aqbook 2016 - health.hawaii.gov · december 2016 kalaupapa, molokai . i 2016 hawaii air quality...

State of Hawaii

Annual Summary

2016

Air Quality Data

Virginia Pressler, M.D. David Y. Ige Director of Health Governor of Hawaii

State of Hawaii Department of Health

December 2016

Kalaupapa, Molokai

i

2016 Hawaii Air Quality Data

Contents LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... iii Section 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 Section 2 DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................. 3 Section 3 SITE LOCATIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS ...................................................................... 7 Section 4 2016 AIR QUALITY DATA ............................................................................................ 17 Section 5 2016 PM2.5 SPECIATION DATA .....................................................................................33 Section 6 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY TRENDS ............................................................................... 36

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List of Tables Table Title Page 2-1 State of Hawaii and Federal Ambient Air Quality Standards ................................ 6 3-1 State of Hawaii Ambient Air Monitoring Network ................................................ 15 3-2 Sampling Equipment at Each Monitoring Station ................................................ 16 4-1 2016 Summary of the 24-Hour PM10 Averages .................................................. 18 4-2 Attainment Determination of the 24-Hour PM10 NAAQS ..................................... 18 4-3 2016 Summary of the 24-Hour PM2.5 Averages: SLAMS Stations ..................... 19 4-4 Attainment Determination of the 24-Hour PM2.5 NAAQS: SLAMS Stations ....... 19 4-5 Attainment Determination of the Annual PM2.5 NAAQS: SLAMS Stations ......... 19 4-6 2016 Summary of the 24-Hour PM2.5 Averages: SPM Stations ......................... 20 4-7 2016 Summary of the 8-Hour O3 Averages ........................................................ 20 4-8 Attainment Determination of the 8-Hour O3 NAAQS ........................................... 21 4-9 2016 Summary of the 1-Hour and Annual NO2 Averages................................... 21 4-10 Attainment Determination of the 1-Hour NO2 NAAQS: SLAMS Stations …...…. 21 4-11 2016 Summary of the 1-Hour SO2 Averages NAAQS ........................................ 22 4-12 Attainment Determination of the 1-Hour SO2 NAAQS: SLAMS Stations …...…. 23 4-13 2016 Summary of the 3-Hour SO2 Averages ...................................................... 24 4-14 2016 Summary of the 24-Hour and Annual SO2 Averages ................................. 25 4-15 2016 Summary of the 1-Hour CO Averages ....................................................... 26 4-16 2016 Summary of the 8-Hour CO Averages ....................................................... 26 4-17 2016 Summary of the 1-Hour H2S Averages (State Standard) ........................... 26 4-18 2016 Summary of the Rolling 3-Month Lead Averages ...................................... 27 4-19 2016 Monthly Maximum of 24-Hour PM10 Values (µg/m3) .................................. 27 4-20 2016 Monthly Maximum of 24-Hour PM2.5 Values (µg/m3) ................................. 28 4-21 2016 Monthly Maximum of 1-Hour NO2 Values (ppm) ........................................ 29 4-22 2016 Monthly Maximum of 1-Hour CO Values (ppm) ......................................... 29 4-23 2016 Monthly Maximum of 8-Hour CO Values (ppm) ......................................... 29 4-24 2016 Monthly Maximum of 8-Hour O3 Values (ppm) .......................................... 30 4-25 2016 Monthly Maximum of 1-Hour SO2 Values (ppm) ........................................ 30 4-26 2016 Monthly Maximum of 3-Hour SO2 Values (ppm) ........................................ 31 4-27 2016 Monthly Maximum of 24-Hour SO2 Values (ppm) ...................................... 32 4-28 2016 Monthly Maximum of 1-Hour H2S Values (ppm) ........................................ 32 4-29 2016 Monthly Maximum of Rolling 3-Month Lead Values (µg/m3) ...................... 32 5-1 Annual Summary of PM2.5 Speciation Data ........................................................ 34 5-2 Speciation Collection and Analysis Methods ...................................................... 35

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List of Figures Figure Title Page 3-1 Island of Oahu Air Monitoring Stations ................................................................. 7 3-2 Island of Maui Air Monitoring Stations .................................................................. 9 3-3 Island of Hawaii Air Monitoring Stations ............................................................. 11 3-4 Island of Kauai Air Monitoring Station ................................................................. 14 6-1 PM10 Annual Average: 2012-2016 ..................................................................... 37 6-2 PM10 Maximum 24-Hour Average: 2012-2016 ................................................... 37 6-3 PM2.5 Annual Average: 2012-2016 .................................................................... 38 6-4 PM2.5 98th Percentile 24-Hour Average: 2012-2016 ........................................... 38 6-5 SO2 Annual Average: 2012-2016 ...................................................................... 39 6-6 SO2 Maximum 24-Hour Average: 2012-2016 .................................................... 39 6-7 NO2 Annual Average: 2012-2016 ...................................................................... 40 6-8 NO2 Maximum 1-Hour Average: 2012-2016 ...................................................... 40 6-9 O3 Fourth Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour Average: 2012-2016 ....................... 41 6-10 CO Maximum 1-Hour Average: 2012-2016 ....................................................... 41 6-11 CO Maximum 8-Hour Average: 2012-2016 ....................................................... 42

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Section 1

INTRODUCTION

The Department of Health, Clean Air Branch, monitors the ambient air in the State of Hawaii for various gaseous and particulate air pollutants. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for six criteria pollutants: carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, ozone, and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). Hawaii has also established a state ambient air standard for hydrogen sulfide. The primary purpose of the statewide monitoring network is to measure ambient air concentrations of these pollutants and ensure that these air quality standards are met. The stations are maintained and the data are collected by the Air Surveillance and Analysis Section of the State Laboratories Division. In addition to monitoring the ambient air for criteria pollutants, the State of Hawaii also participates in the NCore multi pollutant monitoring network; the NCore station in Hawaii is located at the Kapolei monitoring station. The NCore network addresses the following objectives:

• Timely reporting of data to public by supporting AIRNow, air quality forecasting, and other public reporting mechanisms;

• Support for development of emission strategies through air quality model evaluation and other observational methods;

• Accountability of emission strategy progress through tracking long-term trends of criteria and non-criteria pollutants and their precursors;

• Support for long-term health assessments that contribute to ongoing reviews of the NAAQS;

• Compliance through establishing nonattainment/attainment areas through comparison with the NAAQS;

• Support to scientific studies ranging across technological, health, and atmospheric process disciplines;

• Support to ecosystem assessments recognizing that national air quality networks benefit ecosystem assessments and, in turn, benefit from data specifically designed to address ecosystem analyses; and

• PM2.5 speciation monitoring that EPA determined to be essential for establishing a relationship between particle concentrations and adverse health effects and would provide valuable information in characterizing aerosols, determining the effectiveness of control strategies, and understanding the effects of particle pollution on atmospheric and regional haze.

