apush study guide

2013 FREE-RESPONSE STUDY GUIDE

TOPIC RATIONALE

Colonial Society Occurs about every two years

American Revolution: causes, impact and results 1999 DBQ; 2004 FRQ (society)

Articles of Confederation 2003 FRQ; 2005 DBQ (indirect)

Constitution: events leading to; provisions & compromises; Not since 1991 & 1984

ratification debate (2005 DBQ; Form B FRQ)

Federalist Era: 1789-1801 2002 FRQ; 2005 DBQ (indirect)

Jeffersonian Democracy 2002 FRQ

War of 1812: causes, results, impact on society No question ever!

Jacksonian Era: 1828-1848 Occurs every 2 to 3 years

Nationalism, Sectionalism: East, West & South Parts of numerous questions

Secession & Lincoln's/Republicans' policies during the Civil War Indirect question in 1997, 2003

“Market Revolution”: Industrial Rev/Transportation Rev/ Transportation question in 2003

inventions/changes in business

Immigration from the beginning to 1860 2005 FRQ

Westward Expansion Parts of numerous questions

Reconstruction FRQ in 2003 & 2002

******************************************************************************

Gilded Age Question occurs nearly every year

Populism No question since 1995

Progressivism: 1900-1920 2004 FRQ

Monroe Doctrine in late 19th

and early 20th

century No FRQ question since 1985

U.S. relations with Latin America: late 19th

-20th

century No FRQ on 20th

century ever

U.S. foreign policy from 1890 to 1914 TR & Taft not covered since

1980 (DBQ in 1994)

World War I (including impact on society) Last FRQ in 2000

1920s politics (Harding, Coolidge, Hoover) No direct question since 1983

1920s society 2003 FRQ

World War II: How did it affect society during the war? FDR question in 1985;

How did it impact America after 1945? last WWII question in 1979.

Cold War Occurs every two years

1950s Occurs every 2 to 3 years

1960s Occurs every other year

Kennedy and Johnson No Kennedy question ever!

1970s No question since 1983

Nixon/Carter, “Silent Majority,” rights and social issues

POSSIBLE DBQ TOPICS

Collision of Worlds: Europeans, Indians and Africans

Colonial Society in the 17th

and 18th

century (alone or in comparison)

Factors Leading to Rebellion Against England (1763-1776)

The Constitution: Compromises, Ratification, Impact

Washington’s Presidency (The Federalist Era)

War of 1812: Causes, Results, Impact on American society

Re-emergence of the Two Party System (Democrats vs. Whigs)

States Rights & Controversies in the Age of Jackson

Economic Revolution during the Antebellum Age

Mexican War and the Expansion of Slavery

The New South: Politics, the Economy, “Colonial Status”

Native Americans (some section of the Civil War-1970s)

Wealth, Industry, Technology during the Gilded Age

Urban Society (late 1800s-early 1900s)

Intellectual and Cultural Movements (late 1800s-early 1900s)

WWI vs. WWII: Motives, Impact (political, social, economic)

Foreign Policy between the World Wars

1950s Culture, Economics, and Politics

The 1960s: Vietnam, Assassinations, Civil Rights, Hippies

List of Previous DBQ Topics Already Asked (1973-2005)

Years Covered Topic Year Asked

1607-1700 Early English Colonization 1993

1754-1765 French & Indian War: impact on Colonial/Brit relations 2004

1750-1776 Colonial Unity & Identity 1999

1750-1780 Democracy in Wethersfield, CT 1976

1781-1789 Articles of Confederation 1985

1775-1800 Impact of American Revolution on American Society 2005

1789 Alien & Sedition Acts 1977

1801-1817 Jefferson & Madison: Constructionists? 1998

1820-1839 Jacksonian Democrats 1990

1815-1825 Nationalism & Sectionalism in the Era of Good Feelings 2002 (B)

1790-1839 Jackson and Indian Removal 1980

1825-1850 Antebellum Reform Movements 2002

1776-1876 Northern Middle Class Women 1981

1820-1860 Failure of compromise to resolve political disputes 2005(B)

Mr. O’s 2013 IB/AP U.S. History Study Guide

-2- 1850-1861 The Constitution & Crises of the 1850s 1987

1859-1863 John Brown 1982

1860 Lincoln & the Crittenden Compromise 1974

1865-1877 Social & Political Changes of Reconstruction 1996

1840-1899 The Settlement of the West 1992

1865-1900 Federal Government and Laissez-Faire 1979

1875-1900 Labor in the Gilded Age 2000

1800-1900 Agrarian Unrest & the Populists 1983

1877-1915 Booker T. Washington vs. W. E. B. Du Bois 1989

1830-1914 American Expansionism/Imperialism 1994

1899 Ratification of the Treaty of Paris in 1899 1975

1890-1925 Evolution of women in American society 1997

1900-1920 Progressivism 2003 (B)

1900-1919 Prohibition 1978

1917-1921 The Senate Defeat of the Versailles Treaty 1991

1920-1929 Change and Tension in the Roaring Twenties 1986

1920-1941 Change in U.S. Foreign Policy 2004 (B)

1924 Immigration Act of 1924 1973

1928-1945 Hoover & FDR: Liberal or Conservative? 1984

2003 FDR: Success of New Deal and Impact on Fed. Gov’t 2003

1939-1947 The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb 1988

1948-1961 Eisenhower’s Success in the Cold War 2001

1960-1969 The Civil Rights Movement 1995

HISTORICAL PERIODS TO KNOW

Pre-colonial period (before 1492): Indians, Renaissance, Protestant Reformation

Colonial Period: 1607-1776

16th Century: geography, politics, economics, society (including religion)

17th Century: geography, politics, economics, society (including religion)

“Salutary Neglect”: 1713-1763

French and Indian War: 1756-1763

Revolutionary War era: 1763-1783; Revolutionary War (1775-1783)

“Critical Period” -- Articles of Confederation (1783-1789)

Federalist Era (1789-1801)

Presidents Washington and Adams

Jeffersonian Democracy (1800-1824)

Presidents Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe

War of 1812: (1812-1815) Madison

“Era of Good Feelings”: 1816-1824; Monroe

Jacksonian Democracy: 1828-1848

Presidents Jackson, Van Buren, (Tyler?) & Polk

Manifest Destiny (1840s): Presidents Tyler & Polk (Jackson & Indian removal in 1830s)

Mexican War: 1846-1848

American Society: 1790-1860

Industrial Revolution: TRIC -- textiles, railroads, iron, coal

Transportation Revolution: turnpikes, steamboats, canals, railroads

2nd Great Awakening (1820-1860): abolitionism, temperance, women's rights, etc.

Road to Civil War (1848-1860): Wilmot Proviso through election of 1860

Civil War (1861-1865)

Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Gilded Age (1865-1900)

Politics: scandal, money issue (1870s & '90s), tariff (1880s), Panics of 1873 & 1893

Second Industrial Revolution: ROSE -- railroads, oil, steel, electricity; Unionization

Urbanization: “New Immigrants” (1880-1924), Social Gospel, political machines,

nativists

The Great West: Three frontiers -- 1) farming 2) mining 3) cattle

Populism, election of 1896

Imperialism (1889-1914): Hawaii, Spanish-American War, Open Door, "Big Stick",

"dollar diplomacy," "moral diplomacy"

Progressive Era (1901-1920): Presidents T. Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson

World War I: 1914-1918; President Wilson; Treaty of Versailles (1919)

1920s: Presidents Harding, Coolidge & Hoover

Conservative domestic policy; isolationist foreign policy (including 1930s)

“Americanism”

“Roaring 20s” and “Jazz Age” (+ “Lost Generation”)

The Great Depression 1929-1939; Hoover and FDR

New Deal: 1933-1938

World War II: 1939-1945 (U.S. 1941-1945)

Cold War: 1946-1991

Truman’s Presidency (1945-1953)


-3- Cold War

domestic policy; “Fair Deal”

“Red Scare” (second one): 1947-1954?

“Affluent Society”: 1950-1970 (sometimes 1947-1973)

1950s: President Eisenhower (1953-1961)

Foreign and domestic policy; Civil Rights era (1954-1965); consumerism; conformity

1960s: JFK & LBJ

Cold War (including Vietnam)

“New Frontier”

“Great Society” (including Civil Rights)

Women's rights

Vietnam War: 1964-1973

1970s: President Nixon (1969-1974), Ford and Carter

Cold War (end of Vietnam) and dètente

Domestic issues (including Watergate); “New Federalism”; oil crisis; “stagflation”

“Imperial Presidency”: WWII-1974

1980s: Reagan and Bush

Conservative revolution: “Reaganomics”

Cold War and other foreign policy issues

KEY DATES TO KNOW

1492 -- Columbus

1517 -- Protestant Reformation

1588 -- Spanish Armada

1607 -- Jamestown

1619 -- 1st blacks arrive in Virginia from Africa

1620 -- Pilgrims @ Plymouth

1629 -- Puritans @ Massachusetts Bay

1643 -- New England Confederation

1660 -- Restoration of Charles II

1675 -- King Philip's War

1676 -- Bacon's Rebellion

1688 -- "Glorious Revolution"

1692 -- Salem Witch Trials

1733 -- Georgia, last of 13 colonies, founded

1736 -- Zenger Case

1756 -- Washington's Ohio mission; Albany Plan

1763 -- Proclamation of 1763

1765 -- Stamp Act

1775 -- Lexington and Concord

1776 -- Declaration of Independence

1783 -- Treaty of Paris

1787 --Constitutional Convention; NW Ordinance

1790 -- First turnpike (Lancaster)

1791 -- Slater builds first textile factory; 1st BUS

1793 -- Eli Whitney's cotton gin; "Reign of Terror"

1803 -- Louisiana Purchase; Marbury v. Madison

1807 -- Robert Fulton's steamboat

1811 -- National Road begins (completed in 1852)

1812 -- War of 1812

1819 -- Florida Purchase Treaty; Panic of 1819

1820 -- Missouri Compromise

1825 -- Erie Canal completed

1828 -- first railroad line in U.S. (B & O Railroad)

c.1830--2nd Great Awakening peaks; mower reaper

1830 -- Indian Removal Act

1831 -- William Lloyd Garrison's Liberator

1832 -- Nullification Crisis; BUS issue

1837 -- Panic of 1837; Deere invents steel plow

1844 -- telegraph invented by Samuel Morse

1845 -- Texas annexed

1846 -- Oregon; Mexican War; sewing machine

1848 -- Seneca Falls Convention; Wilmot Proviso

1849 -- California gold rush

1850 -- Compromise of 1850

1854 -- Kansas-Nebraska Act

1861 -- Fort Sumter; Bull Run

1865 -- Lincoln assassinated; 13th

Amendment

1869 -- Transcontinental Railroad

1870 -- Standard Oil organized

1873 -- Panic of 1873

1876 -- telephone invented

1877--"Compromise of 1877";Great RR Strike

1879 -- Edison invents light bulb

1885 -- Louis Sullivan builds first skyscraper

1886 -- Haymarket Square bombing; AFL

1887 -- Dawes Act; Interstate Commerce Act

1889 --Hull House founded; Samoan Crisis

1890—Sherman Act; Wounded Knee; no frontier

1892 -- Populists; Homestead Steel Strike

1893 -- Panic of 1893

1896 -- McKinley defeats Bryan; Plessy case

1898 -- Spanish-American War

1901 -- U.S. Steel Corp formed; TR president

1903 -- Wright Bros. Kitty Hawk; first movie

1912 -- Panama Canal completed

1913 -- Ford's Model T; assembly line

1915 -- Birth of a Nation, KKK

1917 -- U.S. enters WWI

1919 -- Versailles; Red Scare; 18th

Amend

1920 – 19th

Amendment; radio, KDKA

1927 -- First "talkie": Jazz Singer

1928 -- Lindbergh's flight across Atlantic

1929 -- stock market crash

1933 -- New Deal; rise of Hitler

1939 -- Germany invades Poland

1941 -- Pearl Harbor

1945 -- A-bomb against Japan

1947 -- TV

1949 -- China falls; Soviet A-bomb

1950 -- Korean War begins; McCarthyism

1952 -- U.S. explodes H-bomb

1954 -- Brown v. Board of Education

1955 -- Rosa Parks

1957 -- Sputnik

1962 -- Cuban Missile Crisis;

Rachel Carson: Silent Spring

1963 -- Betty Friedan: The Feminine Mystique

1964 -- Gulf of Tonkin; “Great Society”

1968 -- Tet, assassinations, Nixon wins

1969 -- moonshot

1973 -- Oil Crisis; Roe v. Wade

1974 -- Watergate

1980 -- "Reagan Revolution"

Key Terms You Must Know

Colonial Period -- 1789

Native American civilizations in North America:

Iroquois, Pueblo, Southeast (Creek, Cherokee), Great

Plains (Sioux)

Most important Amerindian crops: corn (maize), beans,

squash

Royal colonies, proprietary colonies, charter colonies

Chesapeake: Virginia and Maryland

Jamestown, Virginia Company

John Smith, Powhatans

John Rolfe, tobacco

House of Burgesses

Headright System

indentured servitude

Bacon’s Rebellion

Anglican Church

Maryland (Catholic haven); Lord Baltimore

Maryland Act of Toleration, 1739

Plymouth, Pilgrims (separatists)

John Robinson

Mayflower Compact

Puritans (nonseparatists)

Massachusetts Bay Colony

John Winthrop, Model of Christian Charity

Calvinism, predestination, the “elect”

Congregational Church

Perfectionism

Townhall meetings

Massachusetts School of Law

Harvard College

Halfway Covenant

Cotton Mather

Anne Hutchinson

Salem Witch Trials

Rhode Island, Roger Williams (“liberty of conscience”)

Connecticut, Thomas Hooker

Fundamental Orders, 1649

New England Confederation

Restoration colonies

Pennsylvania, William Penn

Quakers, pacifism

New Amsterdam, Dutch East Indian Co. (DEIC)

New York

Leisler’s Rebellion

Black slavery

Middle Passage

Carolina, Black Codes, rice

Stono Rebellion, 1739

James Oglethorp, Georgia, haven for debtors, buffer state against Spain

English, Germans & Scots-Irish

New France

French and Indian War: dispute over Ohio Valley

(Washington’s mission)

Albany Plan for Union, Benjamin Franklin

Treaty of Paris, 1763

Navigation Laws; Mercantilism

Triangular trade

First Great Awakening: Jonathan Edwards, George

Whitefield

Salutary Neglect

Revolutionary War Era to the Constitution

Enlightenment, deism

King George III, George Grenville

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Proclamation of 1763

Sugar Act, 1764

Quartering Act, 1765

Stamp Act, 1765

Stamp Act Congress

virtual representation; actual representation

Townshend Acts, 1767

Boston Massacre, 1770

Tea Act, 1773

Boston Tea Party

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts), 1774

First Continental Congress, The Association

Lexington and Concord, 1775

Second Continental Congress, 1775: Declaration of the

Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms

Bunker Hill, 1775

Common Sense

Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence, natural rights

Patriots vs. Loyalists

Battle of Trenton, 1776

Battle of Saratoga, 1777

Franco-American Alliance

George Washington, Continental Army

Abigail Adams

Battle of Yorktown, 1781

Treaty of Paris, 1783

Articles of Confederation, weaknesses & strengths

Land Ordinance of 1785

Northwest Ordinance, 1787

Shays’ Rebellion

Constitutional Convention, 1787

Great Compromise

3/5 Compromise

commerce compromise

abolition of slave trade, 1808

separation of powers; “checks and balances”

Federalist Papers

Antifederalists

Republican motherhood

end to primogeniture & entail

The Federalist Era

President George Washington

Bill of Rights

Hamilton’s financial plan

loose construction; strict construction

Political parties: Federalists (Hamiltonians);

Democratic-Republicans (Jeffersonians)

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Jay Treaty, 1795

Pinckney Treaty, 1795

Washington’s Farewell Address

President John Adams

XYZ Affair

Quasi-War with France, 1798-1800

Alien and Sedition Acts

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, compact theory

Jeffersonian Democracy

“Revolution of 1800”

12th

Amendment

President Thomas Jefferson

Monticello (architecture)

Repealed excise taxes (keeps most of Hamilton’s financial plan intact)

John Marshall: judicial review

Marbury v. Madison, 1803

McCullough v. Maryland, 1819

Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824

Daniel Webster

Haitian rebellion, Toissant L’Ouverture, 1803

Louisiana Purchase

Lewis and Clark expedition, 1804-05

Reduction of the military

Orders in council, Britain

Milan & Berlin decrees, France

Embargo Act, 1807

impressment, Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811

Causes of War of 1812

War Hawks

Battle of New Orleans, Andrew Jackson

Hartford Convention, 1814

Treaty of Ghent, 1814


-5- Era of Good Feelings

What did Era of Good Feelings represent?

President James Monroe

Henry Clay’s American System: BUS, tariffs, internal

improvements

Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty)

Panic of 1819

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Secretary of State John Quincy Adams

Monroe Doctrine

“Corrupt Bargain, 1824”

Jacksonian Democracy

Tariff of Abominations, 1828

“Revolution of 1828”

President Andrew Jackson

Nullification crisis of 1832

BUS veto, 1832

“pet bank” scheme, Independent Treasury System

“Kitchen Cabinet”

cabinet crisis: Jackson vs. Calhoun

Jefferson Day toast, 1830

spoils system, rotation in office

Indian Removal Act, 1830

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831

Worcester v. Georgia, 1832

Trail of Tears

Anti-Masonic Party, 1832

Whig Party, 1834

Charles River Bridge vs. Warren Bridge Co., 1837

Panic of 1837

American Society: 1790-1860

Hudson River School

Knickerbocker Group: American themes in literature

Washington Irving

James Fenimore Cooper

Walt Whitman

Alexis de Toqueville, Democracy in America

Ralph Waldo Emerson – Self-Reliance

Henry David Thoreau, On Civil Disobedience

Market Revolution

Samuel Slater

Eli Whitney: cotton gin, interchangeable parts

Transportation Revolution

steamboat

Erie Canal

Industrial Revolution, textiles

Lowell system, Lowell girls

Second Great Awakening

Mormons – “Burnt-over District”

Reform movements: abolitionism, temperance,

women’s rights, public education

Dorothea Dix, reform asylums

Cult of Domesticity

Stanton and Mott – Seneca Falls

Susan B. Anthony

German and Irish immigration (part of the “Old Immigration”)

nativism, Know-Nothings

Utopian societies

Manifest Destiny

President James K. Polk, manifest destiny

Texas Revolution, Houston vs. Santa Anna

Republic of Texas

Oregon Trail

“54-40 or Fight!”

annexation of Texas, 1845

Oregon Treaty, 1846

Mexican War, 1846-48

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848

Mexican Cession

Civil War Era

American Colonization Society (Liberia)

Abolitionism

Liberator – William Lloyd Garrison

Nat Turner Revolt, 1832

Anti-Slavery Society

Underground railroad, Harriet Tubman

Frederick Douglass

Wilmot Proviso, 1848

popular sovereignty

Compromise of 1850

Fugitive Slave Law

Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Stephen Douglas

Republican Party

“Bloody Kansas”

Dred Scott case, 1857

Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858

John Brown, Harper’s Ferry, 1859

Election of 1860

President Abraham Lincoln

secession, South Carolina

Confederate States of America

Jefferson Davis

Advantages of North and South during Civil War

Ft. Sumter, 1861

Anaconda Plan

C.S.S. Alabama

Laird Rams

Battle of Antietam, 1862

Confiscation Acts

Emancipation Proclamation

Battle of Gettysburg, 1863

Republican economic program: Pacific Railway Act,

Morrill Tariff, Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant

Act, National Banking Act

civil liberties compromised: suspension of habeas

corpus, martial law, freedom of the press

1866-1914

Reconstruction

Lincoln’s 10% Plan

President Andrew Johnson

13th

Amendment

Freedmen’s Bureau

Black Codes

Presidential reconstruction

Military Reconstruction Act, 1867

14th

Amendment

15th

Amendment

Radical Republicans

Scalawags and Carpetbaggers

KKK

Sharecropping/crop lien system

Compromise of 1877

The Gilded Age

Political Machines

Boss Tweed

Thomas Nast

transcontinental railroad, 1869

Dawes Severalty Act, 1887

Helen Hunt Jackson, Century of Dishonor

Wounded Knee, 1892

long drive, barbed wire

typewriter

skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan

“Jim Crow”

Booker T. Washington: accommodation (“Atlanta Compromise”)

Plessy v. Ferguson (“separate but equal”)

W.E.B. Du Bois

Urbanization


-6- Social Gospel movement

Jane Addams, settlement houses

Settlement Houses – Jane Addams

“New Immigration”: southern & eastern Europe

nativism

Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882

fundamentalism

Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Horatio Alger

laissez faire

Social Darwinism

Andrew Carnegie: Gospel of Wealth

John D. Rockefeller, oil, horizontal integration

J. P. Morgan

Henry George, Progress and Poverty

Wabash case, 1886

Interstate Commerce Act, 1887

Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890

Knights of Labor

American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers

Homestead Steel Strike

Pullman Strike

Populism

William Jennings Bryan

Election of 1896

President William McKinley

Imperialism

James G. Blaine, Pan-Americanism

Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst: yellow journalism

jingoism

Secretary of State John Hay

Open Door Policy

Spanish American War, 1898

explosion of U.S.S. Maine

Naval battle in Manila Bay, Philippines

U.S. acquisitions: Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico,

Guam

Platt Amendment, Cuba

President Theodore Roosevelt

Roosevelt’s Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Panama Canal

TR mediates Russo-Japanese War

“Gentleman’s Agreement,” 1908

“Dollar Diplomacy,” President Taft

Moral Diplomacy, President Wilson

invasion of Mexico, Pancho Villa

Progressivism

Progressivism: goals

La Follette’s “Wisconsin Experiment”

muckrakers

Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives

Upton Sinclair: The Jungle

Anthracite Coal Strike, 1902

trust busting

Meat Inspection Act, 1906

Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906

Hepburn Act, 1906

San Francisco School Board incident, 1907

16th

Amendment

17th

Amendment

18th

Amendment

19th

Amendment

Carrie Chapman Catt

Alice Paul

Roosevelt and conservation

Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy

Election of 1912

split in Republican party between Roosevelt & Taft

President Woodrow Wilson

Underwood Tariff Bill

Clayton Antitrust Act

Federal Reserve System

Federal Trade Commission

Eugene Debs – socialism

NAACP: goals and strategies

1915 to Present

World War I

Lusitania

Zimmerman note

unrestricted submarine warfare

Creel committee

War Industries Board

Conscription policies

Herbert Hoover’s, Food Administration, voluntary compliance

Wilson’s 14 Points

League of Nations

Mass African American migration northward (Great Migration)

Lodge Reservations

isolationism

Espionage Act and Sedition Act

Schenck v. U.S.

