ZOGBY INTERNATIONAL

Arab Views of Leadership, Identity, Institutions and Issues of Concern:

Zogby Middle East Opinion Poll 2007

Submitted by: Zogby International

John Zogby, President and CEO Dr. James Zogby, Senior Advisor

© 2008 Zogby International

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METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 FINDINGS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6

Table 1. Top Issues in Arab World ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 Table 2. Top leader per country .......................................................................................................................................................... 8 Table 3. Important Leadership Characteristics ............................................................................................................................... 10 Table 4. Top personality per country ................................................................................................................................................ 11 Table 5. Defining Political Leadership .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Table 6. Satisfaction With Political Leadership ............................................................................................................................... 14 Table 7. Leadership ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15 Table 8. Identity .................................................................................................................................................................................. 16 Table 9. Moving For Employment .................................................................................................................................................... 18 Table 10. Source of Common Ground Between Arabs ................................................................................................................... 19 Table 11. Source of Conflict Between West and Arab World ........................................................................................................ 20 Table 12. Importance of Palestinian Issue ........................................................................................................................................ 21 Table 13. Why Palestinian Issue Is Important ................................................................................................................................. 22 Table 14. Importance of Iraqi Issue .................................................................................................................................................. 23 Table 15. Why Iraqi Issue is Important ............................................................................................................................................ 24 Table 16. Likelihood That U.S.-Arab Conflict Ends In Next 5 Years ........................................................................................... 26 Table 17. Likelihood That U.S.-Arab Conflict Ends In Your Lifetime ......................................................................................... 25 Table 18. Confidence in . . . ................................................................................................................................................................ 27 Table 19. Discrimination Against Women ........................................................................................................................................ 29 Table 20. Discrimination Against Other Groups ............................................................................................................................. 31 Table 21. Discrimination Against Lower Classes of Society ........................................................................................................... 32 Table 22. Discrimination Against Foreign Nationals in Your Country ......................................................................................... 33 Table 23. Personal Experience With Discrimination ....................................................................................................................... 34

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Table 24. Type of Discrimination Experienced* .............................................................................................................................. 35 Table 25. Discrimination of Arabs By Westerners .......................................................................................................................... 37 Table 26. Ideal Influence on an Individual’s Behavior ................................................................................................................... 38

TECHNICAL APPENDIX A ................................................................................................................................................................. 40

TECHNICAL APPENDIX B ...................................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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METHODOLOGY

All fieldwork in this survey was conducted between November 1, 2007 and December 25, 2007 in the following nations (dates vary slightly by country).

Nation Sample Size Sample Error (%) Field Work Dates Algeria 750 +/- 3.7 11/2 – 12/25 Egypt 800 +/- 3.5 11/2 – 12/23 Iraq 750 +/- 3.7 11/7 – 11/21 Jordan 750 +/- 3.7 11/5 – 11/26 KSA* 530 +/- 4.2 11/5 – 11/26 Morocco 750 +/- 3.7 11/5 – 11/26 Sudan 750 +/- 3.7 11/7 – 11/26 Syria 750 +/- 3.7 11/7 – 11/26 UAE Nationals UAE All Arabs**

150 273

+/- 8 +/- 5.9 11/5 – 11/27

*All KSA numbers are for KSA Nationals only, unless designated otherwise. **This report includes responses for both UAE Nationals and ‘UAE All Arabs’ (which comprise of Nationals plus Arab Expatriate workers living in UAE). Each table header will provide a label designating which sample is used.

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SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

Natl’s All Arabs < 35 55 59 65 58 68 53 62 63 60 58 >35 45 42 36 42 32 47 38 38 40 41 < University 70 56 68 85 75 66 78 86 44 42 > University 31 45 32 15 26 34 22 14 56 57 Married 44 54 52 56 62 53 61 61 47 50 Single 49 40 59 42 34 44 35 39 40 36 D/W/S 5 6 10 2 5 3 4 <1 13 14 National 100 100 97 100 100 99 100 100 100 -- Expatriate <1 -- 3 -- -- 1 -- -- -- 100 Muslim 98 93 96 94 98 99 100 85 100 100 Christian 2 7 4 6 2 1 -- 15 -- <1 Other Religion 1 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Muslim – Shi’a 1 -- 62 6 3 1 -- 7 11 10 Muslim – Sunni 99 93 38 94 91 99 100 94 89 90 Not Enough For Food 5 10 3 -- 3 <1 <1 -- -- -- Afford Food 13 24 10 2 8 10 11 -- -- -- Afford Food, Clothes 19 30 21 32 15 35 11 34 -- -- Afford Appliances 31 17 32 50 26 20 50 49 -- -- Afford Anything But Expensive Items 23 14 23 13 24 25 15 15 -- --

No Financial Problems 10 5 12 3 25 10 12 2 -- -- Male 52 50 50 50 49 50 50 50 11 53 Female 48 50 50 50 52 50 50 50 89 47

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FINDINGS 1. In your opinion, what are the two most important issues facing the Arab World today? Table 1. Top Issues in Arab World Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(All Arabs) Corruption 33 (2) 33 (2) 44 (1) 20 (5) 13 (6) 14 (7) 40 (1) 27 (4) 24 (3) War in Iraq 7 (8) 16 (6) 34 (2) 25 (3) 48 (2) 46 (1) 12 (6) 34 (2) 61 (1) Unemployment/Poverty 42 (1) 46 (1) 23 (3) 28 (2) 24 (3) 18 (5) 24 (4) 32 (3) 10 (7) Religion 28 (3) 20 (4) 21 (4) 6 (7) 11 (7) 24 (4) 14 (5) <1 (7) 15 (5) Lack of Democracy 16 (5) 19 (5) 18 (5) 21 (4) 14 (5) 9 (8) 25 (3) 25 (5) 34 (2) Education 23 (4) 15 (7) 17 (6) 12 (6) 7 (8) 15 (6) 36 (2) 3 (6) 10 (7) Lack of Arab Unity 15 (6) 14 (8) 14 (7) 20 (5) 18 (4) 30 (3) 24 (4) 25 (5) 15 (5) Health Care 6 (9) 8 (9) 8 (8) 5 (8) 7 (8) 4 (9) 9 (7) <1 (7) 11 (6) Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 12 (7) 27 (3) 4 (9) 57 (1) 56 (1) 39 (2) 12 (6) 53 (1) 21 (4)

Other 4 (10) 1 (10) 1 (10) -- 2 (9) 1 (10) <1 (8) -- -- Not Sure 7 (8) <1

(11) 1 (10) -- -- <1 (11) -- -- -- *Percentages do not add to 100% as respondents were asked to select their TWO most important issues. Ranking of issues is in parenthesis.

