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Aquatic Prey Communities in Southwest Aquatic Prey Communities in Southwest Florida Wood Stork Foraging Sites Florida Wood Stork Foraging Sites Shawn E. Liston, Jason A. Lauritsen and Jerome J. Lorenz Shawn E. Liston, Jason A. Lauritsen and Jerome J. Lorenz

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Aquatic Prey Communities in Southwest Aquatic Prey Communities in Southwest Florida Wood Stork Foraging SitesFlorida Wood Stork Foraging Sites

Shawn E. Liston, Jason A. Lauritsen and Jerome J. LorenzShawn E. Liston, Jason A. Lauritsen and Jerome J. Lorenz

South FL Wood Stork PopulationSouth FL Wood Stork Population

• Prior to 1970s 70% of U.S. WOST population nested inWOST population nested in South FL

• Corkscrew Colony

– Historically, largest colony in U.S.

6 000 nesting pairs in 1961 &– 6,000 nesting pairs in 1961 & 1966

– Recently, nesting is more intermittent ‐‐ a ‘good year’ is 2,000‐3,000 pairs

Wood Stork ForagingWood Stork Foraging

Storks are highly selective –

Utilize the highest quality prey patches q y p y pand abandon them quickly

(Gawlik 2002)

What are they eating?What are they eating?

Ogden, Kushlan & Tilmant (1976)

Southwest FLSouthwest FL(core foraging range of the Corkscrew Colony)(core foraging range of the Corkscrew Colony)(core foraging range of the Corkscrew Colony)(core foraging range of the Corkscrew Colony)

GOAL: To describe variation in dry season GOAL: To describe variation in dry season aquatic prey standing stock at Wood aquatic prey standing stock at Wood q p y gq p y gStork foraging sitesStork foraging sites

T l (i t d i t l)‐ Temporal (intra‐ and inter‐annual)

‐ Habitat

• Suburban &Suburban & agricultural interface

• Fragmented landscapep

• Rainfall‐driven hydrology

• Topography

Study DesignStudy Design

Corkscrew Swamp 

Corkscrew Colony’s Core Foraging Area SanctuaryCore Foraging Area

Study DesignStudy Design

• 50 Sites

Study DesignStudy Design

( i )• 2007 (no nesting)– Jan‐May

– N=32

• 2009 (nesting)M M– Mar‐May

– N=18

Study DesignStudy Design

( i ) 16

17

Nest initiation

20092007 2008

• 2007 (no nesting)– Jan‐May

– N=32 14

15

16

BCA2

• 2009 (nesting)M M

12

13

14er level (ft) at 

– Mar‐May

– N=18

10

11

12

Wat

May06

Nov06

May07

Nov07

May08

Nov08

May09

9

Study DesignStudy Design

• Agriculture (N=3)• Agriculture (N=3)

• Canal/Ditch (N=15)

• Cypress (N=7)

• Graminoid Prairie (N 19)(N=19)

• Pond/Lake (N=6)

AGRICULTURE

CANAL/DITCH

CANAL/DITCH

CANAL/DITCH

CYPRESS

GRAMINOID PRAIRIE

GRAMINOID PRAIRIE

POND/LAKE

2 to 6 throws/site depending on size

Community StructureCommunity Structure

ABUNDANCEEastern mosquitofish

Grass shrimp

ABUNDANCE

Aquatic beetles

Flagfish

Least killifish

Brown hoplo

= 93% of total

Community StructureCommunity Structure

BIOMASSABUNDANCEBrown hoplo

Eastern mosquitofish

BIOMASSEastern mosquitofish

Grass shrimp

ABUNDANCE

Florida gar

Flagfish

Aquatic beetles

Flagfish

Orinoco sailfin catfish

Oscar

Least killifish

Brown hoplo

= 85% of total= 93% of total

Community StructureCommunity Structure

BIOMASSABUNDANCEBrown hoplo

Eastern mosquitofish

BIOMASSEastern mosquitofish

Grass shrimp

ABUNDANCE

Florida gar

Flagfish

Aquatic beetles

Flagfish

Orinoco sailfin catfish

Oscar

Least killifish

Brown hoplo

= 82% of total= 93% of total

Temporal VariationTemporal Variation

FISH DENSITY (ln(#/m2)+1)8

FISH BIOMASS (ln(g/m2)+1)FISH DENSITY  (ln(#/m )+1)

5

6

7FISH BIOMASS  (ln(g/m )+1)

2

3

4

Jan Feb Mar Apr May0

1

2

20092007

Jan Feb Mar Apr May

No variation in Month(Year)

Total fish density 2.7X higher in 2009

No variation in Month(Year)

