arabic grammar - syntax - made easy

8/8/2019 Arabic Grammar - Syntax - Made Easy

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A RA 11 I C G RA 51 51 A R - à; Y N 4'A X - 51 A 1) F.1,5,?&S5''

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5 l A 1) 14 ASA l I I S I .A A 5'1 l Y !r'A I I11.1. O N I

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C'ON'FENTS

Arabic tcrminoloqlt's qw-xlaptxmnoi 1Syntax .- .!1 2

'I'tke word ul2s 2

'1 ilt! flfhkll) :l! 3'l-kc verb k.h.2s '4'r he parf cl e w,aaal )

'1 h e se n 4 ence r xl 1v.sl h - suulâll . - - $$ .. *ko 9 4r

L..s,< zl 4l'he nunnative sentence ù

.,....1l .-,.....0'1 .1w .. ih 4

T'he verbai sentent'e Lot.uliklu!j.:m:Jl 4

çuul'e.y 5

'l'I1e phrase or illcolrlplete sentent'e uzayLc!l Jalp .. t.v.i. a.t. tup 61Descriptivtt Phrase

..11 iwrof-g.l 62 Ptlssttssl ve Pllrase oauuus'f!i.J.l 6.5 Demonstrative Plprase ksaun!J.>1p 74 N unterlkial Pbrase usuaxl i;'atzal149.3 75 Indccllnable Phrase .âax..!l x.u J.v 7

Addlt ional ntdles - Qx=l71...s k?

tçummao l (1

Slgns t'f a nchun - &eCL3 - particle wiaax-lha.>i1b >=hfI woto.'c 1 1CAtneral uotes l 2

Persona! pf ontàuns a;t.x.s l3Pretzosil Içlns àat'jt wàyax-!k ! 4'Lhtpse p a lcles fhal resenpble tlle verb

..huu u tooczl w: I swlh 1 5Auxjliao' (defective) verbs 7 .- 'tvt! ltiïl l 7

'I'he vowels wplo'j't 1 9

T'he cases cu'ftzull ! 9I.tl'cl erlce between Ao ...- . .z. arld Jm,. Lxu R.w...ï; lç?



G () V e l ) I g 1 ( t I !; jux..f jt.txl . 7fj

J.k -<1.tw ïi ,ï)

m%!.=; '? j

..1u11r.1 74' 'Iiualp 1 q

' lUxI ; )!', ,.y j y;

at= l '?

uJ! l .It.= .'b1:1 lhi c. .xw ; :

; xlt .) i .'>

l Ilt'1)()J1jrlà s'e rl,iltj; 1) a r: iclt's k 1 txj!ysjj: .- !1 yf,a . ,

1u uuuùl z 'it

) j y! .u yw' -%Q J <wœ tt

)g.v-u.a Ib.,..cx J 4 j.j t. wx=1p-, . ;; l-va I

iq r-xu...x ulI .-. . .w ï 7

ttu.>!u '

q)r..I 'r I 'F .

' è$ ? Iu .- .z. .

b) xulI '=..M ..

l ( ).ïj.l :kki .hlLP

II.1 u,.. î k

i2 kul y u ,,.x , ht

1 3 ùavxu $ t - ? 1 ,

6 # ')

1 5 tu 1. . u . ()I k. .1ij 4- . unox 'r )



A R A 11 ''' N1 N ( ) l 0 ( I E S 7...,) p uo t-w 'kl....I

r u'p N t ptln . '

u.u V erb

... .x I'itl.tIcle

nsu N1 asculjnc

ut.'p I enll I1l nes.x1.4 sp Ilgular

tgl llual

. .- I>ItIr al

Qo .

1.* --

uo n,x hl hta l v't) v els 1c p'///?tz/? t//?tlrrlrrp z/? z 24tbr.1I:Jlaul i<-. !:.x-)1 ( t 11 ) &'( &r/t) Is i > < - I-..j

w.!-g;1 Sl#1() rt k(z &v ls ( zç-wnz 1.:1 ) arlli ( .> na k nelgzi ) 1(111!4 %'()vk.yl s

wtaka /.tJp/?://t2rzp '' z//ztzrrpzz?zlltzyz? ; I'zdçrtl/tzlll

bpu '

vö tw .1 Iett e! vvit h a b'llk6h()t2 ( ' ).>Q '

uluz. A Ie1 tef with a tavhdccd ( . )

y.l. 'tibjeot lc.doerk.i v.v.. Ollject 1t!u ()0n wkom t)r wLat the work was doneJxtr- (ltpverning word ie that word whlch causes / 'rfztz?l ckange in lhe wtlnl/s ftlllowlng It

