v e m e i 1 s a n d + u t s ! g o a n d d o i t .

) A p p r o x i m a t e c o n - e r s i o n

• $ a b s t r a c t ( n ) ' a b s $ t r a c t ( v ) - s h i f t o f s t r e s s

• t o a d v i s e ( v ) ' a d v i c e ( n ) - d i f f e r e n t s p e l l i n g • a h o u s e s ' t o h o u s e z - d i f f e r e n t p r o n u n c i a t i o n

CO"*ERSIO"

• / r e a t i o n o f a n r e w o r d b y s h o r t e n i n g a n o t h e r o n e .

• a d ' a d v e r t i s m e n t

• p h o n e ! a p p ! c e l l o ! b r o ! i n f o

• a m m o ' a m m u n i t i o n

• g o a l i e ' g o a l e e p e r

CLI..I"$

• / r e a t i o n o f a n e w w o r d u s i n g p i e c e s o f a n o t h e r w o r d .

• b r u n c h ' l u n c h + b r e a f a s t

• m o t e l ' m o t o + h o t e l

• h e l i p o r t

• s m o a s t e r ' s o c i a l + m e d i a + b o a s t e r

• t o s m i r t ' s m o e + f l i r t

6LE"DI"$

• " o r d s m a d e u p o f i n i t a l l e t t e r s . • 0 # T 1 ! # * , % ! 2 # % 3 4 ! 4 # , # 4 .

) A l p & a + e t i s m s : 5 6 1 ! 7 * ! 5 8 ! 5 % ! 6 9 *

ACRO"0%S

) % o r p & o l o g i c a l 2 n o u n s h a v e i n f l e c t i o n a l s u f f i x e s f o r p l u r a l n u m b e r a n d f o r g e n i t i v e c a s e .

) S 3 n t a c t i c 2 n o u n s c a n o c c u r a s t h e h e a d o f a n o u n p h r a s e .

) S e m a n t i c 2 n o u n s c o m m o n l y r e f e r t o c o n c r e t e ! p h y s i c a l e n t i t i e s ! b u t t h e y c a n a l s o d e n o t e a b s t r a c t e n t i t i e s ! s u c h a s u a l i t i e s a n d s t a t e s .

"O!"S

• c a n , w i l l , s h a l l , m a y , m u s t , w o u l d , c o u l d , s h o u l d , m i g h t%ODALA!XILIAR0

*ER6S

• b e , h a v e , d o.RI%AR0A!XILIARIES

) % o r p & o l o g i c a l 2 l e x i c a l v e r b s h a v e d i f f e r e n t f o r m s s i g n a l i n g t e n s e ( p r e s e n t a n d p a s t ) ! a s p e c t ( p e r f e c t ! p r o g r e s s i v e ) a n d v o i c e ( a c t i v e a n d p a s s i v e ) .

) S 3 n t a c t i c 2 l e x i c a l v e r b s m o s t f r e u e n t l y o c c u r o n t h e i r o w n ! a s a s i g l e & w o r d v e r b p h r a s e a c t i n g a s t h e c e n t r a l p a r t o f t h e c l a u s e . T h e y a l s o o c c u r i n t h e f i n a l o r m a i n v e r b p o s i t i o n o f v e r b p h r a s e s .

) S e m a n t i c 2 l e x i c a l v e r b s d e n o t e a c t i o n s ! p r o c e s s e s a n d s t a t e s o f a f f a i r s t h a t h a p p e n o r e x i s t i n t i m e .

LEXICAL*ER6S

) % o r p & o l o g i c a l : m a n y a d e c t i v e s c a n t a e t h e i n f l e c t i o n a l s u f f i x e s & e r

( c o m p a r a t i v e ) a n d & e s t ( s u p e r l a t i v e ) : d a r k , d a r k e r , d a r k e s t . # d e c t i v e s c a n b e c o m p l e x : d e r i e d a d , e c t i e s ( a c c e p t a b l e ! f o r g e t f u l ) o r c o m p o u n d a d , e c t i e s ( c o l o r ! b l i n d ! h o m e ! m a d e ) .

) S 3 n t a c t i c : a d e c t i v e s c a n o c c u r a s t h e h e a d o f a n a d e c t i v e p h r a s e ! b u t t h e y a r e m o s t c o m m o n l y u s e d a s m o d i f i e r s p r e c e d i n g t h e h e a d o f a n o u n p h r a s e o r a s p r e d i c a t i v e s f o l l o w i n g t h e v e r b i n c l a u s e s .

