Latin Name : Eugenia caryophyllata Family : MyrtaceaeTurkish Name : KaranfilArabic Name : KaranfilEnglish Name : CloveDeustland Name : GewürznelkenEffective Elements Included in Drugs : Tannin, volatile oil and fixed oilEffects Given in the Literature : Stimulant, stomach, analgesic, antiseptic, eye disease, toothacheUsed According to Beyruni : Opacity of eyes

Latin Name : Crocus sativus Family : İridaceaeTurkish Name : SafranArabic Name : Zafiran, Usfur English Name : Saffron, Saffron crocusDeustland Name : Safran, GewürzsafranEffective Elements Included in Drugs : Volatile oil and fixed oil, bitter principle, crosin, carotinoids, starchEffects Given in the Literature : Aperient, antineuralgic, sedative, emmanagogue, stomach and gynocological diseases, stimulate, used for bronchitis, sore throat, headache, vomiting and feverUsed According to Beyruni : It is used as a dye for fabrics; It is very effective for the stomach and the river. It is also used as cardiac stimulant and relaxant.

Latin Name : Cinnamomum zeylanicumFamily : LauraceaeTurkish Name : Seylan TarçınıArabic Name : Seliha, Darcini, DarsiniEnglish Name : CinnamonDeustland Name : ZimmtEffective Elements Included in Drugs : Tannins and volatile oilEffects Given in the Literature : Astringent, carminative and antiseptic, vomiting, toothache, diarrhea, influenzaUsed According to Beyruni : Fragrant; it is put in to the medicine for peeling; it is electuary, resolvent and attenuant

Latin Name : Zingiber officinaleFamily : Zingiberaceae Turkish Name : ZencefilArabic Name : ZencebilEnglish Name : GingerDeustland Name : IngwerEffective Elements Included in Drugs : Volatile oil, resin, mucilage and starchEffects Given in the Literature : Sedative, carminative, stimulate, diaphoretic, tonic, rubefacient antiemetic, expectorant, astringent, anti-inflammatory, miscellaneous, uses anorexia and to treat colds, nausea, dys peptic symptoms and pharyngitisUsed According to Beyruni : Calorificient for stomach and liver. It is digestive and dries phlegma

Latin Name : Piper longumFamily : PiperaceaeTurkish Name : BiberArabic Name : Darü’l FülfülEnglish Name : Long pepperDeustland Name : Langpfeffer Effective Elements Included in Drugs : Resin, volatile oil, ve bitter principle (piperin)Effects Given in the Literature : Stomach, aperient and for spices Used According to Beyruni : It is used for cleansing the gases of uterus; sedative. It is good for teeth and helps digestion. It is diuretic.

Latin Name : Rhus coriariaFamily : AnacardiaceaeTurkish Name : SumakArabic Name : SumakEnglish Name : SumachDeustland Name : SumachEffective Elements Included in Drugs : Tannin, volatile oil and organic acidsEffects Given in the Literature : Diuretic, astringent, antiseptic, antidiabetic, antipyretic, haemostatic, digestiveUsed According to Beyruni : It is good for chronical inflammations; it is clenasing the wounds; it is also good for chronical diare.

Latin Name : Cuminum cyminumFamily : UmbelliferaeTurkish Name : KimyonArabic Name : KemunEnglish Name : Cumin, CumminDeustland Name : Kreuzkümmel, HaferkümmelEffective Elements Included in Drugs : Volatile oil and fixed oil, resinEffects Given in the Literature : Stomach, carminative, diuretic, analgesic, diaphoretic, stimulant, diarrhea and colic, headache, leprosy and disease, used as an abortifacient Used According to Beyruni :It tihgtens tissues and gives hardness especially used for abdomen

3 Department of History of Medicine and Deontology, Faculty of Medicine, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Etlik-Ankara, Turkey, aatac@mynet.com

1 Department of Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ankara, Tandoğan, 06100, Ankara, Turkey, sevgisar98@gmail.com 2 Retired Lecturer, esinkahya2002@yahoo.com Abu Rayhan Muhammed b. Ahmad al-Beyrunî al-Khwarezmi who

is known as Alberuni or Aliboron in the European languages is an important scientist not only in the Islamic World but also in Europe. He was born in Kas in Khwarezm

in 973 and died in Gazne in 1051 or 1048.