J-w.x. I he gokerne.d word ie that word in which thc ? 'rtulb change occtlred.-..,....21 .2.21 I'he active verb ie that verb thc docr of which Ts known / mcntioned

Jxa.1l 3..11 'l'he gassive verb ie that verb the doer of which ls not known / mentioned

ra'k)l .$<18 The intransitive verb ie that verb which can be understood without a 2.6.m

vsautl.)..11 'I'he transitive verb ie that kerb which cannot be fully understood without a Jaxa.o.a.w ,....1 A detinlte noun indicated by an J1 eg J4'I'the hôuse (a particular / spcclfic house)z..p. tux'b .% common noun indicated by a ltwzwduw cg XJ g bouse (any house)taz.za '//JI tlt.x Word with a dhammah on the Iasl letter

wp.u.c.ua /s.-um21Lht.v Word wltb a làhtth on thc last lettcr

oa.z..e /....11 tlu Word with a Atz-jzw// on 1he last Ietter

1



'1'11 E Sl'N'I'ENf 'E h11 .çg.1 - kwuzal a..21 - y.i3!'v r'I here a re t wo t 5. pes t) se nf encesA.ta

-.ze.u et.w ( Ilal selltence wiljtrh has 1 l1e possibility of being true or false

B tg 1 .t. :I ttu t 1) :1 t sent cn e w ) cild o es not h ave t he po sslbl1 it y of being tru e or fal se

A. t,-,+,u t!.w is of tw o t y pes :

l . taz,.u.1lGwmxal 71..11 tllal sentencc wllich begslls witll a noun

1he second rarl ol' tht sentence tan be a noun or a verbt i1e first part of the selltelyce is called la.. ( subject ) t)r <.11$ ,...-lhe second part ot-thtz stntence is called a.t.u (prcdicate) or a..x.o (the wtlrd giving the

infbrmationlthc 1.%. is gcncrally uaxo and the ...1. gcncrally zgubotil parts ( 1.0.,.. and x.u ) will be z-v...o

cg .LL. c ;)!:4,.1 i+.x-l2t.w = .'Q + 142+.

N B A benlencc Illay have more t han one a.u..!. ' 9 A A ' Z 'eg vs> uç.,z 3+JI

ù.a.x ie. .i it.w . 2- + lz+x + pk4=

2.iuzuvl! tyl.kl! 1....11 l I)a( scntellce wllikrll bej;i t)s wltil a 'k el !)

thc first partof' t hc sentence ls calledto or a....ua

.lle second part o l lhe Ken!entze Is called k$c ti far %l1 .kl.... an (! will always btl r.sz.,a

eg Q ...l -L.a+x tg. 71.p . y u + sxi

N B 1 n thkt abov c example thc vcrb is an intransitive vcrb (.9yll k>.l1! ) ie that vef' which'

can be undersl ()oc1 wit hou! a Jaxa.a

sl# I f tl'e verb ls a transitive verb (sa-o, .k., ) le that vcrb which cannot be fully understeod witl,oul a a,.u.tlnt'll a a.sx. wlllbe adkled and will l)e va.a.z....a c , ,'US ' 2eg z p d11 wW

L..z.x Giu 71.. . ' + qyu + Nli, X K I ( qI S F.

1 r ra s 1a t e,1 I I rl t I tx p 'rtzw/ktt n d a aal 'sc t h e fol o'i g se'n encesa azotx rlup b wkwwotw/i c .qJ! aux c.i

d a..u. ; wa k.= wa1 e ukp;I-zza t' uiéo u;w ;!, .)W ha t l s t h e d 1Tere! lct? bet t't'n ( ) a tl( f) a t ove

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' 1 '1 l i'13 1.1 RA h4 E O R 1 N( '() M P I .i''I'F.S F-N 'INEN f 'E c-ztust vesg.s- k . ..'- a+o t..-