What are the most important issues facing the Arab World today? On this question, our respondents are divided, with

Algerians, Egyptians, Iraqis and Sudanese focused on domestic issues; and Jordanians, Saudis, Moroccans, Syrians and Arabs in the Emirates identifying major foreign policy concerns.

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In Algeria, Egypt and Iraq, for example, unemployment/poverty and corruption are the principal concerns. For Saudis, Jordanians and Syrians on the one hand, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is far and away the most important issue; while for Moroccans and Arabs living in the Emirates, it is the war in Iraq that looms large. It is worth noting that the issue of democracy is a significant concern only in the Emirates due to the high number of Arab expatriates, working in that country, who were covered in our survey. In our earlier polling, when we asked Arabs to identify the most important issues facing their own country, education and health care always finished in the top three, along with employment. It is, therefore, interesting to note that, in this survey, when respondents were asked to identify the most important issues region wide, these two concerns receive only scant mention, except in Sudan where education is the second greatest concern.

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2. Which political leader from the Middle East or North Africa do you believe represents the best model of leadership?

Table 2. Top leader per country

Top 4 leaders in Algeria Overall Abdell-Aziz Boutefika 34 Moammar Qaddafi 8 Bashar Al-Assad Saddam Hussein Houri Boumedienne

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Top 4 leaders in Egypt Overall Hosni Mubarak 43 Anwar Sadat 21 Gamal Abdel Nasser 16 Bashar Al-Assad 3

Top 4 leaders in Iraq Overall Ayad Allawai 11 Jalal Altalabany 8 Saddam Hussein 6 Nouri Al-Malaki 5

Top 4 leaders in Jordan Overall

King Abdullah II 60 King Hussein 10 Pr. Al Hassan bin Talal 4 Hosni Mubarak Queen Rania 3 (t)

Top 4 leaders in KSA Overall

Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz 70 King Fahd 7 King Abdul Aziz al-Saudi Hosni Bubarak 3 (t)

Top 4 leaders in Morocco Overall

King Mohammad VI 57 Bashar Al-Assad 10 King Al Hassan II 9 Moammar Qaddafi Mahmoud Ahmenijad 6 (t)

Top 4 leaders in Sudan Overall

Omar Al-Basheer 35 Bashar Al-Assad 12 Moammar Qaddafi 6 Hosni Mubarak King Abdullah II 5(t)

Top 4 leaders in Syria Overall

Bashar Al-Assad 82 Hafez Al-Assad 6 Hosni Mubarak 4 Amr Moussa 2

Top 4 leaders in UAE (Emiratis Only) Overall

Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan 28 Sh. Mohamed bin Rasheed 24 Sh. Khalifa bin Zayed 23 Sh. Hassan Nasrallah 9

As might be expected, when asked to identify the “political leaders from the Middle East and North Africa…[who] represent the best model of leadership,” respondents in most countries name their own head of state. This is certainly the case in Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Morocco and Syria. There are, however, some interesting exceptions and deviations worth pointing out.

n In Iraq, there is a clear crisis in leadership with no current leader scoring well. Former Prime Minister Ayad Allawi does best, followed by President Jalal Talabani, former President Saddam Hussein and current President Nouri al-Maliki – each supported by members of their own sect or ethnic group.

n In Algeria and Sudan, the currents heads of state receive recognition from only one-third of their countrymen, with leaders

from other countries scoring well in both nations.

n In both Egypt and the U.A.E., it is the legacy of now deceased leaders that looms large. Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak’s first place rating is nearly matched by the combined scores of his predecessors.

And in the U.A.E., the legacy of the country’s founder and first President, Sheikh Zayed, continues to be revered by Emiratis. His successor and son, Sheikh Khalifa, and the current Prime Minister and ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Muhammad, follow Sheikh Zayed in second and third place. It might be of some concern that the leader of Lebanon’s Hizbullah, Hassan Nasrullah, is ranked fourth (also see Table 4). Worth noting is the apparently wide-spread recognition given to a number of current heads of state who receive mention in other countries. Syria’s President Bashar al-Asad, for example, receives mention from over 10% of respondents in Morocco and Sudan, and is rated in the top three in Algeria and Egypt. Libya’s Moammar Qaddafi scores well in Algeria, Sudan and Morocco, while President Mubarak of Egypt is mentioned in Jordan, Sudan and Syria.

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3. Of the following characteristics, which one, in your opinion, is the most necessary quality of a leader? Table 3. Important Leadership Characteristics Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(All Arabs) Popular and of the people 19 51 16 40 25 14 21 51 21 Strict and disciplined 24 19 25 6 11 26 11 7 19 Progressive and open minded 12 6 20 3 7 14 9 4 16 Educated 12 14 15 7 6 22 11 8 14 Religious 6 13 8 21 13 5 20 4 25 Experienced and wise 15 15 12 15 28 13 18 15 14 Charismatic and well spoken 3 1 4 4 9 3 10 7 11 Not Sure/ Other 10 <1 2 3 1 4 -- 1 <1

In most countries, it appears that one of the most desirable qualities of leadership is being a “man of the people.” This is true in seven of the nine of the countries, and is clearly the number one quality noted in Egypt, Jordan and Syria. Morocco, Iraq and Algeria give a slight edge to “strict and disciplined” (certainly understandable in the Iraqi and Algerian situations given the civil conflict both have experienced); while being “experienced and wise” is rated first in Saudi Arabia, these being attributes ascribed to King Abdullah.