Beyrunî was so well-known a scientist that George Sarton named the century he lived in, that is the 11th century, after his name. Beyrunî was a poli-lingual scientist; he knew Arabic, Persian, Greek, Hebrew, Syrian and Hindi. He

was interested in a variety of sciences such as mathematics, astronomy, geometry, physics, chemistry, medicine, pharmacy, history, geography, philology, languages, ethnology, religions, lexicography as well as some other scientific branches and produced

works on those subjects.

Beyrunî wrote around 180 works in total; out of which there were 70 works on astronomy and 20 on mathematics. He prepared an important index on medicine, biology, metals, animals and herbal cures. Unfortunately, only 27 of those books reached our time. Among his well known

works are al-Asar al-Bakiyye an al-Kuruni al-Haliya, el-Kanun al-Mes’udi, Kitab al-Tahkik ma li’lHind, Tahdidü Nihayet al-Emakin, Kitab al-Cemahir fi al-Marifet al-Cevahir, Nihayet al-Emakin li Tashih-I Mesafet al-Mesakin, Kitab al-Saydana fi al-Tıbb. The Western world began to be interested in

Beyrunî’s works after 1870 and some of his works were fully or partly translated into German and English.

Beyrunî who was a distinguished expert with specialties in the treatment of diseases was interested in and studied Ancient Greek and Indian medicine. He was also interested in pharmacy and wrote his final work on pharmacy and medicine, titled Saydana, in 1050. In this work, he gave information about how the

drugs should have been used, the methods of their preparations, their medical usages and side effects. As he explained each of the drugs, he gave their names in other languages such as in Greek, Persian, Indian, Arabic, Sigzi and Turkish. Beyrunî draw the distinction between pharmacy and medicine in the work above and

described pharmacy in detail. The work mentioned was translated from Arabic into Persian in 1229 by Abu Bakr Ali al-Kasani of Fergana. It is currently kept in Manisa Municipal Library with the entry number 1789. One of the valuable Arabic versions of al-Saydana written by Dr. Ibrahim Gazanfer in 1927 is found in Bursa

Kurshunlu Mosque among the collection of medical works. This book was published in Arabic by Hamdard Foundation in Karachi in 1973.

In this paper, we will provide a systematic analysis of Beyrunî’s work, Kitab al-Saydana, from the point of view of the importance of the work and its writer in pharmacy and will discuss the subject in all its aspects with some of the recipes from the book.

As understood by the name itself Kitab al-Saydana, which means “The book of Pharmacology” the work is concerned with Pharmacology. It starts with an introduction arranged in five parts, and then the text follows with the drugs given in alphabetical order. The parts in the introduction are:

Part 1. Explanation of the name of the book, Part 2. Discussion of simple and compound drugs, Part 3. Explanation of Pharmacology and description of the apothecary, Part 4. Discussion of the Arabic language as the language of science, Part 5. Points out the weaknesses of Arabic as a language of science.

In the introduction Shayh Nahşa’î states that this is a work of Pharmacology. After praising Beyrunî, he then states that Beyrunî prepared this work from books written during the previous two thousand years.

In the first part, Beyrunî discusses the words Saydana and Saydala and says they come from the Indian word Jendel, which was corrupted into sandal in Arabic, and which refers to the world-famous aromatic tree of India.

While speaking of simple and compound drugs in the second part, he says that the word ukkar, which is used for “drug” in the Syriac language, means “root” and “grain”; and then he divides all things which are eaten and drunk into two classifications, nourishments and poison, and

says that all drugs are between these groups; and he even says that drugs can be divided nourishments into two classifications, remedial nourishments and poison nourishments.

In the third part, Beyrunî gives an explanation of Pharmacology and descriptions of the apothecaries.

In the fourth part, Beyrunî says that he speaks of Arabic as a scientific language and states.

