aquatic food systems approaches for developing global to local aquaculture … · 2018-10-19 ·...
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Aquatic Food Systems Approaches for Developing Global to Local Aquaculture Systems:
A Return to Mother AfricaBarry A. Costa-Pierce
UNE NORTH: The Institute for North Atlantic Studies
Department of Marine SciencesSchool of Marine Programs
University of New EnglandPortland & Biddeford, Maine, US
2018 Wallenberg ProfessorSWEMARC: The Swedish Mariculture Research Center
University of Gothenburg, SWEDEN
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Ecological aquaculture….. is a discipline that merges the use of ecological principles and practices, such as ecological design, ecological engineering, and ecological approaches to management with the understanding of the social ecology of aquatic foods in aquatic farming families, communities and regions. The goal of ecological aquaculture is to create and sustain innovative,economically and socially viable aquaculture ecosystems at all scales of society from local to global . Ecological aquaculture is not new. It is an integral part of our planetary wisdom and cultural heritage…an essential part of our past…and a vital part of our future…
Ecological design*plans at scale for human ecosystems that include aquaculture (and fisheries)
Ecological engineering*uses green/renewable and appropriate technologies
Ecological economics*plans for both economic and social profit*regional multiplier effects
Ecological governance*orders of outcomes framework*evolutionary – follows sustainability
trajectories of change
Ecological Aquaculture: Principles & Practices
Ecosystems Ecology Approach to Ocean Food Systems
Costa-Pierce, B.A. 2003. Use of ecosystems science in ecological aquaculture. Bulletin of the Aquaculture Association of Canada 103(2): 32-40.
Costa-Pierce, B.A. 2002. Ecology as the paradigm for the future of aquaculture, p. 339-372. In: B.A. Costa-Pierce (Ed.) Ecological Aquaculture: The Evolution of the Blue Revolution. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.
Costa-Pierce, B.A. 2008. An ecosystem approach to marine aquaculture: A global review, p. 81-116. In: Soto, D. et al. (eds). Building An Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings 14. Rome, Italy.
Costa-Pierce, B.A. 2016. Ocean foods ecosystems for planetary survival in the Anthropocene, p. 301-320. In: E.M. Binder (ed.) World Nutrition Forum: Driving the Protein Economy. Erber AG, Austria.
Costa-Pierce, B.A., upcoming 2020. Radical Aquaculture.5m, U.K.
AquacultureEcosystemsEcological
Aquaculture
SustainableFisheries
SustainableAgriculture
Social Ecosystems
Social Ecosystems
Social Ecosystems
118,500 km2
450,300 km2
Increased fishermen 32% from 1983 to 2000
Costa-Pierce, B.A. 2016. Ocean foods ecosystems forplanetary survival in the Anthropocene, p. 301-320. In: E.M. Binder (ed.) World NutritionForum: Driving the Protein Economy. Erber AG,Austria. 368pp.
FoodEnergyWaterWasteShelter
United Nations (2015)
9.7 billion 205011.2 billion by 2100
FAO (2009); Clay (2011)
70% more food (2050)140-210% (2100)
2 BILLION depend on seafoods
Aquatic ecosystems provide only ~4% of total
human foods
LOCAL TO GLOBAL CONNECTIONS
Fisheries and Aquaculture Systems Interact as
Complex Social-Ecological Systems
with
They are “Aquatic/Ocean Food Systems”
2018
2050
Europe
2010 738 mil2050 719 mil
North America
2010 345 mil2050 447 mil
Latin/South America
2010 590 mil2050 751 mil
Asia2010 4,164 million2050 5,142 million
Africa2010 1,022 million2050 2,192 million
Chin et al. 2011. Special Section on Population. Science 333: 540-594.
World Population Day. 11 July 2011. “India is projected to surpass China as the world’s most populous country in the world by 2020”
Global middle class or “consumer” class will rise 3,200 million (2016) to 5,000 million (2030)
China’s middle class is 400 million (2018)India’s middle class is 50 million (2006) and will rise to 500 million (2050)
Crist et al. (2017)
Homi Kharas and Kristofer Hamel Thursday, September 27, 2018. A global tipping point: Half the world is now middle class or wealthierhttps://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2018/09/27/a-global-tipping-point-half-the-world-is-now-middle-class-or-wealthier/
2030
“FISHERIES” is a
Continuum of Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture and Trade
167.2 MMT 73.8 MMT
93.4 MMT
Corn 1,078 MMTWheat 750 MMTRice 486 MMTSoybeans 350 MMTBarley 146 MMT Pork 118 MMT
Poultry 118 MMTBeef 70 MMTSheep 15 MMT
FAO, 2018; Statista 2018; USDA, 2018
Fish Production, Consumption and Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review Analysis (2013)
Aquaculture Production in Africa (World Fish Center, 2013)
1 (MMT)987,000 MT EGYPT (71%)
221,000 MT NIGERIA (16%)
2009
90,000 MTUS$ 150 millionMackerel, sardines,
frozen tilapia
Kaminski et al. (2018) Commercialization and upgrading in the aquaculture value chain in Zambia. Aquaculture 493: 355–364.
