Annotated AnswersAP US History Unit Test 6

The events leading to the Civil War1830 - 1860

Questions 1- 3 Relate to the Map Below

1. Which of the following statements about runaway slaves are best illustrated by the map above?a. Slaves most often escaped bondage headed south to Mexico with aid of the Mexican

government.b. Southern abolitionist sentiments were most common in major urban areas.c. Northern states created laws in the 1830s demanding the return of slavesd. Slaves in the west had less incentive to flee.

In major cities like Memphis, as you can see on the map, people often aided escapes. Choice D is too early

2. Which statement based on the map explains why many slaves moved on to Canada?a. The British government in Canada promised jobs to runaways.b. The Fugitive Slave Law ended "free status" in the northern states.c. Canadian officials offered to return slaves to their native homeland.d. Slaves escaping to Canada were granted gradual emancipation

The Fugitive Slave Law was more seriously enforced than the 1793 version

3. Which of the following books was most illustrative of the true nature of slavery?a. Hinter Helper's Impending Crisis of the Southb. Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabinc. Stephen Crane's Red Badge of Courage

d. George Fitzhugh's Cannibal's AllThis should have been obvious

Questions 4 -6 Relate to the Map Below“It is a fact well known to every intelligent Southerner that we are compelled to go to the North for almost every article of utility and adornment, from shoe pegs and paintings to cotton-mills, steamships and statuary…owing to the absence of a proper system of business amongst us, the North becomes, in one way or another, the proprietor and dispenser of all our floating wealth, and that we are dependent on Northern capitalists…and that, instead of building up…our own States, cities, and towns, we have been spending our substance at the North, and are daily augmenting and strengthening the very power which now has us so completely under its thumb.…It is not so much in its moral and religious aspects that we propose to discuss the question of slavery, as in its social and political character and influences.”

Hinton R. Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South, 1857

4. Which of the following most directly supports the assertion expressed in the excerpt above?a. The defense of slavery by Southerners as a positive goodb. The lagging economic growth of the Southc. Attempts by abolitionists to campaign against slaveryd. The intensified sectionalism of the 1840s and 1850s

5. The excerpt above was most likely a reaction to which of the following historical trends?a. Racist stereotyping in the Southb. Regional economic and demographic changes between the North and Southc. The emergence of sectional political partiesd. The breaking down of trust between sectional regionsIn both questions the fact that the South placed little emphasis on industry make them almost a colony of the North producing little more than cash crops

6. Which of the following was most likely the intended audience of the excerpt above?a. Northern leaders who were proposing economic and political compromiseb. The emerging middle and working classesc. Agriculturalists of the Southeast and Southwestd. African Americans seeking economic refuge in the WestWhile there was a growing middle class, the most powerful people were the planter class that dominated everything

For Questions 7- 9 Use the Passage Below"We are told now …that the Union is threatened with subversion and destruction…If the Union is to be dissolved

for any existing reason, it will be dissolved because slavery is interdicted in the ceded territories, because slavery is threatened to be abolished in the District of Columbia, and because fugitive slaves are not returned…to their masters….I am for staying within the Union and fighting for my rights."

-Henry Clay, Resolutions on the Compromise of 1850-

7. To which politicians is Clay directing the last line of excerpt?a. Southern politicians like John C. Calhoun who were threatening secession.b. Senators like Daniel Webster who rejected any compromisec. Advocates of popular sovereignty like Lewis Cass and Stephen A. Douglasd. The President, Zachary Taylor

The specter of secession was awakened in the debate over the extension or preclusion of slavery

8. Which part of the Compromise of 1850 was most critical to the South.a. Popular sovereignty in Utah and Nevada b. Ending the Slave trade in Washington DCc. The Federal Fugitive Slave Law d. Admitting California as a Free State.

Runaways represented a significant cash and production drain9. Which part of the Compromise of 1850 was most critical to the North?

a. Popular sovereignty in Utah and Nevada b. Ending the Slave trade in Washington DCc. The Federal Fugitive Slave Law d. Admitting California as a Free State.

Clearly California gold represented a key factor but also because a slave California would have led to the Bear Flag Republic resisting statehood

For Questions 10 - 14 Use the Map Below

10. The _________________was to Missouri as the Wilmot Proviso was to the Mexican Cession.a. The Three-fifth Compromise b. The Tallmadge Amendmentc. The Seneca Falls Declaration. d. The Party platform of the Democratic Party

Synthesis question: both attempted to slow the spread of slavery

11. The map above is most closely related toa. The Nature of immigration in America b. The impact of the Mexican Warc. The Missouri Crisis d. The Kansas-Nebraska Act

The date and the fact that the Wilmot Proviso was listed should have led your to the correct answer12 . “54 – 40 or Fight” was a slogan that referred to which of the follow:

a. The battle to re charter the Bank of the U.S. for either 54 years or 40 years.b. The U.S. claims for the boundary of the Oregon Territory.c. The basis for a new proposal for the line dividing slave and free states.d. The border between Texas and Mexico.