“Red Scare,” 1919

Palmer Raids

“Red Summer,” race riots, 1919

1920s and 1930s

Nativism

Birth of a Nation

Ku Klux Klan

National Origins Act, 1924

Sacco & Vanzetti trial

Scopes Trial

Prohibition, rise of organized crime

Frederick W. Taylor, Scientific Management

Henry Ford’s assembly line – mass production

Bruce Barton: The Man Nobody Knows

radio

Flappers

Margaret Sanger, birth control

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Jazz

“Lost Generation”

F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, e.e. cummings

Sinclair Lewis: Babbitt and Mainstreet

Harlem Renaissance authors: Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Zora Neale

Hurston, Countee Cullen

Marcus Garvey, United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

Charles Lindbergh

Washington Disarmament Conference, 1921

Dawes Plan, 1924

Conservative policies of Presidents Harding and Coolidge

Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 1922

Teapot Dome scandal

Herbert Hoover, secretary of commerce

Andrew Mellon, secretary of the treasury

Farm crisis

Stock market crash, 1929

Causes of the depression

“Hoovervilles”

Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 1930

Bonus Army

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

President Franklin Roosevelt

New Deal

“brain trust”

“Hundred Days”

Banking Holiday, Emergency Banking Relief Act

“First” New Deal programs: NRA, AAA (subsidies), TVA, CCC, FERA, PWA, FDIC

“Second” New Deal programs: SSA, WPA, Wagner Act, Fair Labor Standards

Act

Keynesian economics, deficit spending

Indian Reorganization Act, 1934

Frances Perkins, Sec. of Labor


-7- Butler v. U.S.

Schechter v. U.S.

Court packing

“Okies” and “Arkies”

deportations of Mexicans

Critics of FDR: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Francis Townshend

split of AFL in 1935

CIO

Dorothea Lange

World War II

Good Neighbor Policy

Isolationism in 1920s & 1930s

Neutrality Acts, 1935-37

Quarantine Speech, 1937

Neutrality Act, 1939

“Four Freedom’s” Speech

Lend-Lease Act, 1941

Pearl Harbor

U.S.’s first strategy in WWII? Get Hitler first

Important WWII battles: Midway, D-Day, Stalingrad

Japanese internment

Reasons for U.S. dropping atomic bombs

Yalta Conference, 1945

Potsdam Conference, 1945

The Homefront

rationing

Rosie the Riveter

John L. Lewis: CIO

Bracero program

Zoot Suit riots

A. Philip Randolph, March on Washington Movement, FEPC

1945-1960

President Harry Truman

Jackie Robinson

Desegregation of Armed Forces in 1947

Dixiecrats in 1948 (Strom Thurmond)

Fair Deal

George Kennan’s memo

Containment

Truman Doctrine

Marshall Plan

Berlin Airlift

NATO

Soviet A-Bomb

China becomes communist

Korean War

President Dwight D. Eisenhower

Conformity in the 1950s

suburbia

“Baby Boom”

“Cult of Domesticity” returns

G.I. Bill

consumerism

“Affluent Society”

non-conformity: Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, James

Dean, Beatniks

Rock n’ Roll – influence of black music

David Riesman

Richard Nixon, Alger Hiss

HUAC

Truman’s Loyalty Program

McCarthyism

Rosenbergs

John Foster Dulles, “massive retaliation,”

“brinksmanship”

CIA overthrow of Iran, 1953

CIA overthrow of Guatemala, 1954

Interstate Highway Act, 1956

Sputnik

NASA

U-2 incident

domino theory

Eisenhower’s Farewell Speech

AFL-CIO, height of labor movement

US economy since WWII: growth of service economy

Brown v. Board of Education, 1954

Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955

Martin Luther King, Jr., Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Rosa Parks

Little Rock crisis, 1957

Civil Rights Act of 1957


Greensboro sit-in, 1960

1960-Present

1960 election: TV

President John F. Kennedy

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

Berlin Wall

Peace Corps

Alliance for Progress (“Marshall Plan of Latin

America”)

Bay of Pigs invasion

Cuban Missile Crisis

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

Freedom Riders (CORE)

James Meredith, University of Mississippi

March on Birmingham, Alabama

March on Washington, “I have a dream” speech

Assassination of JFK, Warren Commission

President Lyndon B. Johnson

Great Society: War on Poverty, Medicare, public

education spending, PBS, NEH, NEA

Immigration Act of 1965


Voting Rights Act of 1965

Affirmative Action

forced busing

Malcolm X, Nation of Islam

Black Power, Stokely Carmichael

Black Panthers

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique

National Organization for Women (NOW)

gains for women

Roe v. Wade

Cesar Chavez, United Farm Workers

Vietnam War

Ngo Dinh Diem

Ho Chi Minh

Vietcong

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Tet Offensive

Impact of LBJ’s Vietnam decision on 1968 reelection

“New Left,” free speech movement

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Anti-war protests

Counterculture: sex, drugs & rock n’ roll

Andy Warhol, Pop Art

Warren Court: desegregation, rights of the accused,

voting reforms

1968: “Year of Shocks”: Tet Offensive; Assassination

of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert Kennedy;

Riot at Democratic National Convention, Chicago;

Black Panthers

1968 Presidential election

Richard Nixon, Republican, “Southern Strategy”

George Wallace, American

Vietnamization

bombing and invasion of Cambodia

Kent State protest

“Silent Majority”

Conservative backlash against liberalism

Détente; realpolitik

Nixon visits China and Russia


-8- SALT I

New Federalism

Nixon: revenue sharing

Watergate scandal

Energy crisis, OPEC

Stagflation

“Rust Belt” to “Sun Belt”

President Jimmy Carter

Humanitarian diplomacy

Camp David Accords (peace between Egypt and Israel)

Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

deregulation

Election of 1980

President Ronald Reagan

conservatism

“Religious Right”

“Reaganomics”

supply-side economics, tax cuts

Nicaraguan Contras

“Evil Empire” speech, “Star Wars”

Mikhail Gorbachev

INF Treaty, 1987

Iran/Contra Scandal, 1987

Fall of communism in Eastern Europe, 1989

Fall of Soviet Union, 1991

“Graying of America”

Economic transition to service economy in late 20th

century (no longer based

on industrialism)

President George H.W. Bush

Gulf War, “Operation Desert Storm,” 1991

1992 Election: Bush, Clinton, Perot

President Bill Clinton

gays in the military: “don’t ask, don’t tell”

NAFTA, 1994

“Contract with America,” 1994

Clinton impeachment, 1997

Bush v. Gore, 2000

9/11 Terrorist Attacks on New York City & Washington, D.C., 2001

Invasion of Afghanistan, 2002

Invasion of Iraq & removal of Saddam Hussein, 2003

COLONIAL ERA STUDY GUIDE

Colony Year Founder Purpose

Virginia

New Hampshire

(Plymouth)

Massachusetts

Maryland

Connecticut

Rhode Island

***********

(Restoration

North Carolina

New York

New Jersey

South Carolina

Pennsylvania

Delaware

Georgia

1607

1620

1629

1634

1635

1644

****

colon

1664

1681

1733

Virginia Co. (John Smith)

Pilgrims (Bradford, Robinson)

Governor John Winthrop et al.

Lord Baltimore (George Calvert)

Thomas Hooker (Hartford)

Roger Williams

***************************

ies after 1660 – no coloniza-

(Peter Minuit—New Amsterdam)

William Penn

James Oglethorp

Gold, Christianize natives

Religious freedom

Religious freedom

Haven for Catholics

“liberty of conscience”

*******************************

tion during English Civil War)

Wanted separation from autocratic SC

British want Dutch out of N. America

Grow food & supplies for Barbados

“Holy Experiment”

Haven for debtors

“Vegetables Never Matter Much Cuz Rice Never Never Never Satisfies Prairie Dogs, Golly!”

Major themes:

17th

century: Three major regions of colonial America

o New England: MA, CT, RI, NH

1620, Plymouth Colony founded by Pilgrims; Puritans arrive in 1629

Ship building, fishing, shipping, fur, subsistence farming, dairy farming

Rocky soil: poor geography for cash crop agriculture

Dominated by Puritans (Congregational Church)

Close-knit communities; long life-expectancy

o Middle: NY, PA, NJ, DE (New Sweden)

“Bread colonies” – wheat, oats, barley

Most diverse region: English, Germans, Swedes

Religious diversity: Quakers, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Catholics, Jews

Religious toleration in PA; NY is more autocratic

New York is Dutch until 1664

Communities more close-knit than in South; not as much as New England

Some education (more than South; less than New England)

o Southern: MD, VA, NC, SC

Economy based on tobacco in Chesapeake; rice & indigo in Carolinas

Huge number of indentured servants from England

Anglican Church dominates; MD has more religious toleration (Catholic haven)

Significant increase in black slaves after 1676 (Bacon’s Rebellion)

Few women; low life-expectancy due to disease

Society was spread out; little to no education

17th

Century major events and issues

o Democratic trends

House of Burgesses: first parliamentary gov’t in America

Pilgrims: Mayflower Compact

Puritans: townhall meetings, all male church members vote

Rhode Island: Roger Williams – “liberty of conscience”


-9- Fundamental Orders, 1639: 1

st written constitution in America

Maryland Act of Toleration, 1649

“Holy Experiment” in Pennsylvania (after 1681)

Bacon’s Rebellion, 1675 (Virginia)

Leisler’s Rebellion, 1691 (New York)

o Trends toward colonial unity

New England Confederation, 1643: defense against Indians (King Philip’s War)

Cambridge Platform: New England colonies met to create guidelines for Congregational Church

Defeat of the Dominion of New England, 1689: Andros removed

18th

Century major events and issues

o Three colonial regions similar in character to 17th

century

o How are 18th

century colonies different?:

Society is more hierarchical (remember the social triangle!)

By 1775, 20% African (most were slaves); lower % of indentured servants

Puritans no longer dominate New England (esp. after Salem Witch Trials); Congregational Church is open to almost everyone

Scots-Irish inhabit frontier areas—battle Indians

GA is a haven for debtors

Much larger population (2.5 million by 1775)

o Triangular Trade: colonists ignore Navigation Laws; massive smuggling

o Great Awakening (1740s): 1st mass movement in colonies; “Old Lights” vs. “New Lights”

o Democratic trends

“Salutary Neglect”: 1713-1763

Colonial assemblies (representative gov’t); governors paid by assemblies

Zenger case, 1736

Regulator Movement, 1739 (N. Carolina); Paxton Boys, 1764

Enlightenment philosophy: natural rights – life, liberty, property

o Trends toward colonial unity

Ben Franklin’s Albany Plan for Union, 1754 (during French and Indian War)

Stamp Act Congress, 1765

Massachusetts Circular Letter, 1767 (in response to Townshend Acts)

Boston Massacre, 1770

Committees of Correspondence, 1772-73

First Continental Congress, 1774: The Association


Second Continental Congress, 1775

Bunker Hill, 1775

Common Sense, Thomas Paine

Declaration of Independence, 1776

Religion

o Puritans (New England)

Calvinism: predestination; conversion experience; “visible saints”

Covenant theology: “City on a Hill”; perfectibility of society through God’s laws

John Cotton was major religious figure

“Great Migration” in 1630s

Townhall meetings: church members could vote

Close knit communities; families are extension of authoritarian government

Massachusetts School of Law: All towns with 50 families had to build a school to teach kids to read (the Bible)

Harvard College, 1636: train clergy members (also Yale)

Jeremiad: used to scold 2nd

generation Puritans to be committed to their faith

Half-Way Covenant (1662): Those with no religious conversion could attend church and their kids could be baptized.

Salem With Trials, 1692: Hurts prestige of clergy (including Cotton Mather)

Established in New England (all pay taxes to the church, even if they don’t belong)

o Anglican Church (Southern Colonies and parts of Middle Colonies)

Follow seven sacraments of the Church of England (similar to Catholic Church)

Established (all persons pay tax even if they don’t belong)

o Quakers (Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware)

Believe all people have an “inner light” (God)

Pacifists (get along well with Indians)

Do not believe in societal rank

Do not take oaths

o Great Awakening (1740s)

“New Lights” wanted more emotion in religion; emphasized hell-fire and damnation

Jonathan Edwards (began movement); George Whitfield (most important)

Fractured American denominations along old light/new light lines.

First mass movement among several colonies simultaneously

“New Light” institutions: Princeton, Yale

MAJOR THEMES IN AMERICAN SOCIETY

Impact of Contact on Native Americans and Europeans

Summary of relations:

France: sought trade with Indians (fur); Jesuit missionaries sought to convert them

Spain: sought to Christianize Indians; forced labor: encomienda system in towns; hacienda system in rural areas.

England: sought to remove or exterminate Indians; English settlers ultimately successful


-10- 90% of Native Americans died between 1492 and 1600

Europeans introduced horses, guns, alcohol, Christianity

Indians introduced potatoes, corn, cocoa, coffee

Impact of “salutary neglect”

Increased power of colonial assemblies

Success of illegal triangular trade

American’s unwilling to later accept increased control by Britain

American religion free to pursue its own course.

First Great Awakening: (1740s)

First mass social movement in American history

Revitalizes Christianity

Fracturing of denominations between “old light” and “new light” views.

Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield

Rebellions in American History

(Note: the first six rebellions occur when western farmers on the frontier rebel against the more well-

to-do leaders in the east).

Bacon’s Rebellion, 1686 in Virginia

Leisler’s Rebellion, 1791 in New York

Paxton Boys, 1764 in Philadelphia

Regulator Movement, 1771 in North Carolina

Shays’ Rebellion, 1787 in Massachusetts

Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 in Pennsylvania

Slave Rebellions:

Stono Rebellion, 1739

Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion, 1800

Denmark Vesey Conspiracy, 1822

Nat Turner’s Rebellion, 1831

Molly Maguires, 1870s

Race Riots in response African migration to the north during WWI and to the north and west during

and after WWII; 1919 (“Red Summer”)

1960s: “The Long Hot Summers” -- Watts Riots, 1965; Detroit Riots, 1967

AIM, Wounded Knee 1972

French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War) – 1756-1763

Cause: Washington’s Ohio Mission and subsequent dispute over Ohio Valley Region

Important Events:

Albany Plan (Benjamin Franklin)

Battle of Quebec (1760): Montcalm and Wolfe

Results: Treaty of Paris, 1763 -- France kicked out of North America

End of “salutary neglect”: Proclamation of 1763 (response to Pontiac’s Rebellion)

American Revolution

Pretty Proclamation of 1763

Silly Stamp Act, 1765

Tammy Townshend Act, 1767

Baked Boston Massacre, 1770

Tea Tea Act, 1773

Cookies Committees of Correspondence

Inside Intolerable Acts, 1774

Freshly First Continental Congress, 1774

Layered Lexington and Concord, 1775

Spicy Second Continental Congress, 1775

Dung Declaration of Independence, 1776

Major Battles:


Bunker Hill, 1775

Trenton, 1776

Saratoga, 1777

Yorktown, 1781

Results: Treaty of Paris (1783) – U.S. gained all land east of Mississippi River (excluding

Canada and Florida


-11- Change in Society due to the American Revolution:

Many conservative Loyalists no longer in America; paved way for more democratic reforms in state

governments

Rise of anti-slavery societies in all the northern states (including Virginia): Slavery eradicated in

most northern states by 1800; slavery not allowed above Ohio River in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, slave trade to be abolished in 1808.

By 1860, 250,000 free blacks lived in the North, but were disliked by many

Several states forbade entrance of blacks, most blacks denied right to vote, and some states

barred blacks from public schools.

Thousands of slaves in the South were freed after the Revolution and became free blacks

(Washington and Jefferson freed some slaves)

Slavery remained strong in the South, especially after 1793 (cotton gin)

Stronger emphasis on equality: public hatred of Cincinnati Society

However, equality did not triumph until much later due to tenant farming, poor rights for women and children, slavery, and land requirements for voting and office

holding (although reduced) were not eliminated.

Further reduction of land-holding requirements for voting began to occur in 1820s.

End of primogeniture and entail before 1800.

Separation of Church and State: Jefferson’s Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom, 1786

Anglican Church replaced by a disestablished Episcopal church in much of the South.

Congregational churches in New England slower to disestablish (CT in 1818, MA in 1833)

State governments: weak governors, strong legislatures, judicial branch

sovereignty of states, republicanism

Indians no longer enjoyed British protection and became subject to US westward expansion

Women did not enjoy increased rights

feme covert: women could not own property in marriage or sue or be sued in court

Ideal of “Republican Motherhood” took hold: women now seen as morally superior and should raise virtuous citizens for the republic.

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION (1781-1789)

A nnapolis Convention, 1786

R atification debate between Federalists and Antifederalists

T reaty of Paris, 1783

I nterstate Commerce problems (depression in 1780s)

C onstitutional Convention, 1787

L and legislation (Land Ordinance of 1785; NW Ordinance of 1787)

E ngland, France, Spain and Barbary Corsairs challenged U.S. in foreign affairs

S hays’ Rebellion

Domestic Challenges:

Newburgh Conspiracy, 1783

Gov’t run out of Philadelphia, 1783 (relocated to Princeton, New Jersey)

Economic depression in 1780s

o Ineffective regulation of interstate commerce

o Annapolis Convention, 1785

Tensions between states

o Jay-Gardoqui Treaty (1785) (did not pass) Peace treaty would have secured trading rights w/ Spain while accepting Spain’s dominance of Mississippi

River; southerners infuriated.

o

Shays’s Rebellion, 1787

Difficult to pass laws; nearly impossible to pass amendments

Foreign Challenges:

Britain:

o Froze U.S. out of trade with West Indies (Caribbean)

o Did not leave its forts on U.S. soil

o Helped Indians on U.S. frontier attack American settlements

o Impressment of U.S. sailors

Spain

o Closed Mississippi River at New Orleans for much of 1780s

o Conspired to tear southwest away from the U.S.

France

o Froze U.S. out of trade in West Indies

Barbary Pirates (North Africa)

o Captured U.S. ships and held sailors for ransom

Successes:

Land Ordinance, 1785

Northwest Ordinance, 1787

CONSTITUTION

Annapolis Convention, 1786: Purpose—resolve problem of interstate commerce; Significance:

gained approval for a Constitutional Convention the following year

Constitutional Convention, 1787: Philadelphia (included Madison, Washington, Adams & Franklin)


-12- “Great Compromise” (CT Compromise): Established bicameral legislature—Senate (2 per state) &

House of Representatives (based on state populations)

“Three Fifths” Compromise: slaves in the South would count as 3/5 of a person for population when

determining representation in the House of Representatives

North-South Compromise (Commerce Compromise): No taxes on exports; tariffs on imports

Checks and balances (separation of powers): Legislative, Executive and Judiciary branches

Presidential Powers: Commander-in-Chief, veto, appointments

Ratification debate (see page 27)

Federalist Papers: Hamilton, Madison, Jay

AP U.S. History

STRENGTHENING OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

Adapted from American Pageant, 8th edition, p.142

Under Articles of Confederation Under Federal Constitution

A loose confederation of states –“a firm league of friendship.” A firm union of people where the national government was supreme.

1 vote in Congress for each state 2 votes in Senate for each state; representation by population in House (Art.I,

Secs. II., III)

2/3 vote (9 states in Congress for all important measures) Simple majority vote in Congress, subject to presidential veto (Art. I, Sec. VII,

para. 2)

Laws executed by committees of Congress

Laws executed by powerful president (Art. II, Secs. II, III)

No congressional power over commerce. States free to impose levies, and

restrictions on trade with other states and enter economic agreements with

foreign countries.

Congress to regulate both foreign and interstate commerce (Art. I, Sec. VIII,

para. 3)

No congressional power to levy taxes – payment of taxes by states was

voluntary.

Extensive power in Congress to levy taxes (Art. I, Sec. VIII, para. 1)

No federal courts – states free to resolve their own matters, or conflicts with

other states.

Federal courts, capped by Supreme Court (Art. III)

Unanimity of states for amendment

Amendment less difficult (Art. V) – 2/3 Congress and ¾ of the states

No authority to act directly upon individuals and no power to coerce states Ample power to enforce laws by coercion of individuals and to some extent of

states

ANTIFEDERALISTS VS FEDERALISTS

Antifederalist objections to the Constitution Federalist defenses of the Constitution

Antifederalists -- states' rights advocates, backcountry farmers, poor farmers,

the ill-educated and illiterate, debtors, & paper-money advocates.