I'hrases a I't! ()1* li h. e t ypes '

l .ucie.oaal1 wxiz1l( Descriptive Phrasej

a ph a Ke wh e rei n one w( 1I ti d sc ri bes 1 h e t1l her

t 1ltt desc n 11 g wt'rd i s k' l etj am..

t h (' o bj t-c bei ng (1esc I 1bed 1 s ca !ed u-woythe uw-or and 'ki.ax nlu st correspond in

a l 'rïzcl/lb Gender ie mascullne and lkmkninec Nunlber le slngulaf .dual ancl glurald Mu 'r(/iJ? afld Nazlnllt..' z .,! e .y .. $- 1 1a t

-l - f t.:lt,.i y. ' Q d ' ' 7g Jxkvl.- p . j, o .uj am.u= Aymy u= uyoy Qxo uyx'y

2. xtz.s .f1kvxsalp ( Possessive Ph rase)a phrase w hereill 1 he second word ( 4.,11 ...11 . . - ) owns or gosscsses tile lirst ( ..,1. - )

thc ...11 ... - wiI IIzever get a J1(71'a Jtlzr/fve'/).

t he .t,1 ! .-i1 ... - v.1 11 always be134=8

llte t hzzz// ()1- the at..- will be according to tl4e ul.ts governing tt

eg -k) '' ' tu Zaid's book / Btlok of Zaid-) .v'L.

Wiouw acn

NB 1 Sometimes many .-11.- - / ..sl, .a1.'- . arc fbund in one single pkrasc

ttg wkig''i '' Ju- The door of the nlan's llouse

V1 UQ:XX .41 . - . : V1wil',' wi1 .='

2 . If'a u.... of the wil . - . is hroudlt. 1: should come inlllledhately aller lhe 4+11..,! .- . wIt k aI1 Ji

and the same l 'raab as l hat of tbe ..1. - -.

eg a: I ;.tg1 p v;ta I hc new clotlf of (he house

wi1. -11tkw Q1=i!.'n. wik''-'

3 Ifa ti.um of he .+)1 u-.uuu is brought it should come lmmediately afler 1î ( 4.ï)1..i$..-- ),

corresponding wilh lt ( .+11uui. -- ) ie in !he four aspects mentioned earLier*.,2.1 ..J.J'h 3h' The door of the new househ! ).et , ..

u.w + uyor

41 Dton 3G

()



S t l M M A It Y

. wat.x .

N Lword u...u - -----+ go .a .--..- .> su..

z.t

>u

HR li

3.tdl.s+

L> W w t.a tkw

nleanlngful tat.u u.;s.- .u .

ax!

rt:to-vk

><cb.?

%;ùlul tt.w pla.

uAA

ullera ûxl :%2 selztc cz seg

h-vH

IA

u,w > R=. --+ oat: Jy

UJLJ.-

0a.=1 s. wsy

rncanlnglcss .).+.

1.()



!ç IG N S () F A N ( ) l N :1.0 u .u rM. > ,p .f '

f fA 1t' t' k f ' tf t) N tl 1)I t'h? Lx -,J 1''I' f't' ' .'t Itg (1 @' %' a . ..w. eg .'w J t, o ;. ..l / ? ? s 't ï' t ) Il 1 l Ict .> I <' t e r k'!:t V '..' ''ôl w .;

4 h:r)(lln !; vklt h :1 I'(Jtlrl l z tl!r iklb

h Dtlal( waa ) I r I cg xLo' .

rh Plural ( e..w j eg ,1.J,..' . t. .t.> * ' . .. ..' , Q 1 X..- ( Lur.xo o !'ux u ) eg u.v V..7 l al.a k.z.le

8 u 1. - . tt al.a w,tafz . ,, <. .'J z9 -ia...sa eg Ju.!..b bjzto'

I( ' Q e '%.' t;sa B. o ..: .. : A a1 laa-.ax. eg ukuo (a Iittle man)> > . '' 9. .