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4. Among popular figures in the region, whom do you consider to be your favorite personality? Table 4. Top personality per country

Top 3 personalities in Algeria Overall Amr Khaled 5 Sh. Yusuf Al Qaradawi Cheb Khaled 3 (t)

Top 3 personalities in Egypt Overall Dr. Ahmed Hassan Zewail 12 Sheikh Mohamed Hassan 8 Sh. Mohamed Metwally Al Sharawi 6

Top 3 personalities in Iraq Overall Ahmed Radi 4 Kazem Al Saher 3 Ali Al Sistani 3

Top 3 personalities in Jordan Overall

Kazem Al Saher 9 Faisal al Kassem 7 George Wassouf 6

Top 3 personalities in KSA Overall

Prince Walid bin Talal 8 Sh. Sudais 7 Sh. Suleiman Al Ouda Mohamed Abdou 6 (t)

Top 3 personalities in Morocco

Overall Hicham el Guerrouj 11 Abdel Hedi Bel Khayat Mohamed Abdou 8 (t)

Top 3 personalities in Sudan Overall

Essam Al Basheer 14 Mustafa Othman 6 Al Tayeb Salih 5

Top 4 personalities in Syria Overall

Duraid Lahham 6 Kazem Al Saher 4 Adel Imam Rafeek Sobai 3 (t)

Top 3 personalities in UAE (Emiratis)

Overall Juma Al Majid 9 Hassan Nassrallah 7 Ismail Matar Sh. Abdel Aziz Bin Baz 6 (t)

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When asked to name their “favorite personality,” most respondents, as expected, name popular singers and athletes or other

entertainers (this would be the case in the West, as well). A number of religious leaders also receive mention.

Most interesting, however, are the exceptions to this trend. In Saudi Arabia, Prince al Walid bin Talal, the billionaire philanthropist, rates top mention. In Egypt, Doctor Ahmad Zuwail, the Egyptian American Nobel Laureate is the first choice of a large number; while in Sudan, two Cabinet Ministers score quite well. And, in the U.A.E., philanthropist and educator, Juma al Majid, ranks first, followed by Lebanon’s leader of Hizbullah in second place.

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5. Please tell me which of the following two statements best reflects your overall opinion of political leadership in the Arab world? Statement A: The political leadership conducts their affairs mainly out of personal interest. Statement B: The political leadership acts largely for the betterment of the nation. Table 5. Defining Political Leadership Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(All Arabs) Statement A 63 47 44 25 49 46 30 15 68 Statement B 25 48 37 47 50 37 43 44 23 Neither 9 4 7 27 <1 14 28 31 3 Not Sure 3 1 13 2 -- 3 -- 11 6

Overall, there appears to be some ambivalence as to whether the region’s leaders act out of personal interest or “for the

betterment of the nation.” In Algeria, and among Arabs in the Emirates, two-thirds say it is “personal interest” that is the principal motivation, while attitudes are largely divided in the other seven countries in the survey. In Egypt and Saudi Arabia, attitudes are split. Only in Jordan, Sudan and Syria do respondents give the edge to leadership acting for the region’s betterment.

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6. What is your overall opinion of the political leadership in the Arab World—very satisfied, somewhat satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied or very dissatisfied? Table 6. Satisfaction With Political Leadership Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(All Arabs) Very Satisfied 4 29 11 14 38 14 31 -- 6 Somewhat Satisfied 17 33 26 25 42 18 35 20 17 SATISFIED 21 62 37 39 80 32 66 20 23 Somewhat Dissatisfied 33 22 19 42 15 59 29 49 41 Very Dissatisfied 42 16 35 15 5 9 5 25 27 NOT SATISFIED 75 38 54 57 20 68 34 74 68 Not Sure 4 <1 10 4 <1 <1 -- 6 8

When asked to express their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the Arab World’s leaders, only in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Sudan do respondents give leaders a favorable rating.

Strong dissatisfaction is clear from the responses given in Algeria, Morocco, Syria and among Arabs living in the Emirates.

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7. Which of the following groups do you look to most for leadership? Table 7. Leadership Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(All Arabs) Teachers/Educators 14 18 20 10 14 13 21 7 23 Religious Leaders/Clergy 9 32 12 23 30 12 13 16 28 Political Leaders 22 25 20 25 17 19 15 21 4 Business men/women 16 7 7 10 12 16 6 12 5 Artists (Entertainers)/ Sports Figures 2 11 7 18 10 7 4 27 9

Parents/Family 8 6 18 8 14 5 21 12 12 Community Leaders 2 2 10 6 2 2 19 6 12 Not Sure 28 1 8 -- -- 28 2 -- 8

Reponses to this question provide yet another example of the ambivalence that exists in the Arab World toward the region’s

political leadership (although, in fairness, it should be noted that similar results would be found in the U.S., where ratings given to the President and Congress are quite low, especially when compared with those given to entertainers, educators, and religious leaders). Only in Jordan do political leaders rate first but, even here, by a slim margin. Religious leaders are rated highest in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and among Arabs in the U.A.E. The political disarray in Iraq and Sudan is clear from the degree to which teachers and family are rated in the top three; while in Algeria and Morocco, “not sure” scores at the top – a worrisome sign suggesting broader dissatisfaction.

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8. From the following list, which is the principal source of your identity? Table 8. Identity

Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE (Emiratis Only)

‘07 ‘07 ‘05 ‘02 ‘07 ‘07 ‘05 ‘02 ‘07 ‘05 ‘02 ‘07 ‘05 ‘02 ‘07 ‘07 ‘07 ‘05 ‘02 Family 25 19 4 3 37 18 9 16 11 13 12 7 3 5 19 17 2 4 9 Religion 23 35 12 29 17 29 12 13 48 3 20 7 16 34 28 32 61 19 16 Being Arab 6 17 5 31 23 26 28 24 23 28 24 40 13 32 5 28 15 33 52 Being From Your Country 34 25 61 26 8 26 35 24 9 35 24 34 55 15 32 20 14 35 9

Being Form Region/City 2 3 16 3 2 1 6 13 1 6 13 5 10 6 9 3 3 2 --

Ethnic/ Background 6 1 2 2 2 <1 7 5 1 3 2 8 1 2 2 1 5 6 4

Clan/Tribe 2 <1 ** ** 4 <1 ** ** 7 ** ** -- ** ** 5 1 -- ** ** Not Sure 2 -- -- -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- <1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Being Kurdish* ** ** ** ** 5 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **

**Not Asked.

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As is the case with most people worldwide, Arabs live with a complex set of identities. This is compounded throughout the region by several factors: the “newness” of the nation-state, the continuing hold of traditional ties, and the importance of transnational identities evidenced by the pull of religion and “Arabness.”