In general, the poorer classes of society.

Federalists -- Well educated and propertied class. Most lived in settled areas

along the seaboard.

Ratification Positions:

1. Articles of Confederation were a good plan.

2. Opposed strong central government. Opposed a standing army and a 10

square mile federal stronghold (later District of Columbia).

3. Strong national government threatened state power.

4. Strong national government threatened rights of the common people.

Constitution was created by aristocratic elements. Suspected a sinister plot to

suppress liberty of the masses.

5. Constitution favored wealthy men and preserved their power. Opposed the

dropping of annual elections for representatives.

6. Constitution lacked a bill of rights. State governments already had bills of

rights but they might be overriden by the Constitution.

7. Argued against 2/3 ratification plan. Articles of Confederation required

unanimous consent.

8. Opposed omitting any reference to God.

Ratification Positions:

1. Articles of Confederation were weak and ineffective.

2. National government needed to be strong in order to function. Powers in

foreign policy needed to be strengthened while excesses at home needed to

be controlled.

3. Strong national government needed to control uncooperative states.

4. Men of experience and talent should govern the nation. "Mobocracy"

threatened the security of life and property.

5. National government would protect the rights of the people.

6. Constitution and state governments protected individual freedoms without

bill of rights. Since people could take back delegated power to the gov’t, there

was no risk that the national gov’t would overreach.

7. In favor of establishing the Constitution with almost any means possible.

8. More sympathetic to separation of church and state.

FEDERALIST ERA (1789-1901)

B ig Bill of Rights

Jolly Judiciary Act of 1789

H amilton Hamilton’s Financial Plan, 1789-91 (BE FAT)

Found French Revolution


-13- Nervous Neutrality Proclamation, 1793

Jefferson Jay Treaty, 1795

Entering Election of 1796 (2 parties: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans)

X-rated XYZ Affair, 1797

Quarters Quasi War (1798-1800)

Angering Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798

White Washington’s Legacy

Republicans Revolution of 1800

Hamilton’s Financial Plan: BE FAT

Bank of the United States

Excise taxes on whiskey

Funding at Par

Assumption of State Debts

Tariffs

Hamiltonians vs. Jeffersonians

Foreign Policy in the 1890s:

French Revolution: Whom should we support?

o Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton

o Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation, 1793

o Jay Treaty, 1794—averted war with Britain but angered Jeffersonians

Biggest cause for the creation of two party system: Federalists & Dem Republicans

o Washington’s Farewell Address, 1979

Pinckney Treaty, 1795—U.S. gained right from Spain to use New Orleans

Quasi-War with France (1798-1800)

Causes:

XYZ Affair, 1798

French attacks on U.S. merchant vessels, 1898

U.S. refusal to honor Franco-American Alliance of 1778 [Washington’s Neutrality

Proclamation (1793) and Farewell Address (1797)]

Results:

Convention of 1800 ended naval warfare and allowed U.S. to terminate Franco-

American Alliance.

Alien and Sedition Acts rescinded by Jefferson in 1801

JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY (“G” I HATE LAMB)

“G” allatin – secretary of the treasury who reduces the national debt

I mpeachment of Samuel Chase, 1804

H amilton’s plan kept by Jefferson (except excise taxes)

A grarian empire (westward expansion)

T ripolitan War

E mbargo Act, 1807

L ouisiana Purchase, 1803

A rmy reduced in size (Federalists lose major center of power)

M arbury vs. Madison, 1803

B urr Conspiracies (1804 in New York and 1806 in the West)

War of 1812

Events leading up to war:

o Impressment of U.S. sailors by British and incitement of Indians along the western frontier.

o Orders-in-Council, 1807

o Embargo Act, 1807: retaliation for British Orders-in-Council and French Berlin Decree

o Chesapeake-Leopard incident, 1807

o Napoleon’s Continental System

o Non-Intercourse Act, 1809—U.S. would trade with any country except Britain & France.

o Macon’s Bill #2, 1810—U.S. would trade with the country that first stopped attacking U.S. ships; Napoleon accepted though he didn’t intend to honor the

agreement

o War Hawks: Westerners sought to conquer Canada and remove the Indian threat in the West

The War

o Major Battles:

Great Lakes: Oliver Hazard Perry

Washington D.C. burned

Battle of New Orleans, 1815, Andrew Jackson

o Hartford Convention, 1814: Federalists propose new amendments to the Constitution; a few urge secession; the Federalists are now seen as traitors and the

party dies in 1816

o Treaty of Ghent, 1815—Ends War of 1812; officially, status quo remains


-14- Post-War Diplomacy

o Secretary of State John Quincy Adams

o Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817 – disarmament along U.S.-Canadian Border

o Convention of 1818 – established U.S.-Canadian border along 49th

parallel to Rocky Mts.

o Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida Purchase Treaty), 1819

o Monroe Doctrine, 1823

Results of War of 1812:

Status quo with regard to territory; no mention of pre-war U.S. grievances

Increased nationalism in U.S., “Era of Good Feelings”

Rush Bagot Treaty of 1817 results in disarmament along U.S.-Canadian border

Beginning of industrial revolution--Embargo Act forced U.S. to produce own goods

ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS—1816-1824 (Presidency of James Monroe)

Nationalism after War of 1812 (e.g. Battle of New Orleans)

One-party rule by the Democratic-Republicans (Federalists died in 1816)

Americans began looking westward now that the British and Indian threat was over

o Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817 – disarmament along U.S.-Canadian border

o Convention of 1818: Official US-Canada boundary from Great Lakes to Rocky Mts.

o Florida Purchase Treaty, 1819

Clay’s “American System”: BUS, tariffs, internal improvements (BIT)

Monroe Doctrine, 1823

Was the “Era of Good Feelings” an appropriate term?

o Panic of 1819

o Missouri Compromise

o Divisions over the 1816 tariff

o Divisions over internal improvements

Development of Democracy in Antebellum America

Bill of Rights, 1791

Jeffersonian Democracy: government for the people

o Reduces size and influence of the army (a Federalist stronghold)

o Eliminates excise tax on Whiskey (because it is tough on western farmers)

o Seeks an agrarian empire of yeoman farmers

"New Democracy" continues to emerge after Panic of 1819

o New western states have few voting restrictions

o Some Eastern states reduce voting requirements

o Increase in voting among eligible voters: 25% in 1824; 50% in 1828; 78% in 1840!

o Common folks want to end debtors' prisons and increased gov't control of the BUS

o End of the caucus: states increasingly have voters elect electoral college members rather than state legislatures

Jacksonian Democracy: “gov’t by the people” (New KNICKS)

New Democracy

K illing of the BUS

N ullification controversy

I ndian removal

C ommon man

K itchen Cabinet (cabinet crisis; break with Jackson and Calhoun)

S poils system

National nominating conventions in 1832: National Republicans (forerunner of Whigs); Anti-Masonic Party

Two-party system: Democrats vs. Whigs

President Van Buren: Independent Treasury System (“Divorce Bill”)

President Polk’s “Jacksonian” program

o Independent Treasury System (revives Van Buren’s banking system)

o Lower tariff (Walker Tariff, 1846)

Third parties: Anti-Masons, Liberty, Free Soil, Know Nothings

Development of workingmen's parties

o Loco Focos

Women's suffrage movement: Seneca Falls in 1848

However, blacks are disenfranchised in North except in New England

Frederick Jackson Turner thesis: existence of cheap land in West results in a democratic frontier that eventually impacts the entire country

Growth of American Nationalism

Louisiana Purchase, westward expansion


Rise of “War Hawks”

War of 1812: “2nd

War for Independence”

o War heroes: Harrison wins Great Lakes; Jackson’s Battle of New Orleans; Stephen Decatur

o Francis Scott Key’s “Star Spangled Banner”

Election of 1816: last of Federalist candidates defeated

“Era of Good Feelings” 1816-1824


-15- o One-party system – Republicans (formerly Democratic Republicans)

o Few foreign threats after War of 1812

o Monroe Doctrine, 1823

Conflicts with Britain in 1830s & 1840s

o Caroline Incident, 1837, Creole Incident, 1841, “Aroostook” War, 1838

o Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842

Westward expansion including “Manifest Destiny” (see below)

"Young America" -- President Pierce

o Commodore Matthew Perry in Japan, 1853

o Ostend Manifesto: American designs on Cuba

Marshall Supreme Court decisions that strengthen national gov’t: judicial nationalism

o Marbury v. Madison, 1803, judicial review

o McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

o Cohens v. Virginia,

o Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824

o Fletcher v. Peck, 1810

o Dartmouth v. Woodward, 1819

Daniel Webster

Growing economy: Transportation revolution (see below), “Market Revolution” (see below)

Davy Crockett as the first national popular culture hero

Nationalist Culture:

o Noah Webster's American English Dictionary

o McGuffey Readers

o Knickerbocker Group

Washington Irving: Leatherstocking Tales; Biography on George Washington

James Fenimore Cooper: Last of the Mohicans; Legend of Sleepy Hollow

William Cullen Bryant

o Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Paul Revere Poem

o Stephen Foster: music

o Art

John Trumble

Hudson River School

o History

George Bancroft -- “Father of American History”

Francis Parkman

o Transcendentalism: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman

Frederick Jackson Turner’s thesis

Sectionalism: 1820-1860

"Era of Good Feelings" is short lived: tariff, BUS and slavery issue become increasingly divisive

Missouri Compromise of 1820

o Tallmadge Amendment, 1819

Jefferson: "firebell in the night"

Southerners begin voting as a unified bloc to protect slavery

Tariff issue

"Tariff of Abominations" of 1828 infuriates Southerners

John C. Calhoun: South Carolina Exposition advocates nullification

Webster-Hayne Debate in 1830 presents northern unionist views vs. southern nullification views

Jefferson Day Toast, 1830:

Jackson: "The Union it must be preserved"

Calhoun: "The Union, next to our liberty, most dear!"

Nullification Controversy of 1832

South Carolina ordinance of secession

Jackson threatens to use the army

Clay's compromise

Jackson's cabinet crisis leads to Calhoun's resignation

Tariff issue most important

Peggy Eaton affair

Calhoun becomes leading southern sectionalist (had been a unionist before 1832)

Texas issue: Whigs oppose annexation in 1836 -- don't want another slave state

Regional Specialization as a result of Industrial Revolution and Transportation Revolution

East increasingly industrialized; sought higher tariffs

South opposed to higher tariffs and increasingly defensive about slavery

West increasingly tied to East

Anti-Abolitionism

Gag rule: 1836

Southerners pass law in Congress to ban abolitionist literature in Southern mail system

Underground railroad infuriates southerners

Southerners hate northern "personal liberty laws"

Reaction against Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom's Cabin

George Fitzhugh

Mexican Cession (as a result of Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo)

Ralph Waldo Emerson: "Mexico will poison us"


California statehood raises secession threats among Southern "fire eaters"


-16- Free Soil Party runs as third party in election of 1848

Compromise of 1850: PopFACT

Fugitive Slave Law becomes biggest source of sectional tension between 1850 & 1854

Demise of the Whigs, 1852: two party system become sectional

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Overturns sacred 36-30' line of Missouri Compromise of 1820

Birth of Republican Party

"Bleeding Kansas"

Brooks canes Sumner, 1856


John Brown raid on Harper's Ferry, 1859

Election of 1860

Sectionalism and Causes of Civil War

Miss Missouri Compromise, 1820

Nully Nullification Controversy, 1832

Gagged Gag Rule, 1836

When Wilmot Proviso, 1848

Clay’s Compromise of 1850

Kangaroo Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Bit “Bleeding Kansas”

John’s John Brown, 1859

Ear Election of 1860

Conflict Between State and Federal Sovereignty, 1810-1860

o Federal gains in power

o Supremacy Clause in the Constitution: The Constitution is “the Supreme law of the land.”

o John Marshall’s Supreme Court decisions:

Marbury v. Madison, 1803 – Judicial Review (note: Not in time period but significant as a precedent)

Fletcher v. Peck, 1810 – The Court invalidated a state law (Georgia’s Yazoo Land sale)

Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 1816: Supreme Court rejected “compact theory” and state claims that they were equally sovereign with the federal gov’t.

Dartmouth v. Woodward, 1819: Court ruled states could not invalidate charters issued during the colonial period. Helped safeguard businesses from state

control.

McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819: Ruled BUS was constitutional; states could not tax the bank.

Cohens v. Virginia, 1821 – Supreme Court had right to review decisions by state supreme courts.

Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 – Only Congress has the right to regulate interstate commerce

Daniel Webster: argued many cases before the Court favoring federal power and ghost wrote several of Marshall’s decisions.

o Henry Clay’s “American System”: protective tariff of 1816 and 2nd

BUS

o Nullification issue

Calhoun: South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Webster-Hayne debate, 1830

Nullification Crisis of 1832: Jackson threatened South Carolina if it nullified the tariff.

States’ Rights

o 10th

Amendment: All powers not mentioned in the Constitution belong to the states.

o Jeffersonian and Jacksonian views of states’ rights; Calhoun also

o Madison, Monroe and Jackson veto federal funding of internal improvements

o 1830s: Southern states pass ban on abolitionist literature in Southern mails.

o Gag Rule, 1836-1844

o Jackson kills the BUS; Independent Treasury System under Van Buren (“Divorce Bill”) & Polk

o Charles River Bridge case, 1837: States given right to prevent monopolies for internal improvements

o Defeat of Wilmot Proviso, 1848

o Popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession and Kansas and Nebraska.

o Calhoun’s “concurrent majority” idea

o Dred Scott decision, 1857: slave owners could take slaves into the territories.

AGE OF REFORM: Antebellum America

Democratic reform due to Jacksonian Democracy (see above)

o “New Democracy”: lower voting requirements

o National nominating conventions (end to caucus system)

Second Great Awakening reforms inspired by "perfectionism" (Puritan ideal)

o Abolitionism “A

o Temperance Totally

o Women's suffrage Wicked

o Education Elephant

o Mental institutions Made

o Prison reform Pigs

o Debtor's prisons Devour

o War (pacifism, prevention) Worms”


-17- Abolitionism: most important & successful of the reform movements (see slavery section below)

Temperance

America as an "alcoholic republic"

American Temperance Society

Neal Dow: Maine Law, 1851

T.S. Arthur’s Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There (1854)

Results:

Reduction in drinking among women

Less per capita consumption of alcohol

Several states passed prohibition laws but most laws were eventually overturned

Women's Rights

Issues:

Women were legally subject to their husbands

Husbands could beat their wives.

Feme covert: women could not own property or sue or be sued in court

Lack of suffrage

Traditional views of women's role: "Republican Motherhood"; "cult of domesticity": piety, purity and submissiveness; (Catharine Beecher), Godey's Lady's Book

Seneca Falls Convention, 1848

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott

Susan B. Anthony

Lucy Stone

Amelia Bloomer

Sarah Grimke

Overshadowed by slavery issue

Results

Increase in women admitted to colleges

Some states began allowing women to own property after marriage (end to feme covert)

Mississippi was the first state to do so in 1839

Education

Public education

Horace Mann

Tax-supported public education triumphed between 1825 and 1850

Workers increasingly demanded education for their children

Increased suffrage led to demands for improved education

Yet, by 1860, only about 100 secondary public schools; 1 million people illiterate

Noah Webster; William McGuffey

Lyceum movement (not really a reform movement)

Higher education

Creation of many small, denominational, liberal arts colleges, mostly in South and West

Women's schools in secondary education gained some respectability in 1820s.

Emma Willard est. in 1821, the Troy (NY) Female Seminary.

Oberlin College opened its doors to both men and women in 1837; and blacks.

Mary Lyon est. Mt. Holyoke Seminary in South Hadley, Mass.

Dorthea Dix: Fought for improvements in caring of mentally handicapped

15 states created new hospitals and asylums as a result

Prison reform: rehabilitation instead of punishment

Men and women should be separated in prison; prisoners should not be denied religion

American Peace Society: sought to end war; foreshadowed collective security ideas of 20th

century

Crimean War in Europe and Civil War killed the movement

Change in religion

Second Great Awakening a reaction to liberalism: deism, Unitarianism, Transcendentalism

Fundamentalism/ born-again Christianity

Circuit riders--Peter Cartwright; Charles Grandison Finney (most important)

Camp meetings

"Burned-over District" (upstate New York)

Mormons

Adventists (Millerites)

Northern and southern churches split over slavery issue: Baptists, Methodists & Presbyterians

Wilderness Utopias: sought to create perfect societies and escape from corruption of society

Brook Farm

Oneida Colony

New Harmony

Amana

Mormons

“Market Revolution”: 1790-1860

Demographics

Population doubled every 25 years: over 30 million people in U.S. by 1860

Growth due to natural population growth

Massive immigration of Irish and Germans in 1840s & 1850s (Irish provided cheap labor; Germans became successful farmers in the Midwest.)


-18- Chinese immigration in the West provided labor for mining and railroad building.

By 1860, 43 cities had population over 20,000; only 2 cities had that many in 1790

Economic nationalism: America seeks to create a powerful, self-contained economy

Henry Clay's "American System" (BIT)

2nd

Bank of the U.S. (BUS)

Tariffs:

Tariff of 1816, first protective tariff in U.S. history

1828, “Tariff of Abominations”

Tariff of 1832 (nullification issue); Tariff of 1833 (Clay’s compromise)

Internal improvements funded by federal gov't (shot down by Presidents Madison, Monroe and Jackson)

Industrial Revolution (TRIC -- textiles, railroads, iron and coal)

Samuel Slater: "father of the factory system"; early factories used spinning jenny to spin thread

Francis Cabot Lowell: built first self-contained textile factory in Waltham, Massachusetts

"King Cotton" fed New England textile factories as result of cotton gin (1793)

Lowell girls (farmers’ daughters) work textile factories (later replaced by Irish immigrants)

Sewing machine invented by Elias Howe in 1846 and developed further by Isaac Singer

Eli Whitney: interchangeable parts (important by 1850s)

Charles Goodyear: vulcanization of rubber

Significance:

Work moved from home to the factory

Growth of cities

Problems emerged as cities often unable to respond adequately to increased populations

Increased social stratification

Men and women increasingly in "separate spheres"

Women's work often seen as superfluous and devalued

Craft workers (skilled workers) impacted adversely as new factories utilized unskilled labor

1820, 1/2 the nation's industrial workers were under the age of 10.

Increase of labor unions

Workingmen's parties in 1840s: sought a 10-hour work day, higher wages, tolerable working conditions, public education for kids, and end to

debtors' prisons.

Commonwealth v. Hunt, 1842: state of Massachusetts ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies as long as they were peaceful

Transportation Revolution

Desire of the East to tap the resources of the West

Turnpikes and roads

First turnpike built in 1790 (Lancaster)

National Road connected east with west (west Maryland to western Illinois); built between 1811 and 1852

Steamboat developed by Robert Fulton (1807) -- rivers now became two-way arteries

Erie Canal built in 1825: connected west with east economically

Emerging cities along Great Lakes: Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago

Many other canals built in the Great Lakes region

Railroad (most important transportation development)

B&O Railroad, 1828

All-terrain, all-weather transportation

By 1860, U.S. had 30,000 of railroad track laid; 3/4 in industrialized North

Significance:

Creation of national market economy

Regional specialization

Business

Boston Associates: dominated textiles, railroad, insurance and banking industries in Massachusetts

limited liability: personal assets protected even if a corporation goes bankrupt

General incorporation laws: charters from states no longer needed; could be done by following legal guidelines

Charles River Bridge decision, 1837: important step in helping states reduce monopoly

Telegraph invented in 1844 by Samuel Morse: vastly improved communication

Farming

John Deere's steel plow: cut matted soils in the West

Mechanical mower-reaper developed by Cyrus McCormick in 1830s (did work of 5 men)

Transportation revolution allowed farmers to tap market in the East

Significance: Farming changed from subsistence to large-scale, specialized, cash-crop agriculture

Overproduction often led to lower prices

Regional Specialization

East: center of Industrial Revolution; shipping; majority of people still worked on farms

South: "King Cotton"

West: "breadbasket" -- grain, livestock

Panic of 1819, Panic of 1837, Panic of 1857

Westward Expansion

Westward colonial expansion: Anglo-Powhatan War, Pequot War, King Philip’s War, etc.

Washington’s Ohio Mission, 1754

Treaty of Paris, 1783: U.S. gets land west to the Mississippi River


-19- Treaty of Greenville, 1795: Ohio Valley is cleared of Native Americans

Louisiana Purchase, 1803: Jefferson’s desire for an agrarian empire


o Defeat of Shawnee Confederacy (led by Tecumseh and the Prophet)

Ohio Valley cleared of last of hostile Native Americans

o War Hawks in west want more western lands (and Canada)

Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817: disarmament along the Great Lakes

Convention of 1818: U.S.-Canadian border from Great Lakes to Lake of the Woods

Florida Purchase Treaty, 1819 (Adams-Onis Treaty)

o Andrew Jackson in Florida

o First Seminole War

Missouri Compromise, 1820: 3 provisions: Maine, Missouri, 36-30’

Land Act of 1920 (and subsequent land acts) = smaller tracts of land available for cheaper price

Black Hawk War, 1832 – Black Hawks removed in Illinois

Indian Removal Act, 1830

o Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831

o Worcester v. Georgia, 1832

o “Trail of Tears”: Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee, Seminole

o 2nd

Seminole War

“Manifest Destiny” (1840s) [TOM = Texas, Oregon, Mexican Cession]

o Annexation of Texas by President Tyler, 1845

o President Polk’s 4-Point Plan: COIL

California

Oregon

Independent Treasury System

Lower Tariff

o Oregon

Oregon Trail: Jedediah Smith

Willamette Valley

“54-40’ or Fight!”