13. Which of the following would NOT a have been a future state resulting from the Treaty of Hidalgo-Guadalupe?a. Nevada b. Utah c. Oregon d. New Mexico

If you got the correct answer on 12, then you should also have gotten 1314. What political principle did Henry Clay hope to rely upon in settling the 1850 Compromise?

a. Interposition b. Nullification c. Compact Theory d. Popular sovereignty

This becomes the key moderate Democratic argument until radicals accepted the Dred Scott Decision

Questions 15 – 17 Relate to the Political Map

15. In the Election of 1848 the Whigs chose Zachary Taylor as their candidate because: a. He promised to sign the Wilmot Proviso b. He had once been a member of the Free Soil Party c. He promised to stop the spread of slavery d. He was a war hero who could hopefully slow the spread of slavery into the western territories. This was an omitted question

16. The Results of the 1848 Election most resemble which of the following: a. 1840 b. 1828 c. 1832 d. 1836The last time a Whig won the Presidency

17. Which antebellum political party would most have supported the provisions of the Wilmot Proviso

a. The Liberty Party b. The Democratic Party c. The Whig Party d. The Free-Soil PartyTheir whole position on slavery was bases upon the Wilmot Proviso

For Questions 18- 20 Use the statistical chart below

18. The explosive growth of cotton can best be attributed to a. decline in the demand for woolen goods b. increased global demand for cotton c. the widespread use of fertilizer d. the increase of protective tariffs against Indian cotton growersGlobal demand from Europe and the American North drove cotton profitability

19. Which of the following groups would have collectively owned the most slaves from 1840-1860 a. Large Holders b. Yeomen c. Pine Barrens d. Small holdersThe key word there is "collectively"20. All of the following would be directly attributable to the explosive growth of cotton with the exception of

a. Technological innovations b. The Market Revolutionc. The Second Great Awakening d. Transportation Revolution

Had no impact as the other factors are economic issuesQuestions 21 - 24 Relate to the passage below“President James K. Polk manufactured the war with Mexico. Some North Americans opposed the war—not on the ground that it violated Mexico’s territorial integrity, but because of the probability of the extension of slavery. Many North American military leaders admitted that the war was unjust, and that the United States had committed an act of aggression. However, patriotism and support for the war overwhelmed reason in the march ‘To the Hall of the Montezumas [sic].’ North Americans, buoyant in their prosperity, wanted to prove that the United States was a world-class power.”

-Rodolfo Acuna, Occupied America, A History of Chicanos,1988

21. Which of the following prominent antebellum figures would have most agreed with the author?

a. John C. Frémont b. Henry David Thoreau c. John C. Calhoun d. George FitzhughThe others were either pro-slavery, pro-Manifest Destiny, or both

22. The historical context of the author's passage involveda. The slogan "54 - 40 or Fight" over the Oregon Territory.b. The dispute over the Nueces River - Rio Grande boundary.c. The transport of slaves into Mexican Territory.d. The U.S. support of Californios and their rebellion.

The spark that started the war

23. In the opinion of this author, what was the true cause of the Mexican War?a. Manifest Destinyb. The desire to test new military weapons against a weaker foec. The desire to expand cotton productiond. The demand for cheap land for America's growing population

24. Which of the following would have agreed with the term "Mr. Polk's War?"a. A large cotton planter in North Mississippi b. A New England transcendentalist c. A coastal Virginia tobacco grower

The term is against Polk implying, correctly that he started it

Questions 25 -27 Relate to the Image Below

The caption reads: "That's you Dad! more Free Soil" We'll rat 'em out yet. Long Life to Davy Wilmot!" 25. The reference to "Davy Wilmot" would most likely relate to which of the following positions.

a. Slavery should not be allowed to spread into the territories.b. Slaves are better off in the south than in the immigrant choked cities of the northc. Slaves are property and thus legal everywhere.d. Wilmot secretly supported Polk starting the Mexican War on behalf of the "slavocracy"

26. All of the following parties eventually accepted Wilmot's position EXCEPTa. The Free-Soil Party b. The Whig Partyc. The Democratic Party d. The Republicans

27. Which of the following prominent figures would NOT have agreed with the position of David Wilmot?a. Abraham Lincoln b. William Lloyd Garrisonc. Winfield Scott d. Millard FillmoreHe signed the 1850 Compromise into law as President

Use the two excerpts below to answer question 28 - 31" The statistics of crime demonstrate that the moral superiority of the slave over the free laborer is still greater than his superiority in animal well-being. There never can be among slaves a class so degraded as is found about wharves and suburbs of cities. The master requires ordinary morality and industry…The free laborer rarely has a house of his own; he is insecure of employment; sickness may overtake him at any time and deprive him of the means of support; old age is certain to overtake him; his family is probably increasing in numbers and is helpless and burdensome to him."