Total fish biomass 7.0X higher in 2009

Habitat VariationHabitat Variation

6

4

5

2

3Average length of fish (< 8 cm) is 

50% greater in Pond/Lake(vs Graminoid Prairie & Cypress)

FISH BIOMASS  (ln(g/m2)+1)

Agriculture Pond/ Canal/ Graminoid CypressAgriculture Pond/ Canal/ Graminoid Cypress

FISH DENSITY  (ln(#/m2)+1)0

1(vs. Graminoid Prairie & Cypress)

Lake Ditch Prairie

No variation

Lake Ditch Prairie

Graminoid Prairie & Cypress density is 5.7X higher than Pond/Lake

Comparison to Monitoring DataComparison to Monitoring Data

PREY BIOMASS  (g/m2)PREY DENSITY  (#/m2)

20082007 2009

500

600

400

500 20082007 2009

300

400

200

300

0

100

200

100

0Jun   Dec   Jun   Dec   Jun   Dec   Jun  0

Dec   Jun   Dec   Jun  Jun   Dec   Jun  0

Comparison to Other Studies/HabitatsComparison to Other Studies/HabitatsPREY BIOMASS  (g/m2)

600

700

500

600PREY DENSITY  (#/m2)

400

500

600

300

400

500

NI fishes

100

200

300

100

200

300

(excluding fish >8 cm)

0

100

0

12009 Late dry‐season, Liston & Lorenz (2009)22009, Botson & Gawlik (2010)3Concentration events, Lorenz (unpub)

‘Cream Skimmers’‘Cream Skimmers’200

100

120

150

80 Freque

–Day 1

Mechanism of selection?

100

40

60

ency –Day 4Fr

eque

ncy –

0

50

0

20

Day 4

Day 1

Length (SL, mm)Day 1: Avg = 18.7 ± 0.2 

(N=1431)0 25 50 75 100 125 150

0

Fish Length (SL, mm)

( )

Day 4: Avg = 16.1 ± 0.4 (N=572)

ConclusionsConclusions

• In SW FL, biomass in late‐dry season foraging sites is dominated by large non‐native fishes (esp. brown hoplo & sailfin catfish)y g ( p p )

• Strong inter‐annual variation in prey abundance & biomass (little to no intra‐annual variation within the late dry season)

– High prey standing stock corresponded to a successful stork nesting season (but… N=2)

• Prey abundance varies among sites, but biomass is similar

• Foraging wading birds (including storks) remove largest fish first from foraging sites (function of fish behavior or size or both?)

ConclusionsConclusions

1. SW FL is historically, and consistently, one of the centers of Wood Stork nesting in FLcenters of Wood Stork nesting in FL

2. SW FL landscape is markedly different than other /South Florida/Everglades landscapes

3. To understand the dynamics that drive Wood Storks in SW FL, we must continue to study the prey‐base in this region

Future DirectionsFuture Directions

• Efforts must be made to understand the Wood Stork prey‐base early in the nesting season (and pre‐nesting)prey base early in the nesting season (and pre nesting)

• The impact of large non‐indigenous fish species (esp. armored catfish) on Wood Storks and other wadersarmored catfish) on Wood Storks and other waders needs further investigation

SW FL i d d i i i f di• SW FL is underrepresented in monitoring of wading birds and prey – efforts should be expanded in order to compliment existing Everglades monitoring effortscompliment existing Everglades monitoring efforts

Special thanks to…Special thanks to…

Dave Ceilley, Larry Bryan, Michael Bush, Dale Gawlik, Jennifer Rehage, Jana Newman, Vic Engel, Jennifer g , , g ,Stiner, Gretchen Ehlinger, Jim Snyder, Jim Burch, Ron Clark, Steve Schulze, Kevin Whelan, Raul Urgelles

Funding provided by NPS Critical Ecosystems Studies I i i i (CESI) d RECOVERInitiative (CESI) and RECOVER

and numerous intrepid field technicians and interns!

Study DesignStudy Design

• Selected sites with highest numbers of gstorks (effort made to represent different habitat types)habitat types) 

• Landowner permission poften limiting factor for sampling (esp. agriculture)agriculture)

Tremendous Energy Requirement…Tremendous Energy Requirement…

One Wood Stork family (2 adults + 2 5 chicks) requires ~200 kg of live2.5 chicks) requires ~200 kg of live food during an average breeding season (Kahl 1964)season (Kahl 1964)

(estimated 2.5 g/small fish)

≈ 70,000 fish

(estimated 2.5 g/small fish)

 70,000 fish

ll kStill working to better understand the links betweenthe links between wading birds and their aquatic preyq p y

Conceptual Ecological Model, RECOVER