1 2 .., .v..w e v-..< ( 54 ec c )

!ç I (; N S () F A V E RB kyx.il i uo u

l P 'eceded by . eg A;..' Lic

2 Precedcd by..; eg '' * ' ' l Ie willsoon go out

3 P r e d e d b ...1.pX e k...*' * ' .Jw.A H e %., I g o o a 1 a w 1 e

. (j (j t) . . ' . , > p ' a ''i rece e yg..x u..w eg c. .zxJ p

p. ..J J y .'' !., -:y.''! ect e y u...w; uo.w eg c.zi.t .Jt. It en.'....m eg r..z.k

7 I n r c (. z rl a ( 1 ) e ! .x' 18 N e a ( v e c t I ! ) a ( ) e ( z.' '' *1 .,+'

SIGNS ()F A PARTICI.E a-z=1 ou>

'Fllat wol d whlch has no slgn ofba noun or verb is a part icle (a parl icle has no sign ot- its own)

tllN/u; m'a:e sald tiJ 1x: dtusland 1,41ra1 tJhrc.px.ct 0! thclr çlthtrs (.ku) th au u n ls oue tkus d uai aI1d I'Itlal drt slglks (>1 a Ilotu! alld Ilot a

l l



I'RF.P()S1'l'IONS &o1- 11 uua-sv!l

K I'rec h 1îtlv es a .-t 0 l l le 11 ot111 1l e 1t c rs 0 . w'1) lk! 1) B,: It)e k no w n a s a.z.

-sx u.,.x N'/ranl ng E xanlgle

l . - wlt 11 pi!u ucr..;' I wrole n Ith the pen . .

'o u: - t75' ,1()!t'Etll) ) tàlltl Fy .N)1a1) h

! .uh 1!k e cbv !c - zraid is like a Iion.,i .-?

4 .' - for .t11 X.. A 1praise ls ror A Ilah A '

5 J - by ( (5a t h ) Z Is' By A l1 l .!> , ,.. . ,

',) 'k.a' -sl 11 ce 1JS...,Ioru.ulls' t. I J1 clnot see hlm slnce a week

7 'u' - slncc kltkl'hJ.: 2atl . u; I did not see hlm since four days . u . o .

8 -x.i: - bttp,ddesexcept zg X. ' us îJtJ r'htz peoplc came except z'ralcluzr .

4) .val 2

- rllany a 9+.s oxkL' pt,r KV, .; Ntany a Ieal ned person pluctices on his knowlctlge1 .

l 0 t.'zu - besëdes.except Uu' 1 .1.1 ' u)I G Lf The people came except Zaide .1 l a - fron' I li ! A .2..Z.J ' lrelul'ned tl'orn t he yourney: f*w =: o .

, v.. - s .' .l 2 $.sc - besltles.except uj'

-j Ix wzu'tat :Q l'hc peogle carne except Zaidl 1 > - i r!c t )a.r d i q ..TDhu..r..? .-( Z.du ts l ! t h e IA o t se

o . . y, J zf4.J - t I (1!11regardlng r,wj.k J .:......1 JC The doctor asked about t11 t pal Ien!f', . zI . *3 z ptl, .1 5w,lc - o wa,

.!.sa ! wsu. saatlp 7 he c Iot 11 es afe ( ) n t he chai r'-.

.> . .6 u.p..L - u p t k .u l ! .1 'v 1 1u.,ax 11 1 s 1 , l d a n

l 7 j ! - tlpto lowards ..Jt' a' !cv - 'u. i trak zlled upto Madinah ' , y . ..>I

$ e 1 eqce g nplJ'.o >k' h ...,aç., ''

wu.:xo + Ax H.-

Lwzo kttu tux . JG)L ' + Jcb + u;u

NB Tlte a. o..x + oao.zp wil! be known as - (connected) lo the a.a dn ieu.x,k41xw and to tke .ko in izlvi 'u...

(as In lhe above example)

t.1)1 2 eZi AQIuy $C

F. X C l S

1 l'f nslate. till 1n the i 'rrxl?p and analyse l hc fbllowing sentencesa .== .:.+' ze V'.J xxuli b z.'... '11 A v'% 11c . t. . .11ux .X1 J.s d % !p uy=.zQl.y1s 2.2% wouu

l4



J 'I 11 e ik c . 11 l ' a c !3 1 't e s 1 1.e 1 e

k g 1-.1:. up ladw . v')

.)1 .ula. + uwt x.