As a result, there is no simple or single clear answer given to the rank order given to the principal sovereign identity in the nine

countries surveyed. The strongest ties, however, appear to be: religion, being Arab, and one’s own country. In combination, these form the source of identity of 80% of the respondents in all but Algeria and Sudan (where two-thirds of the respondents concur).

In Algeria and Egypt, the mix includes country, religion and family.

In Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E., the principal source of identity is derived from religion and being Arab – with “country”

receiving on scant mention. Note, in both cases (and in Egypt and Jordan), the rise in importance given to religion since we first polled in 2002. Also not that this comes at the expense of attachment to country identification (and, in the U.A.E., to “being Arab”). In Jordan, religion, Arab and Jordanian receive near equal ratings; while in Morocco, near equal ratings are given to Arab and Moroccan. (Note, since 2002, the decline in the importance given to religion as a source of identity among Moroccans). In Sudan (like Algeria), the Arab identity receives low single digit ratings, with the most significant source of identity being derived from religion and country identification. In Syria, it is religion and being Arab, with “being Syrian” in third place – (no doubt, this might be of concern to some pan-Syrian nationalists). And in Iraq, the break-up and the fragmentation of the state and identity is in evidence as family is the number one source of identity, while being Arab is in second place. “Being Iraqi” is important to only 8% in that country.

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9. If you had the opportunity to move to another country for a job, which one of the following countries would you prefer? Table 9. Moving For Employment Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(Emiratis Only) The U.S. 13 17 23 25 11 12 19 5 14 England/U.K. 17 11 14 6 9 16 9 9 21 Europe – Other 23 9 19 15 15 49 19 32 19 Arab Country – Other 11 28 8 15 10 -- 16 16 5 Australia 4 1 8 17 9 11 8 23 13 Other 7 -- 3 6 2 2 5 15 7 I would not move 22 34 23 13 44 11 15 2 14 Not Sure 2 4 3 4 <1 <1 9 -- 7

If given “the opportunity to move to another country for a job,” a plurality of Arabs in Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Syria,

Morocco, Sudan and the U.A.E. would choose a Western country. Europe is the preferred destination for Algerians, Moroccans, Syrians and Emiratis. Iraqis and Jordanians prefer the U.S.

Only in Saudi Arabia would a strong plurality turn down the opportunity to move, preferring to remain at home. In Egypt,

over one-third would remain at home, while the preferred destination for a job outside of Egypt would be another Arab country.

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10. Of the following, which do you believe provides the greatest common ground between you and other Arabs? Table 10. Source of Common Ground Between Arabs Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(All Arabs) Religion and Values 46 35 22 25 40 32 32 18 59 Economic Interests 8 23 14 16 12 14 14 14 3 Language 24 27 26 19 16 13 13 10 22 Common Destiny 6 5 9 14 20 10 10 23 1 Political Issues 3 3 6 11 6 11 11 10 9 Common History, Culture and Tradition 7 2 16 16 6 10 10 26 3

There is no common ground 6 6 4 -- <1 8 8 -- 1 Not Sure 1 <1 3 -- <1 3 3 -- 4

What is the source of “common ground” among Arabs? From the responses given in our survey, it appears to be “religion and

values” and a common language. Only in Syria do respondents provide a different set of answers, pointing to a “common history and tradition” and “a common destiny” (these reflecting the ideas put forth in Ba’th Arab nationalism).

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11. Which of the following do you believe is the greatest source of conflict between the West (the U.S. and Europe) and the Arab world? Table 11. Source of Conflict Between West and Arab World Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(All Arabs) Religion 33 35 15 21 22 16 24 13 14 Economic Interests 42 43 42 22 38 45 23 7 43 Values and Way of Life 10 8 17 21 11 18 13 29 5 Political Issues 9 12 18 20 30 16 23 17 33 There is no conflict between us and the West 2 2 2 10 <1 4 17 16 4

Not Sure 5 -- 6 7 -- 1 -- 18 4

Is there a conflict between the West and the Arab World? Apparently, from the answers given to our survey, there is. In

Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Morocco and the U.A.E., only a scant number of respondents say “there is no conflict.” For most, the source of the conflict seems to be economic interests, with only Saudis and Arabs in the Emirates saying

political issues are most important. Religion is pointed to as the main source of conflict in with the West in Algeria and Egypt, while “values and way of life” rank first in Syria.

In Jordan and Sudan, responses are divided among the many options provided.

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12. How important is the Palestinian issue to you? Table 12. Importance of Palestinian Issue Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(All Arabs) Very Important 62 69 27 95 73 73 42 98 22 Somewhat Important 20 26 18 5 24 14 33 2 74 IMPORTANT 82 95 45 100 95 87 75 100 96 Not Very Important 10 4 16 -- 2 13 18 -- 2 Not At All Important 4 1 23 -- 1 <1 5 -- <1 NOT IMPORTANT 14 5 39 -- 3 13 23 -- 2 Not Sure 5 <1 16 -- -- -- 3 -- 2

How personally important is the issue of Palestine to Arabs? From the responses given in our survey, it is clear that Palestine is

important, especially in Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Morocco and Egypt. Only in Iraq is this issue not highly rated, since it is overshadowed by concerns over the fate of their own country.

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13. (ASKED ONLY OF THOSE WHO SAY PALESTINIAN ISSUE IS IMPORTANT) Which of the following reasons best describes why the Palestinian issue is important to you? Table 13. Why Palestinian Issue Is Important Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(All Arabs) Palestinians Are Arabs Like Me* 29 55 50 32 44 57 38 24 76

Religious Reasons 32 26 22 32 25 29 32 24 7 Palestinians Are Victims 35 18 17 33 32 13 30 26 8 Other Reason 1 1 7 2 -- -- -- 24 1 Palestinian Issue Is Not Important to me <1 1 2 -- -- <1 -- -- --

Not Sure 3 -- 3 <1 -- <1 -- 3 3 *In Iraq response read ‘Palestinians are Arabs.’