Air pollution is caused by many different man-made and natural sources. There are industrial sources of pollution, such as power plants and refineries; mobile sources, such as cars, trucks, and buses; agricultural sources, such as cane burning; and natural sources, such as windblown dust and volcanic activity. In 2016, for the most part, the state maintained 14 air monitoring stations on 4 islands. Most commercial, industrial,

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and transportation activities and their associated air quality effects occur on Oahu, where 4 of the stations are located. The monitoring stations on Maui are mainly to measure the air quality impacts from agricultural activities. The majority of stations are located on the island of Hawaii to measure air quality impacts from the volcano and geothermal energy production. The monitoring station on Kauai is mainly to measure the air quality impacts from cruise ships. The state’s ambient air monitoring network is reviewed annually and relocations, additions and/or discontinuations can occur in the future as the need arises. This report summarizes the validated air pollutant data collected at the 14 monitoring stations during calendar year 2016. Tabular summaries are provided which compare the measured concentrations of criteria pollutants with federal ambient air quality standards and of hydrogen sulfide with the state standard. The 2016 speciation data is also included in this report. Trend summaries of criteria pollutants parameters are shown graphically. The Department of Health has a web site that displays near real-time air quality data updated throughout the day from the air monitoring stations. The data has not been reviewed for quality assurance and is subject to change but provides the public with viewing access to current air pollutant and meteorological information. To view this data online, go to http://health.hawaii.gov/cab and link to “Hawaii Ambient Air Quality Data.” Additionally, because emissions from the Kilauea volcano are affecting communities on the island of Hawaii on a daily basis, the Department of Health has a website dedicated to displaying short term SO2 data from stations located on the island. It provides near real-time 15-minute SO2 averages and advisory level guidance to help individuals protect themselves against possible health effects. To view this data online, go to www.hiso2index.info To view this entire book as well as books from 2014 and 2015 online, go to: http://health.hawaii.gov/cab and link to “Hawaii Air Quality Data Book.”

Questions or comments regarding data in this report and other air quality information should be addressed to:

Clean Air Branch Phone: (808)586-4200 Department of Health Fax: (808)586-4359

P.O. Box 3378 Honolulu, Hawaii 96801-3378 The Department of Health provides access to its programs and activities without regard to race, color, national origin (including language), age, sex, religion, or disability. Write our Affirmative Action Officer at P.O. Box 3378, Honolulu, Hawaii 96801-3378, or call (808)586-4616 (voice) within 180 days of a problem.

http://health.hawaii.gov/cab/

http://www.hiso2index.info/

http://health.hawaii.gov/cab/

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Section 2

DEFINITIONS

98th Percentile Value The PM2.5 24-hour average or the maximum daily 1-hour NO2 average in the year below which 98% of all values fall.

99th Percentile Value

The maximum daily 1-hour SO2 value in the year below which 99% of all values fall.

Ambient Air The general outdoor atmosphere, external to buildings, to

which the general public has access.

Ambient Air Quality Standard

A limit in the quantity and exposure to pollutants dispersed or suspended in the ambient air. Primary standards are set to protect public health, including sensitive populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. Secondary standards are set to protect public welfare including protection against visibility degradation, and damage to animals, crops, vegetation and buildings.

Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas under atmospheric conditions. It is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon fuels with the majority of emissions coming from transportation sources.

CFR Code of Federal Regulations is the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal government. Title 40 is the Protection of the Environment.

Collocated This is a procedure required for a certain percentage of PM10 and PM2.5 samplers in the monitoring network. Collocated samplers determine precision or variation in the PM10 or PM2.5 concentration measurements of identical samplers run in the same location under the same sampling conditions.

Criteria Pollutants These are the six pollutants for which the EPA has established national air quality standards. The pollutants are ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, lead and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5).

EPA

The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency; established to

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protect human health and the natural environment. Hydrogen Sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic, colorless gas with a characteristic “rotten egg” odor detectable at very low levels. It occurs naturally during the decomposition of organic matter, near geothermal sources and is also produced during certain industrial processes, including wastewater treatment facilities.

Micron One micron is one millionth of a meter or approximately 1/25,000 of an inch.

µg/m3 Micrograms per cubic meter. This is the measurement of air quality expressed as mass per unit volume.

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards. These are

pollutant standards that the EPA has established to protect public health and welfare. NAAQS have been set for carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, PM10, PM2.5, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and lead. These are commonly referred to as criteria pollutants.

NCore A multi-pollutant network that integrates several advanced measurement systems for particles, pollutant gases and meteorology. Most NCore stations have been operating since the formal start of the network on January 1, 2011, including Hawaii’s.

Nitrogen Dioxide Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a brownish, highly corrosive gas with a pungent odor. It is formed in the atmosphere from emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Sources of nitrogen oxides include electric utilities, industrial boilers, motor vehicle exhaust and combustion of fossil fuels. NO2 is also a component in the atmospheric reaction that produces ground-level ozone.

Ozone Ozone (O3) is the main constituent in photochemical air pollution. It is formed in the atmosphere by a chemical reaction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight. In the upper atmosphere, O3 shields the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation; however, at ground level, it can cause harmful effects in humans and plants.

Particulate Matter This refers to any solid or liquid matter dispersed in the air. Particulate matter (PM) includes dust, soot, smoke, and

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liquid droplets from sources such as factories, power plants, motor vehicles, construction, agricultural activities, and fires.

PM10 Particulate matter that is 10 microns or less in aerodynamic diameter. These are considered “coarse” particles, generally from sources such as road and windblown dust, and crushing and grinding operations.

PM2.5 Particulate matter that is 2.5 microns or less in aerodynamic diameter. Considered “fine” particles, these are generally a result of fuel combustion such as from motor vehicles, utility generation and industrial facilities. Fine particles can also be formed when gases, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, are chemically transformed into particles.

ppm Parts per million is one particle in 1,000,000 other particles.

It is approximately one drop in 13 gallons.

SLAMS State and Local Air Monitoring Stations. The Clean Air Act requires that every state establish a network of air monitoring stations for criteria pollutants.

SPM Special Purpose Monitoring stations. These are stations established to provide data for special studies in support of air program interests and activities. SPM stations supplement the SLAMS network as special circumstances require and adequate resources permit.

Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless gas that easily combines with water vapor forming sulfuric acid. Emissions of sulfur dioxide are largely from sources that burn fossil fuels such as coal and oil. In Hawaii, another major source of sulfur dioxide emissions is from the eruption of Kilauea Volcano on the Big Island.

Vog Vog is a local term used to express volcanic smog. Vog

occurs when volcanic gas and particles combine with air and sunlight to produce atmospheric haze.

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Table 2-1 State and Federal Ambient Air Quality Standards

Sources: State standards HAR §11-59; Federal standards 40 CFR Part 50

Air Pollutant

Averaging Time

Standards

Hawaii State Standard

Federal Primary Standard a

Federal Secondary Standard b

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

1-hour

8-hour

9 ppm

4.4 ppm

35 ppm

9 ppm None

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

1-hour

Annual

---

0.04 ppm

0.100 ppm

0.053 ppm

---

0.053 ppm

PM10 24-hour

Annual c

150 µg/m3

50 µg/m3

150 µg/m3

---

---

---

PM2.5 24-hour

Annual ---

35 µg/m3

12 µg/m3

35 µg/m3

15 µg/m3

Ozone (O3) 8-hour 0.08 ppm 0.070 ppm 0.070 ppm

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

1-hour

3-hour

24-hour

Annual

---

0.5 ppm

0.14 ppm

0.03 ppm

0.075 ppm

---

---

---

---

0.5 ppm

---

---

Lead (Pb) Rolling 3-month 1.5 µg/m3 d 0.15 µg/m3 0.15 µg/m3

Hydrogen Sulfide 1-hour 0.025 ppm None None

a Primary Standards set limits to protect public health, including the health of “sensitive” populations such as asthmatics, children and

the elderly. b Secondary Standards set limits to protect public welfare, including protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops,

vegetation, and buildings. c Due to a lack of evidence linking health problems to long-term exposure to coarse particle pollution, EPA revoked the annual PM10

standard effective December 17, 2006. However, the state still has an annual standard. d The state standard is based on calendar quarter.

Compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards

CO 1-hour: May not be exceeded more than once per year. CO 8-hour: May not be exceeded more than once per year. NO2 1-hour: The 3-year average of the 98th percentile daily maximum 1-hour averages must not exceed

the standard. NO2 Annual: Average of all 1-hour values in the year may not exceed the level of the standard. PM10 24-hour: Must not be exceeded more than one day per year, after compensating for days when

monitoring did not occur (estimated number of exceedances) PM2.5 24-hour: The 3-year average of the 98th percentile 24-hour concentrations must not exceed the level of

the standard. PM2.5 Annual: The 3-year average of 24-hour values must not exceed the level of the standard. Ozone 8-hour: The 3-year average of the fourth highest daily maximum value must not exceed the level of

the standard. SO2 1-hour: The 3-year average of the 99th percentile daily maximum 1-hour averages must not exceed

the standard. SO2 3-hour: Not be exceeded more than once per year. SO2 24-hour: Not be exceeded more than once per year. SO2 Annual: Average of all 1-hour values in the year may not exceed the level of the standard. Lead: Average of all 24-hour values in any rolling 3-month period may not exceed the level of the

standard.

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Section 3

SITE LOCATIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS

® 0 5 10 Miles

The following station descriptions include latitude and longitude in decimal degrees and altitude in meters above mean sea level.

Station Name Location Pollutants/Parameters Monitored

1 Honolulu 1250 Punchbowl St. CO, SO2, PM2.5, PM10

2 Sand Island 1039 Sand Island Pkwy. O3, PM2.5

3 Pearl City 860 4th St. PM2.5, PM10

4 Kapolei 2052 Lauwiliwili St. CO, SO2, NO2

Kapolei NCore 2052 Lauwiliwili St. CO trace, SO2 trace, NO/NOy , Pb, O3, PM2.5, PM2.5 speciation,

PM10, PM10-2.5, WS/WD

Figure 3-1: Island of Oahu – Air Monitoring Stations

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Honolulu (DH)

Location: 1250 Punchbowl St., Honolulu

Latitude: 21.30758

Longitude: -157.85542

Altitude: 20 m

Parameters: SO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5

Established: February 1971

Brief Description:

Located in downtown Honolulu on the roof of the Department of Health building, across from the Queen’s Medical Center, in a busy commercial, business and government district.

Kapolei (KA)

Location: 2052 Lauwiliwili St., Kapolei

Latitude: 21.32374


Altitude: 17.9 m

Parameters: SO2, CO, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, PM2.5 speciation, NCore

Established: July 2002

Brief Description:

Located in Kapolei Business Park, southeast of Kapolei Fire Station, next to a drainage canal that separates the park from Barber’s Point. Approximately 1.5 miles from Malakole Street in Campbell Industrial Park.

Pearl City (PC)

Location: 860 4th St., Pearl City

Latitude: 21.39283


Altitude: 23.1 m

Parameters: PM10, PM2.5

Established: May 1979

Brief Description:

Located on the roof of the Leeward Health Center in a commercial, residential and light industrial area approximately 1.5 miles northwest of the Waiau power plant and near the Pearl Harbor Naval Complex.

Sand Island (SI)

Location: 1039 Sand Island Pkwy., Honolulu

Latitude: 21.30384


Altitude: 5.3 m

Parameters: O3, PM2.5


Brief Description:

Located in a light industrial, commercial and recreational area approximately two miles downwind of downtown Honolulu near the entrance to the Sand Island State Recreation Area.

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®

0 5 10 Miles

Station Name Location Pollutants Monitored

1 Kihei Hale Piilani Park PM2.5

2 Paia TMK (2)-2-5-005-05 PM2.5

3 Kahului TMK (2)-3-8-007-153 PM2.5

Figure 3-2: Island of Maui – Air Monitoring Stations

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Kihei (KH)

Location: Hale Piilani Park, Kihei

Latitude: 20.780997


Altitude: 46.5 m

Parameters: PM2.5


Brief Description:

Located in a residential community park, next to agricultural land.

Paia (PI)

Location: TMK (2)-2-5-005-05, Paia

Latitude: 20.902031


Altitude: 80.8 m

Parameters: PM2.5

Established: March 2013

Brief Description:

Located within a fenced area that contains a County of Maui water supply tank. The area is surrounded by residential and agricultural land with sugar cane fields north of the monitor.

Kahului (KL)

Location: TMK (2)-3—8-007-153, Kahului

Latitude: 20.869444


Altitude: 55.5 m

Parameters: PM2.5

Established: January 2016

Brief Description:

Located within a fenced area off of Mauilani Parkway, TMK 2-3-8-007-153. The area is surrounded primarily by residential land.

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®

0 5 10 Miles


1 Hilo 1099 Waianuenue Ave. SO2, PM2.5

2 Mountain View 18-1235 Volcano Rd. SO2, PM2.5

3 Puna E TMK (3)-1-3-28-37 (Leilani) H2S, SO2

4 Pahala 96-3150 Pikake St. SO2, PM2.5

5 Ocean View 92-6091 Orchid Mauka Circ. SO2, PM2.5

6 Kona 81-1043 Konawaena School Rd. SO2, PM2.5

Figure 3-3: Island of Hawaii – Air Monitoring Stations

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Hilo (HL)

Location: 1099 Waianuenue Ave., Hilo

Latitude: 19.71756


Altitude: 136.8 m

Parameters: SO2, PM2.5

Established: January 1997

Brief Description:

Located near the Hilo Medical Center, this station was established to monitor vog during “Kona” or southerly wind conditions.

Kona (KN)

Location: 81-1043 Konawaena School Rd., Kona

Latitude: 19.50978


Altitude: 517.2 m


Established: September 2005

Brief Description:

Located on the upper campus of Konawaena High School, this station monitors for vog on the west side of the island of Hawaii.

Mt. View (MV)

Location: 18-1235 Volcano Rd., Mt. View

Latitude: 19.57002


Altitude: 436.5 m


Established: December 2010

Brief Description:

Located on the grounds of the Mt. View Elementary School, this station was established to monitor vog during southerly wind conditions.

Ocean View (OV)

Location: 92-6091 Orchid Mauka Circle, Ocean View

Latitude: 19.11756


Altitude: 862.6 m


Established: April 2010

Brief Description:

This station is located in Hawaii Ocean View Estates at the Ocean View fire station and monitors for volcanic emissions.