Jpuwp J!U = .px + lsux

.âx l .1 gxk t ' ' 1 ...q u w ro z h .z.x

.L . z . . . . .Jeg g h. u ! k.js j .o .s j

tgxj du . ' + tlcu u;uœs y.e .1 , .lA I 1 ga. u ' < jux ozr'A .e

4 I f tllere ls a.s.x uo.bel-lre the a... l hen the a.u:k wiI Iappear fi rst and thc l=. sccond...e e ''<

.1.t)jj 'jNja ttp t.21 .,i

(.A .y. ) o h 1 !-u ! ami' .>k L ' ' Iuir-u'. r o . a.w

E X E RI- E

1T a n la t e. ti I 1 11 t l1e î 'railb a nd an l se lhe fo llowhng sent ences(t ' L.ZZ.J io<

b t.......11'S k

c J;kz t=o ol 0.b.1d ,2 ux . . i wp

e -. xt+l Jx a y.w o .J 1

f <qa tâelc .$

It)



&; çr1!('ILq'e tIJ1(ylq'bI% tcuux. 3 ..11 ,Cf

hk lJ l ï$'i1u'J) .Lj p h 11 st'tl Ns'Itl, t..x. 11 p 11 t'% lllt. I1) èflllllj$ (11r);1 l k'sllttllltftltls ! -

cg ' a'.>.1 aa ,chtti Zaitl was tronlllltlously wnting

tk i) 'I'h .x ()f :: is a $2 x; il.w w . .

2. otg - otw - e.=!- ce..!- ..0....,.6- u% - cob can be used ln tpL.k= and...1 as well

3 J6J to . r-u L - ..cA1 L - %T: c a n (àe 11 s ln 1.'- - tltlt I1t'1 1I1+.1. ! J

4 r': to aazd +u2 I)a a L ()l)1y (11(: &a1.'- - n r-l).qAo .

5 t ia u nlust be pleceded by another scntcnce

6 Tbe ..s< of.,..!l ls stllnel ilnes pretixed with aY. . ' ' ' ''

cg. u> ti)l mw'u fJI .;&6

7 l t' ( hcre is a a. v-o.. tlefhlre the a.t.k tht'n the .,.a.willappear Grst and (he 1.4.. second

eg ..1 - .. utlua!jsi .L.. . '.2 s. ..' z*-ko) ots e=1. trau) cltb W u''xgù Ju

EXERFISE

l Translate, fillin t he l 'zwtz/. and analyse thc fbllowing sentences

a lL . .- ' uv >Jl q.eup

b I : . . ..* Itxax

c .H 1vp .> u wi 'lw $ jc .1./

d <2IJj o. tskw .11 ...!JIaJ

e 1..* *11 0.-1

(' uta a1>t6 e.we

g tiuta.o tatlo utu ot6

18



I I I 1' I ' S.4 .4 1. w, Io c S l

$,.1 i q t i) a w l,4 k l1 k 1) a rlyt's (J 11 ! bt' 1 a st 1 t't l t'r t à1' a .,u .

.1w.h k ttflltt'%i1(1%k 11111t %V ) kk';tï'>

1.b =-1.. .1w l .t.. 1 s $'t)I)),))t)IllN'tl()I)(' Illt'l 'r/pzt/p ls s ht1 $&'n lp 'rlltsêlplq i7I'; Jâ 1e ... .-a 6 r < - .e k1jE ua . . . ) .). ..

t't: J> a L'.. uW..,1

2 .-i -x.ikv w.1.x 1I 1) sonltt wo f'd t )e / 'r t Jt ib 1 s Ilo'kv n by m e n s of aay o !'t he ..- .; 'e s thr 1 ttr . ., zx .6

eg claai .HAI .1. .!

'1*11 E CASES cuhl- $9

A wold can Lle lI1 any one of four casesIg y11zlu. w hen a u..w or ils cor; esponcling ktx!l wizx( a ) appcars al the end of a word

Ctl cl .1 l

2 v .- .'Itlt- when a txu or i(s correspollding tllpu....( 1 ) agpears at the end ofa word.

c'!p I altal1 -,..21klt.x when a uz..ui or its corresponding tilxli uo. ( us ) appcars at (he cnd of a word

t'eg cl ,!. a l

4 rze2l tlux when a . '( ' ) appears at the end of a word

cg w......u p

I I F F 62 R E N C B E 'IAV E E N ,o v .- ..z-+ A N ...... .L.ux, : .....;

'd s - .. - . - z+ a e used to dcscri be t he uelzs 'of a w'...u tg XJX2 1ha s ahe wo! jâa w. - y.u