Why is Palestine important? To respondents in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Morocco and the U.A.E. (and to those Arabs in Iraq

who feel strongly about Palestine), it is because Palestinians are “Arabs like me.” In Algeria, Jordan, Syria, Sudan (and, to some extent, Saudi Arabia), other factors are also indicated: “Palestinians are victims” and “religions reasons” being the important reasons given here.

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14. How important is the Iraqi issue to you? Table 14. Importance of Iraqi Issue Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(All Arabs) Very Important 54 67 89 90 64 71 40 96 34 Somewhat Important 25 28 4 10 33 16 35 4 52 IMPORTANT 79 94 93 100 97 87 75 100 86 Not Very Important 12 3 4 -- 2 13 20 -- 1 Not At All Important 6 2 1 -- 1 <1 6 -- 9 NOT IMPORTANT 18 5 5 -- 3 13 26 -- 10 Not Sure 4 <1 2 -- <1 -- -- -- 3

Is the war in Iraq important to Arabs? It is clear from the responses given that Iraq is also important, in numbers virtually

identical to the responses given to the importance of Palestine.

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15. (ASKED ONLY OF THOSE WHO SAY IRAQ ISSUE IS IMPORTANT) Which of the following reasons best describes why the Iraqi issue is important to you? Table 15. Why Iraqi Issue is Important Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(All Arabs) Iraqis Are Arabs Like Me* 32 55 20 33 50 59 38 29 25

Religious Reasons 19 27 8 30 20 21 32 23 52 Iraqis Are Victims 43 17 62 32 30 18 30 26 7 Other Reason 5 -- 10 4 1 10 -- 20 3 Iraqi Issue Is Not Important 1 1 -- -- -- <1 -- -- -

Not Sure <1 <1 -- 1 -- <1 -- 2 4 *In Iraq response read ‘Iraqis are Arabs.’

Why is Iraq important? The reasons given by our respondents track closely those given to why Palestine is important, with the

belief that Iraqis are “Arabs like us” being the most important in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Morocco, and “Iraqis are victims” indicated as most important in Algeria. “Religious reasons” dominate among Arabs in the U.A.E., and are also important Jordan and Syria.

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16. How likely is it that all conflict will end between the U.S. and the Arab world within the next five years? Table 16. Likelihood That U.S.-Arab Conflict Ends In Next 5 Years Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(All Arabs) Very Likely 3 8 15 1 3 1 * 2 15 Somewhat Likely 11 20 24 6 6 18 * 3 12 LIKELY 14 28 39 7 9 19 * 5 27 Not Very Likely 21 22 33 22 36 50 * 41 25 Not At All Likely 56 49 24 62 55 30 * 54 40 NOT LIKELY 77 71 57 84 91 80 * 95 65 Not Sure 9 1 4 11 1 2 * -- 8 * Insufficient data

Having observed in Table 11 that most Arabs appear to believe that a conflict exists between the West and the Arab World,

how likely is it that the conflict between the U.S. and the Arab World be resolved any time soon? In table 16, it is clear that most Arabs are pessimistic as to whether there can be resolution within the next five years, with significant majorities in Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Syria saying that it is “not likely.” Only in Iraq was there some hope. But here, too, almost six in ten said it was “not likely.”

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17. How likely is it that all conflict will end between the U.S. and the Arab world within your lifetime? Table 17. Likelihood That U.S.-Arab Conflict Ends In Your Lifetime Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(All Arabs) Very Likely 5 14 19 12 3 9 30 5 31 Somewhat Likely 13 28 35 13 22 44 31 22 41 LIKELY 18 42 54 25 25 53 61 27 82 Not Very Likely 26 24 29 31 49 38 29 26 22 Not At All Likely 49 33 14 42 25 8 8 31 3 NOT LIKELY 75 57 43 73 74 46 37 57 25 Not Sure 7 1 3 3 <1 2 2 15 3

In the longer term there is somewhat more optimism that the U.S., and the Arab World can resolve their conflicts, with

majorities in Iraq, Morocco, Sudan and the U.A.E. believing that the resolution will be found in their lifetimes. However, three quarters of Algerians, Jordanians, Saudis and nearly six in ten in Egypt and Syria are pessimistic that the conflict will end during their lifetimes.

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18-26. How much confidence you have in each of these groups or institutions within your country. Would you say you have a lot, some, little or no confidence? Table 18. Confidence in . . . Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE** Religious Institutions

Confidence* 51 92 57 97 98 73 86 97 47 No Confidence 46 8 39 3 2 27 14 3 41

Police Confidence 45 79 55 97 98 78 46 95 41 No Confidence 53 21 43 3 2 21 53 5 51

The Press/Media Confidence 34 65 57 87 73 60 77 94 52 No Confidence 61 32 42 13 27 40 22 6 38

The Political Parties

Confidence 15 56 37 20 *** 47 66 24 *** No Confidence 79 43 60 74 *** 53 34 68 ***

The Judiciary (Courts)

Confidence 38 79 42 52 96 80 53 49 48 No Confidence 59 21 55 48 4 20 47 44 42

The Parliament Confidence 21 55 33 56 90 42 70 63 43 No Confidence 72 43 64 36 9 57 30 32 49

The Armed Forces Confidence 55 83 48 86 96 73 99 96 63 No Confidence 40 17 50 13 4 24 <1 4 29

The Arab League Confidence 25 58 29 60 54 33 63 66 37** No Confidence 64 40 65 37 45 67 37 28 54**

The United Nations Confidence 24 35 35 29 11 21 63 21 37** No Confidence 68 60 53 62 88 78 37 72 56**

* ‘Confidence’ represents the aggregation of ‘A Lot of Confidence’ and ‘Some Confidence.’ ‘No Confidence’ represents the aggregation of ‘Little Confidence’ and ‘No Confidence.’ **For these questions, UAE data includes only Emiratis with the exception of the last two questions that represent All Arabs. *** ‘Political Parties’ do not exist in KSA and UAE.