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Pahala (PA)

Location: 96-3150 Pikake St., Pahala

Latitude: 19.2039


Altitude: 320 m


Established: August 2007

Brief Description:

The station is on the grounds of the Kau High and Pahala Elementary School, monitoring for volcanic emissions.

Puna E (PE)

Location: 13-763 Leilani Ave., Pahoa

Latitude: 19.46399


Altitude: 207.9 m

Parameters: SO2, H2S

Established: March 1991

Brief Description:

Located in the Leilani Estates residential subdivision, this station monitors for emissions from the geothermal energy facility approximately 1 mile to the northeast. The station also monitors for SO2 emissions from the volcano during southwesterly wind conditions.

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® 0 5 10 Miles


1 Niumalu 2342 Hulemalu Road SO2, NO2, PM2.5

Niumalu (NI)

Location: 2342 Hulemalu Road, Lihue

Latitude: 21.9495

Longitude: -159.365

Altitude: 11 m

Parameters: SO2, NO2, PM2.5

Established: April 2011

Brief Description:

Located in the Niumalu residential subdivision, this station monitors for emissions from the cruise ships in Nawiliwili Harbor approximately 1.0 mile upwind.

Figure 3-4: Island of Kauai – Air Monitoring Station

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Table 3-1 State of Hawaii Ambient Air Monitoring Network

Pollutants Monitored and Station Type

SITE PM10 PM2.5 CO O3 SO2 NO2 H2S Lead MONITORING OBJECTIVE LOCATION SETTING

OAHU Honolulu

Kapolei 1

Pearl City

Sand Island

S S S -

S

S,C S S

S S - -

- S - S

S S - -

- S - -

- - - -

-

S,C - -

Population Exposure Population Exposure Population Exposure

Maximum Concentration (O3) Transport (PM2.5)

Urban and Center City

Suburban Urban and Center City Urban and Center City

MAUI Kihei

Paia 2

Kahului 3

-

-

S

SPM

SPM

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Source Impact (cane burning)



Suburban

Neighborhood

Neighborhood

HAWAII Hilo Kona Mountain View Ocean View Pahala Puna E

- - - - - -

SPM SPM

SPM SPM

SPM

-

- - - - - -

- - - - - -

S S

SPM SPM

SPM

SPM

- - - - - -

- - - - -

SPM

- - - - -

SPM

Population Exposure

Population Exposure (SO2)/ Maximum concentration (PM2.5)

Source Impact Welfare Impact (SO2)/ Source Impact (PM2.5)

Maximum concentration (SO2)/ Source Impact (PM2.5)

Source Impact (geothermal and volcano)

Suburban Suburban

Suburban

Rural

Rural

Suburban

KAUAI Niumalu

-

SPM

-

SPM

SPM

-

-

Source Impact (cruise ships)

Suburban

C = Collocated Site S = (SLAMS) State and Local Air Monitoring Station SPM = Special Purpose Monitoring Station (for monitoring vog, geothermal energy production and cruise ships)

1 Includes NCore station 2 Paia began operating 3/1/13 3 Kahului began operating 1/13/15

Table 3-2 Sampling Equipment at Each Monitoring Station

Monitoring Station

PM10 Continuous

Ambient Particulate

Monitor

PM2.5 Manual

Particulate Monitor

PM2.5 Continuous

Monitor

CO Continuous Gas Filter

Correlation Analyzer

SO2 Continuous

Pulsed Fluorescence Ambient Air

Analyzer

O3 Continuous

UV Photometric

Analyzer

NO2 Continuous

Chemiluminescence Analyzer

H2S Continuous

Pulsed Fluorescence Ambient Air

Analyzer

Lead 1 in 6 Days

Total Suspended Particulate

Monitor

OAHU

Honolulu

■

■

■

■

Kapolei ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Pearl City ■ ■

Sand Island ■ ■

MAUI

Kihei

■

Paia ■

Kahului ■

HAWAII

Hilo

■

■

Kona ■ ■

Mt. View ■ ■

Ocean View ■ ■

Pahala ■ ■

Puna E ■ ■

KAUAI

Niumalu ■ ■ ■

16

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Section 4

2016 AIR QUALITY DATA To protect the state’s air quality from degradation, the Department of Health’s Clean Air Branch is responsible for regulating and monitoring pollution sources to ensure that the levels of criteria pollutants remain well below the state and federal ambient air quality standards. Data collected from the ambient air network is validated by the Air Surveillance and Analysis Section to ensure that the reported data is of good quality and meets all quality control and assurance requirements. The monitoring stations in communities near the volcano record higher levels of SO2 and PM2.5, with regular exceedances of the NAAQS for SO2 and occasional exceedances of the NAAQS for PM2.5. The EPA considers the volcano a natural, uncontrollable event and therefore the state is requesting exclusion of these NAAQS exceedances from attainment/non-attainment determination. Excluding the exceedances due to the volcano, in 2016 the State of Hawaii was in attainment of all NAAQS. Explanation of Summary Tables 4-1 through 4-18:

• Summaries are by pollutant and averaging period, with the number of occurrences exceeding the NAAQS or, in Table 4-17, the number of exceedances of the state H2S standard (there is no federal H2S standard);

• The “Maximum” is the highest and second highest valid values recorded in the year for the averaging period. For PM2.5, the maximum and 98th percentile concentrations are provided and for O3, the 4th highest daily maximum value is also displayed;

• The “Annual Mean” is the arithmetic mean of all valid values recorded in the year;

• “Possible Periods” is the total number of possible sampling periods in the year for the averaging period;

• “Valid Periods” is the total number of acceptable sampling periods after data validation;

• “Percent Recovery” represents the amount of quality data reported;

• Attainment with the NAAQS is determined according to 40 CFR 50. Explanation of Tables 4-19 through 4-29:

• For each pollutant and averaging period, the highest concentration for each month is presented;

• The month with the highest value recorded in the year for each site is highlighted.

Table 4-1. 2016 Summary of the 24-Hour PM10 Averages

Maximum Annual Mean No. of 24-hour Averages Greater than 150 µg/m3

1st High

2nd High

All Hours

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Possible Periods

Valid Periods

Percent Recovery

OAHU

Honolulu 33 29 13.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 335 91.5

Kapolei 35 32 14.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 331 95.3

Pearl City 41 39 19.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 361 98.6

Table 4-2. Attainment Determination of the 24-Hour PM10 NAAQS

Station Exceedances in

2014 Exceedances in

2015 Exceedances in

2016 Sites in violation of the NAAQS

Honolulu 0 0 0 0

Kapolei 0 0 0 0

Pearl City 0 0 0 0

Attainment: The standard not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years. In 2016, Hawaii was in attainment with the 24-hour PM10 NAAQS.