' ' ) w o I d s i..., - t..a - &z..,6 al e u se t o d e c i b ft t h ue ioc 1o a k,o e g ' a.uw h a s a t..az 11 !

py ' that 1et ter which has a r.ja.uexa..a that lel ter which has a ,..v.wi

t hat lctter whicb bas a.zx.

a.-.x tka! lctter vz ic h as a t.z-

.sw ll1al let ter w hich has a u..ki:

..,.x,sx ( hat lelle; which has & za..z

a.,.. thal letter which has a ijax

o.w.u that letter which has a at-u,.u

.j.,.r. tbal Iet ter which has a .;e. .r

1 1 1i !t' N'k'&'v 1() l' !lIt t$te If1a t v :&'i:Ik )1 I:' d 1! .tl-:tl Lc 1 'rlll tv !tr l rl t tl .qzirll e tl 1 /lï :J tz f ( c:l àc ) a T1 l t 1 ! 1d1t'2r tu'rl l s t() tlx'-Rz ltyc tlte l'r'z') ô (.Pt%; 1nl l 11ti tctl,*i a lllc ( ;rt n !zxr . ;sa it '1 ) j

l 9



l'ble of$..xz. .-,a ( : ,u) In taplklkx Table ofsx.e.kaw.s...a(.tu...o) I!1 s p Ii!u- - . (s. 1 uwa,... (a.) saw-.e . .e.u.-.tz......1,

t. .m d .. 'k b 'z wp -/A=d<d -' u'< A =tL$

.x'..r.œ> .y> ' ' .-,Y 'k. 4m.> A.

- - t ,,.z ) a-...' !.,.w ) -. s.xxa .-u. au u, = ia

Lu. L ' - - 'tc ' . <'z'''o 4..- .u -- ao ''a3

c..z - - ( . ;) ' u c Ia.œ < uwa=.z= p-uz .uw a

taa-..,..o ou.,,.oa - - u. oa. <...uJ= u .

PA.- kM.*1 - - W ''.u A.<% .w= p=

zuuu .zs ' - Lx Lu. ...l .z= 3A :

bu= .ù . . 'K ' t=.wœ Ioum .mo zuy . .

..> -. 4 u j > 1 q . !.0)... - suaao aw.s. : yu .-w,''y ... , p, - - ( j > lt ' ' ' '.M ' uzx' %' > .24 Co.M'a 9.u, *-qJx 4 At.''l .

Table of w>xxa. ,.zgm( o ,u) ln u.x.s.ah otx Table of ar.w ( usta) ln u....2l ..L..

.t. k u 'tc < i,, ' ' .'kxak 1e I t u c %w sxra'+.z= x J,

r'A Z1 r+'.- rA h 1 Y oz*4' uxxs .. z z z

u i %..,.. u .k zu y- nmljuxa u %, t.x . i .w ' o .u=< .*o v 3 .. .' .> ùi +'.,- -z* --1, -'''%Ax= v u. ùz -t , y 'o. u .z.' al u

. . 1zœ .- >'> A 4

t.s L1 uuta...o ub'.z='tx 9 0 ùzus .

' .. J' ' ' '> ul ' ' L 'rb. rw-'e # a'm >> ux

tat: L, Lo--rx'* - < 'b.Z..LX wny. %=

wpùl wu.z- J N LX Na=uw- L i ** U ' ': l . ..ea..>'- uç -,.b. J .w> .-= 3.. uz a x xu 1

.a..o u r.l -t->. ab > : x a k=

e q am D' L

uk u u Ju ( . - '1 ,c x ) ek. .ja .o

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1.)-1 t.s ia' tx $a. J.,.la. o .a.= >

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E X E R ( 'I S E'l I'ranslal e li1l ln lhe l 'wéz/p and azlalystt tbtt fchllo:vlng sentences,polnl lng ou! a1) lhtt dhtlmeerb as well as lheil

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?Nêt) 1 1) I y.I t, t.l.1 1i? ta. -uz..l !él ts.

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a when watuz,.a tfy all: *

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b w hcrl .-st.m to.,+... us hiddell hldden llldden

k.,.1 ,t. -wei axlo - ..,L ou.z.

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*'l7,e of will drop when.t....x to an: notln bessdes the a.s..o. qs eg. .ois.l y .s, ..'ue

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arabic grammar - syntax - made easy

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