Oregon Treaty, 1846: 49th

parallel

o California

U.S. desire for a gateway to Asia

Slidell’s mission to Mexico City

o Mexican War: 1846-1848

Border dispute: Nueces River vs. Rio Grande River

Polk angry that Santa Anna won’t sell California

Polk asks Congress for declaration of war

Zachary Taylor invades northern Mexico; wins Battle of Buena Vista

Winfield Scott seizes Vera Cruz, takes Mexico City

California taken by Generals Kearney, Fremont and Commodore Sloat

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848: Mexican Cession, California

o Gadsden Purchase, 1853 (Southerners want transcontinental railroad in the South)

o Alaska Purchase Treaty, 1867, William H. Seward

Expansionism

Attacks on Indians throughout American history

“War Hawk” designs on Canada, 1812

Florida, 1819

Mexican War, 1846-48

Clayton Bulwer Treaty, 1850

Pierce’s “Young America” plan: Ostend Manifesto

Walker Expedition

Spanish-American War

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

SLAVERY ISSUE

Cotton gin leads to "King Cotton" in the South

o 57% of U.S. exports by 1860

o 4 million slaves by 1860

Southern society

o 25% of white southerners owned slaves; 90% of slaveowners owned less than 20 slaves

Huge differences in wealth between planters and poor whites

o Planter aristocrats dominated the South politically and economically

o Mountain whites did not support slavery

o About 250,000 free blacks (250k in North as well)

The Three Souths

o Border South: DE, KY, MD, MO; slaves = 17% of population

o Middle South: VA, NC, TN, AK; slaves = 30% of population

o Lower South: SC, FL, GA, AL, MI, LA, TX; slaves = 47% of population

Missouri Compromise of 1820: "firebell in the night"

o Tallmadge Amendment, 1819: proposal for gradual emancipation of slavery in Missouri


-20- o Provisions: Maine (free state), Missouri (slave state), no slavery north of 36-30’ line

Slavery Revolts

o Denmark Vesey, 1822

o Nat Turner, 1831

Abolitionism

o Gradual emancipation? Jefferson: "We have a wolf by the ears"

o American Colonization Society

o William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator, 1831

o American Anti-Slavery Society

Theodore Weld: American Slavery As it Is

Wendell Phillips -- "Abolitionism's Golden Trumpet"

Angelina and Sarah Grimke

Arthur and Lewis Tappan -- financed abolitionists

o Elijah Lovejoy

o African American abolitionists

David Walker: Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, 1829 – violence to achieve emancipation.

Sojourner Truth

Martin Delaney: back-to-Africa movement

Frederick Douglas: political means rather than radical means

o Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe

o Hinton Helper: The Impending Crisis of the South (economic reasons; not moral reasons)

o Underground Railroad: Harriet Tubman

"Personal liberty laws" in Northern states: refused to help federal officials capture fugitive slaves.

Prigg vs. Pennsylvania, 1842: Court ruled states could not harbor fugitive slaves

o Abolitionists ultimately successful

Confiscation Acts, 1862; Emancipation Proclamation; 13th

Amendment

Pro-slavery apologists: George Fitzhugh

Gag Rule, 1836 (eventually removed in 1844)

Banning of abolitionist literature in Southern mails (begins in 1830s)


Free Soil Party

Compromise of 1850 (PopFACT)

o Fugitive Slave Law; Ableman vs. Booth, 1859

Expansionism under President Pierce spurred by desire for new slave territories

o Ostend Manifesto: Southerners desire Cuba

o Walker Expedition (1855-57): American group briefly took over Nicaragua

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

o Birth of the Republican Party

"Bleeding Kansas"

Brooks-Sumner Affair, 1856


Lincoln-Douglas debates, 1858

John Brown attacks Harper's Ferry, 1859

Election of 1860

Crittenden Amendment

South Carolina ordinance of secession

Sectionalism and Causes of Civil War

Miss Missouri Compromise, 1820

Nully Nullification Controversy, 1832

Gagged Gag Rule, 1836

When Wilmot Proviso, 1848

Clay’s Compromise of 1850

Kangaroo Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Bit “Bleeding Kansas”

Dumb Dred Scott case, 1857

John’s John Brown, 1859

Ear Election of 1860

Major Battles of the Civil War:

Anaconda Plan: Union blockade of South

1st Bull Run (1861)—1

st land battle of Civil War

Shiloh—1st extremely bloody battle of the war; Grant wins

Peninsula Campaign (1862): McClellan fails to take Richmond; Lee becomes

commander

Antietam (1862): Lee fails to successfully invade Maryland; Lincoln issues

Emancipation Proclamation

Gettysburg (1863): Military turning point of the war; Confederates never fully recover

Vicksburg (1863): Union gains control of Mississippi River

Grant’s Wilderness campaign and drive into Richmond: 1864-65

Appomattox Court House: Lee surrenders to Grant

Diplomacy during Civil War


-21- Secretary of State William H. Seward

Trent Affair, 1862 –U.S. arrested two Confederate diplomats on a British ship.

Alabama issue and Laird Rams—U.S. demanded British cooperation in not helping Rebs.

o Charles Francis Adams—U.S. ambassador to Britain who helped keep her neutral.

Ultimatum to French in Mexico, Maximilian—French forces left Mexico in 1867

Purchase of Alaska, 1867 (“Seward’s Folly”)

Impact of the Civil War on American Society:

Social:

o Abolition of slavery BUT

o Blacks disenfranchised and segregated throughout the 19th

century (and beyond)

Economic foundation for late 19th

century

o Pacific Railway Act, 1862 (transcontinental railroad)

o National Banking Act, 1863

o Morrill Tariff (increase)

o Homestead Act, 1862

o Morrill Land Grant Act

Constitutional:

o 13th

, 14th

and 15th

Amendments

o States could not leave the Union

Political:

o Republicans dominated the White House for the next 50 years.

o “Solid South”: Southern “Redeemers” eventually regained control of the South

Republican Agenda during the Civil War

A Abolitionism

P Pacific Railway Act

History Homestead Act

Makes Morrill Tariff

Me Morrill Land Grant Act

Nauseous National Banking Act

African Americans: Civil War to 1900

Reconstruction (1865-1877): 13th

, 14th

, 15th

Amendments

KKK terrorism

disenfranchisement: poll taxes, literacy tests, “grandfather clauses”

“Jim Crow”—segregation in public facilities (especially in 1890s)

lynchings in 1890s

Booker T. Washington (“accommodation”) vs. W. E. B. Du Bois (immediate equality – Niagara Movement)

THE GILDED AGE: 1865-1900


-22-

Railroads Oil

Steel Banking

Reconstruction

Political Machines

Money Issue: 70s & 90s

Tariffs: 1880s

Populism

Progressivism

“New Immigrants”

Job opportunities

Social stratification

Poverty and Crime

Social Gospel

Progressivism

Mechanization of Agriculture

Electricity

Labor

THE GILDED AGE

Contrasts in America 1875-1925

Struggle characterized by democracy and equity vs. hierarchy and order

In times of labor upheaval, “Americaness” determined by class (middle & upper classes)

In times of war, “Americaness” determined by WASP loyalties.

1875

Largely rural

No electricity, telephones, etc.

Immigration largely German, Irish and English

Railroads dominated industry

Beginning of unionism

Little mass entertainment

Few suburbs: most people lived in cities

Nearly all educated professionals WASPs

laissez faire beliefs

large number of black male voters

women did not vote

years of great unrest: 1877, 1886

1925

Largely urban

Electricity

“New Immigration” –E. & S. Europe

Finance capitalists dominated; automobiles

Wall Street dominated world banking

Large-scale unionism and political influence

Mass entertainment

Middle & Upper class lived in suburbs

More diversity among professionals

progressivism (esp. in city and state govt’s)

few black male voters

full suffrage

great unrest: 1919

Impact of the 2nd

Industrial Revolution on Society (ROSE: Railroad, Oil, Steel, Electricity)

Urbanization – “New Immigrants” from southern and eastern Europe

Reaction of 1) political machines 2) Social Gospel and Settlement House movement 3) nativists

Corruption in politics (“Gilded Age”); machine politics; Boss Tweed—Tammany Hall, Grant’s

presidency


-23- Social Darwinism (“survival of the fittest”)

“Gospel of Wealth”: Andrew Carnegie

Social Gospel Movement: American Red Cross, Clara Barton; Settlement House Movement

Rise of union movement: Knights of Labor; American Federation of Labor

Increased popularity of socialism

Farmers rise against the perceived abuses of industrialism: Populist movement

Gilded Age Politics

Compromise of 1876 ends Reconstruction

Corruption:

Grant’s presidency: Whiskey Ring, Fiske & Gould corner gold market, Credit Mobilier,

Secretary of War Belknap pocket’s funds illegally

Machine politics: Boss Tweed – Tammany Hall; “honest graft”

Reformers: Liberal Republican Party (1872), Thomas Nast

Major issues:

1870s: money issue (“Crime of 1783”); Greenback Labor Party, 1878

1880s: Tariff issue – major issue separating two parties (Cleveland tries to lower tariff in 1887

and it costs him the presidency in 1888)

1890s: money issue – silver vs. gold; Populist Party in 1892; William Jennings Bryan in 1896

Depressions: Panic of 1873; Panic of 1893

Industrialization

By 1890s, U.S. is most powerful economy in the world

2nd

Industrialization characterized by: railroads, oil, steel, electricity, and banking (ROSE)

Railroad industry stimulates other industries: steel, coal, oil, finance, etc.

Transcontinental Railroad: Central Pacific and Union Pacific

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Creation of Trusts:

John D. Rockefeller: horizontal integration in petroleum industry

Andrew Carnegie: vertical integration in the steel industry

J. P. Morgan: interlocking directorates

Philip Armour in meat industry

Duke family in tobacco industry

Gospel of Wealth: Carnegie

Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism: “Survival of the Fittest”

Charles Graham Sumner

Rev. Russell Conwell, Acres of Diamonds:

Myth of the self-made man (most people did not rise from rags to riches)

Horatio Alger: children’s stories often preached “rags to riches.”

Government Regulation

Wabash case 1886: states cannot regulate interstate commerce, only Congress can

Interstate Commerce Act (1887): sought to regulate interstate commerce (but lacked teeth)

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890): sought to prevent consolidation of trusts (too vague and weak)

Corporations used this act to crack down on labor unions who “restrained trade”

Culture in Industrial Age:

Literature: realism (e.g. Stephen Crane, Mark Twain)

Horatio Alger: children’s stories; “rags to riches,” individualism and heroism; thrift and honesty

Critics of society prior to 1900:

Henry George, Progress and Poverty: advocated a 100% tax on wealth after a certain level (real estate values, for example)

Henry Demarest Lloyd -- Wealth against Commonwealth (1894): criticized Standard Oil

Thorstein Veblen -- The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899): criticized the nouveau riche

Jacob A. Riis -- How the Other Half Lives (1890): exposed the dirt, disease, vice, and misery of the rat-infested New York slums (heavily influenced TR)

socialists: criticized exploitation of workers by capitalists (e.g. factory owners)

Journalism: yellow journalism (Pulitzer and Hearst); muckraking during Progressive Era

Philosophy: pragmatism (William James); Gospel of Wealth; Social Darwinism; Social Gospel

Victorian middle class values: “new morality”, Comstock Laws (1873)

Unionization

Civil War creates a shortage of workers, increased demand for labor, and a stimulus to increased

unionization

National Labor Union, 1866: 1st major labor union in U.S. history (killed by Panic of 1873)

Great Railroad Strike, 1877: President Hayes sends troops to crush the strike

Knights of Labor, Terence Powderly: “One Big Union”; Haymarket Square Bombing (1886)

American Federation of Labor (AFL), Samuel Gompers: skilled workers; pro-capitalism

Homestead Steel Strike, 1890: Pennsylvania sends troops to crush the strike

Pullman Strike, 1894: President Cleveland sends troops to crush the strike

Lochner v. New York, 1905: Court overturned law limiting bakers in New York to 60-hours per week.

Muller v. Oregon, 1908: Court upheld law limiting women to 60 hours per week. Brandeis used

social studies evidence (“Brandeis Brief”) to show adverse impact of long work hours for women

Danbury Hatters case: Court ruled hat union violated Sherman Anti-Trust Act by restraining trade

Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 1913: recognized union right to bargain collectively

Increased popularity of socialism among unskilled workers

1912: high point of socialist movement (6% of total vote)

International Workers of the World, “Wobblies”: radical socialist workers who hurt union cause

1919: Seattle General Strike; Boston Police Strike; John L. Lewis’s United Mine Workers (UMW)


-24- – resulted in anti-union sentiment and Palmer Raids,

By early 1920s, the union movement was significantly weakened

Urbanization

Between 1875 and 1920 America changed from a rural nation to an urban one

Urbanization stimulated by large number of industrial jobs (and white collar jobs) available

New occupations for women: clerks, typists, telephone operators

Department stores forced many smaller stores out of business

“New Immigration” contributed dramatically to urbanization

Urban revivalism: Dwight Moody (seeks to restore Protestantism in the face of growing Catholicism

and Modernism (belief in reconciling Bible and Darwin)

Social Gospel Movement: led by Walter Raschenbusch and Washington Gladden

American Red Cross, Clara Barton (Salvation Army)

Settlement House Movement: Jane Addams and Lillian Wald (& Florence Kelley)

skyscrapers: John L. Sullivan; Brooklyn Bridge, John Roebling

Impact of the “New Immigration”

Political machines worked to support and quickly naturalize immigrants to gain loyalty.

Social Gospel: Walter Rauschenbusch, Washington Gladden, Dwight L. Moody, Billy Sunday

Salvation Army, Red Cross (Clara Barton)

Settlement House Movement: Jane Addams; Lillian Wald

Nativists sought to restrict New Immigration:

American Protective Association: anti-Catholic

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

20th

century: KKK; Immigration Act of 1921, National Origins Act of 1924

Supplied workers to work in factories during the 2nd

Industrial Revolution

Mexican immigration after Mexican Revolution in 1910

The Great West

Impact of the transcontinental railroad on American society: Indian Wars,

Indian wars against Plains Indians, Nez Perce and Apache; reservations

1890, Superintendent of the Census declares there is no longer a discernable frontier line

Three western frontiers:

Farming: Homestead Act, land sales from railroads

Mining: Nevada, Colorado

Cattle Ranching: “long drive,” cowboys, barbed wire

The farm as a factory: new machinery, tenant farming (sharecropping)

Plight of the farmer leads to increased political activity: Farmers’ Alliances and Populist Party

Farmers gouged by discriminatory railroad practices: long haul, short haul; pools

Sought inflationary measures to lower value of their loans and increase prices for their goods

Populism:

The “Grange”:

Primary objective was to stimulate minds of farmers by social, educational, and fraternal activities such as picnics, music, and lectures

Later developed cooperatives for agricultural producers and consumers

Munn vs. Illinois (1877): Supreme Court ruled a “granger law” that private property becomes subject to regulation by gov’t when the property is devoted to the public

interest.

Wabash case (1886) effectively overturned Munn decision

Greenback Labor Party (1878): Combined inflationary appeal of the earlier Greenbackers with a

program for improving conditions for laborers

Farmer’s Alliances: In north and south began organizing in 1880s, increasingly voicing discontent (Three “Alliances”: Northwestern, Southern, & Colored)

Like Grangers, sponsored social events, active politically, organized cooperatives, sought heavy regulation of railroads and manufacturers.

Demanded subtreasury plan; when that failed it led to formation of Populist Party

Populist Party (People’s Party)

Important leaders: James B. Weaver, Mary K. Lease, Ignatius Donnelly, “Sockless” Jerry Simpson

Omaha Platform, 1892: “Fried Green Gummy-bears Invade Really Really Silly People”

Free Silver at 16:1: Does not succeed

Graduated income tax: Becomes realized in the Underwood Tariff Bill of 1913

Gov’t ownership of railroads: eventually gov’t regulates railroads (Hepburn Act of 1906)

Initiative, Referendum & Recall: become part of La Follette’s “Wisconsin Experiment”

Subtreasury system realized during Wilson’s presidency, 1916

Postal savings banks: becomes realized in 1915

Extension of credit to farmers: realized in future gov’t programs to loan $ to farmers.

Election of 1892: Populists gain a million votes for candidate James B. Weaver

Segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans in the 1890s due to fears by white

southern Democrats of African American participation in Populist politics.

Election of 1896: Populists absorbed into Democratic party led by William Jennings Bryan

Democrats want unlimited coinage of silver; Republicans seek gold standard (some silver)

Defeat of Democrats spells end of Populist movement and farmer withdrawal from political

process

Progressive Movement:

S illy Socialism (anti)

P urple Political machines (anti)


-25- T urkeys Trusts (anti)

Can’t Child Labor (anti)

C hase Conservation

V ery Voting reform

W hite Working/living conditions

C hickens Consumer protection

W hile Women’s suffrage

F ighting Federal Reserve System

P ink Prohibition of Alcohol

I guanas Income Tax (progressive/graduated)

Similarities and differences compared to Populists

Populists are rural (often poor); Progressives are middle to upper-middle class

Populists desire gov’t ownership of railroads and banks; Progressives see this as “socialist”

Populists desire inflationary money policies; Progressives see this as irresponsible

Many Populist programs do carry forward and ultimately embraced by Progressives: railroad legislation (1903 % 1906), income-tax (1912), expanded currency and credit

structure (1913 &

1916), direct election of Senators (1913), initiative, referendum and recall, postal savings banks

(1916), subtreasury plan (1916)

Progressives are predominantly middle class to lower-upper-class WASPs

Progressives sought to restore America to earlier period of less monopoly, increase efficiency of gov’t, and stem the tide of socialism

Progressive social activists sought eliminate child labor, improve working conditions for women and men, gain female suffrage

Jane Addams and Lillian Wald: Settlement House Movement

Florence Kelley: campaigned against child labor, female exploitation, and consumer protection

Progressive analysts in universities believed society can be improved scientifically: Lester Ward, Richard Ely, Charles Beard, John Dewey

Socialists were reformers but not progressives

Eugene Debs led Socialist party; gained 6% of popular vote in 1912

Some labor unions representing unskilled workers looked for socialist solutions: gov’t control of railroads and banks

Radical socialists like IWW (“Wobblies”) used violence and sabotage; eventually targeted by gov’t during WWI under Espionage Act; many arrested, some deported;

Compromised integrity of more moderate socialist movement

Palmer Raids in 1919-20 cracked down on communists, socialists and anarchists

Muckrakers after 1900

Magazines: McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, Collier’s, Everybody’s

Lincoln Steffens -- Shame of the Cities (1902): detailed corrupt alliance between big business and municipal gov’t

Ida M. Tarbell -- published devastating expose on Standard Oil Co.

Detailed Rockefeller’s ruthless tactics to crush competition (including her own father)

Standard Oil trust was broken up as result in 1911

Upton Sinclair -- The Jungle (1906): graphic depictions of the unsanitary conditions in the packing plant sparked a reaction to the meat industry and led to eventual

regulation under TR.

David G. Phillips -- “The Treason of the State”,: Charged that 75 of 90 senators did not represent the people but rather the trusts and the railroads. Caused TR to label

him and others “muckrakers”

John Spargo -- The Bitter Cry of the Children (1906): Exposed the abuses of child labor

Ray Stannard Baker -- Following the Color Line (1908): Attacked the subjugation of America’s 9 million blacks, & their illiteracy

Frank Norris -- The Octopus (1901) and The Pit (1903): Saga of the stranglehold of the railroad and corrupt politicians on California wheat ranchers.

Theodore Dreisler: The Financier (1912) and The Titan (1914): Pessimistic novels focused on the economic hardships faced by the poorest and most exploited

Americans.

****Progressive Movement: predominantly middle to lower-upper-class WASPs

Progressive analysts believe society can be improved scientifically: Lester Ward, Richard Ely,

Charles Beard. John Dewey

anti-Political machines:

Galveston, TX—commission system & city manager system; Australian ballot; LaFollette’s “Wisconsin Experiment”: initiative, referendum, recall direct

election of

senators (17th

Amendment); direct primary

anti-Trusts: Anthracite Coal Strike, 1902; Bureau of Labor and Commerce, Northern

Securities case, 1902; Standard Oil case, Hepburn Act (1906); Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914); Underwood Tariff Bill (1913), Federal Trade

Commission (1914)

Living conditions: Settlement Houses (Jane Addams, Lillian Wald);

Women’s suffrage: 19th

Amendment; Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul; Jeannette Rankin

Prohibition of Alcohol: Women’s Christian Temperance Union, Francis Willard; Anti-Saloon

League; WWI; 18th

Amendment; Volstead Act (1920)

Labor reform: Muller v. Oregon, 1908; child labor laws in states were Progressive’s greatest

triumph; Workingmen’s Compensation Act (1916); Adamson Act (1916)

Consumer protection: Meat Inspection Act, 1906; Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906

Conservation: Newlands Reclamation Act, 1902; national parks; Bureau of Mines

Economic Reform: Federal Reserve Act (1913); Federal Highway Act (1916)

Education: John Dewey, “Learning by doing”

Health: Rockefeller Foundation eradicates ringworm

Robert La Follette’s “Wisconsin Experiment” -- “DIG CID”

Direct election of Senators; Initiative, referendum, recall; Gov’t regulation of public utilities;

Civil service reform; Income tax; Direct primary

Theodore Roosevelt: 3 “Cs” –

Control of Corporations: Anthracite Coal Strike (1902), Northern Securities Co. (1902)

Dept. of Commerce and Labor; Bureau of Corporations


-26- Consumer Protection: Meat Inspection Act, 1906; Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906

Conservation: : Newlands Reclamation Act, 1902; national parks

Woodrow Wilson: 3 “Ts” – anti Tariffs, Tbank monopoly, and Trusts

“CUFF”: Clayton Antitrust Act, Underwood Tariff, Federal Reserve Act,

Federal Trade Commission

AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER (INCLUDES IMPERIALISM)

Secretary of State James G. Blaine

“Pan-Americanism”—Opened door for future improved relations with Latin America.