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Table 4-3. 2016 Summary of the 24-Hour PM2.5 Averages: SLAMS Stations

Maximum Annual Mean No. of 24-hour Averages Greater than 35 µg/m3

1st High

98th

%

All Hours Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Possible Periods

Valid Periods

Percent Recovery

OAHU

Honolulu 16.2 10.5 2.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 335 91.5

Kapolei1 15.6 11.0 4.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 287 78.4

Pearl City 15.1 11.7 2.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 365 99.7

Sand Island 14.7 12.7 4.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 358 97.8

MAUI

Kihei 47.2 12.1 3.7 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 356 97.3 1 Does not meet summary criteria, <75% data recovery in one or more quarters

Table 4-4. Attainment Determination of the 24-Hour PM2.5 NAAQS: SLAMS Stations

Station 2014 98th value 2015 98th value 2016 98th value 3-Year Average Sites in violation of the NAAQS

Honolulu 10 10 11 10 0

Kapolei 11 14 111 12 0

Pearl City 10 11 12 11 0

Sand Island 10 12 13 12 0

Kihei 10 13 12 12 0

Attainment: The 3-year average of the 98th percentile values must be less than or equal to 35 µg/m3. In 2016, Hawaii was in attainment with the 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS.

1 Does not meet summary criteria, <75% data recovery in one or more quarters.

Table 4-5. Attainment Determination of the Annual PM2.5 NAAQS: SLAMS Stations

Station 2014 Ann. Avg. 2015 Ann. Avg. 2016 Ann. Avg. 3-Year Average Sites in violation of the NAAQS

Honolulu 4.4 3.7 2.1 3.4 0

Kapolei 3.9 4.1 4.01 4.0 0

Pearl City 3.9 5.2 2.6 3.9 0

Sand Island 4.5 5.4 4.0 4.7 0

Kihei 3.9 4.7 3.7 4.1 0

Attainment: The 3-year average of annual mean values must be less than 15 µg/m3. In 2016, Hawaii was in attainment with the annual PM2.5 NAAQS.


19

Table 4-6. 2016 Summary of the 24-Hour PM2.5 Averages: SPM Stations

Maximum

Annual Mean

No. of 24-hour Averages Greater than 35 µg/m3

1st High 98th%

All Hours

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Possible Periods

Valid Periods

Percent Recovery

HAWAII

Hilo 27.5 21.0 8.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 341 93.2

Kona1 33.1 23.9 13.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 323 88.3

Mt. View1 32.7 22.0 7.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 229 62.6

Ocean View 42.1 31.2 14.6 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 363 99.2

Pahala 24.2 17.4 5.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 358 97.8

KAUAI

Niumalu 13.3 9.0 3.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 350 95.6

MAUI

Kahului 18.2 10.7 2.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 339 92.6

Paia 15.8 12.4 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 353 96.4

The special purpose stations on Hawaii island were established to monitor ambient air concentrations of PM2.5 from volcanic emissions. The special purpose station on Kauai was established to monitor emissions from cruise ships. The special purpose stations on Maui were established to monitor emissions from cane burning.


Table 4-7. 2016 Summary of the 8-Hour O3 Averages

Maximum Annual Mean No. of Daily Maximum 8-Hour Averages Greater than 0.070 ppm1

1st High

2nd High

4th

High

All

Hours Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Possible Periods

Valid Periods

Percent Recovery

OAHU

Sand Island

0.052 0.050 0.048 0.004 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8779 7734 88.1

Kapolei 0.052 0.054 0.048 0.030 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8779 7698 87.7 1 The national air quality standard for O3 is 0.070 effective October 1, 2015.

20

Table 4-8. Attainment Determination of the 8-Hour O3 NAAQS

Station 2014 4th highest 2015 4th highest 2016 4th highest 3-Year Average Site in violation of the NAAQS

Sand Island 0.057 0.049 0.048 0.051 0

Kapolei 0.046 1 0.049 0.048 0.0482 0

Attainment: The 3-year average of the annual 4th highest daily maximum 8-hour average must be less than or equal to 0.070 ppm. In 2016, Hawaii was in attainment with the 8-hour O3 NAAQS.

1 Does not meet summary criteria, <75% data recovery in year 2 3-year design value not valid as 2014 did not meet summary criteria: <75% completeness.

Table 4-9. 2016 Summary of the 1-Hour and Annual NO2 Averages

Maximum 1-hr

Annual Mean No. of Daily Maximum 1-Hour Averages Greater than 0.100 ppm

1st High

98th%

All Hours

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Possible Periods

Valid Periods

Percent Recovery

OAHU SLAMS stations

Kapolei1 0.036 0.029 0.004 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8784 6853 78.0

KAUAI SPM Station

Niumalu1 0.037 0.034 0.003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8784 4820 54.91

Attainment of the annual NO2 NAAQS: The annual mean shall not exceed 0.053 ppm. In 2016, Hawaii was in attainment with the annual NO2 NAAQS.

1 Does not meet summary criteria, <75% data recovery in one or more quarters

Table 4-10. Attainment Determination of the 1-Hour NO2 NAAQS

Station 2014 98th value 2015 98th value 2016 98th value 3-Year Average Site in violation of the NAAQS

Kapolei 0.025 0.022 0.0291 0.025 0

Attainment: The 3-year average of the 98th percentile values must be less than or equal to 0.100 ppm. In 2016, Hawaii was in attainment with the 1-hour NO2 NAAQS.

1 Does not meet summary criteria, <75% data recovery in one or more quarters

21

4-11. 2016 Summary of the 1-Hour SO2 Averages

Maximum

Annual Mean

No. of 1-hour Averages Greater than 0.075 ppm

1st High

99th%

All Hours

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Possible Periods

Valid Periods

Percent Recovery

OAHU SLAMS Stations

Honolulu 0.009 0.007 0.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8784 8060 91.8

Kapolei 0.026 0.013 0.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8784 8021 91.3

HAWAII SPM Stations (see NOTE)

Hilo 0.403 0.313 0.003 8 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 8784 8276 94.2

Kona1 0.101 0.044 0.004 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8784 7502 85.4

Mt. View1 0.615 0.251 0.005 10 6 9 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 8784 5640 64.2

Ocean View 1.447 0.532 0.018 22 12 16 18 9 12 6 3 7 16 18 7 8784 8563 97.5

Pahala 0.748 0.558 0.035 24 23 19 23 14 19 19 19 17 25 29 15 8784 8525 97.1

Puna E 0.058 0.041 0.002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8784 8552 97.4

KAUAI SPM Station

Niumalu1 0.013 0.008 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8784 6480 73.8

Attainment: The 3-year average of the 99th percentile values must be less than or equal to 0.075 ppm. Effective June 2, 2010. In 2016, Hawaii was in attainment with the 1-hour SO2 NAAQS (SLAMS stations only).

NOTE: The SPM stations on Hawaii Island were established to monitor ambient air concentrations of SO2 from volcanic emissions. Although Hilo and Kona stations are designated SLAMS, the values are still mostly attributed to volcanic emissions. Volcanic eruptions are considered natural events and therefore EPA may exclude the exceedances of the 1-hour NAAQS from attainment determinations. The SPM station on Kauai was established to monitor emissions from cruise ships.


