aqueous geochemistry in mineral exploration · • stable isotopes • radiogenic isotopes •...
TRANSCRIPT
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Aqueous Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration
Matthew I. Leybourne, GNS Science, Avalon, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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GNS Science
Outline
• Why aqueous geochemistry in mineral exploration?
• Field analyses - importance of pH and Eh
• Major species
• Trace metals and metalloids
• Stable isotopes
• Radiogenic isotopes
• Insights gained from water chemistry
• Seawater exploration for SMS
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Utility of groundwater geochemistry
• Significant challenge for mineral exploration is to find new and deeper deposits, particularly in areas where either thick cover exists
• Where past exploration has already discovered shallow mineralization and exploration must extend to greater depth
• Groundwater recharges to depth, resulting in greater likelihood of interacting with buried mineralization compared to surficial geochemical methods, thus providing a three dimensional perspective
• Aqueous geochemistry can provide insights into other sample media and dispersion processes, secondary mineral formation
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Natural waters vs AMD
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Field based analyses
- pH and redox
KZK (Yukon) Spence (Chile)
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Major species: Monturaqui, Salar de Punta Negra
and Hamburgo Basin
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GNS Science
Major species: Kirkland Lake,
Ontario
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GNS Science
Trace metals and metalloids
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GNS Science
Trace elements - Spence, Chile
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GNS Science
Trace elements - Spence, Chile
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Trace elements - KZK, Yukon
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Trace elements - Bathurst Camp, NB
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GNS Science
Trace elements - Bathurst Camp, NB
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Filtration versus non-filtration
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Stable Isotopes - Spence, Chile
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GNS Science
Stable isotopes
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Stable isotopes - KZK, Yukon
Layton-Matthews and Leybourne (unpublished data)
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GNS Science
Fingerprinting trace metal sources
de Caritat, P. and Kirste, D., (2005)
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Radiogenic isotopes - Pb
• Pb has low solubility in waters
• Distinguishing true from false anomalies (organic, Mn or Fe oxide
accumulation of metals)
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GNS Science
Radiogenic isotopes
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Integration of geochemical modeling with real-
world examples
• Enhanced understanding of critical processes
• Application to metallurgical processes, remediation studies, supergene
mineralization
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Formation of atacamite
GNS Science
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Formation of soil anomalies
GNS Science
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GNS Science
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Aqueous
Geochemical
Exploration: The
Oceans
GNS Science
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GNS Science
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Plume Hunting
GNS Science
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GNS Science
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1.0
1.4
1.8
GNS Science
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Sometimes the water comes to you…
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26th International Applied Geochemistry Symposium Incorporating the New Zealand Geothermal Workshop
18-21 November, 2013, Rotorua, New Zealand
www.gns.cri.nz/iags