Samoan Crisis, 1889—U.S. and Germany quarreled over territory; U.S. gained Pago Pago.

Venezuela Boundary Dispute, 1895-96—U.S. demanded Britain accept new border or face war.

-- Boost to Monroe Doctrine

Hawaii, Queen Lilioukalani—Overthrown by white planters; Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii.

Spanish American War, 1898 (“Splendid Little War”): US gets Hawaii, Philippines, Puerto Rico,

Guam

“Yellow Journalism”: Hearst & Pulitzer

Sinking of the Maine

Platt Amendment—Guaranteed Cuba would be dominated by U.S.

Philippine insurrection after the war, Emilio Aguinaldo

Anti-Imperialist League: opposed conquest of the Philippines

Open Door Policy (1899): Sought to give U.S. and other western countries access to China.

Secretary of State John Hay (McKinley)

Boxer Rebellion, 1900: U.S. helped defeat Chinese anti-foreigner “Boxers.”

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (“Big Stick Policy”)

Venezuela Crisis, 1902—TR issued Corollary & U.S. became “Policeman” of Western Hemisphere; aimed to keep Europeans out of Latin America.

Caribbean: U.S. troops sent to Dominican Republic (1905) and Cuba (1906)

Panama

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 1901—Britain agreed to let U.S. fortify isthmian canal; reversed Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, 1903—U.S. gained right from Panama to build canal.

“Gunboat Diplomacy”—U.S. tore Panama away from Colombia to build canal; U.S. then dominated Panama.

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) ends Russo-Japanese War; TR gets Nobel Prize

“Dollar Diplomacy”—Support U.S. foreign policy w/ U.S. $; U.S. gov’t supports U.S. investors

through foreign policy.

Under Taft, U.S. troops sent to Cuba, Honduras, Dominican Republic and Nicaragua (1912)

Wilson: “Moral Diplomacy”

U.S. troops sent to Haiti in 1915—Despite Wilson’s anti-imperialism rhetoric

Jones Act of 1916—Philippines became a territory

Jones Act of 1917—Puerto Ricans became citizens

U.S. intervention in Mexico: Vera Cruz, Huerta, Pancho Villa

Japan

“Gentleman’s Agreement”—S.F. School Board agrees to teach Japanese children; Japan agrees to

reduce Japanese immigration to U.S.

“Great White Fleet”, 1907

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)—U.S. & Japan agreed to uphold Open Door in China

Lansing Ishii Agreement (1917)—U.S. & Japan again reiterated Open Door; aimed at keeping

Germans from dominating region during WWI.

WWI

American neutrality at the beginning of the war

Causes of American entry into the war:

German attacks on neutral or civilian shipping:

Lusitania (1915), Sussex ultimatum (1916)

Zimmerman Note

Unrestricted submarine warfare (1917): most important reason for U.S. entry into war

Wilsonian idealism to sell the war

Aims: “make the world safe for democracy”; “a war to end all wars”

Creel Committee: propaganda organization to sell the war to Americans

14 Points: plan to end WWI – very idealistic and progressive

Mobilization

War Industries Board (led by Bernard Baruch): coordinate use of natural resources with military

Conscription:

Bond drives

Hoover and voluntary compliance:

Dissent

Many strikes due to high inflation during the war

Espionage Act (1918) and Sedition Act used to crack down on opposition to war

IWW “Wobblies” were major target of gov’t

Schenck v. U.S.: upheld Espionage Act

WWI represented largest attack on civil liberties in U.S. history

Versailles Treaty (1919) failed to include most of Wilson’s 14 Points; Senate doesn’t ratify League of Nations (Wilson’s biggest failure)

WWI’s Impact on American Society

Women earn right to vote (played a major role in the war effort)

Prohibition (sacrifice during war made drinking alcohol unpatriotic)


-27- “Great Migration”: millions of African Americans migrate to north out of the south.

Inflation during war triggers huge strikes after war: Seattle, Boston Police, steel industry

“Red Scare” as a result of Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 and radicalism in U.S. (fear of communism, anarchy, radical labor unions, etc.) – Palmer Raids

“Red Summer”: race riots occur when returning white veterans compete with blacks for jobs.

Increased nativism (results in immigration acts of 1921 and 1924); much anti-German sentiment during the war

Farmers experience prosperity during war; when Europe recovers, farmers suffer depression

U.S. emerges as world’s #1 creditor nation; growth leads way to economy of “Roaring 20s”

Democrats and Wilson suffer major defeat in 1920 (Harding talks of “normalcy”)

o Americans are tired of Progressivism and are sick of sacrifice.

o 1920s emerge as most conservative political era of the 20th

century

1920s

“Americanism”: White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) values

o “Red Scare”: 1919-1920 – Palmer Raids against Russians and suspected communists

Strong anti-union sentiment

o Anti-immigration/anti-foreignism

Immigration Act of 1921: Reduces E. European immigration

National Origins Act of 1924: Significantly reduces E. European immigration; bans Asians

Sacco and Vanzetti

KKK

o Anti-modernism

Creationism vs. evolution (Scopes Trial)

Popular evangelism: Billy Sunday, Aimee Semple McPherson

o Prohibition (anti-wet)

“Roaring 20s” Economic Boom

o Business seen almost like a religion (Bruce Barton: The Man Nobody Knows)

o Henry Ford: assembly line (adopts ideas of Fredrick W. Taylor)

o Buying on credit

o Chain stores

o New industries: movies, radio, automobile, airplane, synthetics, electric appliances, sports

o White collar jobs: sales, advertising, management

o “Welfare Capitalism”: If businesses take better care of their workers, unions will no longer be necessary

Sexual revolution

o Sigmund Freud

o Margaret Sanger: birth control

o Flappers

o Women in speakeasies

o Increase of women in workplace

o Liberalized divorce laws for women

Culture

o The “Jazz Age”: Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington

o Harlem Renaissance: Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Marcus Garvey

o “Lost Generation”: criticized materialism of 1920s – F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, H. L., Mencken, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Gertrude Stein

o Icons: Charles Lindbergh, Babe Ruth

Conservative politics under Harding, Coolidge and Hoover: 1920-1932

o Harding’s conservative agenda (continued by Coolidge)

Belief that purpose of gov’t is to make business more profitable

Conservative “Old Guard” idea of laissez faire

Tax cuts for wealthy, “trickle down” theory (Andrew Mellon)

Anti-trust laws not enforced

Prominent businessmen occupy top cabinet positions

Federal gov’t not responsible for helping ordinary citizens (state and local gov’t responsibility)

Rejected programs to help farmers

Rejected public control of electricity (Muscle Shoals)

Exception: Hoover was a progressive; head of Dept. of Commerce

o Harding scandals: Teapot Dome, etc.

The Great Depression

Long-term causes

o Weak industries: farming, railroads, cotton

o Overproduction/underconsumption

o Unstable banking system

o Uneven distribution of income

o Weak international economy: high tariffs, debt problems from WWI

Short-term cause: Stock Market Crash of 1929 (?)

Results

o 25% unemployment (33% including farmers); as high as 50% in Chicago

Blacks, blue collar workers most affected

“Hoovervilles”, hoboes, families broke up; marriages were delayed

o 25% of banks failed

o Thousands of businesses failed

o 25% of farms went under

“Dust Bowl” esp. in Oklahoma and Arkansas

o Hoover’s response

Agriculture Marketing Act


-28- Volunteerism and charity


Moratorium on international debts

o New Deal: “3 R’s” – Relief, Recovery and Reform

Franklin Roosevelt and the “brain trust” (incl. Eleanor Roosevelt)

New Democratic coalition: working class, blacks, intellectuals

End to prohibition

First New Deal (1933-35): more aimed at relief and recovery

Second New Deal (1935-38): aimed at reform

Relief: FERA, CCC, PWA, WPA, NYA

Recovery: NRA, AAA, Emergency Banking Relief Act; end of Gold Standard

Reform: TVA, Social Security, Wagner Act, FHA, FDIC, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Rural Electrification Act, Fair Labor Standards Act,

welfare: Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)

Challenges to New Deal

American Liberty League (conservatives)

Father Charles Coughlin

Huey Long (socialist ideas; “Share Our Wealth”)

Dr. Francis Townsend (old age pension plan)

Schechter vs. U.S. (kills NRA)

Butler vs. U.S. (kills AAA)

Roosevelt “court packing” scheme

Recession of 1937-38: results in permanent Keynesian deficit spending

End of New Deal: larger numbers of Republicans in Congress + conservative southern Democrats oppose any more New Deal Programs

New Deal evaluated

WWII ended the depression: 16% unemployment was the best New Deal did

New Deal reforms significantly increased the role of the federal gov’t in the economy and in society

New Deal Reforms: Gov’t now permanently more involved in the economy; preserved capitalism

FDIC

Securities and Exchange Commission

Tennessee Valley Authority

Social Security Act

Wagner Act: collective bargaining

Fair Labor Standards Act: minimum wages, maximum hours

FHA

1920s Diplomacy

Washington Disarmament Conference, 1922

Five Power Treaty: 5-5-3

Four Power Treaty: U.S, Britain, and France would not reinforce Pacific bases

Nine Power Treaty: Respect Open Door in China

Dawes Act, 1924—U.S. loans to Germany are used to repay reparations to Britain & France

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928—“War is illegal”

Clark Memorandum, 1928—renounces intervention of U.S. in foreign countries; lays foundation

for Good Neighbor Policy of the 1930s.

Hoover-Stimson Doctrine, 1932—U.S. would not recognize any territory seized by force; response

to Japan’s invasion of Manchuria in 1931.

Road to WORLD WAR II: From isolationism to internationalism (1920-1945)

Isolationism after World War I

o Americans seek “normalcy” under Harding

o Refuse to sign Versailles Treaty and join the League of Nations

o U.S. signs “paper agreements” that look good in theory but do little to ensure peace

Washington Disarmament Conference, 1921-22: Five Power Treaty

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928

o Economic isolationism

Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922

Great Depression: Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930

Refuse to forgive European debts (although Dawes Plan does help until 1929)

FDR kills London Economic Conference, 1933

Political isolationism in 1930s

o Hoover-Stimson Doctrine: Does not recognize Japanese conquest of Manchuria

o Nye Committee, 1934

o Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 (FDR unable to aggressively oppose dictators)

Meanwhile: Italy invades Ethiopia, Spanish Civil War, Germany remilitarizes

o Americans react negatively to FDRs “Quarantine Speech” of 1937

o Americans want U.S. out of China after Panay incident

o U.S. remains neutral after Germany invades Poland in Sept. 1939

o America First Committee (incl. Charles Lindbergh) urges U.S. neutrality

Good Neighbor Policy (with Latin America) Withdrawal from Nicaragua and Haiti


-29- o Montevideo Conference: no nation has right to interfere in internal affairs of others

o Buenos Aires Conference: conflicts between nations would be settled by international arbitration

o Declaration of Lima: Monroe Doctrine is now multilateral

End of Neutrality

o 1939 Neutrality Act: Democracies can buy weapons from U.S. on “cash and carry” basis

o Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

o 1940 (Sept.), Destroyer-Bases Deal

o “Arsenal of Democracy Speech,” Dec. 1940: U.S. should be “great warehouse” of democracy

o Four Freedoms Speech: FDR convinces Congress to support Lend Lease, Jan. 1941

o Lend Lease results in an “unofficial” economic declaration of war against Axis Powers, April 1941

o Atlantic Charter (in response to German invasion of USSR), Aug. 1941

o Official neutrality ends when Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Major Battles:

o Midway, 1942

o “Operation Torch” in North Africa, 1943

o Stalingrad, 1942-43:

o D-Day (invasion of Normandy), 1944

o Battle of the Bulge, 1944

o Iwo Jima, Okinawa, 1945

o A-bomb: Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Aug. 1945

Wartime Diplomacy

o Tehran Conference, 1943—U.S. pledges to open a second front; Stalin pledges to enter war against Japan 3 months after war in Europe is over.

o Yalta Conference, 1945—Stalin pledges free elections in E. Europe; FDR gives major concessions to Stalin in East Asia, agreement for a united nations org.,

division of Germany

o Potsdam, Conference, 1945—Japan is given warning to surrender; Truman decides to use A-bomb; U.S. and USSR disagree on most issues.

Impact of World War II on US society

During WWII

Ends the Great Depression (New Deal still had 16% unemployment, even in best of times)

Massive mobilization: Selective Service System, OWM, OPA

Women join Armed Forces (WACs, WAVES, WAFs) and industry (“Rosie the Riveter”)

African Americans: A. Philip Randolph, March on Washington Movement, FEPC

Mexican immigration through Bracero Program

Japanese Internment

Race riots against blacks in northern cities; Zoot Suit Riots in L.A.

Union issues: War Labor Board; John L. Lewis; Smith-Connolly Act

Movement from the Northeast into the Sunbelt (South and Southwest)

405,000 Americans dead; minimal damage to U.S. property (unlike devastated Europe & Japan)

After WWII

U.S. produces ½ of world’s goods; leads to the “Affluent Society”; G.I. Bill of Rights

U.S. emerges as leader of the free world and as world’s only atomic power (until 1949)

International financial structure: United Nations, IMF, World Bank

Smith Act of 1940 (leads to persecution of communists after the war)

Union strikes in 1946 leads to Taft-Hartley Act of 1947

Post-World War II: continues U.S. transition to globalism

Bretton Woods Conference,1944, creation of IMF (International Monetary Fund)

San Francisco Conference, 1945—creation of United Nations Charter

THE COLD WAR: 1945-1975

Overview

U.S. fights in two major wars:

Korea (1950-1953): successful containment of communism south of 38th

parallel; 54k dead

Vietnam (1964-1973): unsuccessful containment of communism in S. Vietnam; 58k dead

Two major crisis nearly lead to World War III

Berlin Crisis, 1948-49; Berlin Airlift

Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962

To what extent was U.S. successful in containing communism”?

Europe: successful in preventing Soviets from expanding beyond where it already existed at the end of World War II; NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

Asia:

China: unsuccessful (Mao Zedong wins communist revolution in 1949)

Korea: successful containment of communism

Taiwan: successful (U.S. demonstrates commitment to prevent Red China invasion)

Vietnam: unsuccessful

Latin America

Cuba: unsuccessful (Cuba under Castro becomes strong ally of Soviet Union)

Guatemala, 1954: CIA overthrows communist-leaning leader

Organization of American States, 1946: anti-communism collective security (success?)

Lyndon Johnson invades Dominican Republic, 1965

Middle East

U.S. overthrows Moussadegh in Iran, 1953

1956 Suez crisis: success (U.S. & Soviets work together against Britain, France & Israel)

U.S. invades Lebanon, 1958


-30- Soviets invade Afghanistan, 1979

“Roots of the Cold War”

U.S. had tried to defeat Bolshevik revolution by invading Russia at Archangel in 1918.

Communist and democratic/capitalistic ideology non-compatible

Failure of Allies to open 2nd

front against Germany in 1943 angers Stalin

U.S. failure to inform Stalin of A-Bomb until July, 1945 angers Stalin

U.S. termination of Lend-Lease to Soviets (while Britain continued to receive aid) angers Stalin

Stalin promises free elections for E. Europe at Yalta. 1945

Stalin refuses free elections for E. Europe at Potsdam, 1945 (angers Allies)

Stalin refuses to give E. Germany back (angers Allies)

Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech (1946): wake up call to Americans vis-à-vis Soviet threat

Cold War -- Truman

Truman Doctrine, 1947—U.S. pledges to help oppressed people’s fight communism; Greece

and Turkey are given money and both countries become democracies.

Marshall Plan, 1947—Sought to create European economic recovery to prevent communismfrom taking hold in Europe.

Berlin Airlift, 1948-49—U.S. thwarted Soviet blockade of Berlin

NATO, 1949—Collective security organization to protect Europe of Soviet threat.

Fall of China, 1949; —Mao Zedong defeats Chang Kai-shek who flees to Taiwan.

Soviets detonate A-Bomb, 1949

Korean War, 1950-53—UN forces led by U.S. prevent communist takeover of South Korea.

Truman’s Truman Doctrine, 1947

Muscles Marshall Plan, 1947-48

Brought Berlin Crisis, 1948-49

Nasty NATO, 1949,

China China becomes communist, 1949

Across A-bomb for Soviets, 1949

Korea Korean War, 1950-53

Cold War--Eisenhower's policies

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles: “Massive Retaliation”; brinksmanship

Soviet expansion would be met with U.S. nuclear strike on USSR.

Soviets develop Hydrogen Bomb in 1953 (U.S. in 1952) – End to “massive retaliation?”

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)

Eisenhower’s “New Look Military”

CIA overthrows Moussadegh in Iran, 1953; returns Shah to power (friendly to U.S.)

CIA overthrows leftist leader in Guatemala, 1954

Vietnam

“Domino theory”: provides aid to France in Vietnam (later to South Vietnam)

Dien Bien Phu, 1954

Geneva Conference, 1954: Vietnam temporarily divided into North and South

Dulles forms SEATO (South East Asia Treaty Organization); only a few countries join

Ho Chi Minh (leader of Vietminh) vs. Ngo Dinh Diem (leader of S. Vietnam)

Vietminh in N. Vietnam support Viet Cong in S. Vietnam

“Peaceful Coexistence” with Soviets (Khrushchev); Geneva Summit, 1955

U.S. does not intervene during Hungarian uprising, 1956 (end of massive retaliation?)

Cold War in Middle East

U.S intervenes in Suez Crisis, 1956 (along with Soviets)

U.S. troops sent to Lebanon, 1958

Sputnik

National Education Act (in response to Sputnik)

Space race begins

NASA (in response to Sputnik) increased arms race

U-2 incident: : U.S. spy plane shot down over USSR; Paris Summit breaks down.

Plans to overthrow Castro

Cold War – Kennedy

Secretary of State Robert McNamara

Flexible Response

Bay of Pigs, 1961—CIA-sponsored invasion by Cuban exiles fails

Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962—Krushchev agrees to remove missiles; U.S. agrees not to invade Cuba and to remove its missiles in Turkey.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963

Kennedy increases military advisors in S. Vietnam: 1961-1963

Kennedy tacitly approves assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem, 1963

Cold War—Johnson: Vietnam War

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964—Congress allows LBJ to widen the war in Vietnam.

“Operation Rolling Thunder”

Escalation under Johnson: 1965-1968; 500,000 men in Vietnam by 1968


-31- U.S. Army led by William Westmoreland; “body counts”; “search and destroy” missions; napalm

Tet Offensive, 1968: Americans believe war can’t be won (begins the end of U.S. involvement)

Cold War -- Nixon

Secretary of State Henry Kissinger

Vietnam War:

o 1969, Nixon announces secret plan to end the war but it continues 4 more years.

o “Vietnamization”

o 1969, Nixon begins secret bombing in Cambodia, Laos, & N. Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh Trail)

o 1970, Nixon announces invasion of Cambodia; mass protests result: Kent State, Jackson State

o 1972, Paris Peace Accords result in agreement for ending the war (not accepted until 1973)

Vietcong retained large areas it gained in South Vietnam; U.S. POWs to be returned in 60 days.

Nixon visits China, 1972: Opens new era of improved relations with China.

Nixon visits Moscow, 1972: Plays the “China card” and gets USSR to help convince North Vietnam and Vietcong to negotiate.

o 1973, U.S. pulls out of S. Vietnam

o 1975, communists overrun Saigon and unify Vietnam under communism

Détente: Nixon (and Ford and Carter)

o Kissinger used realpolitik in dealing with Soviets; replaced ideology with practical

politics.

o Nixon visits China, 1972: Opens new era of improved relations with China.

o Nixon visits Moscow, 1972: Plays the “China card” and gets USSR to help convince North Vietnam to negotiate.

o ABM Treaty limited U.S. & USSR to only a few anti-ballistic missiles,

o SALT I, 1972: U.S. and USSR agreed to stop making nuclear ballistic missiles and to

reduce the number of antiballistic missiles to 200 for each power.

o Helsinki Conference, 1975: Ended WWII and recognized USSR borders in E. Europe; USSR pledged to improve human rights & increase communication

between East & West.

o Détente ends with Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 (during Carter’s presidency)

U.S. boycotts Olympic Games in Moscow, 1980

Soviets boycott Olympic Games in Los Angeles, 1984

Cold War: 1980s – Reagan (and Bush)

Reagan begins massive arms build-up

Economic sanctions on Poland, 1981—In response to communist crackdown on Polish Solidarity movement.

“Star Wars”, SDI, 1983: Reagan announced plan to build an anti-missile defense system;

Soviets became concerned they could not keep up with the arms race

“Evil Empire” speech, 1983: -- Justified his military build-up as necessary to thwart

aggressive Soviets.

U.S. aid to Nicaraguan Contras: Sought to overthrow Sandinistas (communists)

U.S. troops sent to Grenada, 1983: Small Marxist gov’t removed by U.S. forces.

Geneva Summit, 1985—Reagan & Gorbachev meet for first time and lay foundation for

future talks.

INF Treaty, 1987: Banned all intermediate-range missiles from Europe.