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How much confidence do Arabs have in institutions within their countries? In Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, and

Syria the respondents indicate strong confidence in their: religious institutions, their police and armed forces, and the media. Attitudes are somewhat more ambivalent toward these institutions in Algeria and Iraq. Political parties are only viewed favorably in Egypt and Sudan. They are given extremely negative ratings in Algeria, Jordan, Syria and Iraq. The Judiciary gets its highest confidence ratings in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Morocco, while attitudes are supportive but less enthusiastic in Jordan, Sudan and Syria. Only in Algeria and Iraq are the courts viewed unfavorably. Parliaments in Sudan and Syria receive high ratings, while those in Algeria and Iraq are given poor ratings (though higher than the 11% rating Americans give their Congress). It is interesting to note that the Majlis as Shura (an appointed legislative body of experts) in Saudi Arabia is given highest ratings here. Overall, it appears, from the responses given, that the Saudis have the highest confidence in their institutions, with Egyptians, Jordanians, Moroccans, Sudanese and Syrians also being satisfied, though somewhat less so. Emiratis give only tepid support to most of their institutions. On the other hand, Algerians and Iraqis appear to be the most troubled by the institutions in their countries, giving negative ratings to most. Also, the Arab League rates higher than the United Nations in Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Syria. In our 2002 “What Arabs Think” survey, the United Nations received favorable ratings in many Arab countries. It appears that much of that support has dissipated in the past five years, with most Arabs now indicating “no confidence” in the world body. It is interesting to note that only in Sudan is there confidence in the United Nations, a surprising finding given the ongoing tension between Sudan’s government and the United Nations over the crisis in Darfur.

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27. On a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 is ‘no discrimination’ and 5 is ‘great discrimination,’ please rate the level of each type of discrimination you feel exists in your country-- Discrimination against women? Table 19.1 Discrimination Against Women Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(Only Emiratis) (1) No Discrimination 28 47 44 46 20 82 74 59 40 (2) 16 25 3 23 33 14 11 26 25 (3) 16 15 6 10 25 3 8 14 12 (4) 12 8 5 10 16 <1 8 1 10 (5) Great Discrimination 26 6 36 10 6 1 -- -- 9 Not Sure 2 <1 7 <1 <1 <1 -- 1 4 Table 19.2 Discrimination Against Women (by Gender)

Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE (Only

Emiratis) M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F (1) No Discrimination 33 22 53 46 43 43 71 21 23 18 83 81 77 70 57 61 52 39

(2) 15 18 22 27 3 3 29 17 27 39 12 15 16 7 26 26 28 25 (3) 17 16 11 14 5 6 -- 21 24 25 4 3 5 10 15 15 8 13 (4) 13 12 7 8 5 4 -- 21 16 15 -- <1 3 13 1 1 4 10 (5) Great Discrimination 22 30 7 5 31 41 -- 21 10 3 1 1 -- -- -- -- 8 10

Not Sure 1 2 -- 1 13 2 -- -- -- <1 1 -- -- -- 1 1 -- 4

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Overall, most Arabs suggest that there is no discrimination against women, but a look at the different responses given by men

and women reveals a more complex picture. In Jordan, Algeria, Iraq, Sudan and the U.A.E., there is a gender gap in the responses given to this question. The gap is greatest in Jordan, where 100% of men say there is no such discrimination while 41% of women say there is discrimination. In Algeria and Iraq, where overall almost 40% say there is discrimination against women, there is a gender gap of between eight to ten points. The same size gap appears in Sudan and the U.A.E. As we have found in our earlier polling on women’s issues, a reverse gap exists in Saudi Arabia. In the Kingdom, 26% of men say there is discrimination against women, while only 18% of women indicate such discrimination exists in their country.

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28. On a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 is ‘no discrimination’ and 5 is ‘great discrimination,’ please rate the level of each type of discrimination you feel exists in your country-- Discrimination against other groups (religions, sects, ethnicities)? Table 20. Discrimination Against Other Groups Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(Emiratis Only) (1) No Discrimination 24 32 29 44 17 58 71 69 37 (2) 15 28 5 28 29 9 20 31 26 (3) 19 24 5 16 30 12 8 -- 14 (4) 14 12 5 12 18 11 2 -- 10 (5) Great Discrimination 25 3 50 -- 6 11 <1 -- 11 Not Sure 4 4 7 <1 <1 <1 -- -- 3

Does discrimination exists against other groups in respondents’ countries? Only in Iraq does a majority agree that there is

great discrimination. In Algeria and Saudi Arabia, respondents also indicate concern over discrimination, with strong minorities in Egypt, Morocco and the U.A.E. also pointing to a problem of discrimination.

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29. On a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 is ‘no discrimination’ and 5 is ‘great discrimination,’ please rate the level of each type of discrimination you feel exists in your country-- Discrimination against lower classes of society? Table 21. Discrimination Against Lower Classes of Society Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(Only Emiratis) (1) No Discrimination 18 22 48 31 17 36 54 39 47 (2) 9 24 5 26 26 18 20 43 21 (3) 13 21 4 21 30 23 8 17 5 (4) 14 16 6 9 22 11 18 1 10 (5) Great Discrimination 45 18 19 10 5 11 1 -- 16 Not Sure 2 <1 20 3 -- 1 -- -- 1

Is there discrimination against “lower classes?” In Algeria, a substantial majority say “yes;” and in Egypt one-third agree that

there is such discrimination. In all of the other countries covered in the survey (with the exception of Syria) between one-quarter to one-fifth of the respondents point to significant discrimination against the lower classes.

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30. On a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 is ‘no discrimination’ and 5 is ‘great discrimination,’ please rate the level of each type of discrimination you feel exists in your country-- Discrimination against foreign nationals in your country? Table 22. Discrimination Against Foreign Nationals in Your Country Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA* Morocco Sudan Syria UAE*

Nationals Expats Nationals Expats (1) No Discrimination 44 35 47 64 16 12 72 84 87 32 33 (2) 17 23 5 35 25 20 12 10 13 14 18 (3) 12 20 4 -- 26 27 6 6 -- 5 11 (4) 7 14 5 -- 20 28 7 <1 -- 9 7 (5) Great Discrimination 15 8 19 -- 13 13 1 -- -- 31 25

Not Sure 5 <1 21 1 -- -- 2 -- -- 9 6 *For this question, samples in KSA and UAE have been divided into all Nationals and all Expats (both Arab and non-Arab)

Is there discrimination against foreign nationals in their countries? In Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E., the two countries in our

survey where the greatest number of expatriates were included among our respondents, there is notable concern that such discrimination does exist. And, it is important to note that the concern here is shared equally by nationals in those two countries and the expatriates who work there. Over 20% in Algeria, Egypt and Iraq also indicate that such discrimination exists in their countries.