3 2

2

Table 4-12. Attainment Determination of the 1-Hour SO2 NAAQS: SLAMS Stations

2014 99th value 2015 99th value 2016 99th value 3-Year Average Violation of the NAAQS

OAHU SLAMS stations

N= NO

Y= YES

Honolulu 0.006 0.010 0.007 0.008 N

Kapolei 0.021 1 0.013 0.013 0.016 N

HAWAII SPM stations

(SEE note)

Hilo 0.144 1 0.236 0.313 0.231 Y

Kona1 0.035 0.031 0.044 0.037 N

Mt. View 0.312 0.276 0.251 1 0.280 Y

Ocean View 0.379 0.382 0.532 0.431 Y

Pahala 0.444 0.496 0.558 0.499 Y

Puna E 0.034 0.015 0.041 0.030 N

KAUAI SPM station

Niumalu2 0.036 0.014 0.008 0.019 N

Attainment: The 3-year average of the 99th percentile values must be less than or equal to 0.075 ppm. Effective June 2, 2010. In 2016, Hawaii was in attainment with the 1-hour SO2 NAAQS (SLAMS stations only). NOTE: The SPM stations on Hawaii Island were established to monitor ambient air concentrations of SO2 from volcanic emissions. Although Hilo and Kona stations are designated SLAMS, the values are still mostly attributed to volcanic emissions. Volcanic eruptions are considered natural events and therefore EPA may exclude the exceedances of the 1-hour NAAQS from attainment determinations. The SPM station on Kauai was established to monitor emissions from cruise ships.


23

Table 4-13. 2016 Summary of the 3-Hour SO2 Averages

Maximum

Annual Mean


1st High

2nd High

All Hours

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Possible Periods

Valid Periods

Percent Recovery

OAHU SLAMS stations

Honolulu 0.007 0.006 0.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2928 2607 89.0

Kapolei 0.009 0.007 0.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2928 2536 86.6

HAWAII SPM stations (see NOTE)

Hilo 0.316 0.303 0.003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2928 2665 91.0

Kona1 0.076 0.038 0.004 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2928 2401 82.0

Mt. View1 0.517 0.237 0.005 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2928 1801 61.5

Ocean View 0.600 0.413 0.018 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2928 2744 93.7

Pahala 0.590 0.428 0.035 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2928 2739 93.5

Puna E 0.045 0.035 0.002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2928 2707 92.5

KAUAI SPM station

Niumalu1 0.008 0.006 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2928 2108 72.0

Attainment: 3-hour values not to exceed 0.5 ppm more than once per year. In 2016, Hawaii was in attainment with the 3-hour SO2 NAAQS (SLAMS stations only).

NOTE: The SPM stations on Hawaii island were established to monitor ambient air concentrations of SO2 from volcanic emissions. Although Hilo and Kona stations are designated SLAMS, the values are still mostly attributed to volcanic emissions. Volcanic eruptions are considered natural events and therefore EPA may exclude the exceedances of the 3-hour NAAQS from attainment determinations.


24

Table 4-14. 2016 Summary of the 24-Hour and Annual SO2 Averages

Maximum

Annual Mean


1st High

2nd High

All Hours

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Possible Periods

Valid Periods

Percent Recovery

OAHU SLAMS Stations

Honolulu 0.002 0.002 0.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 339 92.6

Kapolei 0.004 0.002 0.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 346 94.5

HAWAII SPM Stations (see NOTE)

Hilo 0.103 0.102 0.003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 354 96.7

Kona1 0.021 0.016 0.004 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 316 86.3

Mt. View1 0.090 0.058 0.005 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 240 65.6

Ocean View 0.155 0.126 0.018 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 364 99.5

Pahala 0.174 0.158 0.035 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 366 365 99.7

Puna E 0.010 0.008 0.002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 364 99.5

KAUAI SPM Station

Niumalu3 0.003 0.005 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 268 73.2

Attainment: 24-hour values not to exceed 0.14 ppm more than once per year. In 2016, Hawaii was in attainment of the state 24-hour SO2 standard (SLAMS stations only).

NOTE: The SPM stations on Hawaii island were established to monitor ambient air concentrations of SO2 from volcanic emissions. Although Hilo and Kona stations are designated SLAMS, the values are still mostly attributed to volcanic emissions. Volcanic eruptions are considered natural events and therefore EPA may exclude the exceedances of the 24-hour NAAQS from attainment determinations.

Attainment: Annual average (from SLAMS stations only) not to exceed 0.03 ppm. In 2016, Hawaii was in attainment of the state annual SO2 standard.

NOTE: The SPM stations on Hawaii island were established to monitor ambient air concentrations of SO2 from volcanic emissions. Although Hilo and Kona stations are designated SLAMS, the values are still mostly attributed to volcanic emissions. Volcanic eruptions are considered natural events and therefore EPA may exclude the exceedances of the annual NAAQS from attainment determinations.


25

Table 4-15. 2016 Summary of the 1-Hour CO Averages

Maximum

Annual Mean

No. of 1-hour Averages Greater than 35 ppm

1st High

2nd High

All Hours

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Possible Periods

Valid Periods

Percent Recovery

OAHU SLAMS stations

Honolulu 1.6 1.5 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8784 7732 88.0

Kapolei 1.3 1.3 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8784 7977 90.8

Attainment: 1-hour values not to exceed 35 ppm more than once per year. In 2016, Hawaii was in attainment with the 1-hour CO NAAQS.

Table 4-16. 2016 Summary of the 8-Hour CO Averages

Maximum

Annual Mean

No. of 8-hour Averages Greater than 9 ppm

1st High

2nd High

All Hours

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Possible Periods

Valid Periods

Percent Recovery

OAHU SLAMS stations

Honolulu 1.2 1.1 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8779 7708 87.8

Kapolei 1.2 1.2 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8774 7659 87.3

Attainment: 8-hour values not to exceed 9 ppm more than once per year. In 2016, Hawaii was in attainment with the 8-hour CO NAAQS.

Table 4-17. 2016 Summary of the 1-Hour H2S Averages (State Standard)

Maximum Annual Mean No. of 1-hour Averages Greater than 0.025 ppm

1st High

2nd High

All Hours

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Possible Periods

Valid Periods

Percent Recovery

HAWAII

Puna E 0.002 0.002 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8341 8552 95.0

Attainment of the state standard: 1-hour values not to exceed 0.025 ppm. In 2016, Hawaii was in attainment of the state 1-hour H2S standard.

26

Table 4-18. 2016 Summary of the Rolling 3-Month Lead Averages

Maximum

Annual Mean

No. of 3-Month Averages Greater than 0.15 µg/m3

1st High

2nd High

All Hours

Rolling 3-Month period ending in the month of Possible Periods

Valid Periods

Percent Recovery

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep Oct Nov Dec

HAWAII

Kapolei 0.002 0.002 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 56 91.8

Attainment: Maximum 3-month average concentration for a 3-year period must be less than or equal to 0.15 µg/m3. Note: Sampling for lead conducted 1 in 6 days. Sampling began 1/1/2012.