Fall of communism in 1989 in Eastern Europe

Fall of Soviet Union, 1991

1945-1960: Politics, Economics, Society

Truman’s Domestic Policy

o Unable to advance further New Deal programs due to conservative coalition in Congress (Republicans and Southern Democrats)

o Civil Rights

To Secure These Rights

Desegregation of Armed Forces, 1947

o Election of 1948: Truman (D), Thomas Dewey (R), Strom Thurmond (“Dixiecrats”), Henry Wallace (Progressive)

o The “Fair Deal”

o The “Vital Center”

Eisenhower's "dynamic conservatism"

Maintains (but doesn’t expand) New Deal programs: Department of Health and Welfare

National Highway Act; St. Lawrence Waterway

Seeks to balance the budget

“New Look” military – emphasis on nuclear forces; “more bang for your buck”

Federal gov’t should not get involved in social issues; states should be responsible

Civil Rights Movement

B rave Brown v. Board of Education, 1954

M artin Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955

L eads Little Rock Crisis, 1957

G reen Greensboro sit-in, 1960

F reedom Freedom Riders, 1961

J unkies James Meredith, 1962

U ntil University of Alabama, 1962

B irmingham Birmingham March, 1963

M archers March on Washington, 1963

C laim Civil Rights Act of 1964

V ictory Voting Rights Act of 1965

A gainst Affirmative Action


-32-

B igoted Black Power (Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, Black Panthers)

F reaks Forced busing, 1971

Early 20th

Century

Booker T. Washington, accommodation – “Atlanta Compromise Speech”, 1986

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

W. E. B. Du Bois, Niagara Movement: immediate rights for African Americans

Migration northward during and after WWI: Race riots (Red Summer, 1919)

NAACP founded in 1908

African American Civil Rights – 1940s and 1950s

A. Philip Randolph during WWII: March on Washington Movement, FEPC

Truman: To Secure These Rights desegregation of Armed Forces (1948)

Jackie Robinson, Brooklyn Dodgers


Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955-56

Martin Luther King, Jr., Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC)

Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957

Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 (deals with voting rights)

Greensboro sit-in, 1960

African American Civil Rights – 1960s

Freedom Riders, CORE (Congress on Racial Equality)

James Meredith, Ole’ Miss, 1962

University of Alabama, 1962 (George Wallace stands in school house door)

Birmingham march, 1963

March on Washington, 1963: “I Have a Dream” speech



Affirmative Action

Malcolm X, Nation of Islam

Black Power, Stokely Carmichael

1968 Assassination of MLK

Forced busing

AMERICAN SOCIETY: 1945-1970

"Affluent Society": 1950-1970

World War II: high employment, savings, moderate increase in standard of living

National income nearly doubles in 1950s; almost doubles again in 1960s

Suburbia (beginning with Leavittown)

National Highway Act

Consumerism: homes, TVs, cars, appliances, vacations, etc.

High defense spending accounts for 50% of federal budget; stimulates economic growth

Impact of television on society: advertising, “idealized family,” standardization of culture

Cult of Domesticity (conformity?)

Baby boom

Dr. Spock:

Middle-class men make enough $ so women don’t have to work (not true in working class families)

Impact of TV, movies, magazines, etc.

Labor Unions

o Weak in 1920s (during conservative administrations of Harding, Coolidge & Hoover)

Numbers decreased due to “Welfare Capitalism” and anti-union sentiment

o Significant increase in power after Wagner Act of 1935 (National Labor Relations Act)

o John L. Lewis: strikes during World War II

o Smith-Connolly Act of 1943

o Taft-Hartley Act (1947): no more “closed shop”

o “Right to Work” laws: some states outlawed “union shop”

o Merger of AFL and CIO in 1955

o Corruption under Jimmy Hoffa and Teamsters

o Landrum-Griffin Act: Ike and Congress seek to reduce unions’ political influence

o Union membership peaks by 1970; steady decline to the present

Conformity in 1950s

Cult of Domesticity

Patriotism (anti-Communism)/ “Red Scare”/McCarthyism

Religious revival (if you don’t go to church, you might be an “atheist commie”)

Suburban lifestyle

Television: portrayal of “idealized society”

Lowest percentage of foreign-born Americans in U.S. history

Challenges to conformity

Emerging youth culture: Rock n’ Roll, Elvis; movies – Marlon Brando, James Dean

Beat generation: Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsburg

Civil Rights (challenges White-dominated society)

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, 1963

"Red Scare": 1946-196?


-33- Smith Act, 1940

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Alger Hiss Case; Richard Nixon

Truman’s Loyalty Program, 1947

1949: China becomes communist; Soviets detonate A-bomb

McCarthyism, 1950-1954

Rosenbergs, 1950

McCarran Act, 1950

John Birch Society, 1958; “impeach Earl Warren”

Sputnik, 1957

Building of bomb shelters in back yards, late 50s-early 60s

To what extent was there cultural consensus in the 1950s?

Political: “Vital Center” – belief in 1) economic growth solving all social problems (while maintaining safety net of the New Deal); 2) pluralism – fair

competition among competing political and economic interests; 3) anti-communism

Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy & Johnson play to the “Vital Center”

Why does “Vital Center” shatter in 1968?

Economic growth does not mean end to poverty in the inner cities

How can there be equal competition if blacks and women are not equal?

Blind anti-communist ideology leads to the failure of U.S. in Vietnam

Dominance of middle class values in suburbia, TV, movies, etc.

Religion: everyone expected to go to church; Eisenhower inserts “under God” in Pledge of Allegiance

Family was the center of social life

To what extent was there a lack of cultural consensus in the 1950s?

Emerging youth culture

Not all groups agree with white-dominated middle-class values: blacks, working women, working class

How did the Cold War affect America at home?

“Red Scare” – 1947-196?

Increased military spending spurs the “Affluent Society”

“Vital Center” emerges: anti-communism

Korean War makes Truman unpopular; he doesn’t run again in 1948

Space Race begins after Sputnik, 1957

Kennedy assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald, who hates Kennedy for his anti-Cuban policies

Vietnam tears American society apart: Hawks vs. Doves; youths vs. authority; “Vital Center” shattered; new political backlash of “silent majority” (white middle-class)

Counterculture emerges

“New Left”, women, civil rights advocates oppose the war.

Culture war bet. conservatives and liberals begins in 1968; continues to the present.

Vietnam destroys Johnson’s “Great Society” and eventually destroys his presidency

The war helps Nixon get elected and begins a new conservative era in American politics

The war triggers inflation that plagues the U.S. economy in the 1970s

Vietnam at home

Vietnam does not become priority for U.S. public opinion until Gulf of Tonkin Incident, 1964

Escalation in 1965 results in the draft

The “New Left” led by Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) spur youth public opinion concerning anti-draft and anti-war sentiment.

The “Counterculture” emerges, largely inspired by anti-war feelings

Burning of draft cards; massive protests at university campuses across the country

Hawks (pro-war) vs. Doves (anti-war) in Congress

Women, civil rights advocates, and liberals join the anti-war movement

Congressional investigation led by Senator Fulbright shows that the gov’t has mislead the public concerning the war.

Tet Offensive in 1968 results in massive protests at home to end the war

Johnson decides not to seek re-election (Vietnam has claimed a presidency!)

Riot outside 1968 Democratic Party Convention in Chicago between anti-war protesters & police

Nixon wins election in 1968 on platform to bring the war to an end but to have “peace with honor”

The “Vital” Center is shattered

Republicans control the White House for 20 of the next 24 years.

Mylai Massacre (revealed to U.S. public in 1969)

Nixon’s “Silent Majority” speech, 1969

1971, Pentagon Papers

26th

Amendment, 1971

1972, Nixon thinks anti-war sentiment will cost him election; seeks to discredit Democrats (results in Watergate)

1960s Society: Far less consensus and conformity than 1950s

Civil Rights Movement (see above)

Impact of Vietnam War (see above)

“New Left” – Students for a Democratic Society (SDS); Tom Hayden

“Counterculture”: Sex, drugs and Rock n’ Roll (e.g. Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix)

Women’s Rights

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, 1963

National Organization for Women (NOW): equal pay; abortion, divorce laws, ERA

Cesar Chavez, United Farm Workers

American Indian Movement founded, 1968

“Long Hot Summers” 1965-1968: inner city riots in black communities


-34- Watts Riots, 1965

Kerner Commission

Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

1960s: Politics

John F. Kennedy: The New Frontier

Election of 1960: Kennedy vs. Nixon; importance of TV debates

JFK, like Truman, is unable to get major initiatives passed due to conservative coalition in Congress

Tax cut issued to further stimulate economy

Forces steel industry not to raise prices

Initially ignores civil rights movement; finally gives support after Birmingham march in 1963

Sends Civil Rights Bill to Congress (does not get passed until Johnson is president)

Space Race: goal of putting man on the moon (achieved in 1969)

Lyndon B. Johnson: The “Great Society”

Election of 1964: Johnson v. Barry Goldwater

“War on Poverty” (influence of Michael Harrington’s The Other America)



Medicare Act of 1965

Head Start; federal funding for troubled schools

Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD): Robert C. Weaver (1st black cabinet member)

Affirmative Action

Immigration Act of 1965: end to quota system

National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH); National Endowment for the Arts (NEA)

Public television (PBS)

Selects Thurgood Marshall as first African American to Supreme Court

Warren Court: (most significant court of the 20th

century?) – Chief Justice Earl Warren


Engle v. Vitale, 1962: bans mandatory school prayer in public schools

Wesberry v. Sanders, 1964: “one person; one vote”

Rights of the accused

Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963: right to a lawyer, even if one can’t afford it

Escobedo v. Illinois, 1964: right to a lawyer from the time of arrest

Miranda v. Arizona, 1964: rights of defendant must be read at time of arrest

Women’s Rights:

18th

century: Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren

Mid-19th

century:

Seneca Falls Convention: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott,

Susan B. Anthony, et. al.

Late 19th

century

National Women’s Suffrage Association: Stanton and Anthony (no men)

American Women’s Suffrage Association: Lucy Stone (allowed men

Merger of two organizations = National American Women’s Suffrage Association

Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) led by Francis Willard was most important

20th

century

Carrie Chapman Catt’s “Winning Plan”

Alice Paul – militant tactics – ERA

19th

Amendment (1920) – impact of WWI

Margaret Sanger, birth control

Betty Friedan: The Feminine Mystique, 1963

National Organization for Women, 1966

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Title IX

Increased access to job opportunities and the military

Roe v. Wade, 1973

Changes for women in the work place:

Throughout 19th

century and first half of 20th

century, work was considered inappropriate for middle-

class women.

Exceptions: Women worked in WWI; “Rosie the Riveter” in WWII – 258,000 served in military

After WWII: women expected to go back home – many stayed in the workplace

Reemergence of cult of domesticity in the 1950s—some women began demand for opportunities in

the workplace.

Women’s Rights Movement exploded in 1960s: Betty Friedan – The Feminine Mystique

ERA passed in early 1970s but not ratified ¾ of states by 1982.

Percentage of women in the workplace continues to rise until the present

Sexuality

“Republican Motherhood”

“Cult of Domesticity” or “Cult of True Womanhood”

Comstock Law, 1873 – the “New Morality”


-35- Automobile

1920s --Flappers

1910s & 1920s: Birth control, Margaret Sanger

1960s: the “pill” starts sexual revolution

AIDS in the 1980s and 1990s

Conservative Backlash (“Silent Majority”)

Southern opposition to Civil Rights Act of 1964 (& Voting Rights Act of 1965)

Forced busing became a major issue among the white middle-class in the early ‘70s.

Desire for law and order due to Vietnam protests and inner-city rioting

George Wallace’s presidential campaign in 1968 appealed to many conservatives

Nixon’s “Southern Strategy” in 1968 election gave the Republicans the White House

Nixon’s “Silent Majority” speech symbolized polarization between conservatism and liberalism in the U.S.

Many Southern Democrats become Republicans

Increased white male opposition to Affirmative Action by the late-70s.

“Moral Majority” taps into conservative frustrations in late-70s.

Ronald Reagan wins overwhelmingly in 1980 & 1984

Republicans take control of Congress in 1994 (“Contract with America”)

After 2000, Republicans control all three branches of government

Native Americans

“Contact” starting with Columbus revolutionized life for Native Americans

90% died by 1600, mostly due to disease

Some groups were forced into slave labor (Spanish mission system)

Some were sold into slavery (Carolinas)

Summary of relations between Europeans and Indians”

Spain: Indians in West and Mexico forced into slave labor (Spanish mission system)

o Encomienda and hacienda systems

France: Indians of the eastern woodlands got along well with the French; fur trade and Jesuit missionaries.

England: British American colonists pushed Indians further and further west; extermination

Colonial Indian wars: Pequot War (1636); King Philip’s War (1675)

Treaty of Grenville (1795) – Indians removed from Ohio Valley

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) – Shawnee defeated (Tecumseh) and removed from Ohio Valley

Trail of Tears (1830s and 40s): “Five Civilized Tribes” of southeast ultimately forced to relocate to

Oklahoma: Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Seminole, (Chickasaw left voluntarily)

Some Oklahoma tribes fought for the Confederacy during Civil War

Transcontinental Railroad ushered in American movement into “Great West” resulting in war with

Plains Indians and others (incl Sioux, Apache, Nez Perce)

1890 Census: no longer a discernable frontier line

By 1890 nearly all Native Americans on reservations

Helen Hunt Jackson: A Century of Dishonor (1887) stimulated drive to protect Indians but also Christianize and Americanize them

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887: allotment policy for heads of Indian households; destroyed tribal land

ownership

Indian Reorganization Act (1934) during New Deal: overturned Dawes Act and restored tribal lands

American Indian Movement (AIM) protested poor reservation conditions for Indians and loss of

Indian land in late 1960s and early 1970s

Wounded Knee 1973, Sioux blockaded roads and demanded compensation for lost fishing rights and

lost lands; gained some rights as a result

Mexican-American Issues:

Immigration after 1910 due to Mexican Revolution

Deportation during Great Depression

Allowed to enter U.S. during WWII: Bracero Program

Zoot Suit Riots during WWII

Caesar Chavez: United Farm Workers, 1960s and 70s

Immigration:

Africans beginning in 1619

Colonial immigration: 2/3 from England; many in South came as indentured servants

Irish and German immigration peaks in 1840s

Chinese Immigration: California Gold Rush; railroad construction(1840s-1870s)

“New Immigration” (1880-1920): eastern & southern Europe (almost 30 million; 1/3 went back)

Mexicans beginning in 1910; deportations during New Deal; Bracero program during WWII; 1970-1990s

Immigration Act of 1965: eliminates national origins system

o Heavy influx of Latin Americans (esp. Mexico) and Asians between 1970 and 2000

Proposition 187 in California, 1984

Labor

Commonwealth v. Hunt, 1830

Workingmen’s parties, 1830s

National Labor Union, 1866 – William Sylvis

Great Railroad Strike, 1877

Knights of Labor, Terence Powderly: “One Big Union”; Haymarket Square Bombing (1886)

American Federation of Labor (AFL), Samuel Gompers: skilled workers


-36- Homestead Steel Strike, 1890

Pullman Strike, 1894

Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 1913

John L. Lewis, United Mine Workers (UMW)

International Workers of the World, “Wobblies”

1919: Seattle General Strike, Boston Police Strike

Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board: Replaced section 7a of NRA

Fair Labor Standards Act

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), John L. Lewis

sit-down strikes

Taft-Hartley Act, 1947

AFL-CIO unites in 1955

Jimmy Hoffa, Teamsters

Landrum-Griffin Act, 1959

Peak of union membership: 35% by 1970; currently only about 14% (due to shift to service economy)

Union membership has continued to fall gradually since the 1970s

Economic Issues in U.S. History

Colonial Period:

Economies of each of three colonial regions: New England, middle colonies, South

Mercantilism: Navigation Acts

Triangular Trade

Important Positive Economic Events:

1st Industrial Revolution during War of 1812: textiles, inventions

Transportation Revolution beginning in 1820s with canals and later, railroads

Resulted in regional specialization and a national market economy.

“King Cotton” in the South from 1800-1865.

2nd

Industrial Revolution (Industrialism) after the Civil War: Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan, etc.

Three frontiers of the West: mining, cattle, and farming

Roaring 20s – hitherto, most prosperous decade in U.S. history; automobile, electricity, entertainment

WWII pulled the U.S. out of the Great Depression

Boom period 1950-1970: “The Affluent Society”

1983-1991: May have been result of Reagan’s supply-side policies

1993-2000: Strongest economy of the century?

Tariffs:

1791 – Hamilton’s financial plan; purpose was revenue raising

1816 – first protective tariff in U.S. history

1828 – “Tariff of Abominations” – pushed through by Jacksonians to put President J.Q. Adams in a

no-win situation.

1832 – Although it reduced tariffs, South Carolinians believed it did not go far enough and nullified

the tariff.

1833 – Settled Nullification Controversy; lowered tariffs 10% over 8 years

1846 – Walker Tariff; one of Polk’s four points; lowered tariff

1862 – Morrill Tariff; purpose was to raise revenue for the Civil War

Tariff issue became the leading issue separating Democrats and Republicans during the Gilded Age

1887—Cleveland came out against a higher tariff and lost the election of 1888.

1890 – McKinley Tariff – Republicans gained the highest peacetime tariff in history in return for

supporting Sherman Silver Purchase Act; raised rates to 48%.

1897 – Dingley Tariff -- Rate raised to 46.5% up from 41.3% since Wilson-Gorman Bill of 1894

(with its income-tax provision) was not raising enough.

1909 – Payne-Aldrich Tariff – one of causes of split in Republican party between Taft and TR.

Tariffs raised to almost 40%.

1913 – Underwood Tariff – One of Wilson’s major accomplishments; besides lowering the tariff, the bill provided for the first federal income tax of the 20th

century; the 16th

Amendment allowed for an income tax. Income tax replaced tariffs as the largest source of gov’t revenue.

1922 – Fordney-McCumber Tariff – increased tariffs from 27% to avg. of 38.5%; reflected

conservative politics of the 1920s with a pro-business presidential administration.

1930 – Hawley-Smoot Tariff – Congress wanted to protect U.S. industries during the Great

Depression but it only resulted in retaliatory measures by 23 other countries and further worsened the economic crisis.

Panics, Depressions, and Recessions

1780s – depression resulted from downturn after the Revolution

1807-1815 – resulted from Jefferson’s Embargo Act and the subsequent War of 1812.

Panic of 1819 – major cause was overspeculation on land; resulted in new land legislation.

Panic of 1837 – resulted largely from Jackson’s killing of the BUS and the demise of “wildcat” banks

and state banks.

Panic of 1857 – Not as bad as Panic of 1837 but probably the worst psychologically in 19th c.

Influx of California gold into economy inflated currency, Crimean War overstimulated growing of grain, speculation in land and railroads backfired.

Panic of 1873—Caused by overproduction of railroads, mines, factories and farm products;

depreciated Greenbacks

Panic of 1893 – worst depression of the 19th

century

Panic of 1907 – showed the need for more elastic money supply; Federal Reserve Act passed 6 years

later.


-37- Post-WWI recession resulted from inflation and reduced foreign demand for U.S. goods

Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression: caused by 1) overspeculation on stocks, 2)

overproduction/underconsumption, 3) sick industries (cotton, railroads, farming), 4) uneven distribution of income, 5) vulnerable banking system, 6) weak

international economy.

Recession of 1937-38 – Resulted from FDR pulling the plug on public works programs; resulted in

deficit spending (Keynesian economics)

Recession following World War II – caused by impact of demobilization from a war economy.

Stagflation in the 1970s – Inflation resulted from increasing energy costs caused by the Arab Oil

Embargo as well as increased gov’t spending during the Vietnam War. Unemployment remained a problem throughout the 1970s.

1982 (“Reagan Recession”) -- Due to Federal Reserve’s “tight money” policy (high interest rates)

10% unemployment; budget deficit of $59 billion in 1980 reached $159 billion by 1983 due to

tax cuts and increased defense spending.

1991-92: Deep recession resulted in the defeat of President George H. W. Bush by Bill Clinton in the

1992 election

Landmark Economic Legislation: (excluding tariffs , see above)

Navigation Laws (beginning in 1651): Enforced Britain’s mercantilist system

Land Ordinance of 1785—Proceeds from sale of land in Old Northwest would pay national debt;

townships split in to 6 square miles (grids)

Northwest Ordinance, 1787—No slavery north of Ohio River; 60,000 people required for statehood

Constitution: Commerce compromise, Congress regulates interstate commerce,

Hamilton’s Financial plan—tariffs, Nat’l Bank, funding at par, assumption of state debts, excise tax

Embargo Act, 1807: U.S. banned trade with all foreign countries; economy was devastated

Henry Clay’s American System: 2nd

National Bank; 1816 tariff—1st protective tariff in U.S. history

McCullough v. Maryland, 1819: BUS is constitutional

Dartmouth College v. Woodward,1819--States could not violate charters; protected corps from states

Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824—Only Congress can regulate interstate commerce.

Commonwealth v. Hunt, 1842: Mass. Supreme Court ruled unions were not illegal as long as they

were peaceful; other states followed suit.

Jackson kills the BUS, “pet bank” scheme

Charles River Bridge case, 1837: Prevented corporations from using charters to the detriment of

economic competition.

limited liability laws: Business owners would not lose personal property if their business went

bankrupt.

incorporation laws: Prevented individuals from being sued if they owned a corporation; only the

corporation would be sued.

Independent Treasury System—(Van Buren & Polk) Federal gov’t deposited $ in private banks.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo—U.S. purchased (conquered) Mexican Cession for $15 million

During Civil War:

Greenbacks: About $450 million issued at face value to replace gold.