In the fifth part, he states that in his own scientific works, he benefited all he could from Greek and Syriac works, and that in particular he used a Syriac work of Çeherman the Materia Medica

of Dioscorides, and the Greek work of Oribasius, and that in this connection it would be useful to benefit from the illustrations and from the giving

at the same time of the names for the same medicine in different languages.

FINDINGS

INTRODUCTION

12. Tanker, M., Tanker, N. (1990), Pharmacognosy 2, Publications of Ankara University, Ankara.13. Karamanoğlu, K. (1973), Pharmaceutical Botany, Course Book, Publication of A.U. Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara.14. PDR For Herbal Medicines, (2000), Montwale-New Jersey: Medical Economics Company.15. Brunenton, J. (1995), Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. Paris: Lavosier Publishing.16. Claus, E.P., Tyler, V.E. (1965) Pharmacognosy, Fifth Edition, Thoroughly Revised, Lea & Febiger Philadelphia.17. Blumenthal, M., Goldberg, A., Brincmann, J. (2000), Herbal Medicine. Expanded Commission E Monographs, United States of America: Integrative Medicine Communications.18. Trease, G.E. (1983), Pharmacognosy, English Language Book Society, London.19. Tanker, N., Koyuncu, M., Coskun, M. (2004), Pharmaceutical Botany, Publications of Ankara University, Ankara.20. Sar, S. (1982), Investigation on Folk Remedies of Central Anatolia Region From the Viewpoint of History of Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy, Ph. D. Thesis, Ankara.21. Erdemir, A.D. (2001), Şifalı Bitkiler, Doğal İlaçlarla Geleneksel Tedaviler (İstanbul ve Bursa Aktarlarından Örnekler). I. Baskı. Bursa-İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları: 928, Dizi No: 17.22. Çubukçu, B., Sarıyar, G., Meriçli, A. H., Sütlüpınar, N., Mat, A., Meriçli, F. (2002), Fitoterapi, Yardımcı Ders Kitabı, İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayın No: 4311.

1. Beyrunî, Kitab al-Saydana fi al-Tıbb, (Dr. Ibrahim Gazanfer in 1927) Inebey Madrasa Number: 149 in Bursa.2. Hakim Mohammed Said (1970), Hamdard Pharmacopoeia of Eastern Medicine. Karachi-Pakistan.3. Şehsuvaroğlu, Bedii N., Abu Rayhân Bîrûnî ve Kitâb al-Saydala, İstanbul Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 22(3) 1010-1030 (1959).4. Kâhya, E., Beyrunî ve Saydana Adlı Eseri, DTCF Felsefe Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, XI Cilt, sayfa: 143-152 (1979).5. Bedevian, K. A. (1936), Polyglottic Dictionary of Plant Names. Kahire: Argus and Papazien Presses.6. Cowan, J.M. (1976), The haus wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. New York: Spoken Language Service.7. Develioğlu, F. (1982), Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lugat. Ankara: Aydın Kitabevi.8. Sari, M. (1980), Arapça-Türkçe Lugat (El-Mevarid), Bahar Yayınları, İstanbul.9. Steingrass-Persian-Engish Dictionary, (1970), Library du Libnan, Beirut.10. Baytop, T. (1999), Therapy with Plants in Turkey, Nobel Tıp Printing House, İstanbul.11. Evans, W.C. (1971), Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, Printed in the USA.

REFERENCES

ŞAR Sevgi1, KÂHYA Esin2, ATAÇ Adnan3

Abu Rayhan Muhammed b. Ahmad al-Beyrunî al-Khwarezmi was one of the most important scholars of his own eleventh century and, in truth, of the entire Middle Ages in both East and West.

Beyruni was also interested in medicine and he was the first scientist who wrote the book named Saydana which was the first book on pharmacology. He gives an explanation of Pharmacology and description of the apothecary.

As a result, in this study, we have chosen 7 drugs which are generally used for spices. These plants and their active substance which are taken up for review in al-Kitab al-Saydana, compared to the knowledge of literature. It have been observed, related effects of these plants and the current literature knowledge shows so many parallels.

CONCLUSION