Table 4-19. 2016 Monthly Maximum of 24-Hour PM10 Values (µg/m3) The month with the highest value in the year is highlighted The state and federal 24-hr PM10 standard is 150 µg/m3

Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Honolulu 23 24 33 24 18 17 19 16 17 22 29 20

Kapolei 29 25 35 32 20 20 26 23 26 24 25 28

Pearl City 32 34 38 42 22 21 29 19 24 37 41 38

27

Table 4-20. 2016 Monthly Maximum of 24-Hour PM2.5 Values (µg/m3) The month with the highest value in the year is highlighted The federal 24-hr PM2.5 standard is 35 µg/m3


SLAMS Stations

Honolulu 13 10 11 16 4 2 5 2 3 4 8 8

Kapolei 14 7 11 16 5 7 10 6 7 7 7 6

Pearl City 14 7 15 11 5 3 6 3 4 5 6 8

Sand Island 15 11 15 14 6 7 9 4 5 5 7 5

Kihei 15 12 47 11 5 7 9 17 14 12 11 9

SPM Stations

Niumalu (cruise ships) 13 7 11 8 6 8 10 5 6 7 8 7

Hilo (volcano) 17 23 28 11 15 12 16 13 18 15 22 24

Kahului 16 11 11 10 6 7 7 7 5 7 5 18

Kona (volcano)1 27 17 25 33 16 17 18 19 18 15 29 15

Mt. View (volcano) 24 25 33 9 14 13 10 7 - - - -

Ocean View (volcano) 31 24 42 37 20 25 21 21 20 21 28 17

Pahala (volcano) 17 19 24 11 6 9 11 8 15 8 20 16

Paia (cane burning) 15 13 16 12 8 6 7 5 5 7 9 11

1 Does not meet summary criteria, < 75% data recovery in one or more quarters.

28

Table 4-21. 2016 Monthly Maximum of 1-Hour NO2 Values (ppm) The month with the highest value in the year is highlighted The federal 1-hour standard for NO2 is 0.100 ppm


Kapolei1 0.030 0.030 0.024 0.021 0.017 - 0.011 0.018 0.011 0.017 0.031 0.036

Niumalu1 - - 0.018 0.037 0.018 0.023 0.022 0.018 0.019 0.027 0.036 0.034

1 Does not meet summary criteria, < 75% data recovery in one or more quarters.

Table 4-22. 2016 Monthly Maximum of 1-Hour CO Values (ppm) The month with the highest value in the year is highlighted The federal 1-hr CO standard is 35 ppm, the state standard is 9 ppm


Honolulu 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.9 1 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.2

Kapolei 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 1 1 1 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.8

Table 4-23. 2016 Monthly Maximum of 8-Hour CO Values (ppm) The month with the highest value in the year is highlighted The federal 8-hr CO standard is 9 ppm, the state standard is 4.4 ppm


Honolulu 1.1 0.8 0.9 1 0.7 0.8 1 1 0.7 0.8 1.2 0.8

Kapolei 1.2 1 1 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.5

29

4-24. 2016 Monthly Maximum of 8-Hour O3 Values (ppm) The month with the highest value in the year is highlighted The federal 8-hr O3 standard is 0.070 ppm


Sand Island 0.040 0.047 0.049 0.053 0.042 0.042 0.029 0.027 0.028 0.040 0.044 0.046

Kapolei NCore 0.043 0.048 0.052 0.054 - 0.042 0.030 0.028 0.030 0.042 0.044 0.047

Table 4-25. 2016 Monthly Maximum of 1-Hour SO2 Values (ppm)

The month with the highest value in the year is highlighted The federal 1-hr SO2 standard is 0.075 ppm (75 ppb)


SLAMS Stations

Honolulu 0.009 0.006 0.009 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.004

Kapolei 0.010 0.012 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.014

SPM Stations (see NOTE)

Niumalu (cruise ships) - - 0.008 0.013 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.011 0.002 0.002

Hilo (volcano) 0.397 0.050 0.403 0.009 0.010 0.012 0.046 0.005 0.013 0.004 0.021 0.164

Kona (volcano)1 0.101 0.034 0.019 0.016 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.024 0.007 0.010 0.009 0.009

Mt. View (volcano) 0.615 0.160 0.176 0.034 0.054 0.080 0.282 0.018 - - - -

Ocean View (volcano) 0.557 1.447 0.034 0.313 0.364 0.250 0.134 0.366 0.227 0.329 0.532 0.408

Pahala (volcano) 0.703 0.558 0.524 0.342 0.237 0.239 0.517 0.270 0.212 0.423 0.748 0.446

Puna E (volcano) 0.051 0.058 0.054 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.006 0.002 0.006 0.014

NOTE: The SPM stations on Hawaii Island were established to monitor ambient air concentrations of SO2 from volcanic emissions. Although Hilo and Kona stations are designated SLAMS, the values are still mostly attributed to volcanic emissions. Volcanic eruptions are considered natural events and therefore EPA may exclude the exceedances of the 1-hour NAAQS from attainment determinations. 1 Does not meet summary criteria, < 75% data recovery in one or more quarters.

30

Table 4-26. 2016 Monthly Maximum of 3-Hour SO2 Values (ppm)

The month with the highest value in the year is highlighted The state and federal 3-hr SO2 standard is 0.5 ppm


SLAMS Stations

Honolulu 0.005 0.005 0.007 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003

Kapolei 0.005 0.009 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.007



Hilo (volcano) 0.316 0.034 0.303 0.007 0.006 0.011 0.040 0.003 0.010 0.002 0.015 0.143

Kona (volcano)1 0.076 0.022 0.016 0.038 0.015 0.020 0.014 0.016 0.038 0.018 0.030 0.008

Mt. View (volcano) 0.517 0.106 0.089 0.025 0.031 0.056 0.237 0.011 - - - -


Pahala (volcano) 0.590 0.364 0.366 0.165 0.141 0.186 0.256 0.238 0.176 0.266 0.315 0.210

Puna E (volcano) 0.032 0.035 0.041 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.008

NOTE: The SPM stations on Hawaii Island were established to monitor ambient air concentrations of SO2 from volcanic emissions. Volcanic eruptions are considered natural events and therefore EPA may exclude the exceedances of the 3-hour NAAQS from attainment determinations. 1 Does not meet summary criteria, < 75% data recovery in one or more quarters.

31

Table 4-27. 2016 Monthly Maximum of 24-Hour SO2 Values (ppm) The month with the highest value in the year is highlighted The state and federal 24-hr SO2 standard is 0.14 ppm


SLAMS Stations

Honolulu 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001

Kapolei 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.004



Hilo (volcano) 0.103 0.011 0.102 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.007 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.004 0.055

Kona (volcano)1 0.021 0.011 0.007 0.015 0.007 0.009 0.006 0.009 0.011 0.007 0.013 0.004

Mt. View (volcano) 0.090 0.040 0.030 0.006 0.008 0.015 0.045 0.004 - - - -


Pahala (volcano) 0.148 0.101 0.158 0.074 0.050 0.056 0.102 0.060 0.069 0.088 0.174 0.089

Puna E (volcano) 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004

NOTE: The SPM stations on Hawaii Island were established to monitor ambient air concentrations of SO2 from volcanic emissions. Volcanic eruptions are considered natural events and therefore EPA may exclude the exceedances of the 24-hour NAAQS from attainment determinations. 1 Does not meet summary criteria, < 75% data recovery in one or more quarters.