National Banking Act (1862)—Established a national banking system that lasted until 1913.

Homestead Act (1862)—Gov’t provided free land in west to settlers willing to settle there.

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)—Land grants given to states to build state colleges.

Pacific Railway Act (1863)—Provided for the building of a Transcontinental Railroad

(completed in 1869)

Slaughterhouse Cases, 1873: Court ruled the 14th

amendment only protected federal rights, not

states’ rights. It also ruled that the 13th

, 14th

and 15th

amendments only applied to slaves.

Munn v. Illinois, 1877: The public always has the right to regulate business operations in which the

public has an interest; upheld an Illinois “Granger Law” regulating storage of grain.

Civil Rights Cases, 1883: The 14th

Amendment protects individuals from state action, not individual

action; thus, “individuals” (corporations, clubs, organizations, etc.) became free to discriminate against African Americans or use their “individual status” to evade

state regulations.

Wabash v. Illinois, 1886: Only the federal gov’t could regulate interstate commerce, so railroads

could not be regulated by states; weakened the Munn v. Illinois decision.

Bland Allison Act (1875)—Makes “Crime of 1873” complete; only minimum amounts of silver

purchased by gov’t.

Interstate Commerce Commission (1877)—1st gov’t agency in US history to regulate business.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act(1890)—Sought to prevent trusts from consolidating and restricting trade.

Lochner v. New York, 1905: Court ruled the 14th

amendment protected individuals against

unreasonable and unnecessary interference to their personal liberty. This case expanded the

use of “due process,” but sided with the baker by not placing a limit on work hours.

Muller v. Oregon, 1908: Court ruled that an Oregon law limiting women to only 10 hours of labor in

factories per day was legal as special legislation for women was needed to preserve their health

Standard Oil v. U.S., 1911: This case involved whether the Standard Oil trust was a good or bad

trust (the rule of reason doctrine). The Supreme Court decided that this trust was bad so the Standard Oil Company was dissolved.

Underwood Tariff Bill (1913)—1st federal income tax in U.S. history; (see 16

th Amendment)

Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1913)—Labor no longer subject to anti-trust legislation

Federal Reserve Act (1913)—established current national banking system.

Sec. of Treasury Andrew Mellon’s “Trickle Down” tax policies during 1920s.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1832—Set the precedent for relief during the New Deal

New Deal: Relief: FERA, CCC, WPA,

Recovery: NRA, AAA, Emergency Banking Relief Act

Reform: FDIC, TVA, Social Security Act, FHA, Wagner Act (NLRB), Fair Labor


-38- Standards Act; U.S. off gold standard (Americans could not cash $ in for gold)

Lend-Lease Act, 1941: --Provided funds to Allies during WWII to defeat Hitler.

G.I. Bill, 1944—Provided & to veterans for college, technical schools, or capital to start businesses.

Taft-Hartley Act, 1947—Forbade the “closed shop”

Marshall Plan, 1947: Provided billions of $ to European countries for economic recovery; purpose

was to prevent communism from spreading in Europe.

Federal Highway Act,1956: Established nation’s freeway system

Landrum-Griffin Act, 1959: Ike’s response to Jimmy Hoffa; clamped down on illegal union

financial activities and strong-arm political tactics.

Johnson’s “Great Society”—“War on Poverty”

“Equal Opportunity Act” (Office of Economic Opportunity): Provided funds for

impoverished areas.

HUD--Dept. of Housing and Urban Development: Provided & for inner-city development.

Medicare Act: Provided medical care to the elderly if they could not afford to pay.

Head Start: Provided funds for disadvantaged pre-schoolers.

Affirmative Action (executive order): Gave preferences for women and minorities in college

admissions and in the workplace.

Nixon takes U.S. off international gold standard: U.S. no longer traded internationally w/ gold.

“Reaganomics” or “Supply Side Economics” or “Trickle Down Economics”

Economic Recovery Tax Act, 1981: Reduced taxes 25% over three years.

Budget Reconciliation Act, 1891: Reduced social spending while increasing defense spending

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 1994: U.S., Canada & Mexico agree to

eliminate tariffs among the three nations thus creating a free-trade zone

SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

Marbury v. Madison, 1803: judicial review

Fletcher v. Peck, 1810: States could not void contracts

Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 1816: Supreme Court rejected “compact theory” and state claims that

they were equally sovereign with the federal gov’t.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819: Contracts made by private corporations are protected by

the Constitution and a state may not alter them.

McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819: States cannot tax the federal gov’t; BUS is constitutional

Cohens v. Virginia, 1821: Supreme Court has power to review state decisions and citizens can

appeal to the Supreme Court.

Gibbons v. Ogden, 1821 (“Steamboat Case”): Only the federal gov’t has the right to regulate

interstate commerce.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831: Court ruled that while it could not stop Georgia from making

Cherokee laws void, the Cherokees were a “domestic nation” and possessed some

sovereignty; shattered Cherokee sovereignty regarding its relation with U.S.

Worcester v. Georgia, 1832: Marshall ruled Georgia had no control over the Cherokee Nation and

the land holdings, and that Georgia could not relocate the Cherokees.

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 1837: Taney ruled no charter given to a private company

had the right to harm the public interest. Rights of a community supersede rights of a private

corporation; Jacksonian idea.

Commonwealth v. Hunt, 1842: Supreme Court of Massachusetts ruled trade union organization and

striking tactics were legal as long as their methods were honorable and peaceful.

Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 1842: Court ruled return of fugitive slaves was a federal power, thus making

unconstitutional Pennsylvania’s law prohibiting the capture and return of fugitive slaves.

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857: African Americans not citizens; slaves were property and could

not be taken away from owners w/o due process of law; Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.

Ableman v. Booth, 1859: Upheld the fugitive slave law included in the Compromise of 1850.

Ex Parte Merryman, 1861: In response to Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus, Taney issued a

writ for Merryman’s release (he had been arrested in a mob attack on Union soldiers). Lincoln ignored it.

Ex Parte Milligan, 1866: Military tribunals could not try civilians in areas where civil courts were

functioning.

Slaughterhouse Cases, 1873: Court ruled the 14th

amendment only protected federal rights, not

states’ rights. It also ruled that the 13th

, 14th

and 15th

amendments only applied to slaves.

Munn v. Illinois, 1877: The public always has the right to regulate business operations in which the

public has an interest; upheld an Illinois “Granger Law” regulating storage of grain.

Civil Rights Cases, 1883: The 14th

Amendment protects individuals from state action, not individual

action; thus, “individuals” (corporations, clubs, organizations, etc.) became free to discriminate against blacks or use their “individual status” to evade state

regulations.

Wabash v. Illinois, 1886: Only the federal gov’t could regulate interstate commerce, so railroads

could not be regulated by states; weakened the Munn v. Illinois decision.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896: “Separate but equal”; Court ruled 14th

amendment only ensured political

equality and that segregation did not mean inferiority.

Insular Cases, 1901-1904: Court ruled that the Constitution does not follow American conquests but

that some rights are fundamental; Congress determines these rights.

Northern Securities Case, 1904: Supreme Court supported President Theodore Roosevelt by ruling

that the Northern Securities Company was a trust because it owned stock in competing

railroads, thus violating the Sherman Antitrust Act.


-39- Lochner v. New York, 1905: Court ruled the 14

th amendment protected individuals against

unreasonable and unnecessary interference to their personal liberty. This case expanded the

use of “due process,” but sided with the baker by not placing a limit on work hours.

Muller v. Oregon, 1908: Court ruled that an Oregon law limiting women to only 10 hours of labor in

factories per day was legal as special legislation for women was needed to preserve their health; Louis Brandeis became famous for his presentation social science

evidence concerning the adverse effects of long hours on women—“Brandeis Brief.”

Standard Oil v. U.S., 1911: This case involved whether the Standard Oil trust was a good or bad

trust (the rule of reason doctrine). The Supreme Court decided that this trust was bad so the Standard Oil Company was dissolved.

Schenck v. U.S., 1919: the Court ruled First Amendment freedom of speech did not apply in this case because the U.S. was at war; speech posing a “clear and present danger”

is illegal. The case did protect all other speech, even that which might be considered offensive to some—“freedom for the thought we hate.”

Schecter Poultry Corp v. U.S., 1935 (“sick chicken” case): Ruled the National Recovery Administration (NRA) unconstitutional because Congress had exceeded its power by

granting the Executive Branch too much power to regulate interstate commerce.

U.S. v. Butler, 1936: Court ruled the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) unconstitutional because it invaded state jurisdiction by using federal taxation as a means of regulating

production; ruled it unfair to tax one group specifically to favor of another group.

Korematsu v. U.S., 1944: Court ruled that internment of Japanese-Americans was legal because the Supreme Court could not second guess military decisions during wartime.

However, once a person’s loyalty had been established, they could no longer be interned.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 1954: Ended the “separate but equal” school system in America—“separate is inherently, unequal.” The Court unanimously

ruled that schools should be integrated but left lower courts to carry out the decision.

Engel v. Vitale, 1962: Court ruled against mandatory school prayer in public schools.

Baker v. Carr, 1962: Over-represented rural voting districts eliminated; “one person, one vote.”

Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963: Legal counsel must be given to anyone charged with a felony. This

decision later extended in 1972 to include anyone charged with a misdemeanor.

Escobedo v. Illinois, 1964: The police must not use extortion or coercion to gain a confession from a

suspected criminal. The police must also honor a suspect’s request to have a lawyer present during police interrogations.

Miranda v. Arizona, 1966: A suspected criminal has the right to be read his rights (right to remain

silent, the right to an attorney and the right to one telephone call).

Roe v. Wade, 1973: Court ruled that abortion was legal during a woman’s first trimester. States

could not infringe on a woman’s right to an abortion.

Bakke v. Board of Regents U.C., 1978: Court upheld minority affirmative action quotas in

universities but stated that race alone could not be used as the sole means for college admission; it could, however, be used as a “plus” factor.

IMPORTANT WRITINGS IN U.S. HISTORY

John Winthrop, Model of Christian Charity: “we shall build a city upon a hill”

Benjamin Franklin, Sir Richard’s Almanack: compendium of best colonial era writings

Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776): convinces Congress to declare independence

Knickerbocker Group: 1820s – James Fenimore Cooper, Longfellow, William Cullen Bryant – use of American themes in literature

Alexis de Toqueville, Democracy in America (1835) – French observer travels America and writes of American s’ individualism and equality

Henry David Thoreau, On Civil Disobedience – people must not obey unjust laws

Ralph Waldo Emerson, Self-Reliance: champions the American virtue of individualism

Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass – America’s poet writes best poetry of 19th

century

William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator (newspaper) – 1st abolitionist newspaper

Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) – best selling novel about evils of slavery

Frederick Douglass, The Autobiography of Frederick Douglass – details his early life as a slave

Hinton Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South (1857): slavery is bad for poor whites in the South

George Fitzhugh, The Sociology of the South: defends slavery as preferable to “northern wage slaves”

Helen Hunt Jackson, Century of Dishonor (1886) – details plight of Indians in 19th

century

Horatio Alger – wrote “rags to riches” stories for children; heroism, individualism, honesty & thrift

Andrew Carnegie, “Gospel of Wealth” – wealthy people should give most of their $ to community

Henry George, Progress and Poverty – 100% land tax should be placed on property of wealthy people after a certain value has been exceeded

Ralph Bellamy, Looking Backwards

William Randolph Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer – yellow journalists (own newspaper chains)

Booker T. Washington, Atlanta Compromise, (1895) – blacks should worry about economic self-sufficiency first before political equality

Muckrakers: progressive writers who do exposés on corruption, poverty, trusts, etc.

Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (1890) – progressive photographer/writer details poverty in cities

Lincoln Steffens, Shame of the Cities – details municipal corruption of political machines and big business

Ida Tarbell—details ruthless tactics of John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle (1906) – details horrible conditions in Chicago meatpacking plants

D.W. Griffith, The Birth of a Nation (1915) – movie that glorifies the KKK during reconstruction

Bruce Barton, The Man Nobody Knows (1924) – Jesus was the world’s first great advertising man

“The Lost Generation”: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, e.e. cummings, Sinclair Lewis

“Harlem Renaissance”: Langston Hughes, Claude McKay

“The Jazz Singer” – first motion picture with sound (“talkie”)

John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath – novel about the Joad family (Okies) during the depression.

Dorothea Lange, photographs of the great depression

Michael Harrington, The Other Side of America (1962) – details poverty in America and inspires Johnson’s “Great Society”

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, 1962 – seminal work on the environmental movement in America

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963) – seminal work of women’s rights movement in 1960s

Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from a Birmingham Jail

IMPORTANT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS


-40- 1796 – 1

st election with two political parties: Federalists (Adams) vs. Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson)

1800 – “Revolution of 1800”: 1st peaceful transfer of power between political parties; Jefferson; “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”; Aaron Burr ties Jefferson – leads

to 12th

Amendment

1816 – last election for Federalists who die afterward. Ushers in “Era of Good Feelings” with only one political party (Democratic-Republicans)

1824 – “The Corrupt Bargain”: Jackson has largest vote but loses election in House of Representatives when J.Q. Adams gets support from Henry Clay (who is appointed

Secretary of State three days later)

1828 – Jackson is the first president from the West; Democratic-Republicans are renamed “Democrats”

1832 – Anti-Masonic Party is 1st third party in U.S. history

1836 – Whigs emerge from National Republican faction to form second major party

1840 – 1st election with mass political participation; “Log Cabin and Hard Cider”; “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”

1860 – Republican Lincoln wins with a minority of the popular vote; Democrats are split; South Carolina secedes in December

1864 – Union Party wins election—coalition of Republicans and War Democrats

1876 – “Compromise of 1877” ensues when Republicans get Hayes elected in return for Union troop removal from South – ends Reconstruction

1892 – Populists wage impressive 3rd

party campaign

1896 – McKinley defeats Bryan, thus ending Populist hopes of reforms; decline in farmer voting afterwards

1912—Democrat Wilson wins after Republican Party is split between Taft and Roosevelt; Roosevelt forms the “Bull Moose” Party and comes in second

1920 – Republicans win on Harding’s platform of “Normalcy”

1928 – Democrat Al Smith is first Irish-American nominated for president; he loses to Hoover

1932 – Franklin Roosevelt defeats Herbert Hoover promising a “New Deal”

1948 – Truman wins surprising victory over Thomas Dewey; “Fair Deal”

1960 – 1st time TV plays major role in election in debate between Kennedy and Nixon; JFK is first Catholic elected president

1964 – Democrat Johnson defeats Goldwater and launches “The Great Society”

1968 – Nixon defeats democrats and ushers in a conservative era in American politics; the “Vital Center” is shattered and politics becomes ever more divisive

1980 – Republican Ronald Reagan defeats Jimmy Carter and begins “Reagan Revolution”—a highly conservative agenda

1992 – Democrat Bill Clinton defeats George Bush when Ross Perot gets 19% of the vote and splits the Republican party

2000 – George W. Bush defeats Al Gore by 1 electoral vote. Supreme Court steps in during the recounting process and orders no further recounting of ballots in Florida.

United States History Time Line

33,000 B.C. First Native Americans arrive in North America

1492 Columbus arrives in the New World

1517 Reformation begins in Germany led by Martin Luther; beginning of

Protestant Reformation

1588 English Navy defeats Spanish Armada in the English Channel; now

able to colonize

1607 Jamestown founded by Virginia company

1612 Tobacco made a profitable crop by John Rolfe

1619 First group of blacks brought to Virginia

First legislative assembly, the House of Burgesses, meets in Virginia

1620 First Pilgrims arrive in Plymouth Bay

1629 Great Puritan migration to Massachusetts Bay

1636 Harvard College founded (to train ministers)

Pequot War

Rhode Island founded by Roger Williams (“liberty of conscience”)

1639 Fundamental Orders in CT (1st written constitution in American

history)

Maryland Act of Toleration

1642-49 English Civil War

1643 New England Confederation formed (collective security against

Amerindians)

1648 Cambridge Platform

1651 First of Navigation Laws passed

1660 Restoration (Charles II)

1662 Half-way Covenant

1664 British kick out Dutch from New Netherlands; rename region New York

1675 King Philip’s War

1676 Bacon's Rebellion

1681 Pennsylvania founded (“Holy Experiment”)

1686 Creation of Dominion of New England (under Sir Edmund Andros)

1688 “Glorious Revolution” in England

1689 Overthrow of Dominion of New England (“First American Revolution”)

1691 Leisler’s Rebellion

1692 Salem Witch Trials

18th

Century

1713 “Salutary Neglect” ushered in by Treaty of Utrecht (War of Spanish

Succession)

1733 Georgia founded by James Oglethorp (haven for debtors and buffer state

against Spanish)

1736 Zenger Case (greater freedom of the press)

1739-1744 Great Awakening (Edwards, Whitfield)

1739 Carolina Regulator movement

Stono Rebellion (slaves)

1756-1763 French and Indian War

1763 Proclamation of 1763

1763 Pontiac's Rebellion

1764 Sugar Act, Currency Act, Quartering Act

1765 Stamp Act

1766 Paxton Boys

1766 Declaratory Act

1767 Townshend Act, New York Assembly suspended

1770 Boston Massacre

1772 Committees of Correspondence formed

1773 Boston Tea Party

1774 Coercive Acts (“Intolerable” Acts), First Continental Congress convenes

1775 Revolution begins with fighting at Lexington and Concord

Second Continental Congress

1776 Declaration of Independence

1777 British defeated at Saratoga (most important battle of the revolution)

1778 French join the war against the British (Franco-American Alliance)

1781 Battle of Yorktown (last major battle of the revolution)

Articles of Confederation ratified

1783 Treaty of Paris

1783-1789 “Critical Period”; Articles of Confederation

1785 Land Ordinance

1786 Annapolis Convention

1787 Northwest Ordinance

1787 Shays' Rebellion

Constitutional Convention

1788 Federalist Papers written

Constitution ratified

1789 George Washington inaugurated as President of the United States

French Revolution begins

1789-91 Hamilton’s financial plan

1793 Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation

Citizen Genet

1794 Whiskey Rebellion

Indians defeated at Fallen Timbers, sign Treaty of Grenville

1795 Jay Treaty, Pinckney Treaty

1796 Adams defeats Jefferson in first partisan election in U.S. history

1798 Undeclared war with France (“Quasi War”)

Alien and Sedition Acts

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

19th

Century

1800 Jefferson elected

Gabriel Prosser’s slave rebellion

1803 Louisiana Purchase


-41- Marbury v. Madison

1804 Hamilton-Burr Duel (Essex Junto consipiracy)

1806 Burr Conspiracy

1807 Embargo Act

1808 Slave trade ended

1809 Non-intercourse Act

1810 Macon’s Bill #10

1811 Battle of Tippecanoe, Shawnee defeated

1812 War of 1812 begins with England

1814 Treaty of Ghent

1815 Battle of New Orleans

1816 Federalists lose to James Monroe ending Federalist party

Henry Clay’s “American System” begins with tariff and BUS

1817 Rush-Bagot Treaty, limited armaments along Great Lakes

1818 Convention of 1818, U.S.-Canadian border established

1819 Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida Purchase Treaty)

Panic of 1819

McCullough v. Maryland

1820 Missouri Compromise

1820s First labor unions formed

1823 Monroe Doctrine

1824 J.Q. Adams defeats Jackson (“Corrupt Bargain”)

Gibbons v. Ogden

1825 Erie Canal completed

1828 Andrew Jackson elected

1830s Railroad era begins

1830 Webster-Hayne debate

1831 Nat Turner's rebellion

Liberator founded by William Lloyd Garrison

1832 Nullification crisis

BUS veto

1834 Whig party formed

1836 Texas Revolution ends; Republic of Texas established

1830s “Trail of Tears (1838 for Cherokee)

1837 Charles River Bridge case

Panic of 1837

1840s Manifest Destiny

Telegraph and railroads create a communications revolution

1846 Mexican War begins

1848 Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo

Wilmot Proviso

1849 Gold Rush in California

1850 Compromise of 1850

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe

1853 Gadsden Purchase

Commodore Matthew Perry forces Japan to open commerce

1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act

Republican Party formed

Ostend Manifesto

1856 “Bloody Kansas”

Senator Sumner attacked in the Senate

1857 Dred Scott case

1858 Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1859 John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry

1860 Democratic Party splits apart

Abraham Lincoln elected 16th President of the United States

Lower South secedes

1861 Civil War begins at Ft. Sumter

1862 Battle of Antietam

Morrill Tariff, Homestead Act, National Banking Act, Pacific Railway Act

Emancipation Proclamation issued (effective January 1, 1863)

1863 Battle of Gettysburg; Vicksburg

1864 Grant's wilderness campaign

Sherman takes Atlanta and begins “March to the Sea”

1865 Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House

Lincoln assassinated

Thirteenth Amendment abolishes slavery

KKK formed in Tennessee

1867 Congress launches Radical Reconstruction

Alaska purchased

1868 Fourteenth Amendment guarantees Civil Rights

Johnson impeached

1870 Fifteenth Amendment forbids denial of vote on racial grounds

1870s Terrorism against blacks in South, flourishing of Darwinism and ideas of

racial

inferiority

1873 Panic of 1873

1876 End of Reconstruction

Battle of Little Big Horn

1877 Munn v. Illinois: Court rules states may regulate warehouse rates

1878 Greenback Labor Party

1879 Standard Oil Trust formed

1880s Big Business emerge

1880-1920 Fifteen million "new" immigrants

1883 Pendleton Civil Service Act

1886 Haymarket Square bombing

1887 Interstate Commerce Commission

Dawes Severalty Act

1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Massacre at Wounded Knee

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

End of the Frontier

Homestead Steel strike

1892 Populist movement creates 3rd

party

1893 Panic of 1893

Repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act

1894 Pullman strike

1895 Pollock v Farmers: Supreme Court strikes down income tax

Morgan bond transaction

1896 McKinley defeats Bryan

1898 Spanish American War

1899 Peace with Spain, U. S. receives Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico

Open Door Note

20th

Century

1901 McKinley assassinated; Theodore Roosevelt becomes President

1902 Northern Securities Co. prosecuted

Anthracite Coal strike

1904 Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine (begins over Dominican Republic)

1904-1914 Panama Canal built

1905 Lochner v. U.S.

1906 Hepburn Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act

1907 Panic of 1907

1908 San Francisco School Board Incident

Muller v. Oregon

1912 Election of Woodrow Wilson; defeats Taft and Roosevelt’s “Bull Moose”

party

1913 16th

Amendment: national income tax

17th

Amendment: direct election of Senators

Underwood Tariff Bill (lowers tariff; establishes income tax)

Federal Reserve System begun

Wilson broadens segregation in civil service

1914 World War I begins

U. S. troops occupy Vera Cruz

Clayton Antitrust Act

Federal Trade Commission created

1915 U. S. troops sent to Haiti

Lusitania sunk

KKK revived by Birth of a Nation

1916 Germany issues Sussex pledge

1917 Russian Revolution

U. S. enters WWI in light of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany

1918 WWI ends

Schenck v. U.S.

