AQUEOUS SOLVENTS

BY: KHADIJA KHAN

SOLVENTS

• “Solvents are integral part of chemical reactions and it is difficult to imagine reactions without solvents.”

• Reactions are solvent selective.• Solvents is a liquid substance capable to

dissolve other substances (solutes) without chemical changes.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOLVENTS

• Polar protic solvents.

• Dipolar aprotic solvents.

• Non-polar solvents.

:

• Aqueous solvents.• Aqueous

solutions(containing special additives).

• Others.

Organic solvents:

• Oxygenated solvents.

• Hydrocarbon solvents.

• Halogenated solvents.

Molecular structure of

solvents:Inorganic solvents:

Organic solvents:

AQUEOUS SOLVENTS WATER AS A SOLVENT:

• Universal solvent.• Polar in nature.

PROPERTIES OF WATER FOR PHARMACEUTICAL USE:

• Like any pharmaceutical material, water must confirm to GMPnorms.

• Must be portable and comply with WHO guide lines for drinking water quality.

TYPES OFPHARMACEUTICAL WATER

• Purified water.• Water for injection.

BULK FORM

• Bacteriostatic Water for injection.• Sterile water for inhalation.• Sterile water for injection.• Sterile water for irrigation.• Sterile purified water.

PACKAGED FORM

PURIFIED WATERBY: FARAH DEEBA & HAZIQA IFFRIN

Purified water is water that has been mechanically filtered or processed to remove impurities and make it suitable for use.

DEFINITION

DESCRIPTION:• May originate from either a spring or surface or

groundwater source or directly from the tap.• It simply doesn’t matter. Since, the purification

process is designed to remove virtually all types of impurities, the quality of the source water has little bearing on the quality of the final product.

• Best choice of water.

USES:• as excipients in manufacturing of

pharmaceuticals.• for Equipment Cleaning.• Preparation of bulk chemicals.• Prepared using potable water as feed.• Must meet ionic, organic chemical and

microbial requirements.

PARAMETERS OF PURITY:• Purified water is usually produced by the purification of

potable water. The impurities that may need to be removed are:• inorganic ions.• organic compounds.• Bacteria.• endotoxins and nucleases.• particulates (typically controlled by filtration)• gases (typically managed by degassing when required)

WHY PURIFY RAW WATER??

STORAGE: • Storage Tanks

CARBON FILTERING

Used to remove chlorine , volatile organic compounds, taste, odour from water.

DEALKALIZATION

Use to remove alkalinity ions from water.

Done by dealkalizer.

DEMINERALIZATION

Also called deionization.

Use for high purity.

Remove salt, minerals, nitrates.

ION EXCHANGE METHOD

Done by exchange of ions.

Control water purity and PH of water.

MICROFILTERATION Physical filtration.

Remove particle range from 0.1-10

microns

MULTIMEDIA FILTERATION

Typically consist of 3 layers

Anthracite Sand Garnet

Remove particle range from 10-25micrones

REVERSE OSMOSIS Remove up to 98%

of dissolved ions.

Remove particles up to 0.0001

microns

DISTILLATION

Involve boiling and condensation of vapours.

Water for injections

BY: AYESHA AMJAD & AREEBA SALEEM

DEFINITION

• This is pyrogen-free water, purified by distillation for the preparation of products for parenteral use.

• It is intended for use as solvent only in solution

• That are to be sterilized after preparation and endotoxin content must be controlled.

REQUIREMENTS

• Water for injection can be prepared under aseptic conditions.

• It contain no added substance.• It must meet the requirements of pyrogen test

and sterility test for purified water

TYPES OF WATER FOR INJECTION• Potable Water: Used in early stages of chemical synthesis.

• Purified Water:Used as excipients in manufacturing of

pharmaceuticals.

• Bacteriostatic Water for injections(USP):

Contains added antimicrobial preservatives which prevent the growth of microrganisms.

• Sterile water for injectionUSP is a sterile, non pyrogenic preparation which contains no bacteriostatic, antimicrobial agent or added buffer and is supplied only in single dose containers to dilute or dissolve drugs for injection.

METHOD OF PREPARATION

Water for injection can be prepared by• By distillation method• By reserve osmosis

REVERSE OSMOSIS Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semi permeable membrane to remove larger particles from water.

BY DISTILLATION METHOD

Water for Injections is a specially prepared form of distilled water. It is a clear, colorless sterile liquid and it does not contain any other ingredients.

WARNINGS

ADVICE

INDICATIONS & USAGE

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATIO

N

STORAGE

ADVANTAGES OF WATER INJECTION:

There are a variety of reasons why drugs would be injected rather than taken through other methods. Some of the advantages are:Increased effectMore efficient usage

DISADVANTAGES:In addition to general problems associated with any IV drug

administration, there are some specific problems associated with the informal injection of drugs by non-professionals, which are:

• Increased chance of infection• Increased chance of overdose• Arterial damage

PRECAUTIONS : • Do not use for intravenous injection unless the osmolar

concentration of additives results in an approximate isotonic admixture.

• Consult the manufacturer’s instructions for choice of vehicle, appropriate dilution or volume for dissolving the drugs to be injected, including the route and rate of injection.

• Inspect reconstituted (diluted or dissolved) drugs for clarity (if soluble) and freedom from unexpected precipitation or discoloration prior to administration.

STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION

BY: SEENAM IFTIKHAR

Sterile Water for Injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic preparation of water for injection which contains no bacteriostat, antimicrobial agent or added buffer and is supplied only in single-dose containers to dilute or dissolve drugs for injection. For I.V. injection, add sufficient solute to make an approximately isotonic solution.

DESCRIPTION

Indications and Usage for Sterile Water for Injection

This parenteral preparation is indicated only for diluting or dissolving drugs for intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, according to instructions of the manufacturer of the drug to be administered.

ContraindicationsSterile Water for Injection, USP must be made approximately isotonic prior to use.

PRECAUTIONS• Do not use for intravenous injection unless the osmolar

concentration of additives results in an approximate isotonic admixture.

• During pregnancy• Pediatric Use• Drug Interactions

WARNINGS

ADVERSE REACTIONS

OVERDOSEDOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION

STORAGE

Bacteriostatic water for injection

BY: MAZNA SALEEM

• “Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP is a sterile, non pyrogenic preparation of water for injection containing 0.9% (9 mg/mL) of benzyl alcohol added as a bacteriostatic preservative.”

DEFINITION

PREPARATION

• Bacteriostatic water for injection is prepared from water for injection (WFI) that is sterilized and suitably packaged, containing one or more suitable anti microbial agents.

PACKAGING AND STORAGE:

• Preserve in a single dose or multiple dose glass or plastic containers.

• Reconstituted solutions may be stored for up to 20 days at 2-8°C prior to use.

ADVICE FOR PATIENTS:

Discard reconstituted solution after 20 days. Previously reconstituted solutions mixed with freshly

reconstituted solutions must be administered within 6 hours following mixing.

Should not used for neonatal medications.

SIDE EFFECTS:

Some side effects that may occur after drugs are added to bacteriostatic water include fever, abscess formation, venous thrombosis, necrosis and infections.

STERILE WATER FOR IRRIGATION

BY: ASRA FATIMAH

DEFINITION

Sterile Water for Irrigation USP is a sterile, hypotonic, nonpyrogenic irrigating fluid or pharmaceutical aid (solvent) entirely composed of Sterile Water for Injection USP. It is prepared by distillation and contains no antimicrobial or bacteriostatic agents or added buffers.”

The pH is 5.7 (5.0-7.0).

METHODS OF PREPERATION

Sterile Saline solution has 0.9% Sodium Chloride and is used for wound irrigation and cleaning:

• Use a pressure cooker. • Fill the cooker with water.• Place cooker with water on a heat stove.• Boil water for a minimum of 20 minutes.• The temperature within the cooker should be maintained at

121 degrees Celsius or 250 degrees Fahrenheit throughout the boiling period.

• Your sterile water is ready

ADVICE FOR PATIENTS:

• Sterile Water for Irrigation USP is hypotonic and will cause hemolysis.

• After opening container, its contents should be used promptly. • Discard unused portion of irrigating solution since it contains

no preservative.

USES:• Sterile Water for Irrigation USP is indicated for use as an

irrigating fluid or pharmaceutic aid. Sterile Water may also be used as an adjunct in the preparation of non-intravenously administered nutrient mixtures.

STERILE WATER FOR INHALATION

BY: HIBA MUSHTAQ

DEFINITION:Injection that is packaged and rendered sterile and is intended for use in inhalators and in the preparation of inhalation solutions. It carries a less stringent specification for bacterial endotoxins than sterile water for injection, and therefore , is not suitable for parenteral applications.

EXPLAINATION:Water for injection that is sterilized and contains no antimicrobial agents.It is intended for use in inhalators and in the preparation of inhalation solutions.

PHARMACEUTICAL USES•Used in manufacturing of inhalants; thus deals with the breathing issues.•It is also used in humidifiers reservoirs of low-flow oxygen therapy.OTHER EXAMPLES:•Virazole•Acetytcysteine

CAUTIONS• Should keep them safely.• Should avoid its mistaken use for the intravenous IV

solutions. • The practitioners of health care should recognize the

danger of infusing plain sterile water intravenously.

SIDE EFFECTS• Chest soreness may occur.• Redness/irritation of eye. • Worsening of breathing trouble; slow fast

or irregular heart beat. • Allergic reactions.

PRECAUTIONS

ADVICE

PACKAGING

STORAGE

STERILITY:Sterility is the absence of life or the absolute freedom from biological contamination , therefore a product or device is either sterile or it is contaminated.

STERILIZATION:It is the process of effectively killing the transmissible agents; such as micro organisms.

METHODS OF STERILIZATION:

What is the need of using STERILE WATER/its IMPORTANCE ? Why do we use sterile water for irrigation , injection, inhalation?

PHARMACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE OF

AQUEOUS SOLVENTSBY: ZAINAB SOHAIL

IMPORTANCE OF AQUEOUS SOLVENTS: In addition to solubility, solvent selection is also based on clarity, toxicity, viscosity, compatibility, with excipients, chemical inertness, palatability, odour, color and economy . In most cases, specially solution for oral opthalmic or parenteral administration, water is preferred solvent because it meets the majority of the above criteria better than other available solvents. A number of fixed oils , such as corn oil, cotton seeds, peanut oil and sesame oil , serve useful solvent functions. Water is used as solvent for desired flavoring or medicinal agent .

CONCLUSION