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31. Have you experienced discrimination because of your gender, religion, ethnicity, economic status or race? Table 23.1 Personal Experience With Discrimination

Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA*

Morocco Sudan Syria UAE*

Nationals Expats Nationals Expats Yes 40 21 54 14 18 40 9 18 -- 21 45 No 60 79 46 65 82 59 91 82 68 79 54 *For this question, samples in KSA and UAE have been divided into all Nationals and all Expats (both Arab and non-Arab) Table 23.2 Personal Experience With Discrimination (by Gender) Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA* Morocco Sudan Syria UAE* M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F

Yes 38 42 19 21 51 57 18 18 16/41

20/39 9 9 15 22 0 0 64/

50 15/26

No 62 58 81 79 49 43 82 82 84/59

80/38 91 91 85 78 100 100 36/

50 85/74

*For this question, samples in KSA and UAE have been divided into all Nationals and all Expats (both Arab and non-Arab) Data in these columns represented as (Emiratis/All Expats, e.g. 16/41)

Over one half of Iraqis report having personally experienced some form of discrimination, while 40% of Algerians complain

of the same treatment. And while one in five Saudis and Emiratis say they have been discriminated against at some point, twice as many expatriates working in their countries report having experienced some form of discrimination. Also worth noting are the 21% of Egyptians who have been subjected to discrimination. Who are the groups reporting this discrimination? In Iraq, the problem exists across the board, but a gap exists, with Kurds, Christians, Sunnis, and young people showing a slightly higher incidence of discrimination than other groups.

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32. (ASKED ONLY OF THOSE WHO HAVE EXPERIENCED DISCRIMINATION) From the following types of discrimination, which ones have you experienced? Table 24. Type of Discrimination Experienced* Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA** Morocco Sudan Syria UAE**

Nationals Expats Nationals Expats Gender 38 16 35 36 59 14 22 55 -- <1 -- Religious 15 32 29 10 5 9 37 -- -- 45 13 Ethnicity 14 -- 16 7 9 3 18 1 -- 24 33 Economic Status 33 51 11 21 26 27 40 55 -- 18 16 Race 18 -- 30 33 8 51 10 25 -- 13 47 Other 2 -- 3 -- -- <1 2 18 -- -- -- Refuse 1 -- 14 -- -- -- 3 2 -- -- -- *Percentages do not add up to 100% as respondents were asked to choose multiple options. **For this question, samples in KSA and UAE have been divided into all Nationals and all Expats (both Arab and non-Arab) What type of discrimination have our respondents experienced? Of those who complain of discrimination, the results are as follows: Algeria: of those who report gender discrimination, the majority are women. One-half of those who complain of being discriminated against because of race come from the Oran district.

Egypt: of those who report gender discrimination, the results are evenly divided between men and women. And while both Muslims and Christians complain of some form of religious discrimination, the respondents are disproportionately Christian. Iraq: of those reporting having been discriminated against because of gender, by three to one those respondents are women. The overwhelming number of those complaining about economic discrimination are Kurds. Those reporting concern with having been discriminated against because of race are largely confined to respondents in Baghdad, and in all probability due to sectarian tensions in that city.

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And in Saudi Arabia and Sudan, the majority of those reporting gender discrimination are women.

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33. Please tell me whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree or strongly disagree with the following statement: Arabs are discriminated against by Westerners (Americans and Europeans). Table 25. Discrimination of Arabs By Westerners Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(All Arabs) Strongly Agree 60 53 38 55 52 40 46 58 56 Somewhat Agree 22 34 26 27 41 38 17 25 14 AGREE 82 87 64 82 93 78 63 83 70 Somewhat Disagree 11 8 9 12 6 18 21 14 6 Strongly Disagree 5 5 6 4 2 3 16 1 20 DISAGREE 16 13 15 16 8 21 37 15 26 Not Sure 2 1 21 3 <1 1 -- 2 5

Are Arabs discriminated against by Westerners? Overwhelming majorities agree that such discrimination exists, with almost 80% or more saying “yes” in every country except Iraq and Sudan, where almost two-thirds of the respondents concur.

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34. What do you think should most influence people’s behavior? 35. What do you think most influences people’s behavior? Table 26. Ideal Influence on an Individual’s Behavior Algeria Egypt Iraq Jordan KSA Morocco Sudan Syria UAE

(All Arabs)

Education Should 43 15 23 17 26 41 15 16 12 Does 16 10 16 17 16 17 17 17 5

Traditions Should 13 30 30 24 18 10 14 37 6 Does 9 12 16 17 20 20 11 14 2

Religion Should 25 40 18 43 39 9 20 30 43 Does 17 35 19 30 28 10 24 43 52

Media Should 5 7 10 4 9 14 30 -- 8 Does 35 22 18 20 20 30 28 4 31

Family Should 9 2 15 11 5 14 11 17 17 Does 11 7 15 9 7 8 10 20 16

Political Opinions

Should 2 7 3 1 3 2 11 -- 11 Does 6 13 13 8 9 4 10 1 3

Not Sure Should 2 <1 2 1 -- 11 -- -- 2 Does 5 1 4 -- -- 12 -- 1 1

In all of the countries surveyed, a majority believe that some combination of religion, tradition, and education should provide

the influence that shapes people’s behavior – with religion being the preferred influence in Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E. But there appears to be concern among many Arabs in all the countries surveyed, except Sudan and Syria, that the media is, instead, playing a lead role in influencing behavior. This is especially true Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and the U.A.E.

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There is also some slight concern in Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan and Saudi Arabia that political organizations have more influence on behavior than they should. There appears to be concern that tradition is losing influence in Egypt, Iraq and Syria, while Algerians and Moroccans demonstrate concern that education does not influence behavior as much as they feel it should.