1919 Treaty of Versailles

18th

Amendment prohibits alcoholic beverages

“Red Scare” and “Red Summer”

1920 19th

Amendment gives women the right to vote

Harding wins election; vows “normalcy

First radio station KDKA in Pittsburgh

1921 Washington Naval (Disarmament) Conference

1922 Sacco and Vanzetti convicted (executed in 1927)

1924 Dawes Plan

Scopes trial

National Origins Act

1927 Lindbergh crosses the Atlantic

1929 Stock market crashes


-42- 1932 Franklin Roosevelt elected

1933 “Bank holiday,” "Hundred Days": NRA, AAA, FDIC, TVA, FERA, CCC

21st Amendment: prohibition repealed

London Economic Conference (undermined by FDR)

Hitler comes to power in Germany

1934 Gold standard terminated

SEC

1935 “Second New Deal”: Social Security Act, WPA, NLRA (Wagner Act)

CIO formed

First of the Neutrality Laws

Butler v. U.S.; Schechter v. U.S.

1936 FDR re-elected

Spanish Civil War

1937 FDR attempts to pack Supreme Court with liberal judges

Japan invades China; FDR’s “Quarantine” speech

1938 Fair labor Standards Act (end of New Deal)

Hitler takes Austria, Munich Agreement

1939 World War II begins

1940 “Destroyers-for-Bases” deal with the British

Fall of France

First peacetime draft

1941 “Four Freedoms” speech

Lend-Lease, Battle of Britain, Hitler attacks USSR

Atlantic Charter

Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

1942 Japanese-Americans forced into internment camps

U. S. halts Japanese at Coral Sea and Midway

1943 North Africa campaign (El Alamein); invasion of Italy

Battle of Stalingrad

A. Philip Randolph, March on Washington Movement

1944 D-Day: France invaded

1945 Yalta Conference

FDR dies

Germany surrenders

Potsdam Conference

Atom bombs end WWII

San Francisco Conference, United Nations

Bretton Woods Conference: International Monetary Fund (IMF), World

Bank

1946 “Iron Curtain” speech

Nuremburg Trials

1947 Truman Doctrine

Marshall Plan

Containment

Taft-Hartley Act

Truman desegregates the armed forces

1948-49 Berlin Airlift

1949 Communist revolution in China (Mao Zedong)

NATO formed

Soviet Union explodes Atomic Bomb

1950 Korean War begins

McCarthy witch hunts begin

1951 22nd

Amendment: two-term presidency

1952 Dwight Eisenhower elected President

U.S. detonates Hydrogen bomb

1953 CIA overthrows Iranian leader and replaces him with the Shah

Industries agree on guaranteed annual wage

Stalin dies; Khrushchev wins power struggle and seeks “peaceful

coexistence

Soviets detonate Hydrogen bomb

1954 Brown v. Board of Education

Dien Bien Phu; Vietnam divided

CIA overthrows Guatemala government

1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott, emergence of Martin Luther King, Jr.

1956 Hungarian uprising

1957 Little Rock crisis

Sputnik

Eisenhower Doctrine

Little rock Crisis

Civil Rights Act

1958 NASA

U.S. occupies Lebanon

1960 U-2 spy plane shot down over Russia

John F. Kennedy elected President

Greensboro sit-in

1961 Freedom rides (Congress of Racial Equality – CORE)

Berlin crisis; Berlin Wall

Peace Corps

Bay of Pigs invasion

1962 University of Mississippi integrated (James Meredith)

Cuban Missile Crisis

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

Michael Harrington, The Other Side of America

1963 March in Birmingham; Civil Rights march on Washington

JFK assassinated

Betty Friedan: Feminine Mystique

1964 Free speech movement at Berkeley, “New Left”, Students for a Democratic

Society

Twenty-fourth Amendment outlaws the poll tax


Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1965 The “Great Society”

Voting Rights Act of 1965, March from Selma to Montgomery

Operation Rolling Thunder in Vietnam

Watts riots

Malcolm X assassinated

1966 Black Power

NOW formed

1967 Detroit Riot (and other cities)

Peace movement in the U.S. (“doves”)

1968 “The Year of Shocks”

Tet Offensive, Johnson won't seek re-election

Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King murdered

Riot at Democratic National Convention in Chicago

Richard Nixon elected President

Black Panthers

1969 Vietnamization

First man on the moon

Nixon proposes “New Federalism”

1970 Secret bombing of Cambodia; Cambodian invasion announced

Massacre at Kent State and Jackson State

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established

1971 Wage-price controls

My Lai massacre revealed

Pentagon Papers published

1972 détente: Nixon visits China and Soviet Union, SALT I

Intensive bombing of North Vietnam

Watergate burglary

Nixon re-elected

1973 U. S. forces withdraw from Vietnam

Arab oil crisis (OPEC)

Vice President Spiro Agnew resigns

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) passed by Congress

Roe v. Wade

1974 Watergate tapes

Nixon resigns, Ford's pardon

Serious inflation and recession


-43- 1975 Vietnam falls

“stagflation”

Mayaguez incident

Helsinki Conference

1976 Jimmy Carter elected President

1977 Humanitarian diplomacy

1978 Camp David Accords

Panama Canal treaties ratified

Bakke case

1979 U. S. recognizes china

Iran Hostage Crisis

USSR invades Afghanistan

1980 U. S. boycotts Olympics, withdraws from SALT II

Reagan elected President

1981 “Reaganomics”: reduced taxes (“trickle down”), increased defense spending

1983 “Star Wars” – Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

Prosperity returns: low inflation, lower interest rates, higher employment

1985 Gorbachev and Reagan begin arms limitation talks

1987 Iran-Contra Scandal

INF Treaty

1988 George H.W. Bush elected president

1989 Fall of communism in eastern Europe

1991 Fall of the Soviet Union

Gulf War (“Operation Desert Storm”)

1992 Bill Clinton elected president

1994 NAFTA passed

Republicans win control of Congress for first time in 40 years

1995 Welfare Reform Bill

1997 Clinton impeached

1999 U.S.-led NATO forces bomb Serbia to protect ethnic Albanians in Kosovo

2000 Bush defeats Gore in perhaps closest electoral vote in U.S. History

2001 September 11 terrorist attacks on World Trade Center

2002 U.S. invades Afghanistan to remove Taliban and Al Qaeda

2003 U.S. invades Iraq; removes Saddam Hussein from power

PRESIDENTS STUDY GUIDE

Federalist Era (1789-1801)

1. George Washington (1789-1797)

V.P.- John Adams

Secretary of State- Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of Treasury- Alexander Hamilton

Major Items: Judiciary Act (1789)

Bill of Rights, 1791

Hamilton’s Financial Plan: 1) Tariffs

2) Funding at Par

“BE FAT” 3) Excise Taxes (Whisky)

4) Assumption of State Debts

5) National Bank

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

French Revolution [(citizen genet) (1793)]

Jay Treaty with England (1795)

Battle of Fallen Timbers/Treaty of Greenville (1895)

Pinckney Treaty w/ Spain

Farewell Address (1796)

2. John Adams (1797- 1801)

Federalist

VP - Thomas Jefferson

Major items: X, Y, Z, Affair (1797)

“Quasi-War” (1798-1800)

Alien Act: Sedition Act (1798)

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798)

Convention of 1800

“Midnight Judges” (1801)

Jeffersonian Democracy

3. Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

Republican

V.P.- Aaron Burr


-44-

Secretary of State- James Madison

Major Items: Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-05)

Impeachment of Samuel Chase

12th

Amendment (1804)

Burr Conspiracies, 1804 & 1806

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, 1807

Embargo Act (1807)

Non- Intercourse Act (1809)

4. James Madison (1809-1817)

Republican

Major Items: Macon’s Bill #2 (1810)

“War Hawks” (1811-12)

War of 1812

Hartford Convention (1814)

Clay’s American System: 1) 1st Protective Tariff

2) 2nd

BUS

“BIT” 3) Internal Improvements (Madison

Vetoes internal improvements)

“Era of Good Feelings”

5. James Monroe (1817-1825)

Republican

Secretary of State- John Quincy Adams

Major Items: Marshall’s Decisions: Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816)

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Dartmouth College Case (1819)

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Florida Purchase Treaty/Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Panic of 1819

Monroe Doctrine, 1823

AGE OF JACKSON: 1828-1848

6. John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)

National Republican

VP- John C. Calhoun

Secretary of State- Henry Clay

Major Items: “Corrupt Bargain”, 1824

New York’s Erie Canal (1825)

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Calhoun’s Exposition and Protest (1828)

7. Andrew Jackson (1825-1837)

Democrat

VP- John C. Calhoun, Martin Van Buren

Major Items: “New Democracy”

Cabinet crisis

spoils system

Nullification Controversy of 1832

Jackson kills the Bus, 1832

Formation of the Whig Party (1832) (Supports Clay’s American System)

“Trail of Tears”

8. Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)

Democrat

Major Items: Panic of 1837

Caroline incident, 1837

Independent treasury System (1840)

9. William Henry Harrison (1841)

Whig

Major items: Election of 1840 (1st modern election—mass politics

10. John Tyler (1841-1845)


-45-

Anti- Jackson Democrat ran as VP on Whig Ticket

Secretary of State- Daniel Webster

Major items: Webster- Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Vetoes Clay’s Bill of 3rd

B.U.S.

Annexation of Texas (1845)

Manifest Destiny – 1840s

11. James K. Polk (1845- 1849)

Democrat

Major Items: Manifest Destiny: TOM (Texas, Oregon, Mexico)

Texas becomes a state (1845)

Oregon Treaty (1846)

Mexican War (1846- 1848)

Guadalupe- Hidalgo Treaty (1848)

COIL = 4 Point Plan: CA, OR, Independent Treasury System, Lower Tariff

Wilmot Proviso

1850’s- Road to Civil War

12. Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)

Whig

VP- Millard Filmore

Major Items: Blocks Compromise of 1850

13. Millard Filmore (1850-1853)

Whig

Secretary of State- Daniel Webster

Major Items: Compromise of 1850

Clayton Bulwer Treaty (1850)

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

14. Franklin Pierce

Democrat

VP- King

Major Items: Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

“Bleeding Kansas”

“Young America”

Japan opened to world trade (1853) – Commodore Perry

Ostend Manifesto (1854)- desire for Cuba

Underground Railroad: Harriet Tubman

15. James Buchanan (1857-1861)

Democrat

Major Items: Taney’s Dred Scott Decision (1857)

Lincoln- Douglas Debates (1858)

Secession (did nothing to prevent it)

Civil War Era (1861-1865)

16. Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)

Republican

VP- Andrew Johnson

Major Items: Civil War (1861-1865)

Emancipation Acts (1862); Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Homestead Act (1862)

Morill Tariff (1862)

Pacific Railway Act (1863)

National Banking Act (1862)

Morill Land Grant Act: created agricultural colleges

Lincoln’s Assassination, John Wilkes Booth

Reconstruction (1865- 1877)/Gilded Age

17. Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)

Republican


-46-

Secretary of State- W.H. Seward

Major Items: 13th

Amendment (1865)

14th

Amendment (1868)

Freedman’s Bureau

Black Codes

Reconstruction Act (1867)

Impeachment Trial (1868)

KKK

18. Ulysses S. Grant (1869- 1877)

Republican

Secretary of State- Hamilton Fish – Treaty of Washington (1871)

Major items: 1st Transcontinental Railroad (1869)

15th

Amendment t (1870)

Panic of 1873

Corruption- Tweed Ring

Credit Moblier

Whiskey Ring

Fiske & Gould attempt to corner gold market

Gilded Age (1865-1900)

19. Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)

Republican

Major Items: Compromise of 1876 – troops withdrawn from South (1877)

Great Railroad Strike, 1877

20. James A. Garfield (1881)

Republican

Half-breeds vs. Stalwarts

Major Items: Garfield’s Assassination

21. Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)

Republican

Major Items: Pendleton Act (1883), Civil Service Commission set up

22. Grover Cleveland (1885- 1889)

Democrat

Major Items: Knights of Labor; Haymarket Square Bombing (1886)

Wabash vs. Illinois (1886)

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

1887 Annual Address: seeks to lower tariff

Dawes Severalty Act, 1887

23. Benjamin Harrison (1889- 1893)

Republican

Major Items: Pan-Americanism, James G. Blaine

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

McKinley Tariff (1890)

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

Homestead Steel Strike, 1892

Populist Party Platform of 1892 (Omaha Platform)

24. Grover Cleveland (1893- 1897)

Second Administration

Democrat

Major Items: Panic of 1893- Morgan Band Transaction

Hawaiian Incident (1893)

Venezuelan Boundary Dispute (1895)

Pullman Strike (1894)

Coxey’s Army

American Federation of Labor

Wilson-Gorman Tariff

25. William McKinley (1897- 1901)

Election of 1896- Wizard of Oz

Republican

VP- Theodore Roosevelt

Secretary of State- John Hay

Major Items: New Imperialism

Spanish American War (April 1989- Feb. 1899)

Open Door Policy (1899)


-47-

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

McKinley’s Assassination/ Leon Czolgosz (1901)

PROGRESSIVE ERA (1900-1920)

26. Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)

Republican

Secretary of State- John Hay, Elihu Root

Major items: Panama Canal (1903- 1914)- “Gunboat Diplomacy”

Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904)

Venezuelan Debt Controversy (1902)

Dominican Republic crisis (1902-05)

Portsmouth Treaty (1905) -- Nobel Peace Prize

Gentleman’s Agreement with Japan (1908)

Political Reforms of the Roosevelt Era

Muckrakers

3 C’s: Consumer Protection,

Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act

Control of Corporations

Anthracite Coal Strike, 1902

trustbusting: Northern Securities Co. law suit, 1902

Hepburn Act (1906)

Conservation

Newlands Reclamation Act, Nat’l Parks

27. William H. Taft (1909-1913)

Republican

Major Items: Paine- Aldrich Tariff (1909)

Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

Trustbusting- Standard Oil

“Dollar Diplomacy”

Split in Republican Party- Bull Moose Party

28. Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)

Democrat

Major Items: “New Freedom”: anti-triple wall of privilege: Tariffs, Tbanks, Trusts

Underwood Tariff (1913)

Federal Reserve System (1913)

Federal Trade Commission (1914)

Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)

Troops to Mexico, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Virgin Islands

16th

, 17th

, 18th

and 19th

Amendments

WWI

Lusitania (May, 1915)

“Fourteen Points” (Jan., 1917)

Treaty of Versailles (1919-1920)

League of Nations, Lodge Reservations

“Red Scare”

Palmer Raids (1919-1920)

“Red Summer”, 1919 – race riots

Roaring Twenties (1920-1929)

Conservative Presidents (1920-1932)

29. Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)

Republican

Major Items: Conservative Agenda

Teapot Dome Scandal

Washington Disarmament Conference (1921- 1922)

Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)

“Americanism”- WASP Values

30. Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)

Republican

Major Items: Continuation of Harding’s conservative policies

Nationall Origins Act (1924)

Scopes “Monkey” Trial (1925)

Sacco Vanzetti Trial


-48-

demise of KKK

Dawes Plan (1924)

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

Clark Memorandum (1928)

31. Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)

Republican

Major Items: Stock Market Crash (1929)

Great Depression

Agricultural Marketing Act, 1929

Hawley- Smoot Tariff (1930)


Bonus Army

Hoover-Stimson Doctrine, 1931

The New Deal/WWII (1933-1945)

32. Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945)

Democrat

Eleanor Roosevelt: African- Americans, children, women

Major Items: New Deal: Relief, Recovery, Reform

Isolationism: Neutrality Laws

WWII

Labor- CIO (John L. Lewis)

The Cold War

33. Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)

Democrat

Major Items: WWII Ends- Atomic Bomb

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

Truman’s Loyalty Program

Desegregation of Armed Forces, 1948

Cold War

Truman Doctrine (1947)

Marshall Plan (1947)

Berlin Crisis, 1948-49

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1949)

Korean War (1950-1953)

34. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953- 1961)

Republican

VP- Nixon

Secretary of State- John Foster Dulles

Major Items: Cold War

“Massive Retaliation”

H- Bomb

22nd

Amendment

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (S.E.A.T.O.)

Domino theory, Vietnam

“Peaceful Cooexistence”

Suez Crisis (1956)

Sputnik (1957)

Eisenhower Doctrine (1958)

U-2 Incident, 1960

Civil Rights

Brown vs. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas (1954)

Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955-56, Martin Luther King

Crisis in Little Rock, 1957

Greensboro Sit-in, 1960

Affluent Society: Baby Boom, suburbs, consumerism, TV

Federal Highway Act (1955)

Alaska and Hawaii become states (1959)

35. John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)

Democrat

VP- Lyndon B. Johnson

Major Items: “ The New Frontier”

Alliance for Progress

The Peace Corps


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Cuba

Bay of Pigs (1961)

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Nuclear Test- Ban Treaty (1963)

Kennedy assassinated (Nov. 22, 1963), Lee Harvey Oswald

36. Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)

Democrat

Major Items: The “Cold War”

Vietnam, escalation

“The Great Society”

- Anti-poverty Act (1964)

- Elementary and Secondary Education

- Medicare

- Affirmative Action

Income Tax Cut

Civil Rights Act (1964)

Voting Rights Act (1965)

Warren Court (Rights of the Accused)

“Long Hot Summers”: Watts and Detroit riots

Thurgood Marshall

1968: “Year of Shocks” – Tet, MLK assassinated, Black Power, Nixon wins

Detente/ Rapproachement (1968- 1980)

37. Richard M. Nixon (1969- 1974)

Republican

VP- Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford

Major Items: “Imperial Presidency”

Vietnam War, Vietnamization, Cambodia

Landing on the Moon (July, 1969)

Warren Burger- Chief Justice (1969)

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Woodstock (Aug., 1969)

E.P.A. established (1970)

Philadelphia Plan: affirmative action

26th

Amendment (1971)

“Silent Majority”

Détente

- Visit to China (Feb, 1972)

- Visit to Russia (May, 1972)

- Salt I (1972)

Energy Crisis, OPEC

Wounded Knee, SD (1973)

Agnew resigns (1973)

Nixon Resigns (Aug. 9, 1974)- Watergate

38. Gerald Ford (1974- 1977)

Republican

First Appointed President

Major Items: Pardons Nixon

Mayaguez Incident (1975)

Stagflation

Helsinki Conference, 1975

39. Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)

Democrat

Major Items: Panama Canal Treaty signed (Sept, 1977)

“Humanitarian Diplomacy”

Diplomatic relation with communist China; ended recognition of Taiwan

3 Mile Island Incident (PA), 1979

Camp David Accords: Egypt and Israel Peace Treaty

Iran Hostage Crisis (1979)

- Rescue attempt- 8 killed (April, 1980)

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Soviets (1979)

“Stagflation”

Boycott of Olympics in Moscow to protest Afghanistan (1980)

1980s, 1990s

40. Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)

Republican

VP- Bush

Major Items: “Reaganomics-Supply-Side-Economics”

Massive Military Buildup, “Star Wars” (SDI)


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Culture war: “Religious Right”

1500 Marines sent to Beirut (1983); withdrawn 1984

Grenada (Oct, 1983), Nicaragua (1984)

Sandra Day O’ Conner appointed to the Supreme Court (First Woman)

INF Treaty with Soviet Union (Gorbachev), 1987

Iran Contra Hearings: Oliver North (1987)

41. George H. W. Bush (1989-1993)

Republican

VP- Quayle

Major Items: Savings and Loan Scandal (1990)

Fall of Berlin Wall, 1989; Revolutions of 1989 in Europe

Invasion of Panama (1990), Manuel Noriega

Gulf War I: Operation Desert Storm, 1991

Fall of Soviet Union (1991)

Recession 1992-93

42. Bill Clinton (1993-2001)

Democrat

VP- Al Gore

Major Items: NAFTA

Republicans take Congress for 1st time in over 40 years

-- “Contract with America”

Welfare Reform

Monica Lewinski Scandal, impeachment

War in Kosovo

43. George W. Bush (2001- )

Republican

VP – Dick Cheney

Major Items: Disputed election of 2000, Florida

Major tax cuts

9/11 terrorist attacks, Osama Bin Laden

War in Afghanistan

Iraq War

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