“Nigeria, Zambia, Uganda, Kenya, and Ghana have experienced significant growth in aquaculture albeit from a low baseline, and there are examples of increasing intensification and commercialization in the value chain”.
DRIVERSMore favorable economic climate: rapid emergent of the middle classGrowing strength of domestic marketsRising demand for fish; shortages and increasing prices of wild-caught fish
DEVELOPMENTSEGYPT: large ponds; R&D; genetic improvements programs GHANA, UGANDA, KENYA, ZAMBIA: capital-intensive cage-culture NIGERIA, ZAMBIA: land-based rearing units
LOCAL TO GLOBAL CONNECTIONS
Fisheries and Aquaculture Systems Interact as
Complex Social-Ecological Systems
with
They are “Aquatic/Ocean Food Systems”
33% Chewa18% Lomwe21% Yao12% Ngoni9% Tumbuka6% Nyanja4% Sena2% Tonga1% Ngonde3-4% Others
118,500 km2
Aquaculture Cooperative Research & Extension for Innovation
Farmer-led On Farm Experiments
with Scientist Cooperation
“multivariate analyses”
Scientist-ledOn Station Experiments
with Farmer Cooperation
“hypothesis testing”“basket of options”
System Innovation and Optimization
Learning Community
Costa-Pierce, B.A. 2010. Sustainable ecological aquaculture systems: The need for a new socialcontract for aquaculture development. Mar. Tech. Soc. Jor. 44(3): 88-112.
Farmer consultation, discussion and on-farm resource inventory
Choice of exp’ltopics/protocols with farmers
On-FarmExperimentation,
modeling
On-Stationmodeling
On-StationReplicated
Experiments
Discussion of results with farmers
Aquaculture Farming Ecosystems Methodology
Dual Aquaculture Development Strategies
***Sustainable Commercial Peri-Urban Ponds, Tanks & Cages in Reservoirs and Lakes
~~~Community-Based Aquaculture for Poverty Alleviation
Community-Based Aquaculture for Poverty Alleviation
OUR GREATESTOPPORTUNITY
The CollaborativeDevelopment of
Aquaculture EcosystemsOn Family Farms
This is the Heart and Soul of the Blue Revolution
The Barrackpore Declaration23-25 February 2010, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, India
Taking note of the significant but invisible contribution of small indigenous freshwater fish species to culture and capture fishery production of India…
Being aware of the importance of small indigenous freshwater species as an affordable source of nutrition, particularly micronutrients to the rural poor…
Actively examine the feasibility of incorporating small indigenous freshwater fish species into existing polyculture practices through research, development and extension programmes…
Document and protect traditional knowledge and farmers’ innovation with regards to use of small indigenous freshwater fish species
Dual Aquaculture Development Strategies
***Sustainable Commercial Peri-Urban Ponds, Tanks & Cages in Reservoirs and Lakes
~~~Community-Based Aquaculture for Poverty Alleviation
TilapiaAquacultureTechnology
Markets
1970-80’s
1990-2010’sand beyond
Development, Segmentation
Reservoir Area ~32,000 km2
COMMON GOALAccelerate the Supply & Delivery
of Sustainable Seafoods to Humanity by Training the Next Generation of
Ocean Food Systems Leaders
“Transdisciplinarity today is characterized by its focus on “wicked problems” that need creative solutions, its
reliance on stakeholder involvement, and engaged, socially responsible science.”
Bernstein, J. H. 2015. Transdisciplinarity: A review of its origins, development, and current issues. Journal of Research Practice 11(1): R1.
NORDIC MASTERS IN THESUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION & USE OF MARINE BIORESOURCES
Bodø
StartAugust 25, 2019
EndOctober 15, 2020
Inter- and Transdisciplinarity Online Course
Introductory lectures on sustainability goals, food
webs in the ocean
NORD University Bodö
presentation of research options
and local stakeholder
industry possibilities for
project work
University of Akureyri, Holar
University Collegepresentation of
research options and local
stakeholderindustry
possibilities for project work
University of Gothenburg Kristineberg
presentation of research options
and local stakeholder
industry possibilities for
project work
Setting of individual study plans, personal study
counseling for each student, planning of coming project
work
Online Course on FAO ecosystems
approach to aquaculture; aquaculture biology and
technology
Online Course on marine bioresources
management; global and local seafood value
chains
Crist et al. (2017) The interaction of human population, food production, and biodiversity protection. Science 356: 260-264.
Chinese demand for soybeans $75 mil (1995) to $38 billion (2013)
By 2024 China’s demand will be >>US, Brazil, Argentina production
American plains ecosystems were wiped out by food production (Manning, 1995)
“Land for agriculture has come to occupy 40% of the planet’s ice-free lands. On-going tropical deforestation, anticipated expansion of cultivated areas, a projected 55% increase for water by 2050, expected growth in global pesticide use, the steady increase in greenhouse gases (with agriculture a major contributor), and the expansion of global trade of foods and other products all foreshadow a mounting ecological impact of food production. It appears questionable whether sustainable intensification can prevail over biodiversity-encroaching food production trends.”
Aquatic food ecosystems are more productive than terrestrial ones. They produce higher quality foods more efficiently that have greater positive benefits for human health and wellness
with less impacts on the environment.
Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, BoliviaCongo, Angola, Sudan