George Fitzhugh, lawyer, Sociology for the South, 1854

"You relied upon the Constitution. It has not a word about slavery in it; and very good argument has shown that it would not warrant the crimes that are done under it….For one would have also said that a Christian would not keep slaves; but Christians kept slaves. Of course, they will not dare read the Bible. If slavery is good then it is lying, theft, homicide arson, each and all good, and to be maintained by Union societies? These things show no forms, neither constitutions, nor laws, nor churches are of any use in of themselves. The devil rest comfortably into them all. There is no help but in the head and in the heartstrings of a man."

Ralph Waldo Emerson, Speech on the Fugitive Slave Law, 1854

28. In the first passage the author is most likely referring to which group?a. Germans b. Irish c. Chinese d. Italians

The most oppressed immigrant group29. Which antebellum event could be used to disprove Fitzhugh's implication that slaves are better off than free laborers?

a. The Stono Rebellion b. Denmark Vessey's uprisingc. The death of Elijah Lovejoy d. Nat Turner's Rebellion

Not only was it the largest uprising, it happened in VA where they believed their treatment of slaves was positive

30. How might a pro-slavery advocate have argued the line, " You relied upon the Constitution. It has not a word about slavery in it."

a. The Fifth Amendment Property clause b. The 1807 abolition of the internal slave tradec. The Missouri Compromise d. The concept of nullification

Property is protected and only removed through "due process"

31. Which later event might have justified Emerson's assertion in the line, " These things show no forms, neither constitutions, nor laws, nor churches are of any use in of themselves. The devil rest comfortably into them all. There is no help but in the head and in the heartstrings of a man."

a. The ruling by the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott v. Sanford caseb. The Nat Turner Rebellion in Virginiac. The activities of the New England Emigrant Aid Societyd. The platform of the Republican Party

The idea that the existing government at all levels protected slaveryQuestions 32 –35 Relate to the Image Below

32. What event is pictured in the image above?a. Nat Turner’s Rebellion b. The Stono Rebellionc. Vessey’s Rebellion d. The Haitian Uprising

33. By the 1830s most Southern slave owners blamed which of the following for causing slave insurrections?a. The weakness of the 1793 Fugitive Slave Lawb. The abolitionist media in the Northc. Southern yeomen who despised the slave systemd. Northern Democrats

The now familiar claim of "fake news" creating tensions34. Which of the following best expresses the Southern reaction to the 1831 Nat Turner Rebellion?

a. The intensification of state laws known as Slave Codesb. The temporary weakening of the Underground Railroadc. The arrest of Harriet Tubman and Elijah Lovejoyd. The censorship of all non-Southern publications

Things like passes off the plantation ended in most places and laws against teaching slaves were expanded

35. Synthesis: Which slave uprising first alerted Southerners to the possibility of insurrections?Nat Turner’s Rebellion b. The Stono Rebellionc. Vessey’s Rebellion d. The Haitian Uprising

Key word there is the first.

Questions 36 – 38 Relate to the Passage Below“ Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all that part of the territory of the United States included within the following limits, except such portions thereof as are hereinafter expressly exempted from the operations of this act, to wit: beginning at a point in the Missouri River where the fortieth parallel of north latitude crosses the same; then west on said parallel to the east boundary of the Territory of Utah, the summit of the Rocky Mountains; thence on said summit northwest to the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the territory of

Minnesota; thence southward on said boundary to the Missouri River; thence down the main channel of said river to the place of beginning, be, and the same is hereby, created into a temporary government by the name of the Territory Nebraska; and when admitted as a State or States, the said Territory or any portion of the same, shall be received into the Union with without slavery, as their constitution may prescribe at the time of the admission…”

The Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

36. The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act nullified which previous legislation about the nature of slavery in the territories?

a. The Missouri Compromise b. The Wilmot Provisoc. The Northwest Ordinance d. The Louisiana Purchase

Ended the 36-30 line allowing popular sovereignty

37. What was Stephen A. Douglas’ reason for wanting to organize the Nebraska Territory?a. Construction of a transcontinental railroad.b. The removal of mid-western native tribesc. The construction of a series of fortsd. A refuge for runaway slaves and freedmen.