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TECHNICAL APPENDIX A Methodology and Sampling

Teams Teams for this project consisted of team supervisors, interviewers and drivers or guides. Team supervisors have the responsibility to guide and manage the team during fieldwork, and are the ones directly in charge of assuring interviewers’ adherence to procedures and ethics. They are responsible for solving and if possible avoiding problems in the field in regards to interviewers and respondents. The team supervisor has authority over all members of his team except for the observer who follows orders regarding safety issues only. Finally, the supervisor is responsible for accuracy and validity of every interview completed by the team. Interviewers used in this project were all skilled and experienced individuals who have conducted numerous surveys in the past and received specific training and debriefing about the project and the specifics of the questionnaire. Care was taken to ensure that the interviewers and the guide were religiously and ethnically compatible to the area being surveyed. At times a designated driver accompanied each team, driving a low profile bus or minivan. And like other team members, care was taken that the driver is religiously and ethnically compatible to the area being surveyed by his team. The driver adheres to the commands and decisions of the team supervisor. Finally, in some cases the driver took on the double role of guide in regions where even the indigenous team had difficulty entering, an example would be the Sadr area in Baghdad, Iraq. Permits and Documentation In some instances permits and various relevant documents were required to be able to conduct fieldwork in some areas surveyed. This is due to strict government, factions, sects, and militias controlling certain areas, as is the case in Iraq. In Iraq, if a team ventures into an area without the correct set of permits, then it puts itself in grave danger.

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Sampling Nationwide samples were constructed and relevant distribution was made on regional levels and various key demographic parameters. In some cases data was weighted to reflect such distributions. Samples have been kept as close as possible to the available universe proportions. Skews in the samples were accordingly modified as well in order to avoid the need for high levels of weighting which could distort the findings. Geographic areas were chosen that statistically reflected, as closely as possible, nationwide representations for each country. Samples were compiled and weighted accordingly to accurately reflect a nationwide representation. Samples are multistage stratified, representative of all adult populations above 15 years urban and rural areas of each country. Sampling plans were constructed in accordance to Zogby International’s project proposal. Firstly, nationwide samples were produced to reflect the population in various regions of each country. Secondly, regional samples were distributed across key cities in proportion to their populations. Finally, Urban/ rural break-up and age/ gender break-up were applied reflecting city population proportions. In regards to sample frames, the latest possible universe data was used, taken from the following sources:

• U.S. Census Bureau, International Database (for age X gender splits: mid-year 2007 estimates) • UN Population division (for urban: rural splits, estimates for 2005) • Local Statistical Bureaus of each country (for the latest census data, although the census data and related statistics available on

these was dated) • Internal statistics collected over past large scale projects (such as U& A studies) • CIA Factbook

Iraq: due to conflict in Iraq for the past several years, there have been mass internal migrations, sectarian shifts among the population, and the sealing off of numerous areas in the region for security reasons. Moreover, there has been much governmental instability, and in many areas various groups took control. All these reasons have contributed to the fact that a census has not been conducted in the country for years, and the latest census was conducted in 1997, which is clearly outdated. However, the Iraqi ministry of planning has produced a yearly projection with adjustments based on current events. Therefore the 2007 projection of this census was used in this study.

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Algeria Sample Plan (Frequency by Region) Sample Urban Rural Total Alger 225 25 250 Tiziouzou 40 70 110 Constantine 70 10 80 Setif 50 80 130 Oran 105 15 120 Biskra 35 25 60 Total 525 225 750 Algeria Sample Plan (Percent by Age/Gender) Sample Male Female <35 57 53 36+ 43 47 Total 100 100 Egypt Sample Plan (Frequency by Region) Sample Urban Rural Total Cairo 62 0 62 Giza 30 0 30 Kalyoubia 43 0 43 Alexandria 45 0 45 Menia 25 103 128 Asyout 30 79 109 Port Said 33 0 33 Mansoura 62 238 300 Total 330 420 750

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Egypt Sample Plan (Percent by Age/Gender) Sample Male Female <35 59 58 36+ 41 42 Total 100 100 Iraq Sample Plan (Frequency by Region) Sample Urban Rural Total Anbar 47 17 64 Baghdad 446 68 514 Najaf 41 21 62 Sulaymania 66 44 110 Total 750 Iraq Sample Plan (Percent by Age/Gender) Sample Male Female <35 62 67 36+ 38 33 Total 100 100 Jordan Sample Plan (Frequency by Region) Sample Urban Rural Total Amman 380 60 440 Zarqa 120 45 165 Irbid 70 30 100 Madaba 20 10 30 Zarash 10 5 15 Total 600 150 750

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Jordan Sample Plan (Percent by Age/Gender) Sample Male Female <35 58 58 36+ 42 42 Total 100 100 Morocco Sample Plan (Frequency by Region) Sample Urban Rural Total Casablanca 144 6 150 Rabat 56 19 75 Marrakech 70 120 190 Fes 50 26 75 Meknes 59 46 105 El Jadida 51 104 155 Total 430 320 750 Morocco Sample Plan (Percent by Age/Gender) Sample Male Female <35 50 57 36+ 50 44 Total 100 100

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Sudan Sample Plan (Frequency by Region) Sample Urban Rural Total Khartoum 385 58 443 Om Durman 168 25 193 Port Sudan 28 18 47 Wad Madani 7 25 32 Kassala 12 24 36 Total 600 150 750 Sudan Sample Plan (Percent by Age/Gender) Sample Male Female <35 63 62 36+ 37 38 Total 100 100 Syria Sample Plan (Frequency by Region) Sample Urban Rural Total Damascus 80 40 120 Homs 40 25 65 Deir Ez-Zor 10 20 30 Ar Hasakah 10 10 20 Alleppo 90 35 125 Latakia 20 10 30 Hama 125 235 360 Total 375 375 750

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Syria Sample Plan (Percent by Age/Gender) Sample Male Female <35 64 61 36+ 36 39 Total 100 100 UAE Sample Plan (Frequency by Region) Sample Urban Rural Total Abu Dhabi 120 20 140 Al-Ain 85 10 95 Dubai 225 45 270 Sharjah 105 25 130 Ajman 100 15 115 Total 635 115 750 UAE Sample Plan (Percent by Age/Gender) Sample Male Female <35 59 61 36+ 41 39 Total 100 100