) S e m a n t i c : a d e c t i v e s d e s c r i b e t h e u a l i t i e s o f p e o p l e ! t h i n g s a n d a b s t r a c t i o n s . ; a n y a d e c t i v e s a r e g r a d a + l e ( h o t ) ! t h a t i s ! t h e y c a n b e c o m p a r e d a n d m o d i f i e d f o r t h e d e g r e e o r l e v e l o f t h e u a l i t y ! b u t t h e y c a n b e n o n - g r a d a + l e ( d e a d , p e r f e c t , e n l e s s ) .

ADEC#I*ES

) % o r p & o l o g i c a l : m a n y a d v e r b s a r e f o r m e d f r o m a d e c t i v e s b y a d d i n g

t h e s u f f i x & l y . # f e w a d v e r b s a l l o w c o m p a r a t i v e a n d s u p e r l a t i v e f o r m s ( s o o n , s o o n e r , s o o n e s t " f a s t , f a s t e r , f a s t e s t ) .

) S 3 n t a c t i c : a d v e r b s o c c u r a s t h e h e a d o f a d v e r b p h r a s e s ! b u t t h e y a r e a l s o u s e d a s m o d i f i e r s o f a n a d e c t i v e o r a n o t h e r a d v e r b . T h e y c a n a c t a s a d v e r b i a l s i n t h e c l a u s e .

) S e m a n t i c : a s m o d i f i e r s ! a d v e r b s m o s t o f t e n e x p r e s s t h e d e g r e e o f a f o l l o w i n g a d e c t i v e o r a d v e r b . # s e l e m e n t s o f c l a u s e s ( a d v e r b i a l s ) ! a d v e r b s a n d a d v e r b p h r a s e s h a v e a w i d e r a n g e o f m e a n i n g s .

AD*ER6S

4



5



DE#ER%I"ERS

,efinite article: the

*ndefinite article: a # an

<uantifiers: every # each, some, all, many, much, $a% few,$a% little, enough, several, either # neither, both, any, no

C L A ! S E

. A # # E R " S

Intransitie: %+7 &ore people came.

%onotransitie %+7+,1 (he carried a long shippy willow twig.

Copular2 %+7+% and %+7+#

be, become, go, seem, get, turn, grow, last, come, appear,

remain, keep, stay, look, feel, sound, smell, taste, prove,turn out, end up, wind up

current or result copular

arrie felt a little less bold (%)

)'ll keep in touch with you (1#)

Ditransitie: %+7+*1+,1 (he gave her (*1) a huge vote of confidence.

Complex transitie2

%+7+,1+1

%+7+,1+#

*ind, consider, get, named, place, treat, put, send, make

+eople called him ohnny (1)

-e put his hand on the child's shoulder (1#)

"O!" 4 "O!" ADEC#I*E 4 "O!"

liing standards 7 standards for living living creatures - creatures who live

dancing classes 7 classes for dancing the dancing children - children who dance

sleeping +ag 7 bag for sleeping a woring mother - a mother who works

6



S.: %ubect predicative + atributo = O.: 1bect predicative + suplemento

*er+s 'it& multiple alenc3 pattern

(imon spoke first.

&oney helped , too.

e might find a body.

&alcom made no sound.

The stewards all spoke *rench.

/s /ustralia0s forward coach, 1vans did great work when he

helped /lan ones.

2ou might find these notes useful.

The sheer intensity of the thing made me nervous.

Intransitie and monotransitie patterns

S#A"D

) just stood there (optional adverbial).

2ou don0t stand a chance (direct obect).

) really couldn0t stand him (direct obect).

ould you stand being alone with me for five or six days3 (complement clause)

C/A"$E

) want to change my clothes.

4you will never change the world.

+eople0s circumstances change.

The work had changed in the post!war

period.

%EE#

(he met several leading actors and musicians.

e could meet in Tucson (optional adverbial).

7



%!L#I-WORD LEXICAL *ER6S

.&rasal er+s (neutral complement)2

They consist of a verb followed by an adverbial particle. 3.g.: find out, pick up, come on, point

out, bring up, hold on, break down, turn on, shut up, go off, stand up, come over, go on, put on,

carry out, take up, set up, make up.

/opular phrasal verbs' turn out, end up, wind up.

.repositional er+s (prepositional complement)2

They consist of a verb followed by a preposition. 3.g.: look at, talk about, talk to, listen to, look like, remind of, dream about, stare at, laugh at, apply to, think about, accused of, based on,

connect with, provide for, ask for, hear about, know about, stand for, be derived from, be used

as, be applied to, be known as, be regarded as, be considered as.

8



.&rasal-prepositional er+s (neutral complement4prepositional complement)2

They contain both an adverbial particle and a preposition. 3.g.: get away with, look forward to,

put up to, put up with, make off with, get out of, end up with, hand over to, come up with.

ree com+ination2

*t consists of a single&word lexical verb followed by an adverb or preposition with a separate

meaning. 3.g.: come down, go back, climb up.

apuntes morfosintaxis inglesa

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