Table 4-28. 2016 Monthly Maximum of 1-Hour H2S Values (ppm) The month with the highest value in the year is highlighted The state 1-hour H2S standard is 0.025 ppm


Puna E 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.002

Table 4-29. 2016 Monthly Maximum of Rolling 3-Month Lead Values (µg/m3) The month with the highest value in the year is highlighted The federal rolling 3-month lead standard is 0.15 µg/m3


Kapolei NCore (1 in 6 days)

0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001

32

33

Section 5

2016 PM2.5 SPECIATION DATA

Atmospheric aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in air that come directly from a variety of sources (primary) or are formed by chemical reactions (secondary). Primary and secondary particles tend to have long lifetimes in the atmosphere and can travel long distances, up to hundreds or perhaps thousands of miles. Sources include dust from roads, construction, and agriculture; combustion particles from motor vehicles, electric utilities and agricultural burning; and particles from natural sources such as the ocean or volcano. Most of the PM2.5 is a combination of the following components: sulfates, nitrates, ammonium, elemental carbon, organic compounds, water and metals. The EPA selected target particulates of interest based on data use objectives, primary constituents of PM2.5, and the capability and availability of current analytical methods. The filter-based speciation sampler collects samples once every 3 days for analyses performed by an EPA contract laboratory. The speciation sampler is located at the Kapolei NCore monitoring station. Table 5-1 lists the parameters measured, highest and second highest values recorded in the year, the annual arithmetic mean of all valid samples and the total number of samples collected in the year. Table 5-2 lists the analysis methods for each parameter. With the exception of lead, there are no ambient air quality standards for the individual components of speciated PM2.5. For more information on EPA’s speciation program, go to: www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/speciepg.html

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/speciepg.html

34

Table 5-1. Annual Summary of PM2.5 Speciation Data

Parameter 1st High (µg/m3)

2nd High (µg/m3)

Annual Mean (µg/m3)

No. of Samples

Percent Recovery

CARBON

Organic Carbon 0.831 0.822 0.3249 85 70

Elemental Carbon 0.371 0.345 0.0823 85 70

METALS

Aluminum 0.220 0.126 0.0153 102 84

Antimony 0.046 0.045 0.0026 102 84

Arsenic 0.005 0.004 0.0004 102 84

Barium 0.148 0.081 0.0060 102 84

Bromine 0.006 0.005 0.0009 102 84

Cadmium 0.023 0.017 0.0009 102 84

Calcium 0.215 0.161 0.0407 102 84

Cerium 0.128 0.101 0.0125 102 84

Cesium 0.064 0.054 0.0067 102 84

Chlorine 1.31 1.92 0.3953 102 84

Chromium 0.051 0.015 0.0013 102 84

Cobalt 0.004 0.003 0.0003 102 84

Copper 0.026 0.014 0.0024 102 84

Indium 0.030 0.026 0.0014 102 84

Iron 0.205 0.803 0.0229 102 84

Lead 0.017 0.014 0.0010 102 84

Magnesium 0.157 0..134 0.0364 102 84

Manganese 0.005 0.004 -0.0002 102 84

Nickel 0.023 0.019 0.0034 102 84

Phosphorus 0.007 0.006 0.0003 102 84

Potassium 1.54 0.082 0.0401 102 84

Rubidium 0.010 0.008 0.0002 102 84

Selenium 0.005 0.005 0.0005 102 84

Silicon 0.226 0.156 0.0340 102 84

Silver 0.019 0.017 -0.0005 102 84

Sodium 1.22 0.97 0.2998 102 84

Strontium 0.026 0.007 0.0010 102 84

Sulfur 2.10 1.86 0.2888 102 84

Tin 0.061 0.039 0.0038 102 84

Titanium 0.010 0.010 0.0026 102 84

Vanadium 0.008 0.005 0.0013 102 84

Zinc 0.028 0.011 0.0019 102 84

Zirconium 0.027 0.026 0.0017 102 84

35

Table 5-1 Continued

Parameter 1st High (µg/m3)

2nd High (µg/m3)

Annual Mean (µg/m3)

No. of Samples

Percent Recovery

IONS

Ammonium Ion 1.84 1.29 0.080 103 84

Potassium Ion 1.62 0.06 0.028 103 84

Sodium Ion 1.73 1.18 0.350 103 84

Total Nitrate 0.49 0.45 0.125 103 84

Sulfate 5.83 5.70 0.814 103 84

Table 5-2. Speciation Collection and Analysis Methods

Parameter Collection Method Analysis Method

Carbon URG 300N Quartz Filter Thermal Optical Transmittance

Metals Met-One SASS Teflon Filter Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence

Ions Met-One SASS Nylon Filter Ion Chromatography

36

Section 6

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY TRENDS The following graphs illustrate 5-year trends for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO from 2012 to 2016 at all SLAMS stations monitoring for those pollutants. Figures 6-1 and 6-2 are graphs of the PM10 annual and maximum 24-hour averages. Figure 6-3 is the graph of the PM2.5 annual averages. Attainment of the PM2.5 24-hour standard is based on the 98th percentile value at each station, which is depicted in Figure 6-4. Figures 6-5 and 6-6 are graphs of the SO2 annual and maximum 24-hour averages. Figure 6-7 and 6-8 shows the annual and maximum 1-hour averages of NO2 compared to the federal NAAQS. Attainment of the 8-hour ozone standard is achieved by averaging 3 years of the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average concentrations, which must not exceed 0.070 ppm (standard effective October 1, 2016). Figure 6-9 is a graph of the fourth highest daily maximum values recorded at the Sand Island and Kapolei (since 2011) ozone monitoring stations in the past five years. The graphs for 1-hour and 8-hour carbon monoxide (figures 6-10 and 6-11, respectively) represent the maximum 1-hour or 8-hour values recorded in the year. Criteria pollutant levels remain below state and federal ambient air quality standards at all SLAMS stations in the state.

37

Figure 6-1. PM10 Annual Average: 2012-2016

Figure 6-2. PM10 Maximum 24-Hour Average: 2012-2016

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

µg

/m3

Honolulu Pearl City Kapolei State Standard

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

µg

/m3

Honolulu Pearl City Kapolei State and Federal Standard

38

Figure 6-3. PM2.5 Annual Average: 2012-2016

Figure 6-4. PM2.5 98th Percentile 24-Hour Average: 2012-2016

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

ug

/m3

Honolulu Sand Island Pearl City Kapolei Kihei Federal Standard

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

ug

/m3

Honolulu Sand Island Pearl City Kapolei Kihei Federal Standard

39

Figure 6-5. SO2 Annual Average: 2012-2016

Figure 6-6. SO2 Maximum 24-Hour Average: 2012-2016

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

pp

m

Honolulu Kapolei Hilo Kona State Standard

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

pp

m

Honolulu Kapolei Hilo Kona State Standard

40

Figure 6-7. NO2 Annual Average: 2012-2016

Figure 6-8. NO2 Maximum 1-Hour Average: 2012-2016

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

pp

m

Kapolei Federal Standard State standard

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

pp

m

Kapolei Federal Standard eff. 1/22/2010

41

Figure 6-9. O3 Fourth Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour Average: 2012-2016

Figure 6-10. CO Maximum 1-Hour Average: 2012-2016

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

pp

m

Sand Island Kapolei Federal Standard

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

pp

m

Honolulu Kapolei Federal Standard State standard

42

Figure 6-11. CO Maximum 8-Hour Average: 2012-2016

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

pp

m

Honolulu Kapolei Federal Standard State standard

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