38. The Lecompton Constitutiona. Created a North and South Kansas territory both becoming free of slaveryb. Was a pro-slavery constitution in Kansas creating great tensionsc. Was the pledge by abolitionists to arm freedmen in Kansasd. Was the constitution of Kansas territory pledge the future state to be free.

Questions 39 – 41 Relate to the Passage Below“The Democratic Party derived its strength originally from its adoption of the principles of equal and exact justice to all men. So, long as it practiced this principle faithfully, it was invulnerable. It became vulnerable when it renounced the principle, and since that time it has maintained itself not by virtue of its own strength, or even of its traditional merits, but because there as yet had appeared in the political field no other party that had the conscience and the courage to take up, and avow, and practice the life-inspiring principle which the Democratic Party surrendered.

At last, the Republican Party had appeared. It avows now, as the Republican Party of 1800 did, in one word, its faith and its works, "Equal and exact justice to all men." The secret of its assured success lies in that very characteristic, which in the mouth of scoffers constitutes its great and lasting imbecility and reproach. It lies in the fact that it is a party of one idea; but that idea is a noble one - an idea that fills and expands all generous souls - the idea of equality - the equality of all men before human tribunals and human laws, as they are equal before the divine tribunal and divine laws.”

Carl Schurz, speech to members of the Republican Party, 1859

39. In the line, “So, long as it practiced this principle faithfully, it was invulnerable. It became vulnerable when it renounced the principle,” the author is most likely referring to

a. The principle of popular sovereignty b. The principle of nullificationc. The Nature of slavery itself d. Immigration and native policies

40. The platform of the Republican Party too what position on the slavery question?a. That slavery was immoral but also a necessary evil for the immediate future.b. That slavery must be immediately abolished from the face of the earth.c. That slavery must be contained to where it already exists hoping for its eventual endd. That slavery was a positive good for the slave and owner alike

The hope of the Founders

41. The Republican found its greatest strength in all of the following regions EXCEPTa. The old Northwest Territories b. The New England areac. The Chesapeake region d. The Mid-Atlantic States

These are all slave states (VA, MD, DE)

Questions 43 – 45 Relate to the Passage Below “The power to expand the territory of the United States by the admission of new states is plainly given. But the power of Congress over the person or property of a citizen [is] regulated and plainly defined by the Constitution itself. And when the Territory becomes a part of the United States, the Federal Government enters upon it with its powers over the citizen strictly defined, and limited by the Constitution. It has no power of any kind beyond it; and it cannot, when it enters a Territory of the United States, put off its character, and assume discretionary or despotic powers which the Constitution has denied to it.. . . [T]he rights of private property have been guarded with . . . care. Thus, the rights of property are united with the rights of person, and placed on the same ground by the fifth amendment to the Constitution, which provides that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, and property, without due process of law. And an act of Congress which deprives a citizen of the United States of his liberty or property, merely because he came himself or brought his property into a particular Territory of the United States, and who had committed no offence against the laws, could hardly be dignified with the name of due process of law.

Upon these considerations, it is the opinion of the court that the act of Congress which prohibited a citizen from holding and owning property of this kind in the territory of the United States north of the line therein mentioned, is not warranted by the Constitution, and is therefore void; and that neither Dred Scott himself, nor any of his family, were made free by being carried into this territory; even if they had been carried there by the owner, with the intention of becoming a permanent resident.”

Chief Justice Roger B Taney, Majority Opinion, Dred Scott v. Sanford 1857

43. Which statement best describes the Chief Justice’s view on the standing of African-Americans?a. Slaves cannot sue in court unless they become freedmen.b. Freedmen must go through the naturalization process to become legal citizens.c. No African-American free or slave has any status to sue in courtd. Only freedmen born in the U.S. may have rights to sue in court

44. Which act of Congress did the ruling affirm to have been unconstitutional from its origins?a. The Northwest Ordinance b. The 1850 Compromisec. The Kansas-Nebraska Act d. The Missouri Compromise

45. Which of the following laid the foundation for the ruling in the Dred Scott case?a. Slaves are property and thus, slavery is legal everywhere.b. It was up to the states to decide the nature of property, not the Federal government.c. Only states and not the Federal government have the right to decide the slavery issue.d. Popular sovereignty is the only legal way for any territory to decide the slavery question

All three point to the fact that the Supreme Court seemed to be